Journal articles on the topic 'Infants'
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1
Nizami, Lance. "Too resilient for anyone’s good." Kybernetes 48, no. 4 (April 1, 2019): 751–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/k-11-2017-0451.
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Purpose This study aims to examine the observer’s role in “infant psychophysics”. Infant psychophysics was developed because the diagnosis of perceptual deficits should be done as early in a patient’s life as possible, to provide efficacious treatment and thereby reduce potential long-term costs. Infants, however, cannot report their perceptions. Hence, the intensity of a stimulus at which the infant can detect it, the “threshold”, must be inferred from the infant’s behavior, as judged by observers (watchers). But whose abilities are actually being inferred? The answer affects all behavior-based conclusions about infants’ perceptions, including the well-proselytized notion that auditory stimulus-detection thresholds improve rapidly during infancy. Design/methodology/approach In total, 55 years of infant psychophysics is scrutinized, starting with seminal studies in infant vision, followed by the studies that they inspired in infant hearing. Findings The inferred stimulus-detection thresholds are those of the infant-plus-watcher and, more broadly, the entire laboratory. The thresholds are therefore tenuous, because infants’ actions may differ with stimulus intensity; expressiveness may differ between infants; different watchers may judge infants differently; etc. Particularly, the watcher’s ability to “read” the infant may improve with the infant’s age, confounding any interpretation of perceptual maturation. Further, the infant’s gaze duration, an assumed cue to stimulus detection, may lengthen or shorten nonlinearly with infant age. Research limitations/implications Infant psychophysics investigators have neglected the role of the observer, resulting in an accumulation of data that requires substantial re-interpretation. Altogether, infant psychophysics has proven far too resilient for its own good. Originality/value Infant psychophysics is examined for the first time through second-order cybernetics. The approach reveals serious unresolved issues.
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Wayan, Noviani Ni, and Fitria . "The impact of baby spa on the growth and development of infants aged 3-6 months at Puskesmas I Denpasar Selatan." International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 6, no. 8 (July 25, 2018): 2601. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20183239.
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Background: Infancy is a critical period which required special and thorough treatment. The pursuant of optimal growth and development of infant is influenced by some factors which are correlated namely, genetics, environment, behavior, and stimulus. One of the measurements to determine growth is weight. Baby spa is one of physiotherapy for infant and could stimulate infant’s motor movement which has significant influence on their growth and development.Methods: The method of this research was Quasi experimental design using the framework of pretest and posttest with control group design on infants aged 3 until 6 months who are healthy. Kartu Menuju Sehat (KMS) or growth chart was used to record the growth of infant before and after the treatment. Denver Developmental Screening Test (DDST) was utilized to measure the infant’s development before and after the treatment. Baby spa therapy was performed once every two weeks for 12 weeks.Results: The research 20 infants of treatment group and control group statistically showed significant increase before and after baby spa treatment in term of growth and development of infants aged 3-6 months with p value=0.0000. There was an impact of the baby spa treatment towards the growth and development of infant aged 3-6 months based on the p value: 0.021.Conclusions: Baby spa which was performed on infants aged 3-6 months significantly increases their growth and development.
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Lira, Ana de Lourdes Sá de, Joyce de Moura Crisóstomo, and Sylvana Thereza de Castro Pires Rebelo. "Evaluation of the Maternal Perception of the Oral Health of the Inpatient Infant." Brazilian Journal of Oral Sciences 15, no. 3 (August 11, 2017): 205. http://dx.doi.org/10.20396/bjos.v15i3.8649982.
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Aim: To evaluate the mother’s perception of the oral health of their inpatient infants in maternity or infirmary units of a public hospital. Methods: Questionnaire applications were scheduled and educational lectures were carried out on how to sanitize the infant's mouth after breastfeeding, even in the absence of primary teeth, emphasizing the importance of breastfeeding. Results: A significant number of mothers reported that they received no guidance regarding the oral health care of their infants. They had never attended lectures by dental practitioners, as well as they did not know that the use of pacifier, baby bottle and digital sucking habit could interfere with their infant’s oral heath over time. Conclusions: The majority declared that they had no care with the oral health of their infants. Only five mothers of newborns reported that they performed the oral hygiene of them once a day after the first breastfeeding. The mothers showed lack of knowledge on the diseases which can affect their children during early infancy as they had no information on how to prevent them. They did not know that early caries lesions could affect the infant and that harmful oral habits can predispose to the development of malocclusions.
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Ferro, Lynn, Kameron Sugino, Vanja Klepac-Ceraj, and Sarah Comstock. "Human Milk Oligosaccharide (HMO) Metabolizing Gene Abundances in Human Infant Fecal Samples." Current Developments in Nutrition 5, Supplement_2 (June 2021): 741. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzab046_038.
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Abstract Objectives To benefit from the complex oligosaccharides found in human milk, an infant relies on microbial metabolism of these compounds. The main objective of this study was to determine the abundance of Bifidobacterium infantis human milk oligosaccharide (HMO) metabolizing genes in infant fecal samples. Methods Fecal samples from 40 6-mos-old infants were collected. Genomic DNA was extracted, and quantitative real-time PCR was used to determine the abundance of several genes in B. infantis. B infantis specific primer sets were used to target 5 HMO metabolizing genes as well as the 16S rRNA gene. Additional 16S rRNA primer sets were used to target overall bacteria, overall Bifidobacterium, B. breve and B. longum. Abundances of each qPCR reaction were compared by infant human milk exposure, solid food intake, and mode of delivery. Results Mode of delivery was not associated with any PCR targets. Two HMO genes, a sialidase and a glycoside hydrolase, as well as a B. infantis 16S rRNA gene were more abundant in the feces of human milk fed infants (p < 0.05). The sialidase and a B. infantis 16S rRNA gene tended to be less abundant when a larger percentage of an infant's diet consisted of solids (p < 0.10). When accounting for solid food intake, human milk exposure continued to be positively associated with the sialidase and a B. infantis 16S rRNA gene abundance (p < 0.05) and tended to be related to the abundance of the glycoside hydrolase (p < 0.10). An assessment of 5 B. infantis specific primer sets targeting HMO metabolizing genes demonstrated that the stools of human milk fed infants harbored a more diverse set of these genes than those of non-human milk fed infants (p = 0.02). Conclusions Herein, we have identified a qPCR primer set targeting a sialidase that is consistently associated with human milk exposure even in the presence of solid food intake. With further development and validation in additional populations of infants, these assays could be used to group samples by dietary exposure even where no record of dietary intake exists. Thus, this assay would provide a method by which infant human milk intake proximal to sample collection can be assessed quickly in any well-equipped molecular biology lab. Funding Sources This research was partially supported by the MSU College of Agriculture and Natural Resources Undergraduate Research Program as well as the Max Gonzenbach Research Scholarship.
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Abdel Salam, Seham H., Esaad M. Menazie, Marwa Elhady, and Shahinaz El Attar. "The effect of brain-derived neurotrophic factor on motor development and its relation to the pattern of feeding in early infancy." Scientific Journal of Al-Azhar Medical Faculty, Girls 5, no. 1 (2021): 223–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/sjamf.sjamf_135_20.
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Background Infant feeding is a modifiable health behavior that has long-term effect on various aspects of infant's neurodevelopmental achievement. Neurotrophins are a family of proteins, especially nerve growth factor and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), that play a major role in the development, nutrition, growth, and maintenance of the neurons. Moreover, BDNF has a major role in axonal guidance, promoting growth of dendrites and dendritic spines, and in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative, cardiometabolic, and autoimmune diseases. Aim This study aimed to evaluate the effect of feeding pattern in the first 6 months of life on BDNF serum level and motor development in early infancy. Patients and methods This cross-sectional study included 60 clinically healthy infants aged 6–12 months who were categorized according to their feeding pattern in the first 6 months of life into 30 breastfed and 30 formula-fed infants. BDNF serum levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and Denver developmental screening tests were assessed in relation to the feeding pattern. Results Infants with delayed achievement of motor milestones had significant lower level of BDNF than those with appropriate development. Breastfed infants had higher BDNF level (3.45±1.6 ng/ml) than formula-fed infants (1.98±1.30 ng/ml) (P<0.0001). Achievement of motor developmental milestone was significantly delayed in artificially fed than breastfed infant (43.3 vs. 16.7%) (P=0.02). Regression analysis demonstrated that BDNF is an independent predictor of motor development in early infancy. Conclusion BDNF is an important regulator of motor development in early infancy. Serum level of BDNF was higher; achievement of motor milestones was earlier in breastfed than formula-fed infants. Health programs encouraging exclusive breastfeeding in the first 6 months of life should be established. Efforts should be done to follow-up the motor development of artificially fed infant for early detection of any delay.
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Sindhura Dk, Siri, and Vikas Jain. "INFANT’S SKIN AND CARE NEEDS WITH SPECIAL CONSIDERATION TO FORMULATION ADDITIVES." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 11, no. 12 (December 7, 2018): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11i12.27384.
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Infancy is the time of adaptation from intrauterine life to the rather dry and cold, environment. Infant skin is more sensitive due to the immature immune system, hence, effortlessly prone to complications. Children from different age groups face diverse skin problems such as cradle cap, infant eczema, diaper rash, prickly heat, and many more. During early infancy, the products such as mild cleansers and lotions are used, and later, massage oils, creams, lotions, soaps, bubble bath, and other products are utilized for another few years, as a part of routine care. The preterm infants are more prone to skin damage and percutaneous toxicity from topically applied products. The ingredients incorporated in infant care products require special attention while choosing a product for them. Topical application of any such product requires thorough screening for potentially harmful ingredients before its exposure to the infant’s skin. Products used for infants should be safe and restricted of fragrance, coloring agents, parabens, plant oils, extracts, and other obnoxious ingredients. The literature is flooded with the list of safer excipients that can be utilized for the development of skin care products for infants and children.
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Adair, Robin, Howard Bauchner, Barbara Philipp, Suzette Levenson, and Barry Zuckerman. "Night Waking During Infancy: Role of Parental Presence at Bedtime." Pediatrics 87, no. 4 (April 1, 1991): 500–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.87.4.500.
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Night waking occurs commonly in infants and young children. The goal of this study is to determine whether parents who report being present when their infant falls asleep at bedtime are more likely to report increased frequency of night waking by the infant. Mothers were consecutively recruited when they brought their infants to the clinic for their 9-month well-child visit. A total of 122 mothers agreed to participate and completed a questionnaire consisting of closed-ended, forced choice questions about their infant's feeding and sleeping behavior, and demographic and psychosocial characteristics. For 33% of the mothers, a parent was routinely present when the infant went to sleep. The entire sample of infants averaged 4.1 night wakings during the week prior to questionnaire completion. Infants whose parents were present at bedtime were significantly more likely to wake at night than infants whose parents were not present (6.2 vs 3.1, P = .01). Frequent night waking (seven or more wakings in the prior week) occurred in 28% of the sample. More of the infants whose parents were present experienced frequent night waking compared with infants whose parents were not present (40% vs 22%, P < .04). When potential confounding variables were controlled by multivariate analysis, parents being present when the child went to sleep was independently associated with night waking (P < .03). The association of parental presence at bedtime and night waking has implications for preventing and managing disruptive night waking in infancy.
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Golinkoff, Roberta Michnick. "‘I beg your pardon?’: the preverbal negotiation of failed messages." Journal of Child Language 13, no. 3 (October 1986): 455–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000900006826.
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ABSTRACTThis longitudinal study of how preverbal infants communicate with their mothers utilized the situation in which the infant was seated in a highchair at lunchtime. This situation predisposed infants to use communication as a means, since they were often unable to achieve their goals without assistance. It was found that infants' communicative attempts were often unsuccessful; the present study focussed on how infants and mothers worked to establish the infants' intents after communication failures. In the preverbal negotiation of failed messages infants direct communicative behaviours to their mothers which their mothers fail to comprehend immediately, NEGOTIATIONS occur when mothers help infants make their intents clear. Negotiation episodes have four components: the infant's initial signal, the mother's comprehension failure, infant repairs and episode outcome. Changes in these components provide much information about how infants' communicative skills evolve during the transition to a linguistically based communication system. Negotiation episodes are contrasted with episodes called IMMEDIATE SUCCESSES in which the mother readily comprehends the intent behind the infant's signal, and MISSED ATTEMPTS in which the mother fails to pick up on the infant's signal. Taken together these three types of communicative episode reveal a degree of persistence and creativity on the part of the preverbal infant that is surprising in the light of prior research. Such episodes further reveal that the course of preverbal communication is NOT smooth.
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Ropitasari, Ropitasari, Rizka Adela Fatsena, Sri Anggarini Parwatiningsih, Anis Laela Megasari, M. Nur Dewi Kartikasari, Fresthy Astrika Yunita, Hardiningsih Hardiningsih, and Cahyaning Setyo Hutomo. "Relationship of Breastfeeding on Infant Development in Surakarta." Journal of Maternal and Child Health 8, no. 5 (2023): 641–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.26911/thejmch.2023.08.05.10.
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Background: Breast milk is the healthiest diet for newborns since it has the best immune system of any food, has a wealth of advantages, and contains the right combination and amount of nutrients to promote an infant's growth and development, especially between the ages of 0 and 6 months. This study aimed to determine the impact of breastfeeding on infant’s development in Surakarta. Subjects and Method: This was a retrospective cross-sectional study conducted at Community Health Centre in Surakarta, Central Java on March to August 2020. A total sample of 56 infants were selected for this study. The dependent variable was infant development. The independent variable was exclusive breastfeeding. The data collected by questionnaire. The data were analyzed by Chi-Square. Results: Infants who are exclusive breastfeeding have a 25.50 times chance of developing better com¬par¬ed to infants who are not exclusive breast¬feeding, and this is statistically significant (OR= 25.50; 95% CI= 1.14 to 572.30; p <0.001). Infant with exclusive breast¬feeding had a better commu-nication and social interaction at 6 months, and better cognition, communication, and social interaction at 12 months. Conclusion: The development of infants' psychological, linguistic, fine motor, and gross motor skills can be improved by exclusive breastfeeding. Keywords: breastfeeding, development, infants.
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McLoughlin, Vanessa ZY, Noor HA Suaini, Kewin Siah, Evelyn XL Loo, Wei Wei Pang, Yap Seng Chong, Keith M. Godfrey, et al. "Prevalence, risk factors and parental perceptions of gastroesophageal reflux disease in Asian infants in Singapore." Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore 51, no. 5 (May 27, 2022): 263–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.2021411.
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Introduction: Infant gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a significant cause of concern to parents. This study seeks to describe GERD prevalence in infants, evaluate possible risk factors and assess common beliefs influencing management of GERD among Asian parents. Methods: Mother-infant dyads in the Singapore PREconception Study of long-Term maternal and child Outcomes (S-PRESTO) cohort were prospectively followed from preconception to 12 months post-delivery. GERD diagnosis was ascertained through the revised Infant Gastroesophageal Reflux Questionnaire (I-GERQ-R) administered at 4 time points during infancy. Data on parental perceptions and lifestyle modifications were also collected. Results: The prevalence of infant GERD peaked at 26.5% at age 6 weeks, decreasing to 1.1% by 12 months. Infants exclusively breastfed at 3 weeks of life had reduced odds of GERD by 1 year (adjusted odds ratio 0.43, 95% confidence interval 0.19–0.97, P=0.04). Elimination of “cold or heaty food” and “gas producing” vegetables, massaging the infant’s abdomen and application of medicated oil to the infant’s abdomen were quoted as major lifestyle modifications in response to GERD symptoms. Conclusion: Prevalence of GERD in infants is highest in the first 3 months of life, and the majority outgrow it by 1 year of age. Infants exclusively breastfed at 3 weeks had reduced odds of GERD. Cultural-based changes such as elimination of “heaty or cold” food influence parental perceptions in GERD, which are unique to the Asian population. Understanding the cultural basis for parental perceptions and health-seeking behaviours is crucial in tailoring patient education appropriately for optimal management of infant GERD. Keywords: Gastroenterology, gastrointestinal disorders, GERD, infant feeding, parental beliefs
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Windarti, Siti Wahyu, and Ahmad Suryawan. "Effectiveness of The Newborn Behavioral Observation (NBO) System in Improving Mother and Infant Interaction." Folia Medica Indonesiana 57, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/fmi.v57i2.21558.
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The interaction of mother and infant is a fundamental basis for the development of the infant. It can also determine the success of the baby in the future. About 4 out of 10 infants experience problems interacting with their parents. The NBO system was created to sensitize parents on their infant’s competencies to help them understand their infant’s behavior, and promote positive interactions between parents and their new infant. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the NBO system to improve mother-infant interactions and find out the mothers’ knowledge about their infant’s behavior when participating in this observation. This study was a cross-sectional study consisting of all the newborns and their mothers admitted to the Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital Surabaya from May 2019 to January 2020 who met the inclusion criteria. Mothers and infants participated in the NBO within 1-3 days after delivering their infants and one month postpartum for the second NBO. The NBO was carried out with 35 mothers and infants. The mothers’ age was on average 28.5±5.98 years old, multiparous mothers accounted for 71.4%, most infants were male (65.7%), the median gestational age was 38 weeks with the median birth weight 2900 grams. The median score of mothers’ knowledge about their infants before the NBO session was 2 (1-6). After the session, these median scores increased to 7 (5–10) significantly (p<0.001). The NBO system was significant to strengthen mother-infant interaction and increased the mothers’ knowledge about their infants’ behavior.
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Afriyanti, Detty. "EFFECTS OF BABY MASSAGE USING LAVENDER AROMATHERAPY IN FULFILLMENT OF SLEEP NEED AMONG BABY AGE 6-12 MONTHS IN THE WORKING AREA NILAM SARI HEALTH CENTER BUKITTINGGI IN 2017." Journal of Midwifery 3, no. 1 (June 30, 2018): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/jom.1.1.13-24.2018.
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In Indonesia there is quite a lot of infants who have trouble in sleeping, that is 44.2%. If the infants's sleep requirement is not met, it can disrupt the growth and development of Infants. infants massage using lavender aromatherapy can contribute in improving infant's sleep needs. This study aims to determine the effect of infant massage using aromatherapy lavender to meet the needs of infants's sleep (6-12 months) at Nilam Sari Health Center in 2017. This study was Quasi Eksperiment with Two Group design. The study was conducted in June to July 2016 in the working area of Nilam Sari Health Center in Bukittinggi. The samples were 20 infants using purposive sampling technique. Data analysis was performed using T-Test dependent. Based on the results of the study, it was found that group I showed an average increase in infant sleep requirement between before and after massage of 2.55 hours. While the group II also showed an increase in the average of infant sleep requirement between before and after massage with lavender aromatherapy of 2.8 hours. The result of statistical test for both groups are the same, that is p value = 0.000 (p <0,05). The conclusion of this study asserting that there was an association between infant massage using aromatherapy lavender to fulfill the requirement of infant sleep (6-12 month) in the work area of Nilam Sari Health Center of Bukittinggi. It is hoped that the mothers can apply infant massage at home, since infant massage is very effective in improving infant’s sleep and more effectively using lavender aromatherapy.
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Wong, Chyn Boon, Huidong Huang, Yibing Ning, and Jinzhong Xiao. "Probiotics in the New Era of Human Milk Oligosaccharides (HMOs): HMO Utilization and Beneficial Effects of Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis M-63 on Infant Health." Microorganisms 12, no. 5 (May 17, 2024): 1014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12051014.
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A healthy gut microbiome is crucial for the immune system and overall development of infants. Bifidobacterium has been known to be a predominant species in the infant gut; however, an emerging concern is the apparent loss of this genus, in particular, Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis (B. infantis) in the gut microbiome of infants in industrialized nations, underscoring the importance of restoring this beneficial bacterium. With the growing understanding of the gut microbiome, probiotics, especially infant-type human-residential bifidobacteria (HRB) strains like B. infantis, are gaining prominence for their unique ability to utilize HMOs and positively influence infant health. This article delves into the physiology of a probiotic strain, B. infantis M-63, its symbiotic relationship with HMOs, and its potential in improving gastrointestinal and allergic conditions in infants and children. Moreover, this article critically assesses the role of HMOs and the emerging trend of supplementing infant formulas with the prebiotic HMOs, which serve as fuel for beneficial gut bacteria, thereby emulating the protective effects of breastfeeding. The review highlights the potential of combining B. infantis M-63 with HMOs as a feasible strategy to improve health outcomes in infants and children, acknowledging the complexities and requirements for further research in this area.
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Räihä, Niels C. R. "Nutritional Proteins in Milk and the Protein Requirement of Normal Infants." Pediatrics 75, no. 1 (January 1, 1985): 136–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.75.1.136.
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All whey proteins in human milk are not absorbed and thus not nutritionally available. There is evidence that secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA), lactoferrin, and lysozyme are resistant to proteolytic action, and the major part of these protective proteins is excreted in the infant's stool. An exclusively breast-fed infant would thus have a mean intake of 1.3 g of protein per kilogram of body weight per day during the first month and about 0.9 g/kg/d during the third month. Term infants fed with formulas containing 1.5 g of protein per deciliter show metabolic changes that indicate that the infants receive more protein than they require for growth; these changes are not seen in breast-fed infants or in infants receiving a whey-predominant formula containing only 1.1 g/dL of protein. A reevaluation of protein requirement and intake during infancy is suggested.
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Niwano, Katsuko, and Kuniaki Sugai. "Acoustic Determinants Eliciting Japanese Infants' Vocal Response to Maternal Speech." Psychological Reports 90, no. 1 (February 2002): 83–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.2002.90.1.83.
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Generally, infants prefer infant-directed speech to adult-directed speech. This study investigated which acoustic features of maternal infant-directed speech elicit effectively 3-mo.-old infants' vocal response. The participants were 40 Japanese mother and infant dyads. Vocal f0 from the mother's speech and the infant's vocalization was extracted using Computerized Speech Laboratory (CSL4300) and custom software. The acoustical features measured were mean fundamental frequency (f0), and f0 contour. The rate of the infant's vocal response was significantly higher when the maternal infant-directed speech was terminated with a falling contour rather than a rising or flat contour. There was no significant difference between the mean f0 of the maternal infant-directed speech followed or not followed by the infant's vocal response. This suggests that the falling contour of terminal maternal infant-directed speech serves to elicit the 3-mo.-old infant's vocal response.
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Chen, Yuan Yao, Xin Zhao, Wolfgang Moeder, Hein M. Tun, Elinor Simons, Piushkumar J. Mandhane, Theo J. Moraes, et al. "Impact of Maternal Intrapartum Antibiotics, and Caesarean Section with and without Labour on Bifidobacterium and Other Infant Gut Microbiota." Microorganisms 9, no. 9 (August 31, 2021): 1847. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9091847.
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Background and Aims: Few studies consider the joint effect of multiple factors related to birth, delivery mode, intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis and the onset of labour, on the abundance of Bifidobacterium and the quantity of this genus and its species Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis in the infant gut microbiota. We implemented such a study. Methods: Among 1654 Canadian full-term infants, the gut microbiota of faecal samples collected at 3 months were profiled by 16S rRNA sequencing; the genus Bifidobacterium and Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis were quantified by qPCR. Associations between Bifidobacterium and other gut microbiota were examined by Spearman’s rank correlation. Results: Following vaginal birth, maternal IAP exposure was associated with reduced absolute quantities of bifidobacteria among vaginally delivered infants (6.80 vs. 7.14 log10 (gene-copies/g faeces), p < 0.05), as well as their lowered abundance relative to other gut microbiota. IAP differences in infant gut bifidobacterial quantity were independent of maternal pre-pregnancy body-mass-index (BMI), and remarkably, they were limited to breastfed infants. Pre-pregnancy BMI adjustment revealed negative associations between absolute quantities of bifidobacteria and CS with or without labour in non-breastfed infants, and CS with labour in exclusively breastfed infants. Significant correlations between Bifidobacterium abundance and other microbial taxa were observed. Conclusions: This study documented the impact of the birth mode and feeding status on the abundance of gut Bifidobacterium, and pointed to the important ecological role of the genus Bifidobacterium in gut microbiota due to its strong interaction with other gut microbiota in early infancy.
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Weber, Ashley M., Tondi M. Harrison, and Deborah K. Steward. "Schore’s Regulation Theory." Biological Research For Nursing 14, no. 4 (July 23, 2012): 375–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1099800412453760.
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Premature infants confront numerous physiologic and environmental stressors in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) that have the potential to permanently alter their neurodevelopment. Schore’s regulation theory postulates that positive maternal–infant interactions can shape the infant’s developmental outcomes through inducing mechanistic changes in brain structure and function. The purposes of this article are to explain the regulation of infant neurobiological processes during interactions between mothers and healthy infants in the context of Schore’s theory, to identify threats to these processes for premature infants, and to propose principles of clinical practice and areas of research necessary to establish a supportive environment and prevent or reduce maladaptive consequences for these vulnerable infants. A premature birth results in the disruption of neurodevelopment at a critical time. Chronic exposure to stressors related to the NICU environment overwhelms immature physiologic and stress systems, resulting in significant allostatic load, as measured by long-term neurodevelopmental impairments in the premature infant. Positive maternal–infant interactions during NICU hospitalization and beyond have the potential to reduce neurologic deficits and maximize positive neurodevelopmental outcomes in premature infants. The quality of the maternal–infant interaction is affected not only by the infant’s developing neurobiology but also by the mother’s responses to the stressors surrounding a premature birth and mothering an infant in the NICU environment. Nurses can empower mothers to overcome these stressors, promote sensitive interactions with their infants, and facilitate neurodevelopment. Research is critically needed to develop and test nursing interventions directed at assisting mothers in supporting optimal neurodevelopment for their infants.
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Newton, Danforth, John Baatz, Judy Shary, Renee Washington, and Carol Wagner. "Maternal Vitamin D Sufficiency Is Associated with Lower Circulating TNF-α in Breastfeeding Infants." Current Developments in Nutrition 4, Supplement_2 (May 29, 2020): 1049. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa054_121.
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Abstract Objectives Exclusively breastfeeding (BrF) infants are at risk for vitD deficiency if they or their mothers are not supplemented. However, it is unknown if maternal or direct infant vitD supplementation could have differential effects on the BrF child. We hypothesized that maternal vitD status may affect concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines in infants. Methods Exclusively BrF infants and mothers were enrolled in a clinical study in which infant vitD sufficiency was achieved by either direct supplementation with 400 IU/d vitD3 or mothers were supplemented with 6400 IU/d. Infant and maternal plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-D) values were determined by radioimmunoassay at enrollment (1-mo infant) and completion (5-mo). Concentrations of 10 pro-inflammatory cytokines in infant plasma were determined by electrochemiluminescence. ANOVA, t-tests and linear correlations were used to calculate relationships between vitD and circulating cytokines in 49 infant-mother pairs at study enrollment and 39 pairs at completion. Results Plasma concentrations of 10 pro-inflammatory cytokines measured were very low (pg/ml range). Neither infant nor maternal vitD status (sufficiency defined as plasma 25-D > 30 ng/ml) were associated with 9 measured cytokines in infant blood (IFN-γ, IL-1b, –2, –4, –6, –8, –10, –12, –13). In contrast, concentrations of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in infant plasma were inversely correlated to maternal vitD status (r = −0.37; P = 0.02 at study completion). At study enrollment, BrF infants of vitD-sufficient mothers had mean 20% lower plasma TNF-α concentration than infants of vitD-insufficient mothers (P = 0.02), regardless of the infant's own vitD status. VitD sufficiency in infants per se was associated with mean 5% lower plasma TNF-α concentration, non-significantly different to that of vitD-deficient infants. Conclusions These results indicate that vitD-mediated changes in breastmilk composition can affect the immune system of BrF infants. Circulating concentrations of the major pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α were significantly lower in infants with vitD-sufficient mothers regardless of the infant's own vitD status. Studies are currently investigating vitD-associated effects on responses of BrF infants’ immune cells to antigenic challenge. Funding Sources NIH/NCATS, SC Translational Research Institute, MUSC Pediatrics.
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Schoendorf, Kenneth C., and John L. Kiely. "Relationship of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome to Maternal Smoking During and After Pregnancy." Pediatrics 90, no. 6 (December 1, 1992): 905–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.90.6.905.
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Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is associated with maternal smoking during pregnancy. However, the relationship between tobacco exposure during infancy and SIDS is unknown. The examination of infants whose mothers smoked only after pregnancy will help determine the relationship between passive cigarette exposure during infancy and SIDS risk. This case-control analysis used data on normal birth weight (≥2500 g) infants included in the National Maternal and Infant Health Survey, a nationally representative sample of approximately 10 000 births and 6000 infant deaths. Infants were assigned to one of three exposure groups: maternal smoking during both pregnancy and infancy (combined exposure), maternal smoking only during infancy (passive exposure), and no maternal smoking. SIDS death was determined from death certificate coding. Logistic regression was used to adjust for potentially confounding variables. Infants who died of SIDS were more likely to be exposed to maternal cigarette smoke than were surviving infants. Among black infants the odds ratio was 2.4 for passive exposure and 2.9 for combined exposure. Among white infants the odds ratio was 2.2 for passive exposure and 4.1 for combined exposure. After adjustment for demographic risk factors, the odds ratio for SIDS among normal birth weight infants was approximately 2 for passive exposure and 3 for combined exposure for both races. These data suggest that both intrauterine and passive tobacco exposure are associated with an increased risk of SIDS and are further inducement to encourage smoking cessation among pregnant women and families with children.
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Duar, Rebbeca M., David Kyle, and Giorgio Casaburi. "Colonization Resistance in the Infant Gut: The Role of B. infantis in Reducing pH and Preventing Pathogen Growth." High-Throughput 9, no. 2 (March 27, 2020): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ht9020007.
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Over the past century, there has been a steady increase in the stool pH of infants from industrialized countries. Analysis of historical data revealed a strong association between abundance of Bifidobacterium in the gut microbiome of breasted infants and stool pH, suggesting that this taxon plays a key role in determining the pH in the gut. Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis is uniquely equipped to metabolize human milk oligosaccharides (HMO) from breastmilk into acidic end products, mainly lactate and acetate. The presence of these acidic compounds in the infant gut is linked to a lower stool pH. Conversely, infants lacking B. infantis have a significantly higher stool pH, carry a higher abundance of potential pathogens and mucus-eroding bacteria in their gut microbiomes, and have signs of chronic enteric inflammation. This suggests the presence of B. infantis and low intestinal pH may be critical to maintaining a protective environment in the infant gut. Here, we summarize recent studies demonstrating that feeding B. infantis EVC001 to breastfed infants results in significantly lower fecal pH compared to controls and propose that low pH is one critical factor in preventing the invasion and overgrowth of harmful bacteria in the infant gut, a process known as colonization resistance.
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Ishii, Ryo, and Tomoko Obara. "Relationship between Emotional Intelligence, Maternal Accuracy in the Perception of Infant Emotions, and Parenting Difficulties." IAFOR Journal of Psychology & the Behavioral Sciences 8, no. 1 (August 12, 2022): 23–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.22492/ijpbs.8.1.02.
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This study examined age-related differences in the relationship between parenting difficulties, a mother’s emotional intelligence, and the accuracy of a mother’s perception of her infant’s emotions. Specifically, this study compares three aged-based conditions: (1) infants at the age of three months, when their emotions are undifferentiated, (2) infants at six months, when emotional differentiation is underway, the target is in mutual interaction and triadic interaction begins, and (3) infants at nine months, when their subjective world begins to develop an understanding of the intention of others. A semi-structured interview using controlled VTR stimulation and a questionnaire survey were administered to 74 first-time mothers of infants. In the interview, each mother was asked about the infant’s feelings in the VTR and what might explain the infant’s emotions. The results of a correlation analysis showed consistent negative moderate correlation between the mother’s parenting difficulties and her emotional intelligence, regardless of the infants’ age. On the other hand, the partial correlation between the accuracy of a mother’s reading of infant emotions and parenting difficulties, controlled for emotional intelligence, showed differences by infant age. Although there was almost no correlation for mothers with a six-month-old infant, mothers with a three-month-old infant showed a positive correlation and mothers with a nine-month-old infant showed a negative correlation. The participants’ accounts of the VTR also indicated the mechanism of those age differences. The findings of this research reveal a part of the developmental process of a mother and provide knowledge concerning childcare support.
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Melati, Agrystina Ryma, C. Tjahjono Kuntjoro, Sri Sumarni, Kamilah Hidayati, and Rr Sri Endang Pujiastuti. "EFFECT OF SOLUS PER AQUA (SPA) ON INFANT WEIGHT." Belitung Nursing Journal 3, no. 4 (August 31, 2017): 438–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.33546/bnj.154.
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Background: The prevalence of skinny infants in Indonesia is still high. Baby's Spa is considered to be able increase infant’s weight.Objective: To determine the effectivity of baby spa in infant weight in in Bebengan Village, Boja Sub District, Kendal Regency, Central Java, IndonesiaMethods: This study was a quasy-experimental study with non-equivalent control group design. There were 38 infants were selected using purposive sampling, divided into 3 groups, namely: 1) a group received Spa 2 times per week (12 infants), 2) a group received spa 3 times per week (13 infants), and 3) a control group. Baby digital scale of ARN-EBSD-04 was used to measure infant weight. Data were analyzed using paired t-test and ANOVA.Results: There was statistically significant effect of intervention in each group on the infant’s weight. However, the data showed that the intervention that had a better effect on infant weight was the intervention of spa in two times per week with mean difference before and after intervention of 603 g.Conclusions: Spa in 2 times per week could significantly increase infant weight effectively. Therefore, it is recommended for midwife to apply this intervention to increase the weight gain of babies and to reduce the number of skinny infants in Indonesia.
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Dimitratos, S. M., H. Brown, T. Shafizadeh, S. Kazi, T. Altmann, and B. Ostrer. "Symptomatic relief from at-home use of activated Bifidobacterium infantis EVC001 probiotic in infants: results from a consumer survey on the effects on diaper rash, colic symptoms, and sleep." Beneficial Microbes 12, no. 4 (August 30, 2021): 333–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/bm2020.0229.
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The gut microbiome during infancy is directly involved in the digestion of human milk, development of the immune system, and long-term health outcomes. Gut dysbiosis in early life has been linked to multiple short-term ailments, from diaper dermatitis and poor stooling habits, to poor sleep and fussiness, with mixed results in the scientific literature on the efficacy of probiotics for symptom resolution. Despite the growing interest in probiotics for consumer use, observed symptomatic relief is rarely documented. This study aims to evaluate observed symptomatic relief from at-home use of activated Bifidobacterium infantis EVC001 in infants. Consumer feedback was collected over a 2-year period via a 30-day post-purchase online survey of B. infantis EVC001 (Evivo®) customers. Outcome measures included observed changes in diaper rash, symptoms of colic, and sleep behaviours in infants fed B. infantis EVC001. A total of 1,621 respondents completed the survey. Before purchasing B. infantis EVC001, the majority of respondents visited the product website, researched infant probiotics online, or consulted with their doctor or other healthcare professional. Of the participants whose infants had ever experienced diaper rash, 72% (n=448) reported improvements, and 57% of those reported complete resolution of this problem. Of those who responded to questions about gassiness/fussiness, naptime sleep, and night-time sleep behaviours, 63% (n=984), 33% (n=520), and 52% (n=806) reported resolution or improvements, respectively. Although clinical data regarding probiotic use are often inconclusive for symptom resolution, home use of B. infantis EVC001 in infants improved diaper rash, gassiness/fussiness, and sleep quality within the first week of use in a significant number of respondents who engaged in a voluntary post-purchase survey. These outcomes may be a result of the unique genetic capacity of B. infantis EVC001 to colonise the infant gut highlighting the importance of strain selection in evaluating the effects of probiotic products.
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Roger, Laure C., Adele Costabile, Diane T. Holland, Lesley Hoyles, and Anne L. McCartney. "Examination of faecal Bifidobacterium populations in breast- and formula-fed infants during the first 18 months of life." Microbiology 156, no. 11 (November 1, 2010): 3329–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.043224-0.
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Bifidobacteria in the infant faecal microbiota have been the focus of much interest, especially during the exclusive milk-feeding period and in relation to the fortification of infant formulae to better mimic breast milk. However, longitudinal studies examining the diversity and dynamics of the Bifidobacterium population of infants are lacking, particularly in relation to the effects of weaning. Using a polyphasic strategy, the Bifidobacterium populations of breast- and formula-fed infants were examined during the first 18 months of life. Bifidobacterium-specific denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis demonstrated that breast-fed infants harboured greater diversity than formula-fed infants and the diversity of the infants' Bifidobacterium populations increased with weaning. Twenty-seven distinctive banding profiles were observed from ∼1100 infant isolates using ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis, 14 biotypes of which were confirmed to be members of the genus Bifidobacterium. Two profiles (H, Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis; and I, Bifidobacterium bifidum) were common culturable biotypes, seen in 9/10 infants, while profile E (Bifidobacterium breve) was common among breast-fed infants. Overall, inter- and intra-individual differences were observed in the Bifidobacterium populations of infants between 1 and 18 months of age, although weaning was associated with increased diversity of the infant Bifidobacterium populations. Breast-fed infants generally harboured a more complex Bifidobacterium microbiota than formula-fed infants.
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Oller, D. Kimbrough, Rebecca E. Eilers, Dale H. Bull, and Arlene Earley Carney. "Prespeech Vocalizations of a Deaf Infant." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 28, no. 1 (March 1985): 47–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jshr.2801.47.
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A comparative study of the speech-like vocalizations of a deaf infant and a group of 11 hearing infants was conducted in order to examine the role of auditory experience in the development of the phonological and metaphonological capacity. Results indicated that from 8 to I3 months of age, the deaf subject differed strikingly from hearing infants of comparable age. She produced no repetitive canonical babbling, whereas all the hearing infants produced many canonical syllables. The topography of the deaf infant's vocalizations resembled that of 4–6-month-old (i.e., Expansion stage) hearing infants. Detailed comparisons of the proportion of production of various metaphonologically defined categories by the deaf infant and Expansion stage hearing infants demonstrated many similarities in vocalization, although possible differences were noted. It is concluded that hearing impairment notably affects vocalization development by the end of the first year of life, if not earlier. Spectrographic displays illustrate the categories of infant sounds produced by the deaf and hearing infants.
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Ahmad, Norain, Rosnah Sutan, Azmi Mohd Tamil, and Noriah Hajib. "The Invisible Struggles: A Qualitative Study in Understanding Mothers’ Perceptions and Experiences in Nurturing Small for Gestational Age Infants." NOVEMBER ISSUE 18, no. 6 (November 11, 2022): 173–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.47836/mjmhs.18.6.24.
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Introduction: Small for gestational age (SGA) infants have been linked to poor growth trends and nutritional status. SGA infants that do not reach their full growth potential must be supervised by a multidisciplinary medical team. Parents devote more time, energy, and money for raising of the SGA infants. The objective of this present study is to explore the perceptions and the experiences of the mother in nurturing the small for gestational age infants in their first year of life. Method: A qualitative exploratory descriptive study via in-depth interview was conducted in the primary health clinics in urban areas in Malaysia to explore the mothers’ perceptions and experiences in SGA infant’s care. 13 SGA infant’s mothers participated in the study after the children achieved the age of one year old. Thematic analysis was conducted using software ATLAS.ti version 8. Results: The average mothers’ age in this study were 33 years old, majority was Malay ethnicity. Only one mother was a housewife and others were working mother. Four out of 13 SGA infants were born prematurely. This study found that homogenous experiences throughout the pregnancy and baby nurturing phase, perceptions on husband involvement and external supports in infant care, infant health status and health services provided, were highlighted as important contributor to infant survival. Conclusion: The importance of monitoring SGA infant growth and nutritional status have been highlighted. Maternal psychological support needs to be enhanced to ease the burden in SGA infant care. Targeted program intervention for family and community social support during postnatal and empowering mothers in nurturing their infants are crucial.
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Rayhani, Salsabila, Nur Mujaddidah Mochtar, Gina Noor Djalilah, and Rewina Intan Asmarani. "Well-Being of Infants Through Touch: The Effects of Massage on Sleep Quality and Weight Gain in the First 0-12 Months." Golden Age: Jurnal Ilmiah Tumbuh Kembang Anak Usia Dini 9, no. 2 (June 30, 2024): 357–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.14421/jga.2024.92-15.
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The initial stage of an infant's life, from 0 to 12 months, is a critical period in their development. Growth optimization during this period depends on nutrition, emotional support, and early stimulation. Particularly, an infant's sleep quality is a key adaptive mechanism that influences their growth and well-being. This study aims to understand the impact of infant massage on the sleep quality of infants aged 0-12 months and to evaluate the influence of infant massage on weight gain in this age group. Therefore, this study conducts a systematic review of the impact of infant massage on infants aged 0-12 months, using the PubMed and Google Scholar databases from 2018 to 2023. Of 855 articles, 29 met the inclusion criteria according to PRISMA guidelines. The results show that regular infant massage, ideally 3-4 times a week for 15-30 minutes, significantly improves sleep quality and weight gain in infants aged 0-12 months. The effectiveness of infant massage is influenced by various factors such as environmental conditions, daily nutrition, massage routines, daily activities of the baby, and health conditions. This study implies that infant massage can be an important and effective intervention to support healthy infant growth and development, particularly in improving sleep quality and weight gain in infants aged 0-12 months, thereby encouraging the incorporation of infant massage as an integral part of daily baby care.
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Nakagawa, Atsuko, and Masune Sukigara. "The Effects of Soothing Techniques and Rough-and-Tumble Play on the Early Development of Temperament: A Longitudinal Study of Infants." Child Development Research 2014 (August 20, 2014): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/741373.
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A total of 189 infants (93 girls, 96 boys) were investigated longitudinally at ages 4, 8, 12, 18, and 24 months to examine the effects of soothing techniques (i.e., distracting infants by presenting novel objects) and rough-and-tumble play on the early development of temperament, particularly the emergence of Effortful Control. We used questionnaires to examine the frequency of use of soothing techniques and rough-and-tumble play. The Infant Behavior Questionnaire Revised (IBQ-R) and the Early Childhood Behavior Questionnaire (ECBQ) were used to assess temperament. A strong relationship was found between parental ratings of their infant's Orienting/Regulation and later Effortful Control. Caregivers’ use of distracting as a soothing technique during infancy was associated with higher Negative Affect in toddlers at 24 months. More surgent infants were involved in more rough-and-tumble play, with rough-and-tumble play frequencies positively correlated with surgency scores at 24 months.
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Yoo, Dajoung, and Sae-Young Han. "Effects of Co-parenting and Infant Emotional Self-Control on the Externalized Problem Behavior of Infants." Korean Journal of Child Studies 43, no. 2 (May 31, 2022): 95–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.5723/kjcs.2022.43.2.95.
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Objectives: The main purpose of this study was to examine the direct and indirect effects of coparenting, infants’ emotional self-control, and infants’ externalized problem behaviors.Methods: A total of 281 mothers of infants aged 3-5 years responded to questionnaires on three research variables. The scale used in this study was first measured using a co-parenting questionnaire, the emotional regulation checklist (ECR), and the child behavior checklist (CBCL). Data were analyzed with structural equation modeling using SPSS 21.0 and AMOS 20.0.Results: The correlations between co-parenting, infants’ emotional self-control, and externalized problem behaviors were all statistically significant. With regard to the direct impact of co-parenting on infant problem behavior, co-parenting had a significant impact on infant externalized problem behavior. Co-parenting also indirectly influenced the externalized problem behaviors in infants through the infants’ emotional self-control.Conclusion: This study demonstrated the importance of co-parenting and infant’s emotional selfcontrol. The results suggest the need for a parent education program to improve infants’ emotional selfcontrol and could be used as basic data for counseling and parent education sites to develop parenting programs to prevent infant problem behavior and ultimately create an enviroment that positively affects infant development.
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Fitri, Imelda, Eryati Darwin, Eva Chundrayetti, Hotmauli Hotmauli, Eliya Mursyida, Titi Lasmini, and Nurmi Hasbi. "Bifidobacteria and Escherichia coli Microbiota of Healthy Indonesian Infants in Andalas Village: Profile of Infant Diet Given Exclusive Breastfed and Formula-fed." Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 9, A (August 31, 2021): 639–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2021.6495.
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INTRODUCTION : Inbalance of microbiota in gastrointestinal tract have the risk of getting gastrointestinal infections, one of them is diarrhea.
AIM : The aim of this study was to determine bifidobacterium and eschericia coli microbiota and compare the microbiota obtained between exclusive breast fed and formula fed Indonesian infants village andalas.
METHODS : This study was an observational study with cross sectional comparative design. Samples faeses of infant was taken by Multistage Simple Random Sampling with total sample of 28 infants in range 0-6 months. This study was conducted in Pauh community health center areas, Village Andalas . The infant’s feces was taken then send to Microbiology Laboratorium of Dr. M. Djamil Hospital Padang city, Indonesia. The instruments used were a questionnaire and a colony counter. Data were processed and analyzed by using independent t test and Mann Whitney test.
RESULTS : The fecal microbiota of the 0-6 months Indonesian infants village andalas two species including bifidobacterium and eschericia coli were common commensal intestinal microbiota in all infants. The predominant intestinal microbiota in the breast fed infants bifidobacterium average 3,59 x 109 CFU/g (p < 0,05). the mean eschericia coli microbiota from the formula fed infants 66,8 x 109 CFU/g (p < 0,05)
CONCLUSION : Exclusive breastfeeding infant’s faeses contain more bifidobacteria and formula breastfed infant’s faeces contain more escherichia coli bacteria. These findings advance our understanding of the gut microbiota in healthy infants. They also provide new evidence infant diet as determinants of this essential microbial community in early life
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Daly, Jeanette M., Steven M. Levy, Yinghui Xu, Richard D. Jackson, George J. Eckert, Barcey T. Levy, and Margherita Fontana. "Factors Associated With Parents’ Perceptions of Their Infants’ Oral Health Care." Journal of Primary Care & Community Health 7, no. 3 (February 9, 2016): 180–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2150131916630524.
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Introduction: Parents have an important role ensuring their infants receive oral and medical health care. Their decisions affect the well-being of their children. Methods: This study used data collected from a longitudinal, prospective study with the aim of developing and validating a caries risk assessment tool. The objectives of this study are to ( a) compare parents’ perceptions of how well they do in taking care of the infants’ teeth and/or gums versus how well they do in taking care of the infants’ medical health and ( b) determine factors associated with parental perceptions of how well they do in taking care of the infants’ teeth and/or gums. Results: A total of 1323 parent/infant pairs were enrolled in the study at Duke University, Indiana University, and the University of Iowa. Through a survey, 283 (21%) of the parents perceived they did an excellent job of both taking care of both the infant’s oral and medical health, while 861 (65%) perceived the care of their infant’s medical health was better than their care of the teeth and/or gums. In the multivariable model, parents who perceived they provided excellent/very good/good care for the infants’ teeth and/or gums were more likely to brush the infant’s teeth daily, use toothpaste daily, clean inside the infant’s mouth and/or gums daily, and not let the infant have something other than water after brushing and prior to bedtime. Also, those with infants having Medicaid or State Insurance, parents not eating sugary snacks frequently, and parents getting dental checkups at least annually were likely to perceive that they provided excellent/very good/good care for their infant’s teeth and/or gums. Conclusions: Parents who provide good infant oral health care are more likely to perceive they provide good care and more likely to have better personal dental health behaviors. This agrees with previous studies concerning older children.
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Ferro, Lynn E., Kameron Y. Sugino, Vanja Klepac-Ceraj, and Sarah S. Comstock. "The Abundance of Human Milk Oligosaccharide (HMO)-Metabolizing Genes in Fecal Samples from Six-Month-Old Human Infants." Microorganisms 9, no. 7 (June 22, 2021): 1352. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9071352.
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Herein, we report the abundance and prevalence of HMO-metabolizing genes, specifically those of Bifidobacterium infantis, in fecal samples from human infants. Forty dyads were enrolled, and each mother collected a fecal sample from her infant at six months of age. Genomic DNA was extracted, and quantitative real-time PCR was used to determine gene abundance. The mode of delivery was not associated with gene abundance. Several gene regions, Sia (a sialidase), B. inf (16S), and GH750 (a glycoside hydrolase), were more abundant in the feces of human milk-fed infants (p < 0.05). Others, Sia and HC bin (16S), tended to be less abundant when a larger percentage of an infant’s diet consisted of solids (p < 0.10). When accounting for solid food intake, human milk exposure was positively associated with Sia and B. inf (p < 0.05) and tended to be related to the abundance of the GH750 and HC bin (p < 0.10) gene regions. With further development and validation in additional populations of infants, these assays could be used to group samples by dietary exposure even where no record of dietary intake exists. Thus, these assays would provide a method by which infant human milk intake can be assessed quickly in any well-equipped molecular biology laboratory.
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Widyatama, Rufina Adelia, Irwanto Irwanto, and Dwi Susanti. "Infant Development under 6 Months Old in a Family with Smoking Habit." JUXTA: Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Kedokteran Universitas Airlangga 12, no. 2 (August 31, 2021): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/juxta.v12i22021.77-83.
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Introduction: Fastest developmental period of infants is on their first six months of life. However, smoking is a habit in Indonesia, done mostly by adult male (47.5%) on 30-34 years old group (33.4%) which can harm others, especially their family. Secondhand smoke, defined as environmental smoke that contains more than 4,000 dangerous chemicals, is the major cause of cigarette exposure, and home is the main place where children get exposed. Exposure of secondhand smoke can affect fetal brain, specifically on neurodevelopment stage, which can affect infant development.Methods: This study used analytic observational with cross sectional approach. Sampling method of the study was cluster sampling. This study involved 103 subjects who came to the selected primary health center. Data of smoking family was collected by interview, and infant’s development examination was done by the screening tool Pre-Screening Development Questionnaire (KPSP). Data were analyzed by chi-square correlation test between smoking habit and infant's development.Results: Number of infants in families with smoking habit were dominant which exposed by father is dominant (28.1%), followed by exposure by father and other family members (25.2%), and other family members (7.8%). Infants that were not exposed by secondhand smoke tend to pass the development test (67.5%). There was no significant relationship between infant’s development and smoking family habit (p = 0.128).Conclusion: Although the correlation is insignificant, parents should consider family smoking habit due to infants’ health and development.
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Ullsten, Alexandra, Mats Eriksson, Maria Klässbo, and Ulrik Volgsten. "Singing, sharing, soothing – biopsychosocial rationales for parental infant-directed singing in neonatal pain management." Music & Science 1 (January 1, 2018): 205920431878084. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2059204318780841.
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Infant-directed singing is a medium for parents and infants to communicate in a mutual relationship. Parental infant-directed singing is a multisensory, biopsychosocial communication that applies to ill and vulnerable hospitalised infants. The primary musical features of infant-directed singing are ideal for emotional coordination and sharing between parent and infant without the risk of over-stimulation. In this article, we suggest that parental infant-directed singing is regarded as a nonpharmacological emotion regulation intervention, which may modify the painful experience for both the infant and the parent before, during and after painful procedures in the neonatal intensive care context. Parents have the biopsychosocial resources to alleviate their infant’s pain through infant-directed singing, if they are empowered to do so and coached in this process. A music therapist specialised in neonatal music therapy methods can mentor parents in how to use entrained and attuned live lullaby singing in connection to painful procedures. Pain and the vast amount of painful procedures early in infancy, combined with early parent–infant separation and lack of parental participation in the care of the infant during neonatal intensive care, place arduous strain on the new family’s attachment process and on the infant’s and parents’ mental health, both from a short and long-term perspective. Therefore, we argue with biopsychosocial rationales, that live parental infant-directed singing should be promoted in neonatal pain care worldwide. Consequently, parents should be welcomed round the clock and invited as prescribed pain management for their infant.
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Bakken, Kjersti Sletten, Tonje Eiane Aarsland, Synne Groufh-Jacobsen, Beate Stokke Solvik, Elin Lovise Folven Gjengedal, Sigrun Henjum, and Tor Arne Strand. "Adequate Urinary Iodine Concentration among Infants in the Inland Area of Norway." Nutrients 13, no. 6 (May 27, 2021): 1826. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13061826.
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Considering the importance of iodine to support optimal growth and neurological development of the brain and central nervous system, this study aimed to assess and evaluate iodine status in Norwegian infants. We collected data on dietary intake of iodine, iodine knowledge in mothers, and assessed iodine concentration in mother’s breast milk and in infant’s urine in a cross-sectional study at two public healthcare clinics in the inland area of Norway. In the 130 mother–infant pairs, the estimated infant 24-h median iodine intake was 50 (IQR 31, 78) µg/day. The median infant urinary iodine concentration (UIC) was 146 (IQR 93, 250) µg/L and within the recommended median defined by the World Health Organization for this age group. Weaned infants had a higher UIC [210 (IQR 130, 330) µg/L] than exclusively breastfed infants [130 (IQR 78, 210) µg/L] and partially breastfed infants [135 (IQR 89, 250) µg/L], which suggest that the dietary data obtained in this study did not capture the accurate iodine intake of the included infants. The iodine status of infants in the inland area of Norway seemed adequate. Weaned infants had higher UIC compared to breastfed infants, suggesting early access and consumption of other sources of iodine in addition to breast milk.
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Nomikou, Iris, Katharina J. Rohlfing, and Joanna Szufnarowska. "Educating attention." Interaction Studies 14, no. 2 (July 22, 2013): 240–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/is.14.2.05nom.
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In a longitudinal naturalistic study, we observed German mothers interacting with their infants when they were 3 and 6 months old. Pursuing the idea that infants’ attention is socialized in everyday interactions, we explored whether eye contact is reinforced selectively by behavioral modification in the input provided to infants. Applying a microanalytical approach focusing on the sequential organization of interaction, we explored how the mother draws the infant’s attention to herself and how she tries to maintain attention when the infant is looking at her. Results showed that eye contact is reinforced by specific infant-directed practices: interrogatives and conversational openings, multimodal stimulation, repetition, and imitation. In addition, these practices are contingent on the infant’s own behavior. By comparing the two data points (3 and 6 months), we showed how the education of attention evolves hand-in-hand with the developing capacities of the infant. Keywords: multimodal input; eye contact; interactional adaptation; ecology of attention; social learning
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Ellis, Cameron T., Lena J. Skalaban, Tristan S. Yates, and Nicholas B. Turk-Browne. "Attention recruits frontal cortex in human infants." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 12 (March 16, 2021): e2021474118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2021474118.
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Young infants learn about the world by overtly shifting their attention to perceptually salient events. In adults, attention recruits several brain regions spanning the frontal and parietal lobes. However, it is unclear whether these regions are sufficiently mature in infancy to support attention and, more generally, how infant attention is supported by the brain. We used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in 24 sessions from 20 awake behaving infants 3 mo to 12 mo old while they performed a child-friendly attentional cuing task. A target was presented to either the left or right of the infant’s fixation, and offline gaze coding was used to measure the latency with which they saccaded to the target. To manipulate attention, a brief cue was presented before the target in three conditions: on the same side as the upcoming target (valid), on the other side (invalid), or on both sides (neutral). All infants were faster to look at the target on valid versus invalid trials, with valid faster than neutral and invalid slower than neutral, indicating that the cues effectively captured attention. We then compared the fMRI activity evoked by these trial types. Regions of adult attention networks activated more strongly for invalid than valid trials, particularly frontal regions. Neither behavioral nor neural effects varied by infant age within the first year, suggesting that these regions may function early in development to support the orienting of attention. Together, this furthers our mechanistic understanding of how the infant brain controls the allocation of attention.
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Wu, Yifan, Gongsheng Zhang, Yucong Wang, Xin Wei, Huanhuan Liu, Lili Zhang, and Lanwei Zhang. "A Review on Maternal and Infant Microbiota and Their Implications for the Prevention and Treatment of Allergic Diseases." Nutrients 15, no. 11 (May 26, 2023): 2483. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu15112483.
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Allergic diseases, which are closely related to the composition and metabolism of maternal and infant flora, are prevalent in infants worldwide. The mother’s breast milk, intestinal, and vaginal flora directly or indirectly influence the development of the infant’s immune system from pregnancy to lactation, and the compositional and functional alterations of maternal flora are associated with allergic diseases in infants. Meanwhile, the infant’s own flora, represented by the intestinal flora, indicates and regulates the occurrence of allergic diseases and is altered with the intervention of allergic diseases. By searching and selecting relevant literature in PubMed from 2010 to 2023, the mechanisms of allergy development in infants and the links between maternal and infant flora and infant allergic diseases are reviewed, including the effects of flora composition and its consequences on infant metabolism. The critical role of maternal and infant flora in allergic diseases has provided a window for probiotics as a microbial therapy. Therefore, the uses and mechanisms by which probiotics, such as lactic acid bacteria, can help to improve the homeostasis of both the mother and the infant, and thereby treat allergies, are also described.
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Hershon, Malka, Michelle Ly, Christine Laganière, Irina Pokhvisneva, Hélène Gaudreau, and Marie-Hélène Pennestri. "0824 The Association Between Sleeping Arrangements and Breastfeeding Duration." SLEEP 47, Supplement_1 (April 20, 2024): A353. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsae067.0824.
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Abstract Introduction The World Health Organization recommends that infants be exclusively breastfed for at least the first 6 months of life, and then partially breastfed until 2 years of age and onward, if preferred. However, the choice to breastfeed an infant is influenced by cultural, biological, and social factors. For instance, factors which may promote breastfeeding include bedsharing, but the current literature requires more longitudinal examinations and follow-ups. The current project aims to investigate the associations between bedsharing at 6 months and the duration of breastfeeding. Methods The analysis included data from 294 mother-infant dyads (52 bedshared) from the Maternal Adversity, Vulnerability and Neurodevelopment cohort. Maternal reports of their infant’s sleep location were reported at 6 months of infancy. Infants who shared a bed with their mother were considered to bedshare, whereas those who slept in the same room as their mother, in their own room alone, or in their own room with someone else where not considered to bedshare. A retroactive measure of breastfeeding was given to mothers (until infants were 24 months), in which they were asked how old the infant was when they stopped breastfeeding. An independent samples t-test was conducted to compare breastfeeding duration between infants who bedshare and those who do not. Results Bedsharing infants were breastfed for a longer period (in months; M=12.87, SD=5.21) than infants who did not bedshare (M=10.64, SD=3.97; t(292)=-3.48, p=<.001). Conclusion These results show that infants who bedshare with their mother are likely to be breastfed for about 2 months more. These results provide support for the protective nature of bedsharing at 6 months on breastfeeding duration. Given these potential benefits, these results highlight the need for clear recommendations for parents to safely practice bed sharing if they are willing to use this sleeping arrangement. Support (if any) Malka Hershon holds a Canada Graduate Scholarship - Master’s program (SSHRC). Dr. Pennestri holds a Chercheur-Boursier Award from the Fonds de recherche du Québec – Santé and a William Dawson Award from McGill University.
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Hussain, Naveed, Janet Schwenn, Jennifer Trzaski, and Mariann Pappagallo. "Stress Oximetry: Description of a Test to Determine Readiness for Discontinuing Oxygen Therapy in Infants with Chronic Lung Disease." International Journal of Pediatrics 2018 (September 9, 2018): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/8151678.
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Background. In infants with CLD there are no objective tests to monitor an infant’s progress towards weaning out of oxygen inhalation therapy (O2IT). A test involving staged maneuvers of increasing respiratory stress while decreasing oxygen support, termed Stress Oximetry (StressOx), has been used at our center for weaning O2IT.Objective. To report the clinical utility of “StressOx” in evaluating readiness for discontinuing O2IT in infants with CLD.Methods. A retrospective review was done of StressOx tests administered at our center from 2002-2008. StressOx was performed based on a consistent clinical protocol in all eligible infants on O2IT. O2IT was generally discontinued after infant had passed two StressOx tests and subsequently infants were monitored for a minimum of 7 days to determine successful weaning.Results. There were 279 infants with 899 tests that met inclusion criteria. An average of 3 tests per infant was done, one week apart. The test had a specificity of 97.4% and a positive predictive value of 99.6% in determining success of discontinuing O2IT.Conclusions. StressOx appears to be a clinically useful test that may help in determining an infant’s ability to successfully wean out of O2IT. Further validation of this test is warranted.
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HEIRD, WILLIAM C. "Amino Acids in Premature Infants." Pediatrics 82, no. 4 (October 1, 1988): 680–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.82.4.680a.
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In Reply.— Dr Raiha is correct. Our data1 do not necessarily "refute" the concept of the LBW infant's metabolic immaturity. However, they raise the issue of the clinical significance of the well-documented developmental delays in hepatic activities of several enzymes involved in metabolism of amino acids. Specifically, these data suggest that enzymatic immaturities are of limited clinical significance with respect to the LBW infant's tolerance of parenterally administered amino acids. No differences in plasma amino acid pattern were observed between LBW infants weighing less than 1,250 g at birth and those weighing more than 1,250 g, between the LBW infant population1 and the population of term infants and older children studied earlier,2 or between LBW infants who received a typical peripheral vein regimen and those who received a typical central vein regimen.
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Suárez Brito, Paloma, Elda Alicia Alva Canto, and Tania Valdés González. "Análisis de la complejidad del vocabulario en infantes de 36 meses de edad." Investigación y Práctica en Psicología del Desarrollo 2 (April 13, 2018): 8–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.33064/ippd2675.
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Se realizó un análisis sobre la influencia de la complejidad verbal de cuidadores sobre la complejidad verbal de 35 infantes de 36 meses de edad, durante una tarea de lectura conjunta. Ésta consistió en proporcionar a la díada un libro ilustrado con la instrucción de narrar al infante la historia del libro y viceversa (Valdés, 2015). Se utilizaron las medidas type/token como medida de producción verbal y nueve categorías gramaticales como medida de complejidad.Se realizaron análisis por cada categoría gramatical los cuales mostraron correlaciones significativas entre la producción de cuidadores y la producción de infantes para las categorías gramaticales sustantivo, verbo, adjetivo, adverbio e interjección; tanto en la medida type como token. Se propone que la producción verbal de los infantes es un reflejo de la producción de sus cuidadores tanto en cantidad como en complejidad. ABSTRACTIn this study we analyzed the influence of verbal complexity of caregivers over the verbal complexity of 35 infants of 36 months of age, during a joint reading task. An illustrated book with no text was provided to the dyad with the instruction to tell the story to the infant and vice versa (Valdes, 2015). Type / token words were used as an indicator of verbal production, and verbal complexity was obtained from the production of nine grammatical categories.Results showed significant positive correlations between the production of nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and interjections of caregivers and the production of the same categories of infants. It is proposed that infants’ verbal production is a reflection of their caregivers’ production, both in quantity and complexity. Key words: verbal production, language, dyadic interaction, infants
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Palanimuthu, Kogila, Praveen B.M, P. S. Aithal, and N. M. Jose. "Knowledge of Mothers of Infant and effects on Morbidity Status of Infants: Computerized structured Complementary Feeding Instructions." International Journal of Enhanced Research in Medicines & Dental Care 10, no. 09 (2023): 39–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.55948/ijermdc.2023.0906.
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Complementary feeding (CF) to infants is an advancement of steadily familiarizing semi-liquid to semi-solid foods along with mom’s milk at the end of 6 months. The objectives were to assess the demographic variables of infants and mothers of infant, to assess the infant’s morbidity status. Methodology: Quantitative approach were used to evaluate the experimental and control groups. The design used in this study was Pretest posttest control group. Sample of 500 mothers and mothers of infant included who satisfying the inclusion criteria chosen by simple Random sampling. Obtained written consent from each participant before collecting the data and confidentiality of data were maintained. The collected data were analyzed by descriptive, inferential statistics. Results: Experimental Group mean SD 27.3±1.57, SE-0.83, Control Group mean SD 16.4±2.62, SE-0.52, Effect size 0.7, t value-1.95, Cohen’s’‘d’ 5.20,. At the end of 12 months among experimental group infants had no illness 97 (41%) were as in control group majority of infants 137 (59%) had illness in which 48 (35%) had exhibited minor illness, 63 (46%) had exhibited moderate illness and 26 (19%) infant’s exhibited severe illness. It showed that experimental group infant’s exhibited lesser illness compared to control group infants. Conclusion: A further counseling session, health education on complementary feeding were arranged for both the groups of participant mothers who belongs to moderate and inadequate knowledge score in posttest.
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Murray, Lynne, Laura Bozicevic, Pier Francesco Ferrari, Kyla Vaillancourt, Louise Dalton, Tim Goodacre, Bhismadev Chakrabarti, et al. "The Effects of Maternal Mirroring on the Development of Infant Social Expressiveness: The Case of Infant Cleft Lip." Neural Plasticity 2018 (December 17, 2018): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/5314657.
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Parent-infant social interactions start early in development, with infants showing active communicative expressions by just two months. A key question is how this social capacity develops. Maternal mirroring of infant expressions is considered an important, intuitive, parenting response, but evidence is sparse in the first two months concerning the conditions under which mirroring occurs and its developmental sequelae, including in clinical samples where the infant’s social expressiveness may be affected. We investigated these questions by comparing the development of mother-infant interactions between a sample where the infant had cleft lip and a normal, unaffected, comparison sample. We videotaped dyads in their homes five times from one to ten weeks and used a microanalytic coding scheme for maternal and infant behaviours, including infant social expressions, and maternal mirroring and marking responses. We also recorded maternal gaze to the infant, using eye-tracking glasses. Although infants with cleft lip did show communicative behaviours, the rate of their development was slower than in comparison infants. This group difference was mediated by a lower rate of mirroring of infant expressions by mothers of infants with cleft lip; this effect was, in turn, partly accounted for by reduced gaze to the infant’s mouth, although the clarity of infant social expressions (indexed by cleft severity) and maternal self-blame regarding the cleft were also influential. Results indicate the robustness of parent-infant interactions but also their sensitivity to specific variations in interactants’ appearance and behaviour. Parental mirroring appears critical in infant social development, likely supported by the mirror neuron system and underlying clinical and, possibly, cultural differences in infant behaviour. These findings suggest new avenues for clinical intervention.
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Alonso Arteche, M. Fernanda, Nicola Phillips, Samin Moradi, Lulan Shen, Marianne Chen-Ouellet, Leatisha Ramloll, Sumana Abraham, Lei Zeng, Lucie MENARD, and Linda Polka. "Exploring infant talker bias: Insights from remote speech perception testing." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 155, no. 3_Supplement (March 1, 2024): A170. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0027203.
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Lab studies show that infants (4- to 7-month-olds) prefer to listen to vowels with infant-like f0 and formant frequencies over those of an adult female (Masapollo et al., 2015; Polka et al., 2021). This Infant Talker Bias may facilitate infants’ mapping of articulatory gestures to acoustic correlates. In this study, 4- to 12-month-olds completed a listening preference task on the Lookit online testing platform. Across eight trials, we presented synthesized infant and adult vowel sounds (/i/ and /a/) paired with a simple animation and recorded the infant’s response via the webcam. Infant looking time and vocalization to each vowel type were coded offline. Preliminary analyses (n = 91) show that listening time increased with age (p < 0.05), and all infants listened longer to infant vowels than to adult vowels (p < 0.01). Preliminary analyses (n = 62) also show an increase in infant vocalizations with age (p = 0.00) and a trend towards more and longer vocalizations in response to the adult vowels. These findings replicate and extend the infant talker bias to new vowel stimuli and to older infants, and support the use of remote testing in infant speech perception studies.
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Filippa, Manuela, Maya Gratier, Emmanuel Devouche, and Didier Grandjean. "Changes in infant-directed speech and song are related to preterm infant facial expression in the neonatal intensive care unit." Interaction Studies 19, no. 3 (December 31, 2018): 427–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/is.16019.fil.
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Abstract In their first weeks of life preterm infants are deprived of developmentally appropriate stimuli, including their mother’s voice. The current study explores the immediate association of two preterm infant behaviours (open eyes or smiling) with the quality of a mother’s infant-directed speech and singing. Participants are 20 mothers who are asked to speak and sing to their medically stable infants placed in incubators. Eighty-four vocal samples are extracted when they occur in the presence of an infant’s behavioural display and compared with random selections during periods of absence of target behavioural display. The results show that infant-directed maternal voice presents more marked emotional qualities when infants display a behavioural change than when infants are passive and expressionless. Specifically, higher values of mean pitch and maximum sound pressure level, as well as greater variability of these parameters are associated with a behavioural display.
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Kermoian, Rosanne, and P. Herbert Leiderman. "Infant Attachment to Mother and Child Caretaker in an East African Community." International Journal of Behavioral Development 9, no. 4 (December 1986): 455–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016502548600900404.
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Child rearing among the Gusii of Kenya is distinctive in that (a) infants are routinely cared for by both mothers and child caretakers, and (b) infant-mother interaction is primarily limited to activities which provide for the infant's physical needs, whereas infant-caretaker interaction is primarily limited to play and social activities. In this study a separation/reunion paradigm and Ainsworth classification procedures were used to assess security of attachment in a sample of Gusii infants 8 to 27 months of age. The proportion of infants classified as securely attached to mother and caretaker was 61% and 54%, respectively. Although the establishment of a secure relationship was not affected by differences between infant-mother and infant-caretaker activities, correlates of attachment security were specific to each. Whereas attachment to mother was related to nutritional status, attachment to the caretaker was related to Bayley MDI performance. These findings suggest that the pervasive association between security of attachment and infant functioning in American studies is a reflection of the diversity of activities in which infants and mothers engage.
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Filippa, Manuela, Elisa Della Casa, Roberto D’amico, Odoardo Picciolini, Clara Lunardi, Alessandra Sansavini, and Fabrizio Ferrari. "Effects of Early Vocal Contact in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit: Study Protocol for a Multi-Centre, Randomised Clinical Trial." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 8 (April 8, 2021): 3915. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18083915.
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Preterm infants are at risk for developing altered trajectories of cognitive, social, and linguistic competences compared to a term population. This is mainly due to medical and environmental factors, as they are exposed to an atypical auditory environment and simultaneously, long periods of early separation from their parents. The short-term effects of early vocal contact (EVC) on an infant’s early stability have been investigated. However, there is limited evidence of its impact on the infant’s autonomic nervous system maturation, as indexed by heart rate variability, and its long-term impact on infant neurodevelopment. Our multi-centric study aims to investigate the effects of EVC on a preterm infant’s physiology, neurobehaviour, and development. Eighty stable preterm infants, born at 25–32 weeks and 6 days gestational age, without specific abnormalities, will be enrolled and randomised to either an intervention or control group. The intervention group will receive EVC, where mothers will talk and sing to their infants for 10 min three times per week for 2 weeks. Mothers in the control group will be encouraged to spend the same amount of time next to the incubator and observe the infant’s behaviour through a standard cluster of indicators. Infants will be assessed at baseline; the end of the intervention; term equivalent age; and 3, 6, 12, and 24 months corrected age, with a battery of physiological, neurobehavioral, and developmental measures. Early interventions in the neonatal intensive care unit have demonstrated effects on the neurodevelopment of preterm infants, thereby lowering the negative long-term effects of an atypical auditory and interactional environment. Our proposed study will provide new insight into mother–infant early contact as a protective intervention against the sequelae of prematurity during this sensitive period of development. Early intervention, such as EVC, is intuitive and easy to implement in the daily care of preterm infants. However, its long-term effects on infant neurodevelopment and maternal sensitivity and stress are still unclear. Trial Registration: NCT04759573, retrospectively registered, 17 February 2021.
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Westerdahl, Jacqueline E., and Victoria Moerchen. "3241 Using infant exertion to tailor treadmill intervention." Journal of Clinical and Translational Science 3, s1 (March 2019): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cts.2019.63.
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OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: This research examined 3 aims to address the need to understand and quantify exertion in infants. Aim 1: Develop a schema to identify and code exertional behaviors in infants during treadmill stepping. Aim 2: Establish feasibility for the schema’s use with clinical populations. Aim 3: Pilot the schema in a study designed to induce infant exertion. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Aims 1 and 2 were achieved using existing treadmill stepping data. The data used in Aim 1 included eight typically-developing infants (age 7-10 months) who were able to sit independently, but not walk. The data used in Aim 2 came from two separate data sets from infants who took more than 10 steps in a 30-second trial: Data set A included six typically-developing infants (age 2-5 months) who were unable to sit independently (developmentally comparable to atypical populations who might receive treadmill interventions). Data set B included six infants with Spina Bifida (age 3-10 months). Aim 3 was addressed with a prospective study using an exertion model. Pre-walking, typically developing infants (age 8-10 months) underwent five total stepping trials. Trial 1 determined the infant’s individualized maximum stepping speed; trials 2-5 were each 60 seconds and alternated between a baseline stepping speed of.20 m/s and the infant’s maximum stepping speed determined in trial 1. All video data were coded for step type, step frequency, and exertional behavior. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Aim 1: Two behaviors were identified and determined to capture infant exertion: foot dragging and leg crossing. Aim 2: The feasibility of capturing exertion with these two behaviors was established for young infants and infants with neuromotor delays, with exertional behaviors increasing with stepping exposure (p< 0.05). Aim 3: Total exertion (foot dragging + leg crossing) was higher in the maximum speed trials compared to baseline trials (p = 0.005). DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Exertion in infants can be quantified. The exertion schema developed with this study will support the development of dosing guidelines for infant treadmill intervention. The next step in this line of research is to examine the correlation between infant exertion and heart rate, in effort to move from behaviorally-informed protocols to more precise, individualized protocols based on the physiological response of the infant.
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Niwano, Katsuko, and Kuniaki Sugai. "Maternal Accommodation in Infant-Directed Speech during Mother's and Twin-Infants' Vocal Interactions." Psychological Reports 92, no. 2 (April 2003): 481–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.2003.92.2.481.
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In this study a mother's instinctive accommodations of vocal fundamental frequency (f0) of infant-directed speech to two different infants was explored. Maternal speech directed to individual 3-mo.-old fraternal twin-infants was subjected to acoustic analysis. Natural samples of infant-directed speech were recorded at home. There were differences in the rate of infants' vocal responses. The mother changed her f0 and patterns of intonation contour when she spoke to each infant. When she spoke to the infant whose vocal response was less frequent than the other infant, she used a higher mean f0 and a rising intonation contour more than when she spoke to the other infant. The result suggested that the mother's speech characteristic is not inflexible and that the mother may use a higher f0 and rising contour as a strategy to elicit an infant's less frequent vocal response.