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Hatta, Ridhayani, and Hendrastuti Handayani. "Thequantity of Streptococcus mutancolonyin breastfeedandformula milk infant (Jumlah koloni Streptococcus mutan pada bayi peminum air susu ibu dan peminum susu formula)." Journal of Dentomaxillofacial Science 13, no. 2 (June 30, 2014): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.15562/jdmfs.v13i2.398.
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Caries in infant was influenced by their substrat. Substrats are the primary source of energy in bacterial colonisingprocess in oral cavity. Streptococcus mutans are especially the main cause of tooth decay. For 1-year-old infant theprimary nutritions are generally from breast milk or formula milk. This study was aimed to determine the differentnumbers of bacterial colonizations of S.mutan found in breast-fed infants from those found in formula milk. Thisobservational-analytics study used cross sectional study design was carried out to 60 infants who fulfil the inclutioncriteria of simple random sampling method,30 infants in each group from Integrated Health Centre in Kelurahan Antang,and the bactery on the saliva was evaluated in Microbiology Laboratory of Medical Faculty Hasanuddin University. Eachparent was given questionnaire which to asks the things related with this research and microbial screening was takenfrom saliva of 1-year old infant. The number of bacterial colonizations for S.mutans in breastfeeding group shows meanvalue 19.7 CFU/ml while the formula milk group was about 37.97 CFU/ml, so the consumptions of breast milk andformula milk in 1-year old infant show the significantly different number of bacterial colonizations of S.mutans in. Itwas concluded that colonization of S.mutans in breastfeeding group lower than formula milk group.
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Fitriyah, Elza Nur. "Correlation between Age, Sex, Status of Immunization and Nutrition with the Occurence of Pneumonia in Infants Under Two Years of Age (Baduta)." Jurnal Biometrika dan Kependudukan 8, no. 1 (July 17, 2019): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jbk.v8i1.2019.39-47.
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Pneumonia is the leading cause of death among children under five years of age in the world. Based on Riskesdas 2007, in Indonesia the percentages of infants and children under five years who died due to pneumonia were 23.8 percent and 15.5 percent respectively. Using a non-reactive unobstructive method, this study aimed at analyzing the relationship between nutrition and the immunization status and the incidence of pneumonia among children under two years old. This study employed secondary data of Laporan Bulanan Kesehatan Ibu dan Anak dan Laporan Gizi (monthly reports of maternal care, child wellbeings, and nutritions) at Bulak Banteng primary health center in the year of 2015. The sample in this study was 604 children under two years selected using a simple random sampling method. The data was obtained by collecting data of children under two years and the incidence of pneumonia among children under two years at Bulak Banteng health center in 2015. Using a bivariate analysis, it showed that there was relationship between variables of age, sex, immunization, and nutritional status, and the incidence of pneumonia. The p value and OR variables used respectively are 0.00 OR 3.6; 0.00 OR 1.6; 0.00 OR 3.2 and 0.00 OR 16.6. The conclusion of this study is that there was a significant relationship between the variables of age, sex, immunization, and nutritional status and the incidence of pneumonia among children under two years. The advice to primary health centers is to give PMT (additional nutritious food) to children under two years without good nutritional statuses and to monitor the health status of patients who have pneumonia with home visits to avoid recurrence.
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Fitriyah, Elza Nur. "Correlation between Age, Sex, Status of Immunization and Nutrition with the Occurence of Pneumonia in Infants Under Two Years of Age (Baduta)." Jurnal Biometrika dan Kependudukan 8, no. 1 (July 17, 2019): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jbk.v8i1.2019.42-51.
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Pneumonia is the leading cause of death among children under five years of age in the world. Based on Riskesdas 2007, in Indonesia the percentages of infants and children under five years who died due to pneumonia were 23.8 percent and 15.5 percent respectively. Using a non-reactive unobstructive method, this study aimed at analyzing the relationship between nutrition and the immunization status and the incidence of pneumonia among children under two years old. This study employed secondary data of Laporan Bulanan Kesehatan Ibu dan Anak dan Laporan Gizi (monthly reports of maternal care, child wellbeings, and nutritions) at Bulak Banteng primary health center in the year of 2015. The sample in this study was 604 children under two years selected using a simple random sampling method. The data was obtained by collecting data of children under two years and the incidence of pneumonia among children under two years at Bulak Banteng health center in 2015. Using a bivariate analysis, it showed that there was relationship between variables of age, sex, immunization, and nutritional status, and the incidence of pneumonia. The p value and OR variables used respectively are 0.00 OR 3.6; 0.00 OR 1.6; 0.00 OR 3.2 and 0.00 OR 16.6. The conclusion of this study is that there was a significant relationship between the variables of age, sex, immunization, and nutritional status and the incidence of pneumonia among children under two years. The advice to primary health centers is to give PMT (additional nutritious food) to children under two years without good nutritional statuses and to monitor the health status of patients who have pneumonia with home visits to avoid recurrence.
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Finn, Susan, Eamonn P. Culligan, William J. Snelling, and Roy D. Sleator. "Early Life Nutrition." Science Progress 101, no. 4 (October 2018): 332–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3184/003685018x15360040523721.
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Nutritionally, the first 1,000 days of an infant's life – from conception to two years – has been identified as a highly influential period, during which lasting health can be achieved. Significant evidence links patterns of infant feeding to both short and long-term health outcomes, many of which can be prevented through nutritional modifications. Recommended globally, breastfeeding is recognised as the gold standard of infant nutrition; providing key nutrients to achieve optimal health, growth and development, and conferring immunologic protective effects against disease. Nevertheless, infant formulas are often the sole source of nutrition for many infants during the first stage of life. Producers of infant formula strive to supply high quality, healthy, safe alternatives to breast milk with a comparable balance of nutrients to human milk imitating its composition and functional performance measures. The concept of ‘nutritional programming’, and the theory that exposure to specific conditions, can predispose an individual's health status in later life has become an accepted dictum, and has sparked important nutritional research prospects. This review explores the impact of early life nutrition, specifically, how different feeding methods affect health outcomes.
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Rilyani, Rilyani, and Lelly Sugiyati. "Hubungan antara riwayat status gizi ibu masa kehamilan dengan pertumbuhan bayi usia 9-12 bulan." Holistik Jurnal Kesehatan 14, no. 4 (January 4, 2021): 556–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.33024/hjk.v14i4.3516.
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Maternal nutritional status during pregnancy and effects on growth among infants 9-12 monthsBackground: Maternal nutritional status during pregnancy needs attention because it affects the development of the fetus they are carrying. During pregnancy are at risk of experiencing of chronic energy deficiency (CED) in adults if they have LILA <23.5 cm are at risk of maternal death, preterm delivery/low birth weight (LBW), death and impaired growth and development of infant. Base on data in Way Panji Public Health Centre reported that among maternal during pregnancy were of 43 (29.05%) who has LILA <23.5 cm.Purpose: To determine the relationship between maternal nutritional status during pregnancy and infant growth at the Way Panji Community Health Centre coverage area.Method: A quantitative by cross-sectional research, the population in this study were of 143 respondent as all maternal who had an infant aged 9-12 months in May 2020. Both of them observed such as a history of maternal nutritional status during pregnancy and infant growth when aged 9-12 months and bivariate analysis (Chi-Square).Results: Showing that the frequency distribution of maternal nutritional status during pregnancy, mostly with has sufficient in nutrition of 113 (79.0%) respondents and they have an infant with a normal growth of 107 (74.8%). There is a relationship between maternal nutritional status during pregnancy and infant growth (p-value 0.000: OR 5,314).Conclusion: There is a relationship between maternal nutritional status during pregnancy and infant growth in Way Panji Public Health Center coverage area Lampung-Indonesia. Suggestions to public health centre management to increase the promotion programme of maternal nutritional status during pregnancy and preventing poor growing of the infant by providing leaflets or posters also supplement nutritions for maternal during pregnancy.Keywords: Maternal; Nutritional status; Pregnancy; Infant; GrowthPendahuluan: Gizi ibu hamil perlu mendapat perhatian karena sangat berpengaruh pada perkembangan janin yang dikandungnya, Wanita hamil berisiko mengalami KEK jika memiliki LILA < 23,5 cm. ibu hamil dengan KEK berisiko melahirkan bayi berat lahir rendah (BBLR). BBLR akan membawa risiko kematian, dan gangguan pertumbuhan dan perkembangan anak. KEK juga dapat menjadi penyebab tidak langsung kematian ibu. Data dari Puskesmas Way Panji mengatakan bahwa terdapat 43 orang (29,05%) yang berisiko KEK dengan LILA < 23,5 cm.Tujuan: Diketahui Hubungan Status Gizi Ibu Masa Kehamilan Dengan Pertumbuhan Bayi Di Puskesmas Way Panji Kecamatan Way Panji Kabupaten Lampung Selatan Metode: Jenis penelitian kuantitatif dengan menggunakan metode penelitian crossectional , Subyek dalam penelitian ini adalah Ibu Masa Kehamilan, Variabel dependen : Pertumbuhan bayi, variabel independent : gizi ibu saat hamil, populasinya paraibu yang telah melahirkan dan bayinya usia 9-12 bulan dengan total sampel berjumlah 143 responden/bayi, dilakukan pada bulan Juli-Agustus 2020, dengan analisa univariat dan bivariat (Chi-Square).Hasil: Didapatkan Distribusi frekuensi status gizi ibu masa kehamilan, sebagian besar dengan gizi baik yaitu sebanyak 113 (79,0%) responden. pertumbuhan bayi kategori normal yaitu sebanyak 107 (74,8%). Ada hubungan status gizi ibu masa kehamilan dengan pertumbuhan bayi (p-value 0.000 : OR 5,314).Simpulan: Ada hubungan status gizi ibu masa kehamilan dengan pertumbuhan bayi di Puskesmas Way Panji, Disarankan kepadapihak manajemen Puskesmas setempat supaya dapat meningkatan upaya promosi guna penurunan kejadian pertumbuhan bayi yang abnormal dan membantu terpenuhinya kebutuhan gizi atau nutrisi pada saat ibu dalam masa kehamilan dengan cara pemberian leaflet atau poster.
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Salminen, Seppo, Bernd Stahl, Gabriel Vinderola, and Hania Szajewska. "Infant Formula Supplemented with Biotics: Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives." Nutrients 12, no. 7 (June 30, 2020): 1952. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12071952.
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Breastfeeding is natural and the optimal basis of infant nutrition and development, with many benefits for maternal health. Human milk is a dynamic fluid fulfilling an infant’s specific nutritional requirements and guiding the growth, developmental, and physiological processes of the infant. Human milk is considered unique in composition, and it is influenced by several factors, such as maternal diet and health, body composition, and geographic region. Human milk stands as a model for infant formula providing nutritional solutions for infants not able to receive enough mother’s milk. Infant formulas aim to mimic the composition and functionality of human milk by providing ingredients reflecting those of the latest human milk insights, such as oligosaccharides, bacteria, and bacterial metabolites. The objective of this narrative review is to discuss the most recent developments in infant formula with a special focus on human milk oligosaccharides and postbiotics.
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Jardí, Cristina, Byron David Casanova, and Victoria Arija. "Nutrition Education Programs Aimed at African Mothers of Infant Children: A Systematic Review." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 14 (July 20, 2021): 7709. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18147709.
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Background: Child malnutrition is a major epidemiological problem in developing countries, especially in African countries. Nutrition education for mothers can alleviate this malnutrition in their young children. The objective of this study was to make a systematic review to assess the effect of intervention programs in nutrition education for African mothers on the nutritional status of their infants. Methods: A bibliographic search was carried out in the PubMed database for clinical trials between November 2012 and 2021. The studies should contain educational programs to evaluate the impact on the infant’s nutritional indicators in children under 5 years (food consumption, anthropometry and/or knowledge of nutrition in caretakers). Results: A total of 20 articles were selected, of which 53% evaluated infant’s food consumption, 82% anthropometric measurements and 30% nutritional knowledge. In general, nutritional education programs are accredited with some significant improvements in food and nutrient consumption, knowledge and dietary practices in complementary feeding, but only those studies that implemented strategies in agriculture, educational workshops and supplementation obtained reductions in chronic malnutrition figures. Limitations: There is high heterogeneity in the articles included, since the intervention programs have different approaches. Conclusions: Programs that implemented actions of national agriculture or nutritional supplementation reap the greatest benefits in curbing infant malnutrition.
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Ferro, Lynn, Kameron Sugino, Vanja Klepac-Ceraj, and Sarah Comstock. "Human Milk Oligosaccharide (HMO) Metabolizing Gene Abundances in Human Infant Fecal Samples." Current Developments in Nutrition 5, Supplement_2 (June 2021): 741. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzab046_038.
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Abstract Objectives To benefit from the complex oligosaccharides found in human milk, an infant relies on microbial metabolism of these compounds. The main objective of this study was to determine the abundance of Bifidobacterium infantis human milk oligosaccharide (HMO) metabolizing genes in infant fecal samples. Methods Fecal samples from 40 6-mos-old infants were collected. Genomic DNA was extracted, and quantitative real-time PCR was used to determine the abundance of several genes in B. infantis. B infantis specific primer sets were used to target 5 HMO metabolizing genes as well as the 16S rRNA gene. Additional 16S rRNA primer sets were used to target overall bacteria, overall Bifidobacterium, B. breve and B. longum. Abundances of each qPCR reaction were compared by infant human milk exposure, solid food intake, and mode of delivery. Results Mode of delivery was not associated with any PCR targets. Two HMO genes, a sialidase and a glycoside hydrolase, as well as a B. infantis 16S rRNA gene were more abundant in the feces of human milk fed infants (p < 0.05). The sialidase and a B. infantis 16S rRNA gene tended to be less abundant when a larger percentage of an infant's diet consisted of solids (p < 0.10). When accounting for solid food intake, human milk exposure continued to be positively associated with the sialidase and a B. infantis 16S rRNA gene abundance (p < 0.05) and tended to be related to the abundance of the glycoside hydrolase (p < 0.10). An assessment of 5 B. infantis specific primer sets targeting HMO metabolizing genes demonstrated that the stools of human milk fed infants harbored a more diverse set of these genes than those of non-human milk fed infants (p = 0.02). Conclusions Herein, we have identified a qPCR primer set targeting a sialidase that is consistently associated with human milk exposure even in the presence of solid food intake. With further development and validation in additional populations of infants, these assays could be used to group samples by dietary exposure even where no record of dietary intake exists. Thus, this assay would provide a method by which infant human milk intake proximal to sample collection can be assessed quickly in any well-equipped molecular biology lab. Funding Sources This research was partially supported by the MSU College of Agriculture and Natural Resources Undergraduate Research Program as well as the Max Gonzenbach Research Scholarship.
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Podungge, Yusni, and Puspita Sukmawaty Rasyid. "Pengaruh Pemberian Bubur Labu Kuning dan Daging Ayam Terhadap Peningkatan BB pada Bayi Gizi Kurang." Gorontalo Journal of Public Health 1, no. 1 (April 19, 2018): 046. http://dx.doi.org/10.32662/gjph.v1i1.150.
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Undernutrition in infants is a condition where the baby does not growand develop optimally because of the unfulfilled intake of nutritionsubstances in the body. Under-nutrition in infants can be overcome bythe provision of balanced nutritious foods, one sign of improvednutrition can be seen from normal weight gain for age. One of the foodsthat can boost the improvement of nutrients is a food that containsproteins and vitamins, such as yellow pumpkin and chicken, whereyellow pumpkin contains vitamin A and chicken meat as a source ofanimal protein that contains good nutrients. The purpose of this studywas to analyze the effect of yellow pumpkin and chicken meat onweight growing infant 12 months in work area of Talaga JayaCommunity Health Center. The research method used experimentalresearch model with design non equivalent control group for eachgroup of intervention and control. Sampling using purposive samplingaccording to inclusion and exclusion criteria. With a sample number of30 malnourished infants less than 12 months of age. Analyticaltechniques was used in the chi square test. The result of this researchwas showed that value of chi square count 22,634 highger than chisquare table Df 1 = 3,841. There was influence giving yellow pumpkinpumper and chicken to enhancement nutritional weight infant weight12 month in work area Puskesmas Talaga Jaya. The conclusion wasthe provision of pumpkin porridge can raise the weight of infants lessthan 12 months of age as a benchmark nutritional improvements ininfants less nutrition.
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Chichlowski, Maciej, Neil Shah, Jennifer L. Wampler, Steven S. Wu, and Jon A. Vanderhoof. "Bifidobacterium longum Subspecies infantis (B. infantis) in Pediatric Nutrition: Current State of Knowledge." Nutrients 12, no. 6 (May 28, 2020): 1581. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12061581.
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Since originally isolated in 1899, the genus Bifidobacterium has been demonstrated to predominate in the gut microbiota of breastfed infants and to benefit the host by accelerating maturation of the immune response, balancing the immune system to suppress inflammation, improving intestinal barrier function, and increasing acetate production. In particular, Bifidobacterium longum subspecies infantis (B. infantis) is well adapted to the infant gut and has co-evolved with the mother-infant dyad and gut microbiome, in part due to its ability to consume complex carbohydrates found in human milk. B. infantis and its human host have a symbiotic relationship that protects the preterm or term neonate and nourishes a healthy gut microbiota prior to weaning. To provide benefits associated with B. infantis to all infants, a number of commercialized strains have been developed over the past decades. As new ingredients become available, safety and suitability must be assessed in preclinical and clinical studies. Consideration of the full clinical evidence for B. infantis use in pediatric nutrition is critical to better understand its potential impacts on infant health and development. Herein we summarize the recent clinical studies utilizing select strains of commercialized B. infantis.
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Golan, Yarden, and Yehuda G. Assaraf. "Genetic and Physiological Factors Affecting Human Milk Production and Composition." Nutrients 12, no. 5 (May 21, 2020): 1500. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12051500.
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Human milk is considered the optimal nutrition for infants as it provides additional attributes other than nutritional support for the infant and contributes to the mother’s health as well. Although breastfeeding is the most natural modality to feed infants, nowadays, many mothers complain about breastfeeding difficulties. In addition to environmental factors that may influence lactation outcomes including maternal nutrition status, partner’s support, stress, and latching ability of the infant, intrinsic factors such as maternal genetics may also affect the quantitative production and qualitative content of human milk. These genetic factors, which may largely affect the infant’s growth and development, as well as the mother’s breastfeeding experience, are the subject of the present review. We specifically describe genetic variations that were shown to affect quantitative human milk supply and/or its qualitative content. We further discuss possible implications and methods for diagnosis as well as treatment modalities. Although cases of nutrient-deficient human milk are considered rare, in some ethnic groups, genetic variations that affect human milk content are more abundant, and they should receive greater attention for diagnosis and treatment when necessary. From a future perspective, early genetic diagnosis should be directed to target and treat breastfeeding difficulties in real time.
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Saragih, Bernatal, Hidayat Syarief, Hadi Riyadi, and Amini Nasoetion. "Pangan yang difortifikasi zat gizi mikro pada ibu hamil meningkatkan perkembangan motorik bayi." Jurnal Gizi Klinik Indonesia 9, no. 1 (July 1, 2012): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijcn.15365.
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Background: Many factors infl uence the growth and development of an infant but nutrition was undeniably one of the most important factors. One way to improve the nutritional status of infants was by providing supplementary foods fortifi ed with multiple micronutrients to mothers during pregnancy. Nutritional interventions during pregnancy provided better nutrient reserves for mothers and fetus.Objective: To analyze the impact of multi micronutrient-fortifi ed supplementary foods provision in pregnant mothers on motor development and anemia status of infants in three sub-districts of Bogor District namely: Leuwiliang, Leuwisadeng and Ciampea.Method: A total of 120 infants were followed up in a prospective cohort study. The subjects were divided into three groups, i.e: 40 infants in fortifi ed group (pregnant mothers received supplementary foods (vermicelli, milk and biscuit) fortifi ed with multi-nutrients i.e. iron, iodine, zinc, folic acid, vitamin C and vitamin A), 40 infants in non-fortifi ed groups (pregnant mothers received non fortifi ed foods) and 40 infants in the control groups (pregnant mothers did not receive any supplementary foods). Motor development was measured by methods developed by the Ministry of Health, Republic of Indonesia. Hb was measured by Cyanmethemoglobin method. Ancova and linear logistic regression were used to analyze the data.Results: Provision of multi micronutrient-fortifi ed supplementary foods in pregnant mothers substantially improves infant’s motor development (77% better than other groups). In addition, supplementation of multi micronutrient-fortifi ed foods in pregnant mothers reduced the rate of hemoglobin and hematocrit decline in infants up to the age of 6 months. There were no infants aged 6 months with Hb < 90 g / L in the fortifi ed group, while in the non-fortifi ed group and control group the prevalence of anemia was 8.3% and 11.11%, respectively.Conclusion: Provision of multi micronutrient-fortifi ed supplementary foods in pregnant mothers improved infant’s motor development.
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Mountzouris, Konstantinos C., Anne L. McCartney, and Glenn R. Gibson. "Intestinal microflora of human infants and current trends for its nutritional modulation." British Journal of Nutrition 87, no. 5 (May 2002): 405–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn2002563.
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Diet, among other environmental and genetic factors, is currently recognised to have an important role in health and disease. There is increasing evidence that the human colonic microbiota can contribute positively towards host nutrition and health. As such, dietary modulation has been proposed as important for improved gut health, especially during the highly sensitive stage of infancy. Differences in gut microflora composition and incidence of infection occur between breast- and formula-fed infants. Human milk components that cannot be duplicated in infant formulae could possibly account for these differences. However, various functional food ingredients such as oligosaccharides, prebiotics, proteins and probiotics could effect a beneficial modification in the composition and activities of gut microflora of infants. The aim of the present review is to describe existing knowledge on the composition and metabolic activities of the gastrointestinal microflora of human infants and discuss various possibilities and opportunities for its nutritional modulation.
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Maines, Evelina, Giorgia Gugelmo, Elisa Tadiotto, Angelo Pietrobelli, Natascia Campostrini, Andrea Pasini, Florina Ion-Popa, et al. "High-protein goat’s milk diet identified through newborn screening: clinical warning of a potentially dangerous dietetic practice." Public Health Nutrition 20, no. 15 (July 24, 2017): 2806–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980017001628.
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AbstractObjectiveBreast-feeding is an unequalled way of providing optimal food for infants’ healthy growth and development and the WHO recommends that infants should be exclusively breast-fed for the first 6 months of life. For mothers who are unable to breast-feed or who decide not to, infant formulas are the safest alternative. Despite recommendations, it is possible that parents make potentially harmful nutritional choices for their children because of cultural beliefs or misinformation on infant nutrition. We describe a possible health risk of not breast-feeding, highlighting a potentially dangerous dietetic practice.Design/Setting/SubjectsWe report the case of a newborn who was fed with undiluted goat’s milk because her mother could not breast-feed and was not aware of infant formulas.ResultsThe dietary mistake was detected because of a positive expanded newborn screening result, characterized by severe hypertyrosinaemia with high methionine and phenylalanine levels, a pattern suggestive of severe liver impairment. The pattern of plasma amino acids was related to a goat’s milk diet, because of its very different composition compared with human milk and infant formula.ConclusionsOur experience demonstrates that, when breast-feeding is not possible or is not exclusive, infants may be at risk of dangerous nutritional practices, including diets with very high protein content, such as a goat’s milk diet. Families of not breast-fed infants may need appropriate advice on safe alternatives for infant nutrition to avoid the risks of inappropriate diets.
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Xu, Ya, Sophie Moore, Gaoyun Chen, Patrick Nshe, Tisbeh Faye-Joof, Andrew Prentice, Yun Yun Gong, and Michael Routledge. "Impact of dietary aflatoxin on immune development in Gambian infants: a cohort study." BMJ Open 11, no. 7 (July 2021): e048688. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-048688.
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BackgroundChronic aflatoxin (AF) exposure has been shown to occur at high levels in children from sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), and has been associated with growth retardation and immune dysfunction. Our objective was to investigate the impact of AF exposure on immune development in early infancy using thymic size and antibody (Ab) response to vaccination as indicators of immune function.MethodsA total of 374 infants born between May 2011 and December 2012 were enrolled into the current study. These infants were recruited from a larger, randomised trial examining the impact of nutritional supplementation of mothers and infants on infant immune development (the Early Nutrition and Immune Development Trial). Thymic size (Thymic Index, TI) was measured by sonography at 1 week, 8 weeks, 24 weeks and 52 weeks of infant age. Infants were given the diphtheria–tetanus–pertussis (DTP) vaccine at 8 weeks, 12 weeks and 16 weeks of age, and Ab responses to each vaccine measured at 12 weeks and 24 weeks of age. AF-albumin (AF-alb) adduct levels in infant blood were measured by ELISA as the biomarker of AF exposure.ResultsThe geometric mean (GM) level of AF-alb increased with age. Only half of infants had detectable AF-alb with a GM of 3.52 pg/mg at 24 weeks, increasing to 25.39 pg/mg at 52 weeks, when 98% of infants had AF-alb >limit of detection. Significant negative association of AF-alb level with TI was seen in infants during the first 24 weeks, especially at 8 weeks of age (p<0.001), which is the time point of fastest thymus growth. There were no associations between AF exposure level and Ab response to pertussis and tetanus, but a significant positive correlation was observed between AF-alb level and Ab titre to diphtheria (p<0.005).ConclusionsHigh levels of AF exposure during early infancy may impact on infant immune development.Trial registration numberISRCTN49285450.
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Masita, Masita, Marwati Biswan, and Erlin Puspita. "Pola Asuh Ibu dan Status Gizi Balita." Quality : Jurnal Kesehatan 12, no. 2 (November 30, 2018): 23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.36082/qjk.v12i2.44.
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Nutritional state of toddler is one measure of the success of health development, therefore nutrition of toddler need attention. The government has been carrying out activities to improve family nutrition known as the Applied Nutrition Program or the Family Nutrition Program Improvement Effort which provides practical nutrition education to families through the monitoring of infant growth in integrated posyandu, and a whole basic health care package. Factors affecting nutritional status can be distinguished on direct and indirect factors. Direct Factor determined by dietary intake and infectious disease, while the indirect factors include the availability of food in the family, child care, health care and environmental conditions. The purpose: of the study to determine the relationship between parenting mothers with nutritional status of toddler, with dependent variable is nutritional status of children and the independent variables included maternal parenting practices how to feed, how to care for infants, mothers and toddlers hygiene practices as well as external variables include education, employment, economic status and mother's education. Method: uses a cross-sectional study carried out in health center sub-district of Pancoran Mas Depok in June 2011. Samples were mothers with toddlers and collected directly by using the questionnaire. Result: Multivariatble analysis showed a significant relationship between the practice of caring for infants with nutritional status. The mothers who had a bad practice of care for a toddler will have the risk 2 times on incidence of poor nutritional status in infants. In conclusions, the practice of caring for infants and mother knowledge affect the nutritional status of toddler. Statistically there is no significant association between feeding practices, hygiene practices of mothers and infants, maternal education, maternal employment and economic status on the incidence of malnutrition
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Bolton, Jennifer, and Cristina Palacios. "A Pediatric Nutrition Web Application for Health Professionals to Prevent Early Childhood Obesity." Current Developments in Nutrition 4, Supplement_2 (May 29, 2020): 944. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa054_016.
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Abstract Objectives To develop a web application for health professionals to easily evaluate infant diets using a validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) for infants with the goal of providing customized nutrition counseling during well-child visits to ultimately improve diet and weigh gain in infants. Methods The web application was developed using the model of Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation (ADDIE). The Analysis stage includes a literature review and online search for available tools to identify the gaps in infant nutrition. The Design stage includes the development of four portals: Infant FFQ, Administrative, Clinician, and Parental. The Developmental stage includes the creation of portals to complete the Infant FFQ, send results to the Administrative, and translate the data into the Clinician and Parental Portals. The Implementation stage includes pilot testing of the web application for feasibility, acceptability, and usability among clinicians and parents. The evaluation includes testing the effects of using the web application on diet and weight gain in infants. Results There are no pediatric nutrition tools available to easily evaluate infant diets. So, in collaboration with the computer science program at Florida International University (FIU), a validated infant FFQ was converted to a web application for parents to complete using a tablet during well-child visits. The results are translated into energy/nutrients and food groups consumed using nutrient/food databases. Then energy/nutrients and food groups consumed below or above the recommended amounts are calculated. This information is shown to health professionals in the Clinician Portal for counseling parents on their infant's diet. The amounts of food and beverages recommended for the infant are shown in the Parental Portal to implement at home. Conclusions The infant FFQ was translated into a web application to be used in the health care system; results are automatically shown to health professionals for appropriate counseling to parents on their infant's diet. This web application could be used to improve infant diet and prevent early childhood obesity. Funding Sources Internal funding at Florida International University.
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Munasir, Zakiudin, and Rini Sekartini. "Soy Isolate Protein Formula: the usage beyond allergy indication." World Nutrition Journal 4, no. 1 (May 6, 2020): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.25220/wnj.v04.s1.0005.
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The usage of soy isolate protein formula for infants was recommended by Indonesian Pediatrics Association (IDAI) through the recommendation of Cow’s Milk Protein Allergy (CMPA) management in 2014. Soy Infant Formula (SIF) has been being used for Infants with Cow’s Milk Protein Allergy (CMPA) as well as for several other related medical indications such as post diarrhea lactose intolerance, galactosemia and primary lactase deficiency1. At early stage of soy formula, it had several deficiencies, infant acceptability, growth, and incomparable with milk-base formula. Current SIF is made from soy protein isolate that contain 2,2 – 2,6 g of protein per 100 calories, it is higher than milk-based formula and both showed same growth and development in Infants2. It contains different fibers, phytate, digestibility, protease inhibitor and proteins. SIF is easily digestible and contain high amino acid content fortified with L-methionine, L-carnitine and taurine. High content of phytate is overcome with zinc and iron fortification as well as increased levels of calcium and phosphor3. American Academy of Pediatrics recommends isolated soy protein-based formulas as a safe and effective alternative for providing appropriate nutrition for normal growth and development for term infants whose nutritional needs are not being met from maternal breast milk or cow’s milk-based formulas3,4.
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Ridhawati, Eka, and Leonita Julianti. "Pemilihan Makanan Pendamping ASI Pada Batita Dengan Menerapkan Metode TOPSIS." SIMADA (Jurnal Sistem Informasi & Manajemen Basis Data) 1, no. 1 (March 9, 2018): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.30873/simada.v1i1.1112.
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Infants aged six to twenty-four months, starting with complementary feeding of milk (MPASI). MPASI should be sufficient for infants, to meet the nutritional needs of infant growth, with attention to the fulfillment of nutritional needs, nutrition is one factor that must be considered. A mother will prepare food for her baby, taking into account the fulfillment of nutrition, so it will be very efficient in terms of time and energy. Therefore, this study proposes the construction of a system to recommend complementary foods of breast milk. By considering the baby's nutritional needs for optimal infant development, this research uses technique for order preference method by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS). Stages performed in this research is data collection, analysis of application methods, implementation, and testing. Determining criteria include brain development, body resistance, optimal physical growth and bone development that takes several alternatives: team rice, vegetable puree, fruit juice, and baby cereal. In this study, the best choice in providing complementary feeding of milk is using an alternative cereal with the yield of 0.619. So from this study concluded that the best alternative is Cereal, with the amount of time to eat according to the baby's age with attention to nutrition to the food ingredients used. Keywords: Complementary Feedi; Baby Nutrition; TOPSIS
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Spatz, Diane L., Leigh Raphael, and Elizabeth B. Froh. "Breastfeeding the Infant With Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia Post Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation." Neonatal Network 31, no. 1 (2012): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0730-0832.31.1.31.
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Infants born with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) often require extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). Infants on ECMO may experience a long period of being nothing by mouth (NPO) while receiving parenteral nutrition. Once the infant with CDH is repaired and off ECMO, human milk should be used to initiate enteral feedings. Human milk provides immunologic, developmental, and nutritional protection for these high-risk infants and may be crucial in decreasing morbidities commonly associated with post-ECMO survivors. These mother–infant dyads require extensive lactation support to ensure maintenance of milk supply and successful transition to direct breastfeeding. Three case studies are presented as exemplars to demonstrate how breastfeeding success can be achieved even in the most vulnerable infants.
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Lemaire, M., I. Le Huërou-Luron, and S. Blat. "Effects of infant formula composition on long-term metabolic health." Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease 9, no. 6 (February 5, 2018): 573–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2040174417000964.
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Early nutrition may have long-lasting metabolic impacts in adulthood. Even though breast milk is the gold standard, most infants are at least partly formula-fed. Despite obvious improvements, infant formulas remain perfectible to reduce the gap between breastfed and formula-fed infants. Improvements such as reducing the protein content, modulating the lipid matrix and adding prebiotics, probiotics and synbiotics, are discussed regarding metabolic health. Numerous questions remain to be answered on how impacting the infant formula composition may modulate the host metabolism and exert long-term benefits. Interactions between early nutrition (composition of human milk and infant formula) and the gut microbiota profile, as well as mechanisms connecting gut microbiota to metabolic health, are highlighted. Gut microbiota stands as a key actor in the nutritional programming but additional well-designed longitudinal human studies are needed.
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Oddy, Wendy H. "Breastfeeding, Childhood Asthma, and Allergic Disease." Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism 70, Suppl. 2 (2017): 26–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000457920.
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The worldwide prevalence of childhood asthma has been increasing considerably, and the protection afforded by breastfeeding in its development has been the subject of controversy for more than 80 years. Previous systematic reviews have generally found a protective effect of breastfeeding on allergic outcomes, although many studies have methodological limitations. Although breastfeeding is protective against lower respiratory tract infection during infancy, such protection has not been demonstrated for asthma in all studies. Breastfeeding has health benefits for the mother and child. Exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months of an infant's life, with continued breastfeeding for up to 2 years or longer, is recognized as the “gold” standard for infant feeding because human milk is uniquely suited to the human infant, and its nutritional content and bioactivity promote a healthy development. There is increasing concern that the practice of delaying complementary foods until 6 months may exacerbate the risk of allergic disease. Breast milk contains immunological components that protect against infections and allergic disease in infancy. The composition of human breast milk is complex, containing factors that interact with the infant immune system and intestinal milieu including allergens, cytokines, immunoglobulins, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and chemokines. Transforming growth factor β is a cytokine in human milk involved in maintaining intestinal homeostasis, inflammation regulation, and oral tolerance development. Modern day society, with increased standards of hygiene, has changed the gut flora of Western infants, potentially impacting the risk of developing immune-mediated diseases including allergic disease and asthma. Microbial diversity is intrinsic to healthy immune maturation and function. Compared to breastfed infants, formula-fed infants had lower bacterial diversity and an altered intestinal microbiota in the first few weeks of life associated with an increased risk of eczema and asthma. Favorable gut colonization through continued breastfeeding may promote tolerance as well as protection when complementary feeding is initiated.
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Thoene, Melissa, and Ann Anderson-Berry. "Early Enteral Feeding in Preterm Infants: A Narrative Review of the Nutritional, Metabolic, and Developmental Benefits." Nutrients 13, no. 7 (July 1, 2021): 2289. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13072289.
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Enteral feeding is the preferred method of nutrient provision for preterm infants. Though parenteral nutrition remains an alternative to provide critical nutrition after preterm delivery, the literature suggests that enteral feeding still confers significant nutritional and non-nutritional benefits. Therefore, the purpose of this narrative review is to summarize health and clinical benefits of early enteral feeding within the first month of life in preterm infants. Likewise, this review also proposes methods to improve enteral delivery in clinical care, including a proposal for decision-making of initiation and advancement of enteral feeding. An extensive literature review assessed enteral studies in preterm infants with subsequent outcomes. The findings support the early initiation and advancement of enteral feeding impact preterm infant health by enhancing micronutrient delivery, promoting intestinal development and maturation, stimulating microbiome development, reducing inflammation, and enhancing brain growth and neurodevelopment. Clinicians must consider these short- and long-term implications when caring for preterm infants.
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Kermoian, Rosanne, and P. Herbert Leiderman. "Infant Attachment to Mother and Child Caretaker in an East African Community." International Journal of Behavioral Development 9, no. 4 (December 1986): 455–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016502548600900404.
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Child rearing among the Gusii of Kenya is distinctive in that (a) infants are routinely cared for by both mothers and child caretakers, and (b) infant-mother interaction is primarily limited to activities which provide for the infant's physical needs, whereas infant-caretaker interaction is primarily limited to play and social activities. In this study a separation/reunion paradigm and Ainsworth classification procedures were used to assess security of attachment in a sample of Gusii infants 8 to 27 months of age. The proportion of infants classified as securely attached to mother and caretaker was 61% and 54%, respectively. Although the establishment of a secure relationship was not affected by differences between infant-mother and infant-caretaker activities, correlates of attachment security were specific to each. Whereas attachment to mother was related to nutritional status, attachment to the caretaker was related to Bayley MDI performance. These findings suggest that the pervasive association between security of attachment and infant functioning in American studies is a reflection of the diversity of activities in which infants and mothers engage.
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Khotimah, Isna Khusnul. "Description of mother behavior to fulfill Balanced nutrition in children in Posyandu Mayang Sukorejo villages District Sukorejo Blitar City." Jurnal Ners dan Kebidanan (Journal of Ners and Midwifery) 3, no. 2 (August 1, 2016): 107–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.26699/jnk.v3i2.art.p107-112.
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Infants need a balanced nutritional intake in order to achieve optimal growth and development.The behavior of the parents, especially mothers may affect the fulfillment of balanced nutrition ininfants. The purpose of this study was to determine the behavior of mothers in the fulfillment of balancednutrition of infants in Posyandu Mayang Sukorejo villages District Sukorejo Blitar City. The researchdesign was descriptive. The population was 38 mothers of children under five which were registered inthe registration book of Posyandu Mayang. The sample was 38 mothers used saturation samplingtechnique. The data was collected by questionnaires. The Research was conducted on May 6-10, 2015.The results showed 65.8% had good knowledge, 57.9% had a positive attitude, 60.5% do the appropriateaction in fulfillment of balanced nutrition of infants. The good knowledge of mother, a positiveattitude and appropriate action may affect the fulfillment of balanced nutrition of infants. It was expectedfor mothers to increase their infant health by providing balanced nutrition.
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King, John, and Debbie Fraser Askin. "Gastroschisis: Etiology, Diagnosis, Delivery Options, and Care." Neonatal Network 22, no. 4 (January 2003): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0730-0832.22.4.7.
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Gastroschisis, one of the more common congenital abdominal wall defects, results in herniation of fetal abdominal viscera into the amniotic cavity. This article discusses theories about gastroschisis etiology, in utero diagnostic tools, delivery options, and postdelivery care. Included are detailed considerations regarding immediate interventions after delivery to support the infant’s thermal and fluid management needs and to protect the exposed bowel. Surgical options and postoperative care issues and complications are reviewed, as are respiratory distress and vena cava compression from increased abdominal pressure, nutritional support, and interventions related to the prevention of infection. Giving birth to an infant with gastroschisis is an upsetting experience for parents. Evidence suggests, however, that with today’s advances in neonatal care and nutrition and with meticulous attention, the survival rate for infants born with gastroschisis can be excellent.
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Shumakova, O. V., E. V. Grosheva, G. B. Sagoyan, M. V. Rubanskaya, A. P. Kazantsev, N. V. Matinyan, K. I. Kirgizov, V. G. Polyakov, and S. R. Varfolomeeva. "A modern view of assessment and correction of the nutritional status in infants with tumor neoplasms." Russian Journal of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology 7, no. 4 (January 7, 2021): 62–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.21682/2311-1267-2020-7-4-62-70.
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Malignant neoplasms are the second most common cause of infant mortality worldwide. Nutritional deficiency occurs in approximately 60 % of children with cancer and contributes to a decrease in immune function, delayed wound healing, impaired drug metabolism, and a severe and recurrent course of infectious complications. Malnutrition has a particularly adverse effect on outcomes and is one of the main preventable causes of death in infants. Given the growing trend in the incidence of cancer in children of the first years of life, the lack of standards and recommendations for the therapeutic nutrition of these patients, the organization of nutritional support for infants in the context of pediatric oncology is becoming increasingly important. Our article presents current trends in the assessment and correction of the nutritional status of infants with cancer.
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Bakken, Kjersti Sletten, Tonje Eiane Aarsland, Synne Groufh-Jacobsen, Beate Stokke Solvik, Elin Lovise Folven Gjengedal, Sigrun Henjum, and Tor Arne Strand. "Adequate Urinary Iodine Concentration among Infants in the Inland Area of Norway." Nutrients 13, no. 6 (May 27, 2021): 1826. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13061826.
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Considering the importance of iodine to support optimal growth and neurological development of the brain and central nervous system, this study aimed to assess and evaluate iodine status in Norwegian infants. We collected data on dietary intake of iodine, iodine knowledge in mothers, and assessed iodine concentration in mother’s breast milk and in infant’s urine in a cross-sectional study at two public healthcare clinics in the inland area of Norway. In the 130 mother–infant pairs, the estimated infant 24-h median iodine intake was 50 (IQR 31, 78) µg/day. The median infant urinary iodine concentration (UIC) was 146 (IQR 93, 250) µg/L and within the recommended median defined by the World Health Organization for this age group. Weaned infants had a higher UIC [210 (IQR 130, 330) µg/L] than exclusively breastfed infants [130 (IQR 78, 210) µg/L] and partially breastfed infants [135 (IQR 89, 250) µg/L], which suggest that the dietary data obtained in this study did not capture the accurate iodine intake of the included infants. The iodine status of infants in the inland area of Norway seemed adequate. Weaned infants had higher UIC compared to breastfed infants, suggesting early access and consumption of other sources of iodine in addition to breast milk.
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Brennan, Ann-Marie, Brendan P. Murphy, and Mairead E. Kiely. "Optimising preterm nutrition: present and future." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 75, no. 2 (April 1, 2016): 154–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0029665116000136.
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The goal of preterm nutrition in achieving growth and body composition approximating that of the fetus of the same postmenstrual age is difficult to achieve. Current nutrition recommendations depend largely on expert opinion, due to lack of evidence, and are primarily birth weight based, with no consideration given to gestational age and/or need for catch-up growth. Assessment of growth is based predominately on anthropometry, which gives insufficient attention to the quality of growth. The present paper provides a review of the current literature on the nutritional management and assessment of growth in preterm infants. It explores several approaches that may be required to optimise nutrient intakes in preterm infants, such as personalising nutritional support, collection of nutrient intake data in real-time, and measurement of body composition. In clinical practice, the response to inappropriate nutrient intakes is delayed as the effects of under- or overnutrition are not immediate, and there is limited nutritional feedback at the cot-side. The accurate and non-invasive measurement of infant body composition, assessed by means of air displacement plethysmography, has been shown to be useful in assessing quality of growth. The development and implementation of personalised, responsive nutritional management of preterm infants, utilising real-time nutrient intake data collection, with ongoing nutritional assessments that include measurement of body composition is required to help meet the individual needs of preterm infants.
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Morton, Sarah U., Rutvi Vyas, Borjan Gagoski, Catherine Vu, Jonathan Litt, Ryan J. Larsen, Matthew J. Kuchan, et al. "Maternal Dietary Intake of Omega-3 Fatty Acids Correlates Positively with Regional Brain Volumes in 1-Month-Old Term Infants." Cerebral Cortex 30, no. 4 (November 11, 2019): 2057–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhz222.
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Abstract Maternal nutrition is an important factor for infant neurodevelopment. However, prior magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies on maternal nutrients and infant brain have focused mostly on preterm infants or on few specific nutrients and few specific brain regions. We present a first study in term-born infants, comprehensively correlating 73 maternal nutrients with infant brain morphometry at the regional (61 regions) and voxel (over 300 000 voxel) levels. Both maternal nutrition intake diaries and infant MRI were collected at 1 month of life (0.9 ± 0.5 months) for 92 term-born infants (among them, 54 infants were purely breastfed and 19 were breastfed most of the time). Intake of nutrients was assessed via standardized food frequency questionnaire. No nutrient was significantly correlated with any of the volumes of the 61 autosegmented brain regions. However, increased volumes within subregions of the frontal cortex and corpus callosum at the voxel level were positively correlated with maternal intake of omega-3 fatty acids, retinol (vitamin A) and vitamin B12, both with and without correction for postmenstrual age and sex (P < 0.05, q < 0.05 after false discovery rate correction). Omega-3 fatty acids remained significantly correlated with infant brain volumes after subsetting to the 54 infants who were exclusively breastfed, but retinol and vitamin B12 did not. This provides an impetus for future larger studies to better characterize the effect size of dietary variation and correlation with neurodevelopmental outcomes, which can lead to improved nutritional guidance during pregnancy and lactation.
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Lartey, Anna. "Maternal and child nutrition in Sub-Saharan Africa: challenges and interventions." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 67, no. 1 (January 30, 2008): 105–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0029665108006083.
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Women of child-bearing age (especially pregnant and lactating women), infants and young children are in the most nutritionally-vulnerable stages of the life cycle. Maternal malnutrition is a major predisposing factor for morbidity and mortality among African women. The causes include inadequate food intake, poor nutritional quality of diets, frequent infections and short inter-pregnancy intervals. Evidence for maternal malnutrition is provided by the fact that between 5 and 20% of African women have a low BMI as a result of chronic hunger. Across the continent the prevalence of anaemia ranges from 21 to 80%, with similarly high values for both vitamin A and Zn deficiency levels. Another challenge is the high rates of HIV infection, which compromise maternal nutritional status. The consequences of poor maternal nutritional status are reflected in low pregnancy weight gain and high infant and maternal morbidity and mortality. Suboptimal infant feeding practices, poor quality of complementary foods, frequent infections and micronutrient deficiencies have largely contributed to the high mortality among infants and young children in the region. Feeding children whose mothers are infected with HIV continues to remain an issue requiring urgent attention. There are successful interventions to improve the nutrition of mothers, infants and young children, which will be addressed. Interventions to improve the nutrition of infants and young children, particularly in relation to the improvement of micronutrient intakes of young children, will be discussed. The recent release by WHO of new international growth standards for assessing the growth and nutritional status of children provides the tool for early detection of growth faltering and for appropriate intervention.
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Normayanti, Normayanti, and Nila Susanti. "Status pemberian ASI terhadap status gizi bayi usia 6-12 bulan." Jurnal Gizi Klinik Indonesia 9, no. 4 (April 1, 2013): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijcn.18362.
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Background: Coverage of exclusive breastfeeding in Indonesia fluctuate and showed a declining trend over the last three years. Coverage of exclusive breastfeeding of Palangka Raya city is still very low at around 23.30%. There are several variables suspected as the cause of the malnutrition problem, the variables are status of breastfeeding, mother's education level, mother's employment, mother’s knowledge of nutrition and counseling status of breastfeeding.Objective: This study aimed to determine the effect of breastfeeding status on the nutritional status of infants aged 6-12 months in the working area of UPTD Puskesmas Kalampangan Palangka Raya city.Method: The study design used was a case-control with 1:2 ratio, the case are infants aged 6-12 months with low nutritional status, whereas the comparison are infants aged 6-12 months with normal nutritional status. The dependent variable is the nutritional status and the independent variables are breastfeeding status, mother's education level, mother's employment, mother’s knowledge of nutrition, and breastfeeding counseling status. Data analysis was performed by univariate, bivariate (Chi-Square) and multivariate (logistic regression). Results: From the 5 (five) variables were analyzed, 2 (two) variables independently became risk factor for malnutrition are status of breastfeeding (OR=6.667) and the counseling status of breastfeeding (OR=3.215). But together (simultaneously), only breastfeeding status has an influence on the nutritional status of infants, and non-exclusive breastfeeding was significant as a risk factor for malnutrition (OR=5.126). Probability infant to experience malnutrition due to breastfeeding status no exclusive is at 25.54%. Conclusion: Breastfeeding status has an influence on the nutritional status of infants and non-exclusive breastfeeding was significant as a risk factor for malnutrition among infants aged 6-12 months.
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Galante, Laura, Amber Milan, Clare Reynolds, David Cameron-Smith, Mark Vickers, and Shikha Pundir. "Sex-Specific Human Milk Composition: The Role of Infant Sex in Determining Early Life Nutrition." Nutrients 10, no. 9 (September 1, 2018): 1194. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu10091194.
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Male and female infants respond differentially to environmental stimuli, with different growth and neurodevelopmental trajectories. Male infants are more likely to be disadvantaged when subjected to adversity and show a higher risk of perinatal complications. However, the underlying causes of this sex-bias are not well defined and optimising the early life nutritional care may be necessary to minimise the “male disadvantage” that may be experienced early in life. Experimental models have demonstrated that animal milk composition differs according to offspring sex, suggesting that the tailoring of early life nutrition may be one mechanism to maximise health protection and development to infants of both sexes. However, evidence for a sex-specificity in human milk composition is limited and conflicting, with studies documenting higher milk energy content for either male or female infants. These data show sex differences, however, there has been limited compositional analysis of the current data nor strategies proposed for how sex-specific compositional differences in early life nutrition may be used to improve infant health. The present narrative review highlights that an improved understanding of sex-specific human milk composition is essential for promoting optimal infant growth and development.
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Singhal, Atul. "Long-Term Adverse Effects of Early Growth Acceleration or Catch-Up Growth." Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism 70, no. 3 (2017): 236–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000464302.
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Background: Whilst prevention of growth faltering has both short- and long-term health benefits, whether too fast or accelerated infant growth adversely affects later health outcomes is controversial and a major focus of research. Summary: Many observational studies suggest that rapid weight gain in infancy (upward centile crossing) increases the long-term risk of obesity and non-communicable disease. This association has been seen in infants from low- and high-income countries, in infants born preterm or at term, and those born with normal or low birth weight for gestation. Experimental (randomized) studies in both breast- and formula-fed infants support a causal link between early growth acceleration and infant nutrition and later risk of obesity. These observations suggest that strategies to optimize the pattern of infant growth could make a major contribution to stemming the current global epidemic of non-communicable disease. Key Messages: The optimal pattern of infant weight gain is likely to differ in different populations. The benefits of rapid infant weight gain for later neurodevelopment favors the promotion of rapid growth in infants born preterm. However, growth acceleration in healthy infants born at term (either normal or low birth weight for gestation) is likely to have adverse effects for long-term health.
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Nieto-Ruiz, García-Santos, Bermúdez, Herrmann, Diéguez, Sepúlveda-Valbuena, García, et al. "Cortical Visual Evoked Potentials and Growth in Infants Fed with Bioactive Compounds-Enriched Infant Formula: Results from COGNIS Randomized Clinical Trial." Nutrients 11, no. 10 (October 14, 2019): 2456. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11102456.
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Postnatal nutrition is essential for growth and neurodevelopment. We analyzed the influence of a new enriched-infant formula with bioactive compounds on growth, neurodevelopment, and visual function (VF) in healthy infants during their first 18 months of life. A total of 170 infants were randomized in the COGNIS randomized clinical trial (RCT) to receive a standard infant formula (SF = 85) or a new experimental infant formula supplemented with functional nutrients (EF = 85). As a control, 50 breastfed infants (BF) were enrolled. Growth patterns were evaluated up to 18 months of life; neurodevelopment was assessed by general movements at 2, 3, and 4 months; VF was measured by cortical visual evoked potentials at 3 and 12 months. No differences in growth and neurodevelopment were found between groups. Regarding VF, SF and EF infants presented prolonged latencies and lower amplitudes in the P100 wave than BF infants. In the EF group, a higher percentage of infants presented response at 7½'of arc at 12 months compared to 3 months of age; a similar proportion of BF and EF infants presented responses at 7½'of arc at 12 months of age. Early nutritional intervention with bioactive compounds could narrow the gap in growth and neurodevelopment between breastfed and formula-fed infants.
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Dewey, Kathryn G., and Camila M. Chaparro. "Session 4: Mineral metabolism and body composition Iron status of breast-fed infants." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 66, no. 3 (July 16, 2007): 412–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002966510700568x.
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Fe deficiency is a common nutritional disorder during infancy, particularly in low-income countries. The Fe status of a breast-fed infant is strongly influenced by the body Fe content at birth, which is determined by factors that operate before birth (maternal Fe status before and during pregnancy; infant gestational age and birth weight) and at the time of delivery (the timing of umbilical cord clamping). Delaying the clamping of the umbilical cord for 2 min can increase body Fe content by approximately 33% (75 mg), and results in greater Fe stores at 6 months of age. After birth, male gender and a rapid rate of weight gain are associated with lower Fe status. During the first half of infancy dietary Fe requirements depend on Fe stores at birth. For an exclusively-breast-fed full-term normal-birth-weight infant with delayed umbilical cord clamping, whose mother had adequate Fe status during pregnancy, the Fe provided from stores and breast milk is sufficient for ≥6 months, but before this time higher-risk infants may become Fe deficient. Fe supplementation can be beneficial for high-risk infants, but can have adverse effects on growth and morbidity of Fe-replete infants. After 6 months most breast-fed infants will require complementary foods that are rich in Fe.
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White, Marina, and Kristin L. Connor. "In Utero HIV Exposure and the Early Nutritional Environment Influence Infant Neurodevelopment: Findings from an Evidenced Review and Meta-Analysis." Nutrients 12, no. 11 (November 2, 2020): 3375. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12113375.
Full textAbstract:
The developing brain is especially vulnerable to infection and suboptimal nutrition during the pre- and early postnatal periods. Exposure to maternal human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and antiretroviral therapies (ART) in utero and during breastfeeding can adversely influence infant (neuro) developmental trajectories. How early life nutrition may be optimised to improve neurodevelopmental outcomes for infants who are HIV-exposed has not been well characterised. We conducted an up-to-date evidence review and meta-analysis on the influence of HIV exposure in utero and during breastfeeding, and early life nutrition, on infant neurodevelopmental outcomes before age three. We report that exposure to maternal HIV infection may adversely influence expressive language development, in particular, and these effects may be detectable within the first three years of life. Further, while male infants may be especially vulnerable to HIV exposure, few studies overall reported sex-comparisons, and whether there are sex-dependent effects of HIV exposure on neurodevelopment remains a critical knowledge gap to fill. Lastly, early life nutrition interventions, including daily maternal multivitamin supplementation during the perinatal period, may improve neurodevelopmental outcomes for infants who are HIV-exposed. Our findings suggest that the early nutritional environment may be leveraged to improve early neurodevelopmental trajectories in infants who have been exposed to HIV in utero. A clear understanding of how this environment should be optimised is key for developing targeted nutrition interventions during critical developmental periods in order to mitigate adverse outcomes later in life and should be a priority of future research.
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Schlichting, Deborah, Ladan Hashemi, and Cameron Grant. "Infant Food Security in New Zealand: A Multidimensional Index Developed from Cohort Data." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 2 (January 21, 2019): 283. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16020283.
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Food security (FS) during infancy is associated with lifelong outcomes. New Zealand is a developed economy that reports poor childhood nutrition-related health statistics, particularly among minority children, yet has no measure of FS applicable to infancy. The objective was to develop an FS index for New Zealand infants and examine its association with demographic covariates and health outcomes. Within a large (n = 6853) nationally representative cohort, variables describing infant food consumption, breastfeeding, and maternal food-related coping methods were collected from mothers during late infancy. An FS index was derived using confirmatory factor analysis. Associations were assessed by logistic regressions and described using odds ratios (OR) and ≥95% confidence intervals (CI). Fifteen percent of the cohort was highly FS, 43% tenuously food insecure (FIS), and 16% highly food insecure (FIS). Infants from minority ethnic groups had lower odds of being food secure, as did those born to the youngest mothers, mothers who smoked, or those who lived in low-income households. FIS infants had higher odds of morbidity. Interventions to improve infant FS should focus on improving dietary quality, and should give particular consideration to minority infants. We identified that FIS shows wide ethnic and socioeconomic inequity, and is associated with poorer health. The most important driving factors of FIS included poor quality weaning diets, as well as poverty and its proxies. Any interventions to improve infant FS should focus on increasing fruit and vegetable consumption to recommended intake levels, and should give particular consideration to minority infants.
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Sansone, Antonella. "Working with Parents and Infants: A Psycho-Soma Integrative Approach." Nutrition and Health 19, no. 1-2 (July 2007): 69–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026010600701900209.
Full textAbstract:
Drawing on a single case of a mother-infant difficult relationship, I shall consider the inseparability of psyche and soma and the embodiment of psychosomatic health and illness. A dualistic perspective prevents acknowledging that the mother's concerns, conflicts and mental state can obstruct the milk flow and affect the infant's feeding pattern, the mother-infant relationship and the infant's health. The aim of psychotherapists and all those with a professional concern for parents and infants should be that of understanding the positive value of a symptom and facilitating the mind integration with the soma.
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Marino, Luise V., Prathana Venkatesh, Andy Ho, R. Mark Beattie, and Tara Bharucha. "Hypophosphataemia in infants with CHD treated with amino acid infant formula." Cardiology in the Young 28, no. 11 (August 15, 2018): 1370–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1047951118001324.
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AbstractObjectiveGrowth among infants with CHD is poor, and is multifactorial with multiple contributing factors. Unexplained hypophosphataemia has been reported among infants and children with complex medical needs consuming amino acid infant formula as the sole source of nutrition. The aim of this audit was therefore to review the incidence of hypophosphataemia among infants with CHD.MethodsThe use of an electronic patient record search for “amino acid infant formula”, “CHD”, and “cardiac” yielded 136 infants <12 months of age. Preterm infants (n=24), children with chromosomal abnormalities (n=4), those >1 year of age (n=11) and infants with a structurally normal heart (n=31) were excluded from the study. The remaining 66 infants with CHD were given amino acid infant formula.Measurements and main resultsIn all, 1059 serum phosphate measures were available. After the introduction of amino acid infant formula, significantly more infants with CHD had episodes of hypophosphataemia: 15% (n=10/66) before treatment versus 29% (n=19/66) after treatment (p=0.049). Mean serum phosphate levels were significantly lower in infants with CHD following consumption of amino acid infant formula (2.0±0.5 versus 1.5±0.5 mmol/L following treatment (p<0.0001)). Infants with CHD and hypophosphataemia, associated with amino acid infant formula, use demonstrated significantly lower weight gain compared with those with normal phosphate levels (weight-for-age z scores −2.1±1.4 versus –0.9±1.5; p<0.0001).ConclusionAfter the introduction of an amino acid formula, weight gain was significantly lower among those infants with low phosphate levels. There was a significantly higher prevalence of hypophosphataemia among infants with CHD after the introduction of amino acid infant formula. Lower phosphate levels were associated with lower weight-for-age z scores. Infants with CHD are susceptible to poor weight gain; it is therefore, crucial the nutritional status of infants prescribed amino acid infant formula is more closely monitored to ensure adequate growth.
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Sukmawati, Sukmawati, Hendrayati Hendrayati, Chaerunnimah Chaerunnimah, and Nurhumaira Nurhumaira. "Status Gizi Ibu Saat Hamil, Berat Badan Lahir Bayi Dengan Stunting Pada Balita Usia 06-36 Bulan Di Puskesmas Bontoa." Media Gizi Pangan 25, no. 1 (June 30, 2018): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.32382/mgp.v25i1.55.
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Stunting is the condition of people’s nutrition status in the past through relation to the environment and social economic based on Z-score TB/U in <-2 SD. The causes of Stunting are nutrients intake and infection disease. South Sulawesi is in the third position with dangerous category after Papua and Maluku. Prevalance of stunting in south sulawesi about 38,9% ( shortest 15,8% and short 23,1% ) (Balitbangkes, 2013) The objective of the research is knowing the relation between nutrition status of pregrant woman (LILA) and born weight of infant aged 6-36 months with stunting process in Puskesmas Bontoa, Maros. The type of the research is observational design with “cross sectional study” the samples are all infants aged 6-36 months in Puskesmas Bontoa Maros. The sample methods using simple random sampling with Chi Square test. The result of the research describes that there are 95 respondents for category of pregnant women’s nutrition status (LILA), 28,4% for pregnant woman who experienced chronic energy deficiency. There are 14.7% babies born with low weight (BBLR) and 49.5% infants that suffered stunting for category infant’s nutrition status based on TB/U Stunting. statistics test result shows that there are meaningful relation between pregnant woman’s nutrition status (LILA) with stunting of infant (p= 0.01) and born weight in infants with stunting (p=0.02). The suggestion for officers health need to increase PMT supply to pregnant woman to prevent the increasing number of pregnant woman who suffered chronic energy deficiency in Puskesmas Bontoa Maros
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Mistry, Anahita, Samantha Lindsey, Judi Brooks, Angela Lukomski, and Renee Lajiness-O'Neill. "Growth Changes in Pre-Term and Full-Term Infants over the First 6-months of Life from the PediaTrac™ Project." Current Developments in Nutrition 4, Supplement_2 (May 29, 2020): 1040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa054_112.
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Abstract Objectives Changes in body weight, length and head circumference have long been indicators of infant growth and development. PediaTrac™ is a web-based measure designed to engage caregivers in the gathering of longitudinal, real-time, multi-domain data on infant/toddler growth and development at time periods corresponding to well-child visits. The purpose of this study was to assess the changes in growth (weight, length, head circumference) between the newborn and 6 m time periods for both term and pre-term (<37 weeks gestational age) infants as influenced by type of feeding (breast milk versus formula). Methods PediaTrac™ was used to gather data from caregivers and their infants across multiple sites (Michigan and Ohio).To date, 370 caregivers of both pre-term and term infants have completed PediaTrac™ regarding their infants’ growth and development. They reported their infant's body weight, length and head circumference, as well as the type of liquid nutrition their infants received at birth and 6 m. Caregiver responses were managed using REDCap, a secure platform for building and managing online databases and surveys. Data were analyzed using both R and SPSS. Results PediaTrac™ was used to gather data from caregivers and their infants across multiple sites (Michigan and Ohio). To date, 370 caregivers of both pre-term and term infants have completed PediaTrac™ regarding their infants’ growth and development. They reported their infant's body weight, length and head circumference, as well as the type of liquid nutrition their infants received at birth and 6 m. Caregiver responses were managed using REDCap, a secure platform for building and managing online databases and surveys. Data were analyzed using both R and SPSS. Conclusions By 6 m of age, fewer caregivers were feeding their infants breast milk. However, there were no significant differences in weight between infants fed breast milk and those fed formula. Funding Sources Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development of the National Institutes of Health. Eastern Michigan University College of Health and Human Services Research Support Award.
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Medoff-Cooper, Barbara, Maryam Naim, Deborah Torowicz, and Antonio Mott. "Feeding, growth, and nutrition in children with congenitally malformed hearts." Cardiology in the Young 20, S3 (December 2010): 149–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1047951110001228.
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AbstractIn the United States of America, approximately 40,000 infants are born annually with congenitally malformed hearts. Children with defects that require complex surgical palliation, or definitive repair, face many challenges in achieving optimal short-term and long-term growth. The presence of associated chromosomal abnormalities, cyanosis, and cardiac failure adds to the complexity and challenge. In this review, we address three themes related to feeding, growth, and nutrition of infants after neonatal cardiac surgery: nutritional challenges after chylothorax; breastfeeding after surgery; and the challenges of feeding after discharge. Chylothorax is a rare complication following cardiothoracic surgery in children. Children with chylothorax have nutritional depletion secondary to protein losses in chylous fluid, hypovolaemia, and electrolyte losses. In spite of the evidence supporting the use of human milk and breastfeeding in preterm infants, barriers to its use appear to persist in infants with critical cardiac disease. Yet, human milk is the preferred form of nutrition for well, preterm, or ill infants. It is well documented that after complex neonatal cardiac surgery medical teams and families struggle with infant feeding problems. Parents have described feeding their children as difficult, time consuming, and anxiety producing. Medical complications such as chylothorax, limited access to human milk, and parental concerns and stress about feeding are but three of the myriad of factors that may contribute to poor outcomes regarding nutrition and growth. Compelling evidence exists that this multi-factorial problem must be addressed with both physiological and behavioural strategies.
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Tso, Lauren, Kevin S. Bonham, Alyssa Fishbein, Sophie Rowland, and Vanja Klepac-Ceraj. "Targeted High-Resolution Taxonomic Identification of Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis Using Human Milk Oligosaccharide Metabolizing Genes." Nutrients 13, no. 8 (August 18, 2021): 2833. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13082833.
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Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis (B. infantis) is one of a few microorganisms capable of metabolizing human breast milk and is a pioneer colonizer in the guts of breastfed infants. One current challenge is differentiating B. infantis from its close relatives, B. longum and B. suis. All three organisms are classified in the same species group but only B. infantis can metabolize human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs). We compared HMO-metabolizing genes across different Bifidobacterium genomes and developed B. infantis-specific primers to determine if the genes alone or the primers can be used to quickly characterize B. infantis. We showed that B. infantis is uniquely identified by the presence of five HMO-metabolizing gene clusters, tested for its prevalence in infant gut metagenomes, and validated the results using the B. infantis-specific primers. We observed that only 15 of 203 (7.4%) children under 2 years old from a cohort of US children harbored B. infantis. These results highlight the importance of developing and improving approaches to identify B. infantis. A more accurate characterization may provide insights into regional differences of B. infantis prevalence in infant gut microbiota.
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Fujita, Masako, Katherine Wander, Nerli Paredes Ruvalcaba, and Eleanor Brindle. "Human milk sIgA antibody in relation to maternal nutrition and infant vulnerability in northern Kenya." Evolution, Medicine, and Public Health 2019, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 201–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/emph/eoz030.
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Abstract Background The maternal buffering hypothesis posits that human lactation biology can buffer milk against the mild-to-moderate malnutrition that occurred routinely in evolutionary history through the mobilization of maternal body reserves. This perspective may provide insights for understanding human milk immune content variation, such as milk sIgA, which protects infants’ intestines from microbial colonization and prevents diarrheal disease. Objective To investigate how maternal delivery of sIgA to milk may vary in a way that can buffer milk against maternal malnutrition, while taking into consideration infants’ varying needs for immune protection across age or by sex. Methodology A cross-sectional study analyzed archived milk specimens from breastfeeding mothers in Ariaal communities of northern Kenya surveyed during the 2006 Horn-of-Africa drought. Multiple regression models for ln-transformed sIgA were constructed using maternal nutrition, infant age/sex and their interactions as predictors. Maternal nutrition variables included iron-deficiency anemia (IDA), vitamin A deficiency (VAD) and mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC). Infant vulnerability was considered high in young age and/or male sex. Results and implications Milk sIgA did not significantly differ by maternal IDA. Milk sIgA increased with infant age and maternal MUAC (n = 202). Significant interactions were observed between infant age and maternal VAD and between infant sex and maternal MUAC, such that milk sIgA content was low for younger infants particularly among VAD mothers, while among mothers with low MUAC, sIgA was lower for male infants. Results imply that mothers’ ability to deliver/buffer milk sIgA may be lowered when nutritional stress is combined with high infant vulnerability to infection. Lay Summary Human milk sIgA antibody content was low for younger infants among vitamin A deficient mothers. Among mothers with small arm-circumference, milk sIgA was lower for sons. Double burden of raising young or male infants with high needs for immune protection and being malnourished, might lower maternal sIgA delivery to milk.
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Fabrizio, Veronica, Veronika Shabanova, and Sarah N. Taylor. "Factors in Early Feeding Practices That May Influence Growth and the Challenges That Arise in Growth Outcomes Research." Nutrients 12, no. 7 (June 30, 2020): 1939. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12071939.
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Growth in preterm infants is associated with improved outcomes during both the initial hospitalization and long-term. A single center investigation evaluated preterm infant in-hospital growth trajectory and how it related to early nutritional practices as a way to identify areas for quality improvement. Infants born <34 weeks’ gestational age and with discharge at or prior to 40 weeks’ gestational age were included and were divided into quartiles based on their change in weight z-score through hospitalization. Early nutritional factors were compared between the lowest and highest growth quartiles. Although the highest growth quartile experienced less days of parenteral nutrition and higher enteral caloric density in the first week, as the data was analyzed, potential statistical pitfalls became apparent. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate selection bias and cohort effect related to both the inclusion criteria for this cohort as well as the inherent challenges in comparison of preterm infant growth trajectories by standard fetal growth charts.
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schmidt, Marjanka K., Siti Muslimatun, Clive E. West, Werner Schultink, and Joseph G. A. J. Hautvast. "Vitamin A and iron supplementation of Indonesian pregnant women benefits vitamin A status of their infants." British Journal of Nutrition 86, no. 5 (November 2001): 607–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn2001444.
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Many Indonesian infants have an inadequate nutritional status, which may be due in part to inadequate maternal nutrition during pregnancy. This study was designed to investigate whether infant nutritional status could be improved by maternal vitamin A and Fe supplementation during gestation. Mothers of these infants from five villages had been randomly assigned on an individual basis, supervised and double-blind, to receive supplementation once weekly from approximately 18 weeks of pregnancy until delivery. Supplementation comprised 120 mg Fe and 500 μg folic acid with or without 4800 retinol equivalent vitamin A. Mothers of infants from four other villages who participated in the national Fe and folic acid supplementation programme were also recruited; intake of tablets was not supervised. Anthropometric and biochemical parameters of infants and their mothers were assessed approximately 4 months after delivery. Infants of mothers supplemented with vitamin A plus Fe had higher serum retinol concentrations than infants of mothers supplemented with Fe alone. However, the proportion of infants with serum retinol concentrations <0·70 μmol/l was >70 % in all groups. Maternal and infant serum retinol concentrations were correlated. Fe status, weight and length of infants were similar in all groups. Fe status of girls was better than that of boys, but boys were heavier and longer. We conclude that supplementation with vitamin A in conjunction with Fe supplementation of women during pregnancy benefits vitamin A status of their infants. However, considering the large proportion of infants with marginal serum retinol concentrations, it may still be necessary to increase their vitamin A intake.
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Edison, Erica E., Margaret E. Brosnan, Khalid Aziz, and John T. Brosnan. "Creatine and guanidinoacetate content of human milk and infant formulas: implications for creatine deficiency syndromes and amino acid metabolism." British Journal of Nutrition 110, no. 6 (February 7, 2013): 1075–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000711451300010x.
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Creatine is essential for normal neural development; children with inborn errors of creatine synthesis or transport exhibit neurological symptoms such as mental retardation, speech delay and epilepsy. Creatine accretion may occur through dietary intake or de novo creatine synthesis. The objective of the present study was to determine how much creatine an infant must synthesise de novo. We have calculated how much creatine an infant needs to account for urinary creatinine excretion (creatine's breakdown product) and new muscle lay-down. To measure an infant's dietary creatine intake, we measured creatine in mother's milk and in various commercially available infant formulas. Knowing the amount of milk/formula ingested, we calculated the amount of creatine ingested. We have found that a breast-fed infant receives about 9 % of the creatine needed in the diet and that infants fed cows' milk-based formula receive up to 36 % of the creatine needed. However, infants fed a soya-based infant formula receive negligible dietary creatine and must rely solely on de novo creatine synthesis. This is the first time that it has been shown that neonatal creatine accretion is largely due to de novo synthesis and not through dietary intake of creatine. This has important implications both for infants suffering from creatine deficiency syndromes and for neonatal amino acid metabolism.
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Veereman-Wauters, Gigi. "Application of prebiotics in infant foods." British Journal of Nutrition 93, S1 (April 2005): S57—S60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn20041354.
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The rationale for supplementing an infant formula with prebiotics is to obtain a bifidogenic effect and the implied advantages of a ‘breast-fed-like’ flora. So far, the bifidogenic effect of oligofructose and inulin has been demonstrated in animals and in adults, of oligofructose in infants and toddlers and of a longchain inulin (10 %) and galactooligosaccharide (90 %) mixture in term and preterm infants. The addition of prebiotics to infant formula softens stools but other putative effects remain to be demonstrated. Studies published post marketing show that infants fed a long-chain inulin/galactooligosaccharide mixture (0·8 g/dl) in formula grow normally and have no side-effects. The addition of the same mixture at a concentration of 0·8 g/dl to infant formula was therefore recognized as safe by the European Commission in 2001 but follow-up studies were recommended. It is thought that a bifidogenic effect is beneficial for the infant host. The rising incidence in allergy during the first year of life may justify the attempts to modulate the infant's flora. Comfort issues should not be confused with morbidity and are likely to be multifactorial. The functional effects of prebiotics on infant health need further study in controlled intervention trials.
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Uppiretla, Suresh Babu, Sushant Kumar Mishra, and Hari Kumar Rachakulla. "Infant feeding practices among mothers in rural Rajamahendravaram, Andhra Pradesh." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 6, no. 5 (April 27, 2019): 2121. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20191830.
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Background: Maternal and child under nutrition remain extensive in low and middle-income population groups. Safe delivery practices and adequate nutrition during infancy is essential to ensure health, growth, and development of a child. Early under nutrition has a long-lasting effect on physical and cognitive growth. So it is essential to assess and promote the healthy child feeding & caring practices in the vulnerable groups.Methods: Community-based cross-sectional study was conducted to enrol 160 mothers of infants by probability proportional to size (PPS) sampling procedure for 5 months in the field practicing areas of GSL Medical College. Primary data was collected through a validated questionnaire with variables of socio-demography, intra-natal, and infant feeding practices. Secondary data was obtained from MCP cards. The analysis was done using SPSS trial version 18, results were expressed as percentages and proportions and Chi-square test was used to assess the association.Results: Majorities (90%) of the deliveries are institutional and the proportion of low birth weight was found to be 12.5%. Breastfeeding was initiated within 1st hour after delivery among 75.6% infants and 79.1% of the infants of 6-11m were reportedly exclusively breast fed. Working status and literacy status of mother are significantly associated with infant feeding practices.Conclusions: In spite of many programmes targeted for promoting safe intra natal and infant feeding practices this study finds a relatively high proportion of faulty practices prevalent in rural areas.