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Campbell, Karen Jane, and karen campbell@deakin edu au. "Family food environments as determinants of children's eating: Implications for obesity prevention." Deakin University. School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, 2004. http://tux.lib.deakin.edu.au./adt-VDU/public/adt-VDU20061207.120915.
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The prevalence of childhood obesity is escalating rapidly and it considered to be a major public health problem. Diet is a recognised precursor of fatness, and current evidence supports the premise that in Westernised countries, the dietary intakes of children are likely to be important in obesity genesis. However, we have a relatively poor understanding of the environments in which a childs eating is learnt and maintained. Much of the existing work in this area is based on small-scale or experimental studies, or has been derived from homogeneous populations within the USA. Despite these limitations, there is evidence that aspects of the childs family environment are likely to be important in determining obesity risk in children.
This thesis examines the impact of the family food environment on a childs eating through two related studies. The first study, titled the Children and Family Eating (CAFÉ) study comprised three phases. Phase one involved qualitative interviews with 17 parents of 5-6 year-old children to explore parental perceptions regarding those factors in a childs environment believed to influence the development of their childs eating habits. These interviews were used to inform the development of quantitative measures of the family food environment. The second phase involved the development of a Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) to assess dietary intake in 5-6 year-olds. The FFQ was informed by analysis of 1995 Australian National Nutrition Survey data. In the final phase the relationships between dietary intakes of 5-6 year-old children, and potential predictors of dietary intake were examined in a cross-sectional study of 560 families. Predictors included measures of: parental perceptions of the adequacy of their childs diet; food availability and accessibility; child-feeding; the opportunities for parental modelling of food intake; a childs television exposure; maternal Body Mass Index; and maternal education. Analysis of the CAFÉ data provides unique information regarding the relationships between a childs family food environment and their food consumption. Models developed for a range of dietary outcomes considered to be predictive of increased risk for obesity, including total energy and fat intakes, vegetable variety, vegetable consumption, and high-energy (non-dairy) fluid consumption, explained between 11 and 20 percent of the variance in dietary intake. Two aspects of the family food environment, parental perception of a childs dietary adequacy, and the total minutes of television viewed per day, were frequently found to be predictive of dietary outcomes likely to promote fatness in these children.
The second study, titled the Parent Education and Support (PEAS) Feeding Intervention Study, was a prospective pre/post non-randomised intervention trial that assessed the impact of a feeding intervention to 240 first-time mothers of one-year-old children. This intervention focused on one aspect of the family food environment, child-feeding, which has been proposed as influential in the development of obesogenic eating behaviours. In this study, Maternal and Child Health Nurses (MCHNs), using a Division of Responsibility model of feeding, taught parents to provide nutritious food at regular intervals and to let children decide if to eat and how much to eat. Thus parents were encourages to food their child without exerting pressure, or employing coercion or rewards (controlling behaviours). The aim was to influence parental attitudes and beliefs regarding child-feeding. Through the use of these feeding techniques, this intervention also aimed to increase the variety of fruits and vegetables a child consumed by teaching parents to persist with offering these foods, over the year of the intervention, in non-emotive environments. Fruits and vegetables were chosen in this intervention because they are likely to be protective in the development of obesity. Analysis of the PEAS data suggests that this low-level feeding intervention, delivered through existing Maternal and Child Health services, was modestly effective in changing parental attitudes and beliefs regarding the feeding of young children. Further, the validity of fruits offered to intervention group children increased.
This thesis expands the existing knowledge base by providing a comprehensive analysis of the relative impact of aspects of the family environment on dietary intakes of 5-6 year-olds. Further, the analysis of a feeding intervention in first-time parents provides important insights regarding the potential to influence child-feeding and the impact this may have on the promotion of eating behaviours protective against obesity.
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MacDougall, Caida. "Growth and nutritional status of formula-fed infants aged 2-10 weeks in the Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission (PMTCT) Programme at the Dr George Mukhari Hospital, Gauteng, South Africa." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/2573.
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Thesis (MNutr (Interdisciplinary Health Sciences. Human Nutrition))--Stellenbosch University, 2008.INTRODUCTION: Since the start of the Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission (PMTCT) Programme at Dr George Mukhari Hospital in 2001, there has been no evaluation of the effect of formula feeding on the growth and dietary intakes of enrolled infants. AIM: The aim of this study was to determine the short-term growth, anthropometry and dietary intake of infants from two to ten weeks of age were entered into the PMTCT Programme at the Department of Human Nutrition at Dr George Mukhari Hospital from two to ten weeks of age. METHODS: This was a descriptive, longitudinal (eight weeks duration) study. Anthropometric assessment including length and head circumference was performed at two weeks of age and thereafter at ten weeks of age. Weight measurement was performed at age two weeks (visit 1), six weeks (visit 2) and ten weeks (visit 3). Anthropometric measurements were compared with CDC 20003 growth charts. Feeding practices and dietary intake (24 hour diet recall interview) were assessed at each of the four week interval visits and evaluated according to the DRIs59. At the third visit, a socio-demographic interview and a usual food intake interview were performed. RESULTS: A total of 151 [male (N = 75) and female (N = 76)] infants completed the study. A total of 110 (72%) mothers resided in the Soshanguve area and 138 (91%) of the mothers had attended high school. The majority (75%) of mothers was not generating an income from employment. Generally, mothers had access to safe drinking water and all (99%) but two mothers used pre-boiled water before preparing infant formula. The accuracy and correctness of reconstituting infant formula decreased with each visit as feeds were increasingly made too dilute. A total of 124 (82%) infants were exclusively formula fed. The remainder received water, water with sugar and/or complementary feeds. Mean energy and macronutrient intakes of both males (N = 65, 87%) and females (N = 61, 80%) were below recommendations at age two weeks. Of all the macronutrients, fats were consumed the least by both males (N = 67, 89%) and females (N = 66, 87%) at visit 1. Catch up growth was evident and nutrient intakes improved as the study progressed. The mean weight gain of all infants from visit 1 to 2 was 1.2 (SD 0.3) kg and 0.9 (SD 0.3) kg from visit 2 to 3 (exceeding the CDC 20003 recommendation for both male and female infants). The incidence of underweight, wasting and head circumference-for-age below the third percentile decreased from visit 1 to 3, but the number of stunted infants increased towards visit 3. The majority of infants in this study grew well in their first ten weeks of life. Growth accelerated as infants became older and growth faltering improved by ten weeks of age. CONCLUSION: Overall, the growth of the infants referred to the PMTCT Programme at the Department of Human Nutrition at Dr George Mukhari Hospital would appear to be adequate but mothers’ approach to formula feeding practices needs to be improved in some aspects of feeding their infants.
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Flanders, Lisa S. "Nutritional knowledge and infant feeding decisions of pregnant women." Virtual Press, 1998. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1115735.
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The aim of this research was to examine differences in general nutrition knowledge and prenatal sources of infant feeding information among women planning to feed breast milk, breast-milk substitutes, or a combination of breast milk and breast-milk substitutes. Subjects completed a demographic survey, a test of nutrition knowledge, and a questionnaire on sources of infant feeding information. There were no statistical differences in age, education, and nutrition knowledge scores among women in the three groups. A significant relationship was observed between education and nutrition knowledge; women who had attended college courses scored higher.003) on the nutrition knowledge test than those who had not attended. Health care providers (82%) and reading materials (82%) were the most frequently cited sources of infant feeding information. While general nutrition knowledge appears to be positively related to education, it does not appear to influence the infant feeding decision.Department of Family and Consumer Sciences
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Wasserfall, Estelle. "Growth patterns and nutrition-related problems of infants under one year attending Red Cross Children's Hospital's antiretroviral clinic and the knowledge, attitudes, beliefs and practices of their caregivers, concerning infant feeding." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/17969.
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Thesis (MNutr)--Stellenbosch University, 2011.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Introduction A paucity of data exists regarding growth patterns and nutrition-related problems in infants (<12 months) on antiretroviral treatment (ART) and the infant feeding knowledge, beliefs, attitude and practices of their caregivers. Aim To describe the growth and nutrition-related problems of infants (<12 months) attending the Antiretroviral (ARV) clinic at Red Cross Children’s Hospital, as well as the knowledge, attitudes, beliefs and practices of their caregivers concerning infant feeding. Methods A cross-sectional, descriptive study was conducted with census sampling. Thirty infants and 31 caregivers were included in the sample. Anthropometric measurements were performed and interviewer-administered questionnaires were utilised to obtain the knowledge, attitude, beliefs and practices of the caregivers. The mean Z-score of each measurement as well as the weight-for-age, length-for-age, weight-forlength and bodymass index-for-age for each infant were determined, analysed, interpreted and described according to the World Health Organisation (WHO) growth standards for children. Results Thirty-nine percent (n=11) of the mothers (n=28) did not receive infant feeding counselling prior to delivery, while only 9 (32%) received the minimum number of at least 4 sessions, as prescribed by the Department of Health. It was not assessed whether the counselling occurred before delivery. The mean age of the infants was 6.9 (SD 3.3) months. Eighty-three percent (n=25) had an opportunistic infection prior to data collection. Twenty-three percent (n=7) were underweight-forage and 40% (n=12) of the infants were stunted. Vomiting and diarrhoea were the most common nutrition-related problems experienced. A statistical significant positive correlation (p=0.003) was found between an infant’s duration on ART and W/A z-score. Only two caregivers were breastfeeding at the time of data collection, but 34% (n=10) of the other caregivers had at some stage breastfed their infant. Formula feeding practices were poor. Sixty-two percent (n=18) were not preparing the feeds correctly and only six (21%) were correctly cleaning and sterilising the bottles. Thirty-nine percent (n=11) of the infants were not receiving an adequate amount of milk per day. Sixty-five percent (n=11) of the infants (>six months) did not receive a diet the previous day which met the minimum WHO dietary diversity indicator and only 18% (n=3) received a minimum acceptable diet. Caregivers had an average knowledge concerning infant feeding. Thirteen percent (n=4) knew the correct definition of exclusive breast- or formula feeding. Sixty-eight percent (n=21) did not know what mixed feeding meant, or the dangers associated with it. Most caregivers (n=25, 81%) knew that oral rehydration solution had to be given when infants developed diarrhoea, but only 48% (n=15) knew how to prepare it and only 6% (n=2) knew how to administer it. Seventy-five percent (n=9) of caregivers did not know what should be done when experiencing breast problems. Sixty-four percent (n=19) of the caregivers believed that if a HIV-positive woman breastfeeds she would definitely transmit HIV to her infant. Conclusion The infant sample showed a variety of erratic growth patterns with a high prevalence of underweight and stunting. Infant feeding knowledge of caregivers was average, but not deemed sufficient to translate into appropriate, safe and optimal infant feeding practices. The breastfeeding prevalence was low. Formula preparation, feeding and hygiene practices were poor and dietary intake of infants was not optimal. The quality and quantity of HIV infant feeding counselling sessions received at antenatal clinic visits were poor and need to be addressed.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Inleiding Daar is 'n tekort aan data oor groeipatrone en voedingsverwante probleme by babas (<12 maande) op antiretrovirale behandeling asook die babavoedingkennis, -oortuigings, -houdings en -praktyke van hul versorgers. Doelwit Om ondersoek in te stel na die groei- en voedingsverwante probleme by babas (<12 maande) in die antiretrovirale kliniek by Rooikruis-kinderhospitaal, sowel as die babavoedingkennis, - oortuigings, -houdings en -praktyke van hul versorgers. Metodes 'n Beskrywende dwarssnitstudie is met sensussteekproefneming onderneem. Dertig babas en 31 versorgers is by die steekproef ingesluit. Antropometriese metings was gedoen en onderhoude was met behulp van vraelyste gevoer ten einde inligting oor die versorgers se kennis, houdings, oortuigings en praktyke te bekom. Elke baba se gemiddelde z-telling per meting sowel as die gewig-vir-ouderdom, lengte-vir-ouderdom en liggaamsmassa-indeks-vir-ouderdom was volgens die Wêreldgesondheidsorganisasie (WGO) se groeistandaarde vir kindersbepaal, ontleed, vertolk en beskryf. Resultate Altesaam 39% (n=11) van die moeders (n=28) het nie voor die bevalling voorligting oor babavoeding ontvang nie, terwyl slegs 9 (32%) die Departement van Gesondheid se voorgeskrewe minimum 4 sessies, deurloop het. Dit was nie bepaal of hierdie sessies voor die bevalling ontvang was nie. Die gemiddelde ouderdom van die babas was 6,9 (standaardafwyking 3,3) maande. 'n Totaal van 83% (n=25) het voor data-insameling 'n opportunistiese infeksie gehad, 23% (n=7) was ondergewig-vir-ouderdom, en 40% (n=12) van die babas se lengtegroei was ingekort. Die algemeenste voedingsverwante probleme was braking en diarree. Daar blyk 'n statisties beduidende positiewe korrelasie (p=0.003) te wees tussen die duur van die baba se antiretrovirale behandeling en sy/haar gewig-vir-ouderdom-z-telling. Slegs twee versorgers het hul babas ten tyde van die studie geborsvoed, hoewel 34% (n=10) van die versorgers in 'n stadium geborsvoed het. Voedingspraktyke met die gee van melkformule was swak. Altesaam 62% (n=18) het die melkformule verkeerd aangemaak en slegs ses (21%) het die bottels behoorlik skoongemaak en gesteriliseer. Nege-en-dertig persent (n=11) van die babas het te min melk per dag ontvang. Vyf-en-sestig persent (n=11) van die babas (>6 maande) se melkinname die vorige dag het nie aan die minimum WGO aanbevole dieetdiversiteitsaanwyser voldoen nie, en slegs 18% (n=3) het 'n minimum aanvaarbare dieet gevolg. Versorgers se kennis ten opsigte van babavoeding was gemiddeld, met net 13% (n=4) wat die korrekte omskrywing van eksklusiewe bors- of formulevoeding geken het. 'n Totaal van 68% (n=21) het nie geweet wat gemengde voeding beteken of watter gevare dit inhou nie. Die meeste versorgers (n=25, 81%) het geweet dat orale rehidrasie oplossing toegedien moet word wanneer babas aan diarree ly, maar slegs 48% (n=15) het geweet hoe om dit aan te maak en 'n skrale 6% (n=2) hoe om dit toe te dien. Vyf-en-sewentig persent (n=9) van die versorgers het nie geweet wat om te doen as hulle probleme met hul borste ervaar nie. Altesaam 64% (n=19) van die versorgers het geglo dat 'n MIV-positiewe vrou definitief haar baba MIV sal gee indien sy hom/haar sou borsvoed. Samevatting Die steekproef babas het 'n verskeidenheid onreëlmatige groeipatrone getoon en baie was ondergewig of het ook dwerggroei getoon. Versorgers se kennis van babavoeding was gemiddeld, maar nie voldoende om tot toepaslike, veilige en optimale babavoedingspraktyke aanleiding te gee nie. Die voorkoms van borsvoeding was laag. Melkformulevoorbereiding, - voeding en -higiëne was swak, en babas se voedinginname was nie ideaal nie. Die gehalte van en hoeveelheid voorligting oor MIV-babavoeding met besoeke aan voorgeboorteklinieke was swak en moet aangespreek word.
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Oliveira, Renata Aparecida de. "Consumo alimentar e adequação da dieta em lactentes de Ribeirão Preto, SP." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/17/17144/tde-29032017-170200/.
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Objetivo: Avaliar a adequação da dieta de crianças de 12 a 32 meses em relação ao consumo de porções dos grupos alimentares e de energia, macro e micronutrientes. Métodos: estudo descritivo, com uma amostra de conveniência com crianças de 12 a 32 meses de Ribeirão Preto, SP, participantes de um amplo projeto temático denominado Projeto Brisa. Para a avaliação dietética foi utilizado o recordatório alimentar de 24 horas, os alimentos e preparações consumidos pelas crianças foram inseridos no software Virtual Nutri Plus para cálculo nutricional e transformados em porções relacionadas aos oito grupos da Pirâmide Alimentar Infantil. A variabilidade intrapessoal da dieta foi corrigida com a replicação de três R24h, em dias aleatórios, em uma subamostra de 20% da população do estudo. Esses dados foram submetidos ao Multiple Source Method (MSM) e obtida a dieta usual que foi analisada de acordo com a Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) e Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) das Dietary Reference Intake (DRIs) e expressa em proporção de crianças com ingestão de nutrientes abaixo ou acima dessas recomendações. As porções alimentares foram analisadas por meio dos guias alimentares infantis brasileiros. A associação entre os valores consumidos de energia, macro e micronutrientes e porções alimentares com as variáveis de interesse foi avaliada por meio do teste de qui-quadrado. Resultados: A amostra de 491 crianças foi estratificada em três faixas etárias, com predomínio de crianças entre 18 a 23 meses (52%), meninas (52,5%) eutróficas (92,9%), cujas mães tinham 9 a 11 anos de estudo (57,4%) e referiram cor da pele branca (55,2%); os prematuros representaram 22% da amostra estudada. Apenas 7,4% pertenciam a classes econômicas menos favorecidas. A alimentação das crianças apresentou consumo insuficiente de carboidrato e gordura, 38,5% e 29,5%, adequado de energia e excessivo de proteínas (79,8%). Entre os micronutrientes, Ferro, vitamina C e vitamina B12 tiveram os maiores percentuais de consumo adequado (98,6%, 97,0% e 94,9%, respectivamente), enquanto cálcio (27,3%), folato (74,8%) e vitamina E (37,7%) apresentaram maiores frequências de consumo insuficiente. A ingestão acima de UL foi mais expressiva em vitamina A (43,6%) e zinco (33,6%). O consumo de porções alimentares nas crianças mais novas, até 23 meses, foi insuficiente de carnes e ovos (42,7%), leites, queijos e iogurtes (47,7%) e excessivo dos grupos de cereais, pães e tubérculos, frutas e óleos e gorduras. Nas maiores de 24 meses o consumo insuficiente foi mais elevado no grupo dos cereais, pães e tubérculos (56,1%) e frutas (75,8%). O alto consumo insuficiente de verduras e legumes e excessivo de açúcares e doces foi encontrado em todas as crianças. Conclusão: A alimentação das crianças foi marcada por inadequações na ingestão de nutrientes, consumo insuficiente de verduras e legumes e excessivo de alimentos fontes de açúcares e doces. No entanto, a ingestão de ferro e vitamina A, micronutrientes mais deficientes no Brasil, apresentaram baixas taxas de consumo inadequado. O excesso de peso foi observado em apenas 35 (7,1%) e esteve associado ao maior consumo excedente de energia.Objective: To assess dietary adequacy in 12-t0-32-month old children regarding the intake of portions of food groups and energy and of macro- and micronutrients. Methods: A descriptive study of a convenience sample of 12-to-32-month-old children from Ribeirão Preto, SP, participating in an ample thematic project denoted BRISA Project. The 24 hour food recall was used for assessment and the foods and preparations consumed by the children were inserted in the Virtual Nutri Plus software for nutritional calculation and transformed into portions related to the eight groups of the Infant Food Pyramid. Intrapersonal dietary variability was corrected with three R24h replication on random days in a 20% subsample of the study population. The data were submitted to the Multiple Source Method (MSM) and the usual diet was obtained and analyzed according to the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) and the Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) from the Dietary Reference Intake (DRIs) and expressed as the proportion of children with nutrient intake below or above these recommendations. The food portions were analyzed using Brazilian infant food guides. The association of the energy, macro- and micronutrient values consumed and food portions with the variables of interest was determined by the chi-square test. Results: The sample of 491 children was stratified into three age ranges, with a predominance of children aged 18 to 23 months (52%), of normal weight (92.9%) girls (52.5%) whose mothers had 9 to 11 years of schooling (57.4%) and who reported white skin color (55.2%). Preterm babies represented 22% of the study sample. Only 7.4% belonged to less privileged economic classes. The children\'s diet showed insufficient carbohydrate and fat intake, 38.5% and 29.5%, adequate energy intake and excessive protein intake (79.8%). Among the micronutrients, iron, vitamin C and vitamin B12 showed the highest percentages of adequate intake (98.6%, 97.0% and 94.9%, respectively), whereas calcium (27.3%), folate (74.8%) and vitamin E (37.7%) showed higher frequencies of insufficient intake. Intake above UL was more expressive for vitamin A (43.6%) and zinc (33.6%). Among younger infants (up to 23 months of age), food portion intake was insufficient regarding meat and eggs (42.7%), milk, cheese and yogurt (47.7%), and excessive regarding cereals, breads and tubercles, fruits, oils and fats. Among children older than 24 months, insufficient intake was more marked regarding cereals, breads and tubercles (56.1%) and fruits (75.8%). A markedly insufficient intake of vegetables and legumes and excessive intake of sugars and sweets was observed in all children. Conclusion: The diet of the children studied was marked by inadequate nutrient intake, insufficient vegetable and legume intake and excessive intake of foods containing sugars and sweets. However, low rates of inadequate intake were observed for iron and vitamin A, the micronutrients more deficient in Brazil. Excess weight was observed in only 35 children (7.1%) and was associated with excessive energy intake.
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Craig, J. S. "Studies of enteral nutrition in preterm infants." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.391112.
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Locks, Lindsey Mina. "Nutrition, Growth and Health in Tanzanian Infants." Thesis, Harvard University, 2016. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:27201743.
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Undernutrition in early life increases children’s risk of mortality, morbidity, and impaired growth and development. This thesis analyzes data from two randomized controlled trials in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. The first trial assessed the effect of daily multivitamin (vitamins B-complex, C and E) supplementation on mortality and morbidity in infants born to HIV-infected mothers. 2387 infants were randomized to multivitamins or placebo at 6 weeks and followed-up for two years. The second trial assessed the effect of zinc and/or multivitamins (vitamins B-complex, C and E) on morbidity in infants born to HIV-uninfected mothers. 2400 infants were randomized to either zinc + multivitamins, zinc only, multivitamins only, or placebo at 6 weeks and were followed for 18 months.
Chapter 1 assesses the effect of zinc and/or multivitamin supplements in the second trial on longitudinal child growth – defined by change in height-for-age, weight-for-age and weight-for-height z-scores (HAZ, WAZ and WHZ) and stunting, underweight and wasting (<-2 SD 2006 WHO standard for each indicator respectively). We found small, but significant effects of supplements on change in WHZ and WAZ, but did not find a statistically significant effect of zinc and/or multivitamin supplements on stunting, wasting or underweight.
Chapter 2 assesses the effect of zinc and/or multivitamin supplements in the second trial on early child development (ECD) assessed using the cognitive, motor (fine and gross) and language (receptive and expressive) scales of the Bayley Infant Scales of Development 3rd Edition (BSID-III). We did not find a significant effect of supplements on early childhood development as assessed by the BSID-III.
Chapter 3 pools the two trials in order to compare mortality, morbidity and growth in HIV-infected, HIV-exposed-but-uninfected (HIV-EU) and HIV unexposed infants. HIV-infected children had the highest rates of mortality, morbidity and growth failure. HIV-EU infants had higher rates of mortality and morbidities than unexposed infants; but lower rates than their HIV-infected peers.
Conclusions: Alternative approaches (beyond zinc and/or multivitamin supplementation) to improve growth and ECD in vulnerable populations should be pursued. Child health interventions should target not only HIV-infected but also HIV-EU children, given their increased susceptibility to morbidity and mortality.
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Brown, Amy. "Maternal control of early milk feeding : the role of attitudes, intention and experience." Thesis, Swansea University, 2010. https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa43176.
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A controlling maternal feeding style can have negative consequences for child weight and eating style (Ventura & Birch, 2008). Mothers who breastfeed during the first year exert lower levels of control over child feeding (Farrow & Blissett, 2008). Explanations for this relationship speculate that experience of breastfeeding reduces control as breastfeeding requires an infant-led approach (Taveras et al. 2004) or alternatively that maternal attitudes predict both initiation of breastfeeding and later maternal control (Farrow & Blissett, 2006a). The nature of this relationship is explored in this thesis. Mothers reported their intended and actual feeding style during milk feeds when pregnant and at six months postpartum using a modified version of the Child Feeding Questionnaire (Birch, Fisher, Grimm-Thomas, Markey, Sawyer, & Johnson. 2001). Maternal use of control in the form of scheduling and encouraging milk feeds was evident. A high level of control was associated with a shorter breastfeeding duration (p < 0.001). Control beliefs were present prenatally with intended breastfeeding duration inversely associated with intended control. Furthermore, attitudes towards the infant-led nature of breastfeeding were associated with both breastfeeding duration and control. Breastfed infants need to be fed to infant demand and amount consumed is immeasurable whilst formula feeding is open to maternal manipulation. A belief that breastfeeding was inconvenient was associated with scheduling feeds whilst concerns over milk intake and low confidence were associated with encouraging feeds. Whilst scheduling feeds was a stable behaviour predictive from prenatal intention, encouraging feeds was fluid and related to maternal experience. Concerns about infant size or feeding difficulties increased use of encouraging feeds. Maternal desire for control may therefore drive breastfeeding duration, explaining the association between breastfeeding and later feeding style. The findings have important implications for breastfeeding duration, early programming of appetite and bodyweight and later maternal feeding style.
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Andrew, Morag Jane. "Neurodevelopmental and visual outcomes of infants at risk of neurodevelopmental disability following dietary supplementation in infancy." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:2c4a24e3-4924-4085-bad0-fb054622cb7f.
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Background: Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), choline and uridine-5-monophosphate (UMP) are important brain nutrients which form phosphatidylcholine, the most abundant brain membrane phospholipid. DHA, choline and UMP supplementation increases rodent brain phospholipids, synaptic components, functional brain connectivity and cognitive performance. This novel pilot study supplemented infants at risk of neurological impairment (ARNI) with a nutrient combination containing these neurotrophic compounds. Aims: 1) In a double blind randomised control trial (RCT), investigate if intake of a specific nutrient combination improves neurodevelopmental and visual outcome in infants ARNI. 2) Using novel measures of cortical visual function, investigate the effect of perinatal brain injury severity, gestational age at birth and sex upon visuocognitive development in infants at risk of neurodevelopmental impairment. Method: Recruitment was from UK neonatal units. Eligibility: ≤ 31 weeks, weight < 9th percentile; < 31 weeks with ≥ Grade II intraventricular haemorrhage (IVH) or preterm white matter injury (PWMI); 31-40 weeks with ≥ Grade II IVH or PWMI, ≥ Sarnat Grade II HIE or defined brain MRI abnormalities. Stratification was by sex, gestation and brain injury severity. Randomised infants received neurotrophic supplementation or placebo, for 2 years. Primary outcome was Bayley Scales of Infant Development III (BSID III) composite cognitive score (CCS) after 2 years. Secondary outcomes included BSID III composite language score (CLS) and BSID III composite motor score (CMS). Cortical visual measures were pattern reversal visual event related potential (PR-VERP) latency (transient and calculated), orientation reversal visual event related potentials (OR-VERP), and the Fixation Shift test (FS). Functional behavioural vision was assessed using the Atkinson Battery of Child Development for Examining Functional Vision (ABCDEFV). Local Ethics Committee approval was granted. Results: 62 neonates were recruited. After 2 years, mean CCS in the intervention group was 87.7 (SD 20.4) and 81.6 (SD 18.5) in the placebo group (mean difference = 2.28, p=0.13; -0.2, 18.2). Mean CLS in the intervention group was 91.5 (SD 20.1) and 83.2 (SD 19.6) in the placebo group (mean difference = 2.74, p=0.1; -2.4, 18.3). CMS was similar in both groups. In relation to trial visual outcome measures, more infants in the placebo group gave a statistically significant OR-VERP response than in the intervention group (p=0.03). There were no statistically significant differences between the placebo and intervention on any other trial visual outcome measure. Cohort analyses indicate that transient PR-VERP latency is prolonged in children at risk of neurodevelopmental disability compared to typically developing infants (mean difference = -23.3, p=0.015, 95% CI -42.10 - -4.54). Calculated PR-VERP latency is prolonged to an even greater extent in children at risk of neurodevelopmental disability compared to typically developing infants (mean difference -148.6, p=0.000, 95% CI -179.7- -117.43), and remains prolonged across the age range tested. Conclusions: 1) The difference in CCS and CLS between intervention and placebo groups represents a clinically significant effect size. Use of neurotrophic micronutrient supplementation in infants ARNI warrants exploration in a large multicentre RCT. 2) Calculated PR-VERP latency may be a more appropriate outcome measure of cortical visual function than transient PR-VERP latency in infants at risk of neurodevelopmental disability.
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Nelson, Christy L. "Branched-chain amino acid nutrition and respiratory stability in premature infants." free to MU campus, others may purchase free online, 2002. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/preview?3074432.
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Natarajan, Padma. "Effect of nutrition counseling on maternal nutritional performance, birth outcome and choice of infant feeding in pregnant teenagers." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/44129.
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This study investigated the influence of nutrition
education services, measured by duration of participation
and frequency of nutrition counseling, on maternal
nutritional performance, and pregnancy outcome, in 100
pregnant teenagers enrolled in the WIC program in North
Carolina. Data on prenatal weight gain, rate of weekly
weight gain, gestational duration and birth weight of
infants born to these teenagers was retrieved from medical
records. Twenty-four hour recalls, conducted before and
after counseling, were analyzed. for energy and nutrient
content. Results indicated that initiation of prenatal care
by trimester was earlier, and duration of participation was
longer, than was reported in the literature. Mean weight
gain and gestational lengths were found to be comparable to
results from studies on similar populations. Rate of weekly
gain was significantly higher than that recommended for
adult pregnant women. Energy, protein and iron intakes
showed significant improvement after counseling, and, were
comparable to RDA values. However, calcium intake was found
to be significantly lower than the RDA. Mean infant birth
weight was found to be 47.2 gm heavier than the state
average; this was not statistically significant. Although
a strong correlation. between counseling and. pregnancy
outcome was not evident, the incidence of low birth weight
was substantially lower in this population, especially among
the subgroup of black infants. A decreased incidence of
poor outcome of pregnancy among underweight gravidas, was
also indicative of the influence of nutrition education on
this high risk group. Nutrition intervention appears to
have been indirectly influential in optimizing fetal outcome
through improved maternal weight gain, and an extended
gestation. In addition, early and appropriate prenatal care
measures, probably helped reduce the race specific, risk
differential for adverse outcomes. The results from this
study also indicated that a very small percentage of teens
chose to breast feed. Further studies are, however,
recommended to identify predictors of the feeding choice,
to help increase incidence of breast feeding among teens.Master of Science
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Stoltz, Sjöström Elisabeth. "The impact of early nutrition on extremely preterm infants." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Pediatrik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-88461.
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Background Modern neonatal care has improved the survival rate of extremely preterm infants. These infants are at high risk of malnutrition and growth failure during 3-4 months of hospital care. The objectives of this study was to investigate nutritional intakes during hospitalization and explore associations between nutritional intakes, postnatal growth and retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). Perioperative nutrition in infants undergoing surgery for patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) was also investigated. Methods This is a population-based study of Swedish extremely preterm infants (<27 weeks) born during 2004-2007 (n=602). Detailed data on nutritional supply and anthropometric measurements during hospitalization were retrospectively retrieved from hospital records. Comprehensive data on cohort characteristics, neonatal morbidity and infant mortality were obtained from the Extremely Preterm Infants in Sweden Study (EXPRESS). Results During the first 70 days of life, intakes of energy, protein and several micronutrients, with the exception of iron and some vitamins, were less than estimated requirements, and infants showed severe postnatal growth failure. Energy and protein intake predicted growth in all anthropometric outcomes even when adjusting for severity of illness, and fat intake was positively associated with head growth. Low folate intake was positively correlated with poor weight and length gain while high iron intake, mainly explained by blood transfusions, was negatively associated with poor length gain. Furthermore, a low energy intake was associated with severe ROP (stage 3-5). An increased energy intake of 10 kcal/kg/d was associated with 24% decrease in severe ROP (p=0.01). During the first month, 99% of the infants were exclusively fed human milk. Infants who underwent surgery for PDA (n=140) were malnourished, with energy and macronutrient intakes below minimum estimated requirements before, during and after surgery. Conclusions The severe postnatal growth failure observed in Swedish extremely preterm infants may be prevented by improved intakes of energy, protein, fat and folate and a reduction of the number of blood transfusions. Human milk is the main enteral food source and analyses of human milk macronutrient contents facilitates individualized fortification. Provision of adequate energy intakes during the first four weeks of life may be an effective way to reduce the risk of severe ROP. Perioperative nutrition in infants undergoing PDA surgery needs to be improved. The study results have important implications for nutritional regimens, postnatal growth and health outcome in this new generation of survivors.
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Deshpande, Swati Jayant. "Strategies to optimize maternal and infant nutrition /." For electronic version search Digital dissertations database. Restricted to UC campuses. Access is free to UC campus dissertations, 2004. http://uclibs.org/PID/11984.
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Cairns, Pamela Anne. "Nutritional studies in the preterm infant." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.324823.
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Lopez, Martha Gloria. "Quarterly nutrition curriculum for California women, infants, and children participants." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2005. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/2922.
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There is a lack of public awareness in regards to nutrition education because of the limited amount of visits made to the WIC office by these participants. Take home material was designed to reinforce the curriculum taught in the WIC classroom. Learning the skills provided, these WIC families will discover new ways to promote family togetherness and opportunities to discuss and implement healthy eating and living habits.
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Al-Mashikhi, Shalan Alwan Edan. "Separation of antimicrobial protein fractions from animal resources for potential use in infant feeding." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/26948.
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In the first part of this study, a non-ferric method for selective elimination of β-lactoglobulin from cheese whey was investigated. A new method was developed based on hexametaphosphate treatment of cheese whey. When Cheddar cheese whey was treated under the optimized conditions, i.e., 1.33 mg/mL sodium hexametaphosphate at 22°C and pH 4.07 for 1 hr, more than 80% of β-lactoglobulin was removed by precipitation. Almost all of the immunoglobulins and the major portion of α-lactalbumin were retained in the supernatant as indicated by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and immunochemical assays. By dialysis against distilled water 72.2% of the phosphorus was removed from the supernatant.
In the second and the third part of the thesis, chromatographic methods were used for isolation of immunoglobulins and lactoferrin from whey proteins. By using gel filtration on Sephacryl S-300, 99, 83.3 and 92.1% biologically active immunoglobulin G were obtained for colostral whey, acid and Cheddar cheese whey, respectively. Lactoferrin, selectively adsorbed to the heparin-attached Sepharose, was eluted with 5 mM Veronal-HC1 containing 0.5M NaC1, at pH 7.2. 1,4-Butanediol diglycidyl ether-iminodiacetic acid on Sepharose 6B, or so-called metal chelate-interaction chromatography (MCIC), was loaded with copper ion and used for the same purpose. Of the two peaks obtained, the first yellowish peak was rich in lactoferrin, while the second peak was rich in immunoglobulins. Some of the physical and chemical properties of the proteins in these peaks, including immunochemical properties, isoelectric points, binding to bacterial lipopolysaccharides, and the mechanism of protein-metal interaction via histidine modification, and the capacity of the method were studied. The possibility of isolating immunoglobulins and lactoferrin from electrodialyzed whey was also investigated.
In the fourth, fifth and sixth parts of the thesis, the method developed for isolation of immunoglobulins and lactoferrin from whey protein was applied to isolate these biologically important proteins directly from skimmilk, blood and egg white. The casein in skimmilk was found to compete with immunoglobulins for binding to copper ion in MCIC column when skimmilk was loaded in presence of 0.05 M Tris-acetate buffer containing 0.5 M NaC1, pH 8.2; however, this problem was solved by changing the equilibrating buffer to 0.02 M phosphate buffer containing 0.5 M NaC1, pH 7.0. When blood was directly applied to MCIC column, the yield of biologically active IgG was more than 95%. Ovotransferrin, strongly adsorbed to the MCIC column, was eluted with two-step elution protocols which suggests it exists in two forms. The histidine residues in immunoglobulins, caseins, transferrin and ovotransferrin were found to be involved in the mechanism of the interaction with the MCIC column.Land and Food Systems, Faculty of
Graduate
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Schweitz, Cayla M. "Nutritional analysis of extremely preterm infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia." Connect to resource, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1811/28400.
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Thesis (Honors)--Ohio State University, 2007.Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages: contains 19 p.; also includes graphics. Includes bibliographical references (p. 17-18). Available online via Ohio State University's Knowledge Bank.
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Rich, Marianne. "Nutritional Status and Growth in Infants with Cystic Fibrosis at Diagnosis and at Age Two Years and Six Years." DigitalCommons@USU, 2005. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/5511.
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PURPOSE: A retrospective chart review was conducted to determine if nutritional source of feeding and/or infant age at diagnosis of cystic fibrosis had any effect on nutritional status and subsequent growth accretion. Additionally, an attempt was made to identify predictors for poor growth in patients with undiagnosed cystic fibrosis.
METHODS: Data was collected from medical and clinic charts at Primary Children's Medical Center (PCMC), Salt Lake City, Utah, for subjects born between January 1, 1995 and December 31, 200 I, who were diagnosed with cystic fibrosis before 1 year of age. Thirty-one subjects met inclusion parameters. These subjects were divided into two groups: an "early" diagnosis group (N= 13) included those who were diagnosed before 9 weeks of age, and a "late" diagnosis group (N= 18) included those who were diagnosed after 9 weeks of age. "Breastfed at diagnosis" (N=7) and "not breastfed at diagnosis" (N= 17) groups were established as well, with nutritional source of feeding remaining unknown for 7 of the 31 subjects.
RESULTS: Paired t-tests indicated that children who were primarily breastfed at time of diagnosis did not grow significantly more than children who were formula-fed at time of diagnosis, although regression analysis indicated that nutritional source of feeding at time of diagnosis was a significant predictor of growth later in life. This contradiction could have come about due to the small sample size. Age at diagnosis had a significant effect on growth, at diagnosis, at age 2 years, and age 6 years. Children who were diagnosed early grew taller and weighed more than the children who were diagnosed after 9 weeks of age, both at the 2-year mark and at the 6- year mark. Additionally, low blood albumin levels at diagnosis were predictive of more growth at age 2 years and 6 years. Other identified predictors of growth included gender, age at diagnosis, and whether the child had a family history of cystic fibrosis. This research highlights the crucial need for early detection and correction of malnutrition in infants and children with cystic fibrosis. It should be viewed as a pilot study, with more research needed in this area.
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Prentice, Philippa. "The evaluation of blood and breast milk biomarkers relating to patterns of infancy growth and nutrition." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2015. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.709022.
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Owino, Victor Ochieng. "Effect of an improved complementary food on nutrition of Zambian infants." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.434910.
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Menon, Gopi. "Studies of nutrition and growth in infants with chronic cardiopulmonary disease." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/29271.
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Hypotheses: (1) Nutritional status is impaired in symptomatic congenital heart disease (CHD) in infancy, and this is related to an inadequate positive energy balance. (2) Undernutrition precedes the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) in preterm infants, and there is a subsequent persistent deficit in energy balance, bone mineral content (BMC) and growth. Objectives: To study (1) the effect of CHD on growth and energy balance in infancy (2) macronutrient intake prior to the development of BPD (3) the effect of BPD on energy balance and BMC and the effect of a dexamethasone used to treat BPD on BMC. Background: Poor growth is seen commonly in chronic disease of the heart and lungs (CCPD) and is important because: (a) the disease and its treatment may compromise nutrition (b) good nutrition may influence the outcome of the condition and adult health. Body growth in infants is dependent upon a sufficiently positive balance of protein and energy, and certain micronutrients are important for aspects of specific organ development. Method: CHD - Energy balance measurements were carried out on 21 infants with CHD, post-term age [median (range)] 49 days (-9 to 246) and in 9 controls, post-term age 35 days (-14 to 86). Energy intake (EI) and losses (EL) were measured by bomb calorimetry (18 CHD, 5 control), resting energy expenditure (REE), by indirect calorimetry over several hours (14 CHD, 9 control), and anthropometry performed. BPD - 195 consecutive infants of <32 weeks gestation had weekly anthropometry and a record kept of achieved nutritional intake. 54 of these had dual energy X-ray absorptiometry of the forearm for bone mineral content (BMC). Case control studies were done on nested cohort selected from this group: (1) macronutrient intake and growth in 20 babies with BPD and 20 gestation and birthweight matched controls, (2) EI and EL by bomb calorimetry in 4 infants with BPD and 4 preterm controls, (3) BMC in 10 babies with BPD and 10 gestation and birthweight matched controls, (4) BMC in 15 BPD babies treated with dexamethasone and 15 untreated BPD controls. Conclusions: CHD - There appears to be a progressive postnatal deterioration of nutritional status in hospitalized infants with CHD. This is associated with a tendency to lower energy intake, and in addition raised REE in some infants. Availability of energy appears to be a limiting factor for growth in this group. BPD - There is a shortfall of nutrient intake in the first two weeks, particularly via the enteral route, in preterm infants who later develop bronchopulmonary dysplasia. The subsequent rate of weight gain is slower for several weeks in these babies. There appears to be no abnormality of energy intake or losses. There is a large deficit in BMC in preterm infants at term, with no additional effect of BDP. Systemic steroid treatment slows linear growth, without any apparent effect on bone mineralization.
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Nolin, France. "Parenteral glutamine supplementation in neonates following surgical stress." Thesis, McGill University, 2000. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=31281.
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Our objective was to study the effect of GLN supplementation on whole body protein turnover, somatic growth and gastrointestinal tolerance to enteral feeding in neonates following surgical stress. We hypothesized that GLN in total parenteral nutrition (TPN) would (1) favor retention of lean body mass by reducing protein breakdown (PB) during the acute phase after surgery, (2) promote somatic growth, (3) decrease length of time to achieve full feeds. Protein turnover was measured in a double-blind randomized trial involving neonates admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit after major surgery. L-GLN (n = 6) was added to TPN at a dose of 200 mg/g of protein intake. Controls (n = 7) were isonitrogenous. Isotope studies were performed on Day 4 of TPN. Subjects were given a 4-hour primed constant intravenous infusion of L-[1-13C]-leucine and [15N2]-urea. In the GLN group, a 15% reduction in PB was measured (unpaired t-test, p < 0.05). There was a trend towards improved net protein balance which was statistically different from zero in the GLN group. There were no differences in somatic growth during TPN course and in the length of time to achieve full enteral feeds. Results suggest that early TPN supplemented with GLN has a beneficial sparing effect on protein metabolism in critically ill neonates after major surgical stress.
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Mannion, Cynthia. "The prevalence and effects of dairy product restriction during pregnancy and lactation on maternal dietary adequacy and infant birthweight /." Thesis, McGill University, 2004. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=84291.
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This study was designed to measure the prevalence and nutritional impact of dairy product restriction in both pregnant and lactating women. Dairy product (DP) restriction was assessed in 2091 prenatal class attendees. Subsamples of 279 healthy pregnant and 175 exclusively breastfeeding women provided repeat 24-hour dietary recalls which were used to estimate nutrient intake and to assess dietary adequacy using adjusted nutrient distributions. Pregnancy outcome was recorded. Pregnancy. DP restriction was reported by 13.2% (95% CI: 12.7%,14.1%) of pregnant women. Significant differences were found in the proportion of restrictors (Rs, 20.8%) below the calculated EAR for adjusted protein intakes vs. nonrestrictors (NRs, 9.2%, chi 2 = 6.78, p = 0.009). Intake distributions of calcium and vitamin D were compared to their respective Als for descriptive purposes and were lower for Rs vs. NRs but dietary inadequacy could not be assessed. Infants of NRs weighed on average 120 g +/- 468.9 g more than those of Rs but this difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.06). However, in multiple regression analysis where maternal weight gain, age, education and pregravid weight were controlled for, restriction predicted a comparable loss in birthweight of 122.5 g's (p = 0.048) and vitamin D intakes were positively associated with fetal growth. Lactation. Restriction (≤250 ml milk/day) was reported by 23% (95% CI; 16%--29%) of exclusively lactating women. Protein was lower than the EAR for 60% of Rs and 37.8% of NRs (chi 2 = 6.22, p = 0.025). The proportion of Rs and NRs < EAR from diet differed for thiamin (15% vs. 0%, chi2 = 0.97, p < 0.001), riboflavin (15% vs. 1.5%, chi2 = 12.93, p < 0.001) and zinc (65.0% vs. 34.8%, chi2 = 11.6, p < 0.041). From diet and supplement intake vitamin D and calcium remained lower for Rs compared to NRs but inadequacy could not be assessed or compared. DP restriction was not associated with greater weight loss amo
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Enwere, Michael Enyi. "Feeding Practices and Nutritional Status of Infants in Northwest Nigeria." ScholarWorks, 2019. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/7638.
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Infants and young children in the Northwest province of Nigeria are susceptible to malnutrition. Inappropriate and inadequate breastfeeding and complementary feeding result in stunting, underweight, and wasting. The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to examine current feeding practices of infants not older than 2 years and their nutritional status in Northwest Nigeria. The theory of planned behavior was adopted in this research. With a total sample size of 3,861, multiple linear regression was adopted as a predictive analysis to delineate the correlation between two or more independent variables and one continuous dependent variable. Also, adopted was an independent t test to demonstrate the statistical difference between the mean of the dependent variable and that of the independent variable. The coefficient of determination (R2) indicated that the change in underweight associated with exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) was 8.1%. The overall regression model was significant, F(18, 879) = 4.29, p < .05, adj. R2 = .06 predicted underweight in infants under 6 months of age. The coefficient of determination (R2) indicated that the changes in underweight associated with age appropriate complementary (CP) feeding was 8.0%. The overall regression model was significant, F(18, 2,944) = 14.29, p < .05, adj. R2 = .08. The model predicted underweight in infants 624 months of age. The results from this study can be used in the reinforcement of EBF and age appropriate CP guidelines and policies by the extension of paid leave, implementing flexibility in working hours, and private space to breastfeed.
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Laing, Ian A. "Studies of nutrition of the very low birthweight infant." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/19909.
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The perinatal mortality rate has decreased in Scotland from 15.4 per 1,000 total births in 1978 to 8.7 per 1,0000 total births in 1989. This improvement is largely accounted for by a decrease in mortality of infants weighing less than 1500g at birth. It has become important to learn more about the nutrition of these infants in an effort to decrease their mortality rate still further, to optimise their ability to combat the diseases of prematurity, and to allow them to achieve their potential in both growth and development. Most infants weighing less than 1500g at birth are unable to establish full oral feeds immediately. Total parenteral nutrition, transpyloric feedings or gastric feedings must be given to provide the infant with adequate calories for growth and development. This thesis contains a study in which very low birthweight infants were randomly allocated to nasoduodenal or nasogastric routes of milk administration. The nasoduodenal route proved to be more complex, more time-consuming, and offered no advantages to the infants. Gastric feedings are recommended as the best method of providing calories enterally to the very low birthweight infant. Rickets of prematurity continues to be described in the 1990's, involving diffuse demineralisation of the skeleton and even bone fractures. Elevation of plasma alkaline phosphatase activity is a commonly used biochemical marker of this condition. Since large doses of vitamin D do not prevent the disease, it may be that the problem is one of substrate deficiency. Included in this thesis is an examination of the effects of adding extra calcium and then extra phosphorus to the milk given to cohorts of very low birthweight infants. The addition of calcium alone reduced radiological evidence of rickets, while the addition of both calcium and phosphorus maintained plasma alkaline phosphatase activity within normal limits throughout the study period.
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Snyder, Jennifer. "Nutritional predictors of infant birthweight in gestational diabetes." Thesis, McGill University, 1992. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=60724.
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The predictors of birthweight (scBWT) in normal pregnancy are well established. The objectives of this study were to characterize and determine predictors of scBWT among women diagnosed with scGDM. A cohort of 436 scGDM full-term pregnancies (followed 1978-1989) were examined using data abstracted from the Royal Victoria Hospital Antenatal Diabetic Clinic charts and McGill Obstetric and Neonatal Database. Women were treated with insulin and/or diet. Dietary treatment (mean 2047 kcal/d) significantly decreased the rate of weight gain and mean fasting plasma glucose (scFPG). Regression analysis identified several predictors of scBWT (mean 3520 g): prepregnancy body mass, height, smoking, pre-diagnostic rate of weight gain, scFPG, gestational age, infant gender, and length of treatment. Stratification by body mass indicated that among non-obese women with scGDM, scFPG and length of treatment were not significant predictors of scBWT. In conclusion, since women with normal pregravid mass and prediagnostic weight gain are at lower risk of high scBWT, these require consideration, in addition to plasma glucose criteria, when treating scGDM.
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Redfern, Alison M. "Infant feeding in England, 1992." Thesis, University of Surrey, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.308518.
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Wilson, David Charles. "Studies of nutrition in the sick very low birthweight infant." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.282045.
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Funkquist, Eva-Lotta. "Policies and Practice in Neonatal Nursing Related to Nutrition." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för kvinnors och barns hälsa, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-130316.
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The aim of these studies was to increase knowledge about hospital feeding routines in high-risk neonates. A retrospective medical chart review procedure was used to study routines at the neonatal units of two Swedish hospitals. In Papers I and II, the sample (Uppsala n=21 and Umeå n=21) comprised of small for gestational age (SGA) infants, in Papers III (Uppsala n=64 and Umeå n=59) and IV (n=127), the samples comprised of appropriate for gestational age (AGA) infants. Paper I indicated large enteral/oral milk volumes rendered i.v. administration of glucose unnecessary, reduced weight loss and helped SGA infants regain birth weight earlier. More rapid postnatal growth did not remain up to 18 months with corrected age in any growth variable (Paper II). In Paper III, effects were compared whether the infants’ volume of breast milk intake in hospital was estimated by “clinical indices” or determined by test-weighing. Infants treated in hospitals where test-weighing was practised attained exclusive breastfeeding at an earlier postmenstrual age (PMA), and they were discharged at an earlier PMA. However, the two study units were similar regarding the proportion of infants attaining exclusive breastfeeding. Paper IV revealed preterm AGA infants with higher standard deviation scores (SDS) at birth had more negative changes from birth to discharge for all growth variables. Conclusions: Papers I and II indicated that early initiation of enteral/oral feeding with proactive increases in milk volume was beneficial short term. No evidence was found for a proactive nutrition regimen with initial large volumes of milk resulting in a different pattern of growth up to the corrected age of 18 months. Test-weighing before and after breastfeeding might help infants to attain exclusive breastfeeding at an earlier PMA (study III). Finally, preterm AGA infants with higher SDS at birth are at higher risk of inadequate growth during their hospital stay (study IV).
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Tam, Y. M. "The relationships of growth with nutrition and serum growth factors in early life /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1999. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B2152712X.
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Cavazzoni, Elena. "Interactions between growth, nutrition, clinical events and growth-associated hormones in preterm infants." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.340232.
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Beukes, Ronel A. (Ronel Annamarie). "The longitudinal growth and feeding practices of infants from birth to twelve months." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/49799.
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Thesis (Mnutr)--Stellenbosch University, 2003.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: INTRODUCTION: Malnutrition is a silent emergency. WHO estimates that 55% of all child deaths in developing countries are associated with malnutrition. Inadequate dietary intake and disease are the two immediate causes of malnutrition. The underlying causes are household food insecurity, inadequate maternal and child-care and poor water/ sanitation and inadequate health services. Stunting is a major problem in pre-school children in South Africa. This indicates a long term inadequate dietary intake. Furthermore, the initiation of breastfeeding in South Africa is about 90%, and the duration thereof tends to be less than 3 months after birth. A great majority of children in this country consume a diet deficient in energy and of poor nutrient density to meet their micronutrient requirements. The aim of this study was to identify feeding practices of infants that could contribute to the development of malnutrition. METHOD: This was a cohort study with a prospective experimental design. Forty-four of the original 73 mother-infant pairs that were recruited, were interviewed monthly on feeding practices of the infants. Anthropometric measurements (weight and height of the infants) were measured monthly. RESULTS: Weight-for-age Z-scores dropped significantly with age from around 4 months, when weaning had started. Inadequate dietary intake, more specifically weaning practices and breastfeeding practices, were identified as the immediate cause that could contribute to the development of malnutrition in this community. Except for the positive relationship between the level of education of the father and an increase in HAZ over time, growth was not affected by socio-economic and demographic factors in this community. This is probably because of the fact that there were very small differences in socio-economic and demographic factors. CONCLUSION: Weaning and breastfeeding practices should be addressed in all nutrition education programmes.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: INLEIDING: Wanvoeding is 'n stil gevaar. Die WGO skat dat daar 'n verband is tussen wanvoeding en ongeveer 55% van alle kindersterftes in ontwikkelende lande. 'n Onvoldoende dieetinname en siekte is die twee onmiddellike oorsake van wanvoeding. Onvoldoende huishoudelike voedselsekuriteit, onvoldoende moeder- en kindsorg en swak sanitasie en watervoorsiening asook onvoldoende gesondheidsorg is die onderliggende oorsake. Dwerggroei is 'n groot probleem in Suid-Afrika onder voorskoolse kinders. Dit dui op 'n langdurige onvoldoende dieetinname. Bydraend hiertoe, is die aanvang van borsvoeding in Suid-Afrika ongeveer 90%, maar die duurte van borsvoeding is minder as 3 maande na geboorte. Die meerderheid van alle kinders in Suid-Afrika se dieet het 'n tekort aan energie en die nutriëntdigtheid van hulle diëte voldoen nie aan hulle daaglikse behoeftes ten opsigte van mikronutriënte nie. Die doel van hierdie studie was om voedingspraktyke te identifiseer wat kan bydra tot die ontwikkeling van wanvoeding. METODE: Dit was 'n kohortstudie met 'n prospektiewe eksperimentele ontwerp. Vier-en-veertig van die oorspronklike aanvanklike moeder-babapare wat gewerf is, is maandeliks ondervra met betrekking tot die voedingspraktyke van die baba en antropometriese metimgs (gewig en lengte van die baba) is maandeliks geneem. RESULTATE: Z waardes van gewig vir ouderdom het beduidend gedaal namate die kinders ouer geword het, veral vanaf 4 maande, toe spening begin het. 'n Onvoldoende dieetinname, meer spesifiek spenings- en borsvoedingspraktyke, is geïdentifiseer as die onmiddellike oorsake wat tot die ontwikkeleing van wanvoeding kan bydra in hierdie gemeenskap. Daar was 'n positiewe verband tussen lengtegroei (Z waardes van lengte vir ouderdom) en die vlak van opvoeding van die vader. Groei is nie deur die ander sosio-ekonomiese en demografiese faktore beïnvloed nie, moontlik as gevolg van die klein verskille in sosio-ekonomiese en demografiese eienskappe van die studie populasie. GEVOLGTREKKING: Spenings- en borsvoedingpraktyke behoort aandag te geniet in alle voedingsvoorligtings-programme.
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Clogg, L. J. "Determinants of infant crying behaviour : the role of carbohydrate absorption." Thesis, McGill University, 1987. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=63853.
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Tsui, Cheuk-kiu, and 徐卓蕎. "An evidence-based oral stimulation and support protocol in improving oral feeding for infants with feeding problems." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2010. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B44626563.
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Zaghloul, Sahar Saad. "Impact of diarrhea on growth velocity in Egyptian infants." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/186010.
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Weight velocity of 34 Egyptian infants aged two to thirteen months was examined before, during, and after 43 diarrheal episodes. The study was conducted in Bolaq El Dakrour, a poor neighborhood in metropolitan Cairo, during the summer of 1990. Weight measurements, food intake, morbidity, and socio-demographic-economic-sanitary data were collected. Diarrhea was reported according to mothers' definitions. A local reference population was constructed based on the criteria that: infants were from the same neighborhood, of the same age and sex, and were reported diarrhea-free when study infants were reported sick. Weight velocity during diarrheal episodes was 16 g/d lower than before illness and 15 g/d lower than reference infants. One-month post-illness weight velocity was similar to pre-illness weight velocity, with no evidence of catch-up growth. Illness severity indices, namely the number of symptoms or illnesses experienced, number of stools/day, and presence of blood in stool were strong predictors of velocity during and one-month post-illness. Breastfeeding had a positive influence on weight velocity during illness. Consumption of rice, macaroni and vegetables was negatively associated with weight velocity during and one month after illness. Weight gain in the month following the episode was positively associated with a higher level of formal education and occupation of fathers, negatively with the presence of adults above 50 years of age in the household, and a greater age difference between the parents. Percent of time sick with fever had a negative impact on long-term weight velocity. Thus in this population, the effect of diarrhea on weight gain velocity is transient, catch-up growth does not occur, and infants fed solid food suffer the most weight loss. Thus, it is possible that effective nutritional intervention will reduce growth faltering.
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Bector, Savita 1962. "Nutrient density of the infants diet after the addition of supplementary foods." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/278161.
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The recommendation of the American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Nutrition is to delay the introduction of Supplementary foods to the infants diet until 4-6 months of age. However, it is found that supplementary foods are introduced prior to four months. In this study 48 mothers, of infants under four months of age and receiving formula and supplementary foods, were interviewed for food intake of the infant. Results from the study indicate that early introduction of supplementary foods has little influence on the total mean energy and nutrient intake. Formula was found to be the major source of energy and nutrients with only a small percentage from supplementary foods. No significant difference was found in energy and nutrient intake by ethnicity, gender of baby or age. Although the percent intake from supplementary foods increased with age. Demographics were not related to the age of introduction of supplementary foods.
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Joseph, Enas. "An evaluation of the impact of WIC educational classes on the knowledge attained by WIC participants." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 1997. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/1479.
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Schwartz, Renata. "Impacto de intervenção pró-aleitamento materno e alimentação complementar saudável nos indicadores antropométricos aos 4-7 anos de idade : ensaio clínico randomizado com mães adolescentes e avós." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/115043.
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Introdução: Este trabalho é a continuação de um ensaio clínico randomizado conduzido em Porto Alegre, RS, com mães adolescentes e avós maternas, nos anos de 2006 a 2008, cujo objetivo foi avaliar a eficácia de uma intervenção pró-aleitamento materno e alimentação complementar saudável nas prevalências de aleitamento materno exclusivo (AME) nos primeiros quatro meses de vida e nas prevalências de aleitamento materno (AM) e adoção de alimentação complementar saudável e em tempo oportuno no primeiro ano de vida. A intervenção mostrou-se eficaz no aumento da duração do AME e das prevalências de AM no primeiro ano de vida, além de ter impacto positivo contra a introdução precoce dos alimentos complementares. Muitos estudos sugerem que o padrão e a duração do AM e a idade do início e qualidade da alimentação complementar estão associados às prevalências de excesso de peso em crianças. Objetivo: Avaliar o impacto, no médio prazo, de intervenção pró-AM e alimentação complementar saudável, realizada nos primeiros quatro meses de vida com mães adolescentes e avós maternas, no crescimento das crianças em idade pré-escolar, com ênfase nas prevalências de excesso de peso. Método: Realizou-se um ensaio clínico randomizado com 323 mães adolescentes, seus bebês e as avós maternas, residentes na mesma casa. As participantes do grupo intervenção (mães e avós, quando em coabitação) receberam sessões de aconselhamento em AM na maternidade e aos 7, 15, 30, 60 e 120 dias no domicílio. Na última sessão, aos quatro meses de vida da criança, também se abordou a introdução da alimentação complementar a partir dos seis meses, com base no Guia Alimentar para Crianças Brasileiras Menores de Dois Anos, com distribuição de um livreto sobre o tema. Quando as crianças tinham entre 4 e 7 anos, as mães foram novamente entrevistadas sobre os hábitos alimentares das crianças, que foram pesadas e medidas. Para avaliar o estado nutricional, foram utilizados os indicadores IMC/idade e altura/idade, tendo como referência as novas curvas e os parâmetros da Organização Mundial da Saúde. Os dados foram submetidos à análise multivariada de Regressão de Poisson com estimação robusta, com intenção de tratar. Resultados: Das 323 crianças que iniciaram o estudo, 207 (64,1%) foram localizadas no seguimento. Não houve diferença nas características sociodemográficas entre os participantes que concluíram o estudo e os perdidos ao longo do seguimento. Das 207 crianças, 98 (46,9%) pertenciam ao grupo intervenção e 109 (53,1%) ao grupo controle. Os índices antropométricos IMC/idade e altura/idade foram semelhantes nas crianças dos dois grupos. Excesso de peso foi encontrado em 39% das crianças do grupo intervenção e em 31% das do grupo controle, não havendo diferença significativa entre os grupos (p=0,318). Também não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos com relação ao consumo de alimentos saudáveis e não saudáveis. Conclusões: A intervenção realizada nos primeiros quatro meses de vida, apesar de ter aumentado a duração do aleitamento materno exclusivo (AME) e do AM e adiado a introdução dos alimentos complementares, não teve impacto no crescimento e na prevalência de excesso de peso das crianças em idade pré-escolar. A diversidade e a complexidade dos fatores envolvidos nos hábitos alimentares das crianças e o fato de a intervenção não ter sido continuada além dos quatro meses de vida podem explicar esse resultado.Introduction: This study is an extension of a randomized clinical trial of adolescent mothers and maternal grandmothers, conducted in Porto Alegre, state of Rio Grande do Sul, between 2006 and 2008, which sought to assess the efficacy of a pro-breastfeeding (BF) and healthy complementary feeding intervention in increasing the prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) during the first 4 months of life, the prevalence of overall BF during the first year of life, and the prevalence of timely introduction of healthy complementary feeding during the first year of life. The intervention proved to be effective in increasing the duration of EBF and the prevalence of BF during the first year of life, and had a positive impact against the early introduction of complementary feeding. Many studies suggest that the pattern and duration of BF and the quality and age at onset of complementary feeding are associated with the prevalence of overweight and obesity later in childhood. Objective: To assess the medium-term impact of a pro-BF and healthy complementary feeding intervention administered to adolescent mothers and maternal grandmothers during the first 4 months of life of the infant on child growth at preschool age, with particular emphasis on the prevalence of overweight and obesity. Methods: A randomized clinical trial of 323 adolescent mothers, their infants, and the infants’ maternal grandmothers (when they cohabited) was conducted. Participants in the intervention group (mothers and, when they cohabited, grandmothers) received BF counseling sessions at the maternity ward and at home, 7, 15, 30, 60, and 120 days after delivery. During the last session, when infants were aged 4 months, counseling also addressed introduction of complementary feeding starting at age 6 months, based on the guidelines provided in the Guia Alimentar para Crianças Brasileiras Menores de 2 Anos, and participants were given a booklet on the topic. When the children were aged 4 to 7 years, they were weighed and measured and their mothers were once again questioned as to the children’s dietary habits. BMI-for-age and height-for-age were employed to assess nutritional status, using the new World Health Organization growth standards as a reference. Multivariate Poisson regression with robust estimation was used for data analysis, which followed the intention-to-treat principle. Results: Of the 323 children enrolled in the study, 207 (64.1%) were located at follow-up. There were no differences in sociodemographic characteristics between participants who completed the study and those lost to follow-up. Of the 207 children who completed the trial, 98 (46.9%) had been allocated to the intervention group and 109 (53.1%) to the control group. The anthropometric indicators BMI-for-age and height-for-age were similar in both groups. Overweight was observed in 39% of children in the intervention group and 31% of those in the control group, with no significant between-group difference (p=0.318). There were no significant between-group differences in intake of healthy or unhealthy foods. Conclusions: Although it prolonged the duration of EBF and BF and delayed the start of complementary feeding, the tested intervention had no impact on growth or prevalence of overweight and obesity in the children at preschool age. The diversity and complexity of factors involved in children’s dietary habits and the fact that the intervention was not continued past age 4 months may explain this finding.
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Schooler, Daniel. "HAITIAN AMERICAN MOTHERS' HEALTH AND DIETARY BELIEFS CONCERNING THEIR INFANTS." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2008. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/3180.
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Studies on the effects of immigration are becoming more important as the number of immigrants into the United States continues to grow. This study was implemented in order to discover the infant feeding practices and beliefs of Haitians living in Central Florida. A food frequency card sort and interview were conducted with thirty-four Haitian mothers. Mothers were asked to identify which foods they fed their children. Foods pictured on the cards included a majority of Haitian staple foods, some of which are primary to the American diet as well. Low food feeding frequencies were generally attributed to lack of access to foods or lack of funds. Inexpensive foods, such as rice and beans, which are staples to the Haitian diet, remain prevalent in infant feeding among Haitians living in the United States. However, more American starches like potatoes and cereals are replacing other Haitian staples, such as yams and yuca. This study suggests that dietary acculturation among Haitian Americans is occurring, but not rapidly in this population. Furthermore, women did not express a strong relationship between beliefs about particular foods and infant health.M.A.
Department of Anthropology
Sciences
Anthropology MA
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Collinson, Andrew Cecil. "Early nutritional and environmental influences on immune function in rural Gambian infants." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.396662.
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Jardí, Piñana Cristina. "Efecto de la alimentación infantil sobre el desarrollo antropométrico y neuroconductual del niño." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/666488.
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Introducció: El consum alimentari adequat és essencial durant el creixement de lactant.
Objectiu: Descriure els hàbits alimentaris i analitzar el seu efecte sobre el desenvolupament físic i neuroconductual del nen petit.
Mètodes: Estudi longitudinal en 154 nounats seguits fins als 30 mesos. Variables: història clínica, antropometria, lactància, consum (mètode de R24h), estat de ferro (hemoglobina i ferritina sèrica) i desenvolupament neurològic (Escala Bayley), adequació de l'aportació nutricional de les fórmules infantils comercialitzades.
Resultats: Les fórmules d'inici superen les recomanacions de retinol, vitamina E, C, vitamines del grup B i folats; i les de continuació, les de vitamina B12.
L'excés de consum de carn, llet i peix es relaciona amb un excés de proteïnes, que contrasta amb una elevada ingesta inadequada de vitamina D. La lactància materna aporta una adequada quantitat d'energia i nutrients, excepte de vitamina D i ferro, però s'associa a un millor desenvolupament psicomotor, afavorit pels bons nivells d'hemoglobina.
La major ingesta de sucres lliures als 12 mesos s'associa a un major risc d'excés de pes als 30 mesos.
Conclusions: Convindria revisar l'aportació de micronutrients de les fórmules infantils, adequar l'aportació de proteïnes i sucres lliures durant l'alimentació complementària, així com planificar estratègies per evitar la deficiència de vitamina D ja des de l'edat infantil; i continuar amb la promoció de la lactància materna.Introducción: El consumo alimentario adecuado es esencial durante crecimiento del lactante. Objetivo: Describir los hábitos alimentarios y analizar su efecto sobre el desarrollo físico y neuroconductual del niño pequeño. Métodos: Estudio longitudinal en 154 recién nacidos seguidos hasta los 30 meses. Variables: historia clínica, antropometría, lactancia, consumo (método de R24h), estado de hierro (hemoglobina y ferritina sérica) y desarrollo neurológico (Escala Bayley), adecuación del aporte nutricional de las fórmulas infantiles comercializadas. Resultados: Las fórmulas de inicio superan las recomendaciones de retinol, vitamina E, C, vitaminas del grupo B y folatos; y las de continuación, las de vitamina B12. El excesivo consumo de carne, leche y pescado se relaciona con un exceso de proteínas, que contrasta con una alta ingesta inadecuada de vitamina D. La lactancia materna aporta una adecuada cantidad de energía y nutrientes, excepto de vitamina D y hierro, pero se asocia a un mejor desarrollo psicomotor, el cual se ve favorecido por los buenos niveles de hemoglobina. La mayor ingesta de azúcares libres a los 12 meses se asocia a un mayor riesgo de exceso de peso a los 30 meses. Conclusiones: Convendría revisar el aporte de micronutrientes de las fórmulas infantiles, adecuar el aporte de proteínas y de azúcares libres durante la alimentación complementaria, así como planificar estrategias para evitar la deficiencia de vitamina D ya desde la edad infantil; y continuar con la promoción de la lactancia materna.
Introduction: Adequate dietary intake is essential during infant growth. Objective: Describe eating habits and analyze their effect on the physical and neuro-behavioral development of the toddler. Methods: Longitudinal study in 154 newborns followed up to 30 months. Variables: clinical history, anthropometry, lactation, consumption (R24h method), iron status (hemoglobin and serum ferritin) and neurological development (Bayley Scale), adaptation of the nutritional contribution of the infant formulas marketed. Results: Infant formulas outweigh the recommendations of retinol, vitamin E, C, B group vitamins and folates; and those of follow-on formulas, those of vitamin B12. The excessive consumption of meat, milk and fish is related to an excess of protein, which contrasts with a high inadequate intake of vitamin D. Breastfeeding provides an adequate amount of energy and nutrients, except vitamin D and iron, but it is associated to a better psychomotor development, which is favored by the good levels of hemoglobin. The greatest free sugar intake at 12 months is associated with an increased risk of overweight at 30 months. Conclusions: The contribution of micronutrients in infant formulas should be reviewed, appropriate protein and free sugars should be provided during complementary feeding, as well as strategies to avoid vitamin D deficiency since childhood; and continue with the promotion of breastfeeding.
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Ferreira, Marina Manduca. "Obesidade em pré-escolares atendidos pelo Programa de Saúde da Família de Ribeirão Preto - SP." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/17/17139/tde-03032008-140724/.
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Considerada um dos principais problemas de Saúde Pública em todo o mundo, a obesidade vem crescendo de forma significativa entre a população infantil devido às mudanças no estilo de vida e aos hábitos alimentares. Sabe-se que a obesidade na infância tende a continuar na fase adulta, levando a diminuição da expectativa de vida e maior risco de doenças. O conhecimento epidemiológico que aponte grupos com maior chance de desenvolver sobre peso e obesidade traz importantes contribuições na abordagem clínica da doença. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi estimar a prevalência de excesso de peso em préescolares de 2 a 5 anos assistidos pelo Programa de Saúde da Família na cidade de Ribeirão Preto - SP; descrever características socioeconômicas e demográficas das famílias; descrever aspectos alimentares e antropométricos das crianças e investigar possíveis associações entre as variáveis. Trata-se de um estudo transversal, no qual foram coletados dados antropométricos (peso, altura, pregas cutâneas e circunferências) e aplicado um questionário sobre dados socioeconô micos, demográficos e de consumo alimentar. Para diagnóstico de excesso de peso foi usado o escore-Z de peso/altura >= +1. Foram estudados 155 pré-escolares com média de idade de 4,3±1,0 anos, sendo 80 (51,6%) meninas e 75 (48,4%) meninos. As prevalências encontradas foram: 16,8% de subnutrição; 62,6% de eutrofia; 20,6% de excesso de peso, sem diferença entre os sexos (p=0,92). As famílias eram, em sua maioria, (63%) nucleares, tinham em média 4,8±1,8 membros e 25% das crianças viviam sem o pai biológico. A escolaridade das mães e dos chefes da família e a classificação de estimativa de renda não mostraram associação com os estado nutricional das crianças. O peso e o IMC da mãe foram maiores no grupo de crianças com excesso de peso (p<0,01). Todas as medidas de circunferências (CB, CC, CA e CQ) foram significativamente maiores no grupo de excesso de peso (p<0,01). Dentre as medidas de pregas cutâneas (PCB, PCT, PCSI e PCSE) destacam-se os valores da PCT (7,8±1,8;9,0±1,6; 13,6±4,4) e da porcentagem de gordura corporal (10,1±2,5; 15,3±2,7;22,3±6,1) que, respectivamente para os grupos subnutrição, eutrofia e excesso de peso, apresentaram diferenças significativas (p< 0,01). A base da alimentação das crianças, para todos os grupos, era arroz, leite, feijão, pão e carnes e alimentos com alta densidade calórica como bolachas, doces, refrigerantes e salgadinhos que apresentaram consumo freqüente. Foi encontrada prevalência de excesso de peso condizente com a situação de transição nutricional do país e as medidas de composição corporal das crianças indicam excesso de gordura corporal. Ações voltadas para Educa ção Alimentar e Nutricional para as crianças e suas famílias são fundamentais para se evitar o agravamento do problema num futuro próximo.Considered one of the main problems of Public Health all over the world, the obesity is growing in a significant way among the infantile population due to changes in the lifestyle and to the food habits. It is known that the childhood obesity tends to continue in the adult phase, taking the decrease of the life expectative and larger risk of diseases. The epidemic knowledge that points to groups with larger chance of developing overweight and obesity brings important contributions in the clinical approach of the disease. So, the aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of overweight in preschool children from 2 to 5 years attended by the Program of Health of the Family in the city of Ribeirão Preto - SP; to describe socioeconomic and demographic characteristics of the families; to describe infant food and anthropome trics aspects and to investigate possible associations among the variables. It is a cross-sectional study, in which anthro pometrics was collected (weight, height, skinfolds thickness and circumferences) and the collection of socioeconomics, demographic and alimentary datas. Overweight was defines as weight to height Z score >= +1. Were assessed 155 preschool with average age 4,3±1,0 years, 80 (51,6%) girls and 75 (48,4%) boys. The prevalence found were 16,8% of malnutrition and 20,6% of overweight, without difference among the sexes (p=0,92). The families were, in majority (63%) nuclear, they had 4,8±1,8 members on average and 25% of the children lived without the biological father. The mothers and the family\'s bosses education level and classifica tion of estimate of income didn\'t show association with statement nutritional of the children. The weight and the mother\'s IMC were larger in the children\'s group with overweight (p <0,01). All the measures of circum ferences they were significantly larger in the group of overweight (p <0,01). The measures of tricipital skinfold (7,8±1,8; 9,0±1,6; 13,6±4,4) and the percentage of corporal fat (10,1±2,5; 15,3±2,7; 22,3±6,1) that, respectively for the groups malnutrition, normal and overweight, they presented p <0,01. The base of the children\'s feeding, for all of the groups, was rice, milk, bean, bread and meats and foods with high caloric density as cookies, candies, soft drinks and chips presented frequent consumption. Found prevalence of overweight is suitable with transition nutrition in Brazil and the body composition children\'s measures they indicate fat body excess. Before the presented data it is ended that are necessary educational and preventive measures for the infantile obesity in that population. Actions turned to alimentary and nutritional education for the children and their families are fundamental to avoid the aggravation of the problem in a close future.
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Salve, Jeanine Maria. "Estudo das representações sociais de mães sobre a introdução e a escolha de alimentos complementares para lactentes." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/7/7132/tde-15052008-135858/.
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As práticas alimentares das crianças não são determinadas apenas pelas suas necessidades biológicas, mas também pela interação com o alimento, por fatores emocionais, socioeconômicos, culturais e pela interação com a própria mãe. Os objetivos deste estudo foram conhecer as representações sociais de mães de lactentes sobre a introdução de alimentos complementares, oportunos ou não e identificar os elementos que constituem o processo vivenciado por elas, para a escolha desses alimentos. Foram utilizados os pressupostos teóricos da Representação Social, propostos por Moscovici, os quais se ocupam em explicar um saber gerado na comunicação da vida cotidiana, com finalidade prática de orientar comportamentos e fixar sua posição em relação a um dado objeto. O modelo \"Pesando Riscos e Benefícios\" foi utilizado para dar suporte teórico ampliando a compreensão do processo de alimentação da criança. Os dados foram analisados, segundo a estratégia metodológica do Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo e foram coletados em um ambulatório de pediatria privado, em Jundiaí - SP, junto a 17 mães, após o seu consentimento esclarecido, por meio de entrevistas semi-estruturadas gravadas e transcritas na íntegra. Do material verbal coletado emergiram 13 discursos, organizados em três temas. O primeiro deles, \"Vivenciando o desmame\", foi composto por quatro discursos, tomando-se por base a fala de mães que desmamaram precocemente os filhos, os quais versaram sobre a vivência do desmame, as dificuldades enfrentadas para substituir o leite materno e sobre as representações maternas acerca do alimento e da introdução de alimentos complementares. O segundo tema, \"Tomando posição ante a alimentação da criança\" foi constituído por quatro discursos, os quais discutiram as necessidades das mães e os papéis da família e do médico no contexto da introdução de alimentos complementares. O último tema, \"Fazendo as escolhas alimentares propriamente ditas\", formado por cinco discursos, versaram sobre os elementos de escolha e as representações maternas acerca do alimento e da introdução de alimentos complementares. Concluiu-se que, com base em suas representações, experiências e crenças, as mães realizaram um movimento de avaliação, julgamento, interpretação e construção de indicadores por meio da observação de comportamento da criança, buscando valorá-los em termos simbólicos de risco ou benefício para si ou para o filho, a depender do contexto social em que a mãe e a criança estão inseridas. Tais achados permitiram demonstrar a expansão do modelo teórico \"Pesando Riscos e Benefícios\" para auxiliar a compreensão do significado não só da amamentação, como da introdução da alimentação complementar. Além disso, foi possível conhecer as representações deste grupo de mulheres, acerca do alimento e da introdução de alimentos complementaresThe food practices of children are not determined only by their biological necessities, but also by their interaction with the food, for emotional, social, economic and cultural factors and by their interaction with their own mother. The objectives of this study were to know social representations of infants\' mothers about the introduction of complementary foods, propitious or not, and to identify in their experiences what are the reasons to chose those kind of foods. They were used the concepts of Social Representation by Moscovici which explain a knowledge that is generated by everyday life\'s communication and with the purpose to guide behaviors and to sustain them in front of an object. The model \"Thinking Risks and Benefits\" was used to give theoretical support and to increase the understanding of food process of a child. The data were analyzed according methodological strategies of Subjective Speech Collective and were collected from 17 mothers at a private pediatric ambulatory in Jundiaí, a São Paulo\'s city, after their consentment of semi-structured recorded interviews and all of them were transcribed word by word. From the verbal material collected emerged 13 speeches, organized in three themes. \"Living the Weaning Period\", the first one, is made by 4 speeches of mothers who weaned their children and talked about their experiences and their difficulties facing the replacement of breast milk and about motherhood representations of food and introduction of complementary foods. \"Taking Position in front of Child\'s Food Choices\", the second, is made by 4 speeches and debates mothers\' necessities and families and doctors roles in the context of introduction of complementary foods. \"Making the Food Choices Properly\", the last one, is made by 5 speeches that examines elements of choices and motherhood representations about food and the introduction of complementary foods. The conclusion is that based on their representations, experiences and believes, mothers analyse, judge, interpret and construct indicators from observation of children behavior and they search increase their worth in symbolic terms of risks and benefits to themselves or their children. It depends on which social context mother and child are insert. Theses findings allow to show an expansion of theoretical model \"Thinking Risks and Benefits\" to help the understating of meaning not only of breastfeed, but complementary food either. Besides that, it was possible to know the representations of theses groups of women about food and introduction of complementary foods
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Eriksen, Kamilla Gehrt. "Maternal nutrition, breast milk micronutrients and infant growth in rural Gambia." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2017. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/271808.
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Maternal nutrition, breast milk micronutrients and infant growth in rural Gambia The World Health Organization recommends exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months of an infant’s life. However, the evidence base to support the adequacy of breast milk with respect to infant micronutrient status, across the duration of exclusive breastfeeding, among women who enter pregnancy and lactation with a poor nutritional status is limited. The research presented in this thesis explores the relationship between maternal nutritional status, breast milk micronutrients and infant status in a rural sub-Saharan context. Existing evidence for associations between maternal dietary intake and nutritional status and breast milk micronutrient composition were systematically reviewed. Most effected by maternal nutrition were breast milk water-soluble vitamin concentrations (except for folic acid), fat-soluble vitamin concentrations were less influenced, and mineral concentrations were generally unaffected (except for iodine and selenium). Next, the impact of feeding practice on infant growth in rural Gambia was explored. In this population, where growth faltering across the first two years of life is endemic, exclusive breastfeeding to six months of age had limited benefit on infant growth. Finally, the impact of maternal multiple micronutrient supplementation on breast milk iodine, thiamin, riboflavin, vitamin B6 and B12 was explored. Supplementation during pregnancy positively influenced maternal status for all investigated micronutrients, and modestly increased breast milk iodine and riboflavin concentrations across the first six months of lactation. No effects on breast milk concentrations of thiamin, vitamin B6 or B12, and limited effect on infant postpartum status, were observed. The research presented in this thesis suggests that concentrations of breast milk micronutrients may be insufficient in settings where maternal micronutrient status is poor, with likely consequences for infant health. This research supports the need for interventions to improve the nutritional status of pregnant and lactating women in resource-poor settings alongside the promotion of exclusive breastfeeding for optimal health outcomes for infants as well as their mothers.
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Power, Harold Michael. "A study of iron nutrition and immunity in infancy." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/25837.
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Motivation and study design: Iron deficiency is a common condition in infancy, particularly in lower socio-economic groups. In Cape Town it remains a problem in spite of public health measures taken against it: a recent survey found a prevalence of iron deficiency anaemia of 34% in healthy 1-year old term infants who had ready access to a municipal health clinic where iron fortified milk formula is sold at subsidized prices. The consequences of iron deficiency extend beyond anaemia- to involve all organ systems including the immune system. Since Helen Mackay's report in 1928 of a striking decrease in incidents of infection in infants treated with iron, clinicians have assumed that iron deficiency predisposes to infection. Despite a sound theoretical basis for this belief, the clinical evidence for the assumption is poor as studies to date have displayed methodological deficiencies. On the other hand, iron is also essential for the growth of micro-organisms. As such, supplemental iron may predispose to infection. Indeed, there is much laboratory and clinical evidence to show that excess iron can result in the recrudescence of quiescent infections and increase the virulence of newly acquired infections. Thus, the competition between host and parasite may sometimes hinge on the relative availability of iron and it has been speculated that excess iron in infant milk formula may increase susceptibility to infectious diarrhoeal disease. The problem addressed by this thesis was to determine the utility of increasing the level of iron fortification of infant milk formula. Three questions were posed: Does increasing the level of iron fortification of conventional infant milk formula improve the iron nutrition of normal infants fed on the formula? Does increased iron fortification of infant milk formula alter immunity as reflected by incidence of infection and laboratory tests of immune function? Are there any handful effects of increasing the quantity of iron in conventional infant milk formula? A double blind randomized trial was carried out in 1983 and 1984 to answer these questions. A group of 149 healthy, well-nourished infants from a lower socio-economic community of so called Cape Coloureds were followed from the age of 3 months to 1 year. Half of the infants, the Control group, were given a commercially available infant milk formula (Lactogen Full Protein) which has 8.3 mg Fe/ 100 g formula and 37 mg ascorbic acid/ 100 g. The other half of subjects, the Test group, were given the same milk formula but fortified with iron to a concentration of 40 mg Fe/ 100 g. The children were examined every 3 or 4 weeks and any infection or history of infection was noted. Laboratory tests were done at the start of the trial and again on completion. During the trial, laboratory tests were performed only if clinically indicated. The tests included full blood count and differential analysis, red cell zinc protoporphyrin, plasma ferritin, plasma and hair zinc and lymphocyte subtyping with monoclonal antibodies. Within each group, half of the infants were randomly selected for assay of neutrophil bactericidal activity. The other half were assayed for lymphocyte blastogenic response to stimulation with phytohaemagglutinin. Tests of delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity to Candida antigen and PPD were done and all children and their mothers had antibodies to tetanus and polio determined. Results: 74 infants in the Control group started the trial and 62 completed it. In the Test group, 75 infants began and 70 completed the study. Intake of milk and solid foods was not quantified, but the ages of weaning and of introduction of new foods were determined. The Control and Test groups did not differ significantly on any test item. The mean age of completion of weaning was 3.60 months for the Control group and 4.04 months for the Test group. The Control group was first given meat or fish at a mean age of 5.19 months; the Test. group had meat or fish introduced to their diets at a mean age of 4.36 months. These differences were not statistically significant. The children in the Control group were lighter and shorter than the Test group at the end of the year. Mean standard deviation scores for weight were 0.23 and 0.48 respectively (P = 20%), while for length the SD scores were -0.13 and 0.06 (P = 20%).
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Rosen-von, Hoewel Julia von. "The implementation of early nutrition programming in scientific publications, nutrition policies and parental infant feeding information in Europe." Diss., lmu, 2008. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-82733.
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Rosen-, von Hoewel Julia von. "The implementation of early nutrition programming in scientific publications, nutrition policies and parental infant feeding information in Europe." kostenfrei, 2008. http://edoc.ub.uni-muenchen.de/8273/.
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Al-Haifi, Ahmad R. "Factors affecting BMI and hemoglobin levels of mothers and infants in Kuwait." FIU Digital Commons, 2001. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/1339.
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If you are the rightful copyright holder of this dissertation or thesis and wish to have it removed from the Open Access Collection, please submit a request to dcc@fiu.edu and include clear identification of the work, preferably with URL.
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Okronipa, Harriet. "Infant morbidity in HIV-affected communities in Ghana." Thesis, McGill University, 2009. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=32540.
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Incidence, prevalence and determinants of infant diarrhoea and acute respiratory infections (ARI) were examined in 292 infants of HIV positive (HIV-P), HIV negative (HIV-N), and unknown HIV status (HIV-U) women in the Eastern region, Ghana. Incidence of diarrhoea and ARI was 1.0 and 1.2 episodes per child per 100-days at risk, respectively. There was no difference in morbidity by infant feeding mode or maternal HIV status. HIV-P women were more likely to be stressed and to report symptoms of postpartum depression (PPD). Maternal stress and PPD were associated with an increase in the risk of diarrhoea. Among HIV-P women only, the risk of infant diarrhea increased 3-fold with PPD and 15% for every unit increase of the maternal stress score. Poor maternal nutritional status and illiteracy, and infant male sex were associated with increased risk of diarrhoea and ARI. Maternal stress and postpartum depression should be taken into account when drafting policies and planning interventions to improve infant health, especially in HIV-affected communities.Le taux, la prévalence et les déterminants de la diarrhée infantile et des infections respiratoires aigues (IRA) ont été examinés chez 292 enfants de mères séropositives, séronégatives ou de statut VIH inconnu dans la région est du Ghana. Les taux de diarrhée et IRA étaient de 1.0 et 1.2 épisodes par enfant par 100 jours d'exposition, respectivement. Le statut VIH de la mère ou le mode d'alimentation des enfants n'avait pas d'effet sur la morbidité de ces maladies. Les mères séropositives avaient plus de tendances d'être stressées et de présenter avec des symptômes de dépression postpartum (DPP). L'augmentation de la diarrhée était associée au stress maternel et au DPP. Parmi les mères séropositives seulement, le risque de la diarrhée infantile a augmenté trois fois avec le DPP et de 15% pour chaque augmentation d'une unité dans le résultat du test de stress maternel. Une prévalence plus élevée de diarrhée et IRA était associée à un mauvais statut nutritionnel, à l'analphabétisme maternel et au sexe de l'enfant, étant plus communs chez les garçons. Le stress maternel, la dépression postpartum et d'autres facteurs devront être pris en considération lors de l'esquisse de politiques et de plans d'intervention visant à améliorer la santé des enfants, particulièrement dans les communautés touchées par le VIH.
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Favret, Jenny C. "An incidence study of vitamin and mineral supplementation among infants in Southwest Virginia." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/101275.
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A longitudinal feeding study of 154 infants in Southwest Virginia was conducted during 1978-1980. The incidence of vitamin and mineral supplementation among these infants was the focus of the retrospective study discussed here.
With the use of the Nutritional Analysis System of Louisiana State University, nutrient adequacy levels were determined. Vitamin D, vitamin E, folacin, vitamin B-6, and iron were the problem nutrients identified through this analysis. Inappropriate infant feeding practices such as the use of low iron formulas, the use of cow's milk, and the consumption of inadequate milk volume were blamed for these dietary deficiencies.
Routine vitamin supplementation was common among infants of all feeding types. While much of the supplementation was unnecessary, large percentages of infants demonstrated a need for it. The exception was vitamin A. None of the infants who received supplemental vitamin A had inadequate dietary intakes of this nutrient. Supplementation was not shown to have an effect on weight or length gain measurements.
Parents should be given specific infant feeding instructions prior to hospital discharge. Included should be a list of the circumstances which would indicate the need for supplementation.M.S.