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Journal articles on the topic 'Infant'
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1
Weltzer, Hans. "Teaching infants infant‐infant social interaction." Early Child Development and Care 20, no. 2-3 (January 1985): 145–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0300443850200204.
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Chmieliauskas, Sigitas, Sigitas Laima, Karolina GinÄŤienÄ—, Gerda AndriuškeviÄŤiĹ«tÄ—, Meda SutkeviÄŤiĹ«tÄ—, Monika StanÄŤiukaitÄ—, Jurgita StasiĹ«nienÄ—, and Algimantas Jasulaitis. "SIDS: EPIDEMIOLOGY, INFANT PHYSIOLOGY AND SALIVA ASPIRATION." CBU International Conference Proceedings 5 (September 24, 2017): 948–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.12955/cbup.v5.1050.
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A sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is diagnosed in the case of a sudden and unexpected death of an infant during sleep and where an autopsy shows no obvious pathological lesions or injuries. Although literature indicates a wide range of risk factors, there is no single opinion on the specific cause of SIDS. This paper describes a study of 191 infant deaths in which the State Forensic Medicine Service established 29 SIDS cases. Microscopical and histological results of samples taken from sections of the respiratory system reveal serous fluid in the alveoli and change specific to asphyxia in all autopsy cases of infants diagnosed with SIDS. The risk of SIDS is highest in infants aged 1–4 months. Salivary gland secretion increases with the development of infant physiology, and this increase coincides with infant teething. However, in this phase, an infant’s swallowing reflex is still to form completely. Findings suggest that the serous fluid found in the alveoli was from the salivary glands, and thus, saliva aspiration may be associated with infant deaths due to SIDS.
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Kishimoto, Takeshi. "Prelinguistic gesture use in mother-infant and mother-infant-sibling interactions." Interaction Studies 18, no. 1 (July 31, 2017): 77–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/is.18.1.04kis.
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I tested the hypothesis that, in infant-mother-sibling interactions, infants with older siblings aged 11 to 24 months produce deictic gestures when they are proximal to, or engaging in joint attention with, their mothers more frequently than same-aged infants without siblings. Fifteen infant-mother dyads and 10 infant-mother-sibling triads were individually observed for 15 minutes in a playroom full of toys. Infants involved in infant-mother-sibling interactions produced more deictic gestures when they were proximal to their mothers than infants in infant-mother interactions. Further, infants involved in infant-mother-sibling interactions accompanied their gestures with vocalizations at a higher rate than infants in infant-mother interactions. This result suggests that infants with older siblings monitor their mothers more carefully in interactions in which their sibling is also present, and that they produce deictic gestures in order to effectively elicit joint action with their mothers.
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O'Neill, Colleen T., Laurel J. Trainor, and Sandra E. Trehub. "Infants' Responsiveness to Fathers' Singing." Music Perception 18, no. 4 (2001): 409–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/mp.2001.18.4.409.
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Fathers were recorded singing a song once to their infants and once in the absence of their infants. Adults readily identified fathers' infant-directed renditions and rated them as more rhythmic, loving, and appropriate for infants than the infant-absent renditions. Unlike mothers, however, fathers did not consistently raise the pitch of their infant-directed versions. Moreover,infants showed no preference for infant-directed over infant-absent versions unless the infant-directed versions were higher in pitch. Nevertheless, infants showed greater visual attention when listening to fathers' singing than to mothers' singing. The results confirm that a distinctive infant-directed style is used by singing fathers as well as mothers, that pitch height is a salient dimension of songs for infant listeners, and that fathers' singing in general is highly engaging to infant listeners.
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Cho, June, and Diane Holditch-Davis. "Effects of Perinatal Testosterone on Infant Health, Mother–Infant Interactions, and Infant Development." Biological Research For Nursing 16, no. 2 (May 2, 2013): 228–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1099800413486340.
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Objective: Many researchers and health care providers have noticed male vulnerability in infant health, mother–infant interactions, and some infant cognitive development, especially among very low birth weight (VLBW) preterm infants. However, factors beyond gender that could explain these observed differences have not been clear. The purpose of this article is to review the literature on the subject and to introduce a conceptual framework relating these factors. Discussion: According to gender-difference theories, prenatal exposure to high levels of testosterone may influence infant health and mother–infant interactions by negatively affecting infant cognitive/motor/language development. We constructed a conceptual framework based on the associations among biological (perinatal testosterone), stress-related (perinatal and maternal cortisol), and developmental (infant cognitive/motor/language skills) factors. If research establishes these biological, environmental, and developmental associations in mother–VLBW preterm pairs, the results will highlight the importance of addressing gender differences in nursing research and encourage the development of nursing interventions designed to reduce stress among mothers of VLBW preterm infants, particularly male infants. Conclusion: From a psychobiosocial perspective, combining biophysiological factors such as perinatal testosterone and cortisol with socioenvironmental factors such as the quality of mother–infant interactions and infant temperament may provide a broader view of gender differences in infant health and development.
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Davis, Maya I., Camille M. Delfosse, and Alison K. Ventura. "Infant Age Moderates Associations between Infant Temperament and Maternal Technology Use during Infant Feeding and Care." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 19 (October 7, 2022): 12858. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912858.
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Previous research illustrated that infants’ temperamental traits shape parents’ behaviors, but parents’ behaviors can also elicit or intensify infants’ behaviors in ways that shape temperament. One understudied aspect of parenting that may exhibit bidirectional influences with temperament is parent technology use (e.g., use of mobile devices) within family contexts. To date, few studies have examined whether maternal technology use is associated with infant temperament and whether age-related differences in these associations exist. The present study was a secondary analysis of pooled data from three infant feeding studies. Mothers (n = 374) of young infants (age 16.2 ± 6.2 weeks) completed measures of maternal technology use during infant feeding and care interactions, infant temperament, and family demographics. Maternal technology use was positively associated with negative affectivity and negatively associated with orienting/regulatory capacity but was not associated with positive affectivity/surgency. The association between maternal technology use and negative affectivity was stronger for younger infants than older infants, while the association between maternal technology use and orienting/regulatory capacity was not significant for younger infants but was for older infants. Findings suggest maternal technology use is associated with infant negative affectivity and orienting/regulatory capacity, but the strength of these associations may change with infant age. Further longitudinal research is needed to verify this interpretation and understand mechanisms underlying these associations.
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Somantri, Budi. "Pengaruh Terapi Pijat Bayi Terhadap Kualitas Tidur Bayi Usia 1-12 Bulan di Puskesmas." Jurnal Keperawatan 'Aisyiyah 5, no. 1 (January 23, 2019): 41–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.33867/jka.v5i1.65.
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Infant mortality in Indonesia is usually caused due to a number of factors the basic needs of a infant that was not met well. One of the basic needs to sleep. Sleep will stimulate development of brain and body. A worse of quality sleep will impact to the growth of infant. One of the implementation that can improve quality of sleep thorough infant’s massage therapy.
The purpose of this study was to effect of infant’s massage therapy to the quality of sleep at ages 1-12 months.
The sampling technique used purposive. Total samples consisted of 30 subjects who were divided into 15 respondents as a treatment group, and 15 respondents as a control group. Each experiment group was given a massage program for 6 times in a week Inclusion criteria that mother of respondents could communicate well, cooperative, and infants who become the respondents were healthy without congenital disease or physical defect, and the ages around 1-12 months.
Research method used quasi experiment and design used posttest only control group on experiment group and control group. Results of statistical tests in this study showed the significant influences and there was average quality of sleep on the experiment and the control group after infants were getting massage with p value ( Ï = 0.002) < 0.05.
Based on the results of this research, it was suggested to perform the measurement of infant quality of sleep by using pre test, using more accurate parameters, and increase the number of research samples.
Keywords: infant massage therapy, quality of sleep
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Pollack-Nelson, Carol, Suad Wanna Nakamura, Hope Nesteruk, Rana Balci-Sinha, and Celestine Kish. "Trends In Infant Sleep: What Do The Data Show? What Are Caregivers’ Behaviors?" Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 62, no. 1 (September 2018): 247–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541931218621057.
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Parents of infants expect their baby will sleep safely in any of a number of products that are intended for overnight sleep (e.g., crib, bassinet, cradle, play yard) as well as products in which infants routinely nap (e.g., infant seat, swing). Yet each year, infants die while napping or sleeping. The Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) is an independent federal agency charged with protecting the public from unreasonable risk of injury associated with consumer products, including infant sleep products. In this panel, technical experts from the CPSC address issues relating to infant sleep safety including physiological factors associated with infant death and findings from incident data. Case studies for two infant products (handheld infant carriers and infant bouncer seats) and focus group research findings with parents of infants shed light on consumer behavior as it relates to perceptions of infant comfort and product use.
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Moussa, Suaad, Lubna Fawaz, Walaa Ibrahim, Mona Fathelbab Elsayed, and Marwa Mostafa Ahmed. "Effect of Infant Massage on Salivary Oxytocin Level of Mothers and Infants with Normal and Disordered Bonding." Journal of Primary Care & Community Health 12 (January 2021): 215013272110129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/21501327211012942.
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Maternal-infant bonding is an affective maternal-driven process that occurs primarily to her infant. Prophylactic interventions or treatment of disordered bonding include infant massage. Evidence suggests that oxytocin plays an important role in facilitation of mother–infant bonding. Main objective is to assess the effect of infant massage on salivary oxytocin level of mothers and their infant during postpartum period. And to assess the difference of oxytocin level in normal and disordered maternal-infant bonding. This study is a quasi-experimental study, carried out on 37 pairs of mothers and their infants from second to sixth month postpartum, attending Basateen Gharb primary health care center (PHC) in Albasateen district, Cairo, Egypt. Postpartum Bonding Questionnaire (PBQ) was used to differentiate between mothers with normal and disordered bonding. Pre and post massage salivary samples were taken from mothers and their infants. Tappan’s technique of infant massage was used. Results showed that 48.6% (N = 18) of mothers had disordered maternal infant bonding. Mothers and infants with normal bonding showed a positive relationship with their salivary oxytocin level post massage. On the other hand, mothers and infants with disordered bonding showed no change in their salivary oxytocin level post massage. Salivary oxytocin level in male infants has decreased post massage, while oxytocin level in female infants has increased post massage in mothers with normal bonding. We concluded that infant massage increases salivary oxytocin level in mothers and infants with normal bonding and it has no effect on salivary oxytocin level of mothers and infants with disordered bonding.
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Lopez, Lukas D., Eric A. Walle, Gina M. Pretzer, and Anne S. Warlaumont. "Adult responses to infant prelinguistic vocalizations are associated with infant vocabulary: A home observation study." PLOS ONE 15, no. 11 (November 25, 2020): e0242232. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0242232.
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This study used LENA recording devices to capture infants’ home language environments and examine how qualitative differences in adult responding to infant vocalizations related to infant vocabulary. Infant-directed speech and infant vocalizations were coded in samples taken from daylong home audio recordings of 13-month-old infants. Infant speech-related vocalizations were identified and coded as either canonical or non-canonical. Infant-directed adult speech was identified and classified into different pragmatic types. Multiple regressions examined the relation between adult responsiveness, imitating, recasting, and expanding and infant canonical and non-canonical vocalizations with caregiver-reported infant receptive and productive vocabulary. An interaction between adult like-sound responding (i.e., the total number of imitations, recasts, and expansions) and infant canonical vocalizations indicated that infants who produced more canonical vocalizations and received more adult like-sound responses had higher productive vocabularies. When sequences were analyzed, infant canonical vocalizations that preceded and followed adult recasts and expansions were positively associated with infant productive vocabulary. These findings provide insights into how infant-adult vocal exchanges are related to early vocabulary development.
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Keene Woods, Nikki, Jared Reyes, and Amy Chesser. "Infant Mortality and Race in Kansas." Journal of Primary Care & Community Health 7, no. 3 (March 2, 2016): 194–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2150131916635572.
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Background: Racial and ethnic minority infants and mothers have worse birth outcomes than Caucasian infants and mothers, specifically infant mortality. The purpose of this pilot study was to compare infant mortality rates from vital statistic data between mothers who participated in the Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) Program and the general population in Kansas. Methods: A retrospective secondary analysis of data received from the Kansas Department of Health and Environment (KDHE) was conducted. Data were provided on all mothers who delivered a child in the state of Kansas from 2009 to 2011. The data received from KDHE included maternal demographics, infant deaths, infant gestational age, infant weight at birth, and WIC program participation. Results: The overall infant mortality rate was 6.4 per 1000 births. Infant mortality for Caucasians was lower than for non-Caucasians. Infant mortality for blacks was greater than for non-blacks. Being Hispanic was not statistically associated with a difference in infant mortality. WIC program participation was associated with lower infant mortality in both blacks and Hispanics. After adjusting for WIC, infants born to black mothers were still more than twice as likely to die when compared with Caucasian infants. WIC services were not statistically associated with a reduction in infant mortality. Mother’s education showed a significant protective effect on the likelihood of infant death. Conclusion: The WIC program is associated with positive outcomes at the national level. However, widespread reductions in health disparities have not been reported. Differences in education levels between mothers affected infant mortality to a greater degree than WIC program participation alone in the analysis. The infant mortality rate for black and Hispanic mothers was lower for WIC program participants. The WIC program may be beneficial for reducing infant mortality racial disparities but program participation should be expanded to affect maternal health disparities at the population level.
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Young, Bridget. "Variation in Infant Formula Macronutrient Ingredients Is Associated with Infant Anthropometrics." Nutrients 12, no. 11 (November 12, 2020): 3465. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12113465.
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Background: There is wide variation in the macronutrient ingredient base of infant formula. How variation in macronutrient ingredients may impact infant growth remains largely unknown. Methods: The 2015–2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) dataset was utilized, including infant anthropometrics and dietary intake. The protein, fat, and carbohydrate sources of formulas consumed were assembled and considered as potential predictors in multivariable models of infant Z-scores among infants < 6 months, 6–12 months and all infants combined (0–12 months). Results: The following relationships represent ingredient covariates within the final multivariable models of infant Z-scores. Consuming formula with palm oil was associated with higher weight-for-length Z-scores among infants < 6 months, but lower weight-for-age and weight-for-length Z-scores among infants 6–12 months. Consuming soy-protein formulas was associated with lower weight-for-length, head circumference-for-age and abdominal circumference-for-age Z-scores among infants < 6 months. Consuming sucrose-containing formula was associated with higher weight-for-length and abdominal circumference-for-age Z-score among infants 0–12 months. Conclusions: These data provide proof-of-concept that all formulas are not the same. Variation in macronutrient ingredients within the standard formula category is associated with differences in infant anthropometric outcomes. Long-term and mechanistic studies are warranted to pursue these findings; especially for palm oil, soy protein, and sucrose.
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Rheinheimer, Nicole, Stefania V. Vacaru, Julie C. van Immerseel, Simone Kühn, and Carolina de Weerth. "Infant Care: Predictors of Outdoor Walking, Infant Carrying and Infant Outdoor Sleeping." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 21, no. 6 (May 28, 2024): 694. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21060694.
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Background. Although spending time outdoors is beneficial for development, little is known about outdoor time during infancy. The aim of this study was to assess frequencies and durations of (1a) outdoor walking and carrying in mother–infant dyads and (1b) infant outdoor sleeping in a stationary cot or pram. We furthermore aimed to identify associations of (2a) outdoor walking and carrying and (2b) infant outdoor sleeping, with infant, maternal and environmental sample characteristics. Methods. An online survey was distributed among mothers of 0- to 12-month-old infants. Initially, 1453 mothers were recruited, of which 1275 were included in the analyses. With respect to (1a) the outcomes of interest were: mother–infant dyads’ total weekly duration of walking in minutes, frequency of walking on weekdays, as well as weekends, and the frequency of using an infant carrier during walks, as well as the daily duration of carrying in hours (indoors and outdoors together). With respect to (1b) the outcome variables were: placing the infant outdoors to sleep (yes/no), the total weekly duration of outdoor sleeping and the weekly frequency of outdoor sleeping. For aim 2, associations of the outcome variables with infant (i.e., age), maternal (i.e., working status) and environmental (i.e., house type) sample characteristics were assessed. Results. Mother–infant dyads engaged in walks for a total weekly duration of 201 min, for approximately one to three walks over weekdays (Monday through Friday), as well as one to three walks on the weekend. The infant carrier was used by 22% of mothers at least half of the time during outdoor walks, and 18% reported a daily duration of infant carrying of one hour or more. Among other associations, infant and maternal enjoyment of outdoor walking correlated positively with the duration as well as the frequency of walking during weekdays and during the weekend. Furthermore, employed mothers walked for a shorter duration and less frequently on weekdays as compared to mothers on maternity leave or mothers without a paid job. The availability of nearby recreational areas correlated positively with the weekly duration and frequency of walks. The infant carrier was used more frequently during outdoor walks if more than one child lived in the household. Infant carrying during outdoor walks was also related to infant behavior at night. Roughly a third of the mothers (29%) regularly had their infant sleep outdoors for a weekly duration of four hours and a weekly frequency of approximately one to two times. Younger infants, infants of mothers with higher education and infants living in detached houses were more likely to be placed outdoors to sleep. Discussion. We identified associations of infant, maternal and environmental characteristics with outdoor time spent during infancy. These results lay the foundation for future research on the effects of the outdoors on child development as well as on facilitators and barriers for caregivers.
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Logor, Narita T., Jeanette I. Ch Manoppo, and Suryadi N. N. Tatura. "Gambaran Mikrobiota Usus dan Konsistensi Tinja pada Bayi Sehat Usia 0-6 Bulan yang Mendapat ASI dan Susu Formula." JURNAL BIOMEDIK (JBM) 13, no. 2 (March 29, 2021): 207. http://dx.doi.org/10.35790/jbm.13.2.2021.31782.
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Abstract: The gut microbiota affects the maturation of the immune system, absorption of nutrients and the avoidance of colonization of pathogens, and the stool consistency can reflect the tolerance of gastrointestinal tract and activity in the ecosystem of the colon. The intake of infants in early life affects the gut microbiota and stool consistency, there are differences in the description of the intestinal microbiota and the stool consistency in infants who are given breast milk and infant formula. This study aims to compare the description of gut microbiota and stool consistency in healthy infants aged 0-6 months who are breastfed and infant formula. This study was in the form of a literature review. The literature was taken from three databases, namely Pubmed, Google scholar and pediatric extract. The keywords used were gut microbiota, stool consistency, breast milk and infant formula. After being selected by exclusion inclusion criteria, it was obtained 13 literature. There are 13 literatures examining the description of the gut microbiota and stool consistency in infants who are breastfed, standard infan formula and supplemented infant formula; probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, sn-2 palmitate and protein. In conclusion, breastfed infants have a lower diversity of the gut microbiota in early life and will increase with age, a low diversity indicates a healthy gut characteristic if caused by breastfeeding. The stool consistency in breastfed infant is softer than in infants who receive standard infant formula and supplemental infant formulas.Key words: gut microbiota, stool consistency, breast milk, infant formula Abstrak: Mikrobiota usus mempengaruhi pematangan system kekebalan, penyerapan nutrisi serta menghindari kolonisasi patogen, dan konsistensi tinja dapat menggambarkan toleransi dari gastrointestinal dan aktivitas di ekosistem usus besar. Asupan bayi diawal kehidupan mempengaruhi mikrobiota usus dan konsistensi tinja, terdapat perbedaan gambaran mikrobiota usus dan konsistensi tinja pada bayi yang diberi Air Susu Ibu (ASI) dan susu formula. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perbedaan gambaran mikrobiota usus dan konsistensi tinja pada bayi sehat usia 0-6 bulan yang mendapat ASI dan susu formula. Penelitian ini dalam bentuk literature review. Literature diambil dari tiga database yaitu Pubmed, Google scholar dan sari pediatric. Kata kunci yang digunakan yaitu gut microbiota, stool consistency, breast milk dan infant formula. Setelah diseleksi dengan kriteria inklusi eksklusi, didapatkan 13 literatur. Terdapat 13 literatur yang meneliti gambaran microbiota usus dan konsistensi tinja pada bayi yang mendapat ASI, susu formula standar dan susu formula dengan tambahan ; probiotik, prebiotik, sinbiotik, sn-2 palmitate dan protein. Sebagai simpulan, bayi yang mendapat ASI memiliki keragaman mikrobiota usus yang rendah diawal kehidupan dan kemudian akan meningkat seiring bertambahnya usia, keragaman yang rendah menunjukan ciri usus yang sehat jika dikarenakan pemberian ASI. Konsistensi tinja pada bayi dengan ASI lebih lunak dibandingkan dengan bayi yang mendapat susu formula standar dan susu formula dengan tambahan.Kata kunci: mikrobiota usus, konsistensi tinja, ASI, susu formula
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Bahorski, Jessica S., Gwendolyn D. Childs, Lori A. Loan, Andres Azuero, Marti H. Rice, Paula C. Chandler-Laney, Eric A. Hodges, Heather M. Wasser, Amanda L. Thompson, and Margaret E. Bentley. "Parental Self-Efficacy in New Mothers Predicts Infant Growth Trajectories." Western Journal of Nursing Research 42, no. 4 (June 6, 2019): 254–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0193945919854464.
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The purpose of this study was to examine whether parental self-efficacy (PSE) is associated with change in infant weight-for-length z score (WLZ) from age 3 to 12 months. Data were drawn from the Infant Care, Feeding, and Risk of Obesity study, conducted with low-income, African American mother–infant dyads ( n = 127). PSE was measured at infant age of 3 months. Infant anthropometrics were measured at infant age of 3 and 12 months, WLZ change between these time points was calculated, and infants stratified into WLZ change categories (expected, excessive, or slow). To analyze the data, ANCOVA, multiple regression, and post hoc techniques were used. Controlling for infant birthweight, PSE at 3 months was associated with infant WLZ change (η2 = 0.05, p = .04). Mothers of infants who exhibited excessive growth had higher PSE than mothers of infants who exhibited slow growth (Tukey-adjusted p = .03). This finding suggests that infants of mothers with high PSE may have increased obesity risk, but more research is needed.
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Ozzi ardhiyanto, Muhammad Salam Asyidqi, Ajif Yunizar Pratama Yusuf, S.Si, M.Eng, and Dr. Tb. Ai Munandar, S.Kom., MT. "Clustering of Child Nutrition Status using Hierarchical Agglomerative Clustering Algorithm in Bekasi City." International Journal of Information Technology and Computer Science Applications 1, no. 3 (September 10, 2023): 122–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.58776/ijitcsa.v1i3.42.
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Clustering infant nutrition based on weight, height, and age is a data analysis method used to group infant nutritional status based on these characteristics. The research on clustering infant nutrition aims to analyze whether there are still many infants in the area with insufficient or excessive nutrition, and to identify groups of infants requiring special attention regarding their nutritional intake. In the analysis of infant nutrition clustering, data on weight, height, and age of infants are collected and then grouped based on similarities in body height and weight at certain ages. The method used in this research is hierarchical clustering, which can help in grouping the data. Clustering analysis can help understand how infants' feeding patterns vary based on their weight, height, and age. The results of research on clustering infant nutrition based on weight, height, and age can provide valuable insights for nutrition experts, pediatricians, and community health workers in developing appropriate intervention programs to improve infant feeding patterns and meet their nutritional needs. Additionally, the results of clustering infant nutrition can also be used to identify groups of infants requiring special attention regarding their nutritional needs, thus minimizing the risk of malnutrition and unhealthy growth in infants.
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Nizami, Lance. "Too resilient for anyone’s good." Kybernetes 48, no. 4 (April 1, 2019): 751–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/k-11-2017-0451.
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Purpose This study aims to examine the observer’s role in “infant psychophysics”. Infant psychophysics was developed because the diagnosis of perceptual deficits should be done as early in a patient’s life as possible, to provide efficacious treatment and thereby reduce potential long-term costs. Infants, however, cannot report their perceptions. Hence, the intensity of a stimulus at which the infant can detect it, the “threshold”, must be inferred from the infant’s behavior, as judged by observers (watchers). But whose abilities are actually being inferred? The answer affects all behavior-based conclusions about infants’ perceptions, including the well-proselytized notion that auditory stimulus-detection thresholds improve rapidly during infancy. Design/methodology/approach In total, 55 years of infant psychophysics is scrutinized, starting with seminal studies in infant vision, followed by the studies that they inspired in infant hearing. Findings The inferred stimulus-detection thresholds are those of the infant-plus-watcher and, more broadly, the entire laboratory. The thresholds are therefore tenuous, because infants’ actions may differ with stimulus intensity; expressiveness may differ between infants; different watchers may judge infants differently; etc. Particularly, the watcher’s ability to “read” the infant may improve with the infant’s age, confounding any interpretation of perceptual maturation. Further, the infant’s gaze duration, an assumed cue to stimulus detection, may lengthen or shorten nonlinearly with infant age. Research limitations/implications Infant psychophysics investigators have neglected the role of the observer, resulting in an accumulation of data that requires substantial re-interpretation. Altogether, infant psychophysics has proven far too resilient for its own good. Originality/value Infant psychophysics is examined for the first time through second-order cybernetics. The approach reveals serious unresolved issues.
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Finkel, Morgan A., Sonya V. Troller-Renfree, Jerrold S. Meyer, and Kimberly G. Noble. "Co-Rooming Accounts for Socioeconomic Disparities in Infant Sleep Quality among Families Living in Urban Environments." Children 9, no. 10 (September 21, 2022): 1429. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children9101429.
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Poor infant sleep quality is associated with negative maternal and infant health outcomes. This study measures socioeconomic disparities in infant sleep quality, and assesses whether child sleep location and maternal stress mediate associations between socioeconomic status (SES) and infant sleep quality. The study includes 86 socioeconomically diverse, mother-infant dyads living in an urban area with infants aged 6–12 months. Mothers reported socioeconomic demographics, infant sleep quality (Brief Infant Sleep Questionnaire) and maternal subjective stress (Perceived Stress Scale). Maternal objective stress was measured via hair cortisol concentration (HCC). The associations among SES, infant sleep quality, infant co-rooming, and maternal stress were assessed. Infants from families with lower income-to-needs (ITN) ratios had poorer infant sleep quality. The association between familial ITN and infant sleep quality was mediated by whether the child co-rooms with parents. Maternal perceived stress was independently associated with infant sleep quality, but HCC was not associated with infant sleep quality.
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Bjertrup, Anne, Nellie Friis, Mette Væver, and Kamilla Miskowiak. "Neurocognitive processing of infant stimuli in mothers and non-mothers: psychophysiological, cognitive and neuroimaging evidence." Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 16, no. 4 (January 9, 2021): 428–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsab002.
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Abstract Emerging evidence indicates that mothers and non-mothers show different neurocognitive responses to infant stimuli. This study investigated mothers’ psychophysiological, cognitive and neuronal responses to emotional infant stimuli. A total of 35 mothers with 4-month-old infants and 18 control women without young children underwent computerized tests assessing neurocognitive processing of infant stimuli. Their eye gazes and eye fixations, galvanic skin responses (GSRs) and facial expressions towards infant emotional stimuli were recorded during the tasks. Participants underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging during which they viewed pictures of an unknown infant and, for mothers, their own infants. Mothers gazed more and had increased GSR towards infant stimuli and displayed more positive facial expressions to infant laughter, and self-reported more positive ratings of infant vocalizations than control women. At a neural level, mothers showed greater neural response in insula, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and occipital brain regions within a predefined ‘maternal neural network’ while watching images of their own vs unknown infants. This specific neural response to own infants correlated with less negative ratings of own vs unknown infants’ signals of distress. Differences between mothers and control women without young children could be interpreted as neurocognitive adaptation to motherhood in the mothers.
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Premru-Srsen, Tanja, Ivan Verdenik, Barbara Mihevc Ponikvar, Lili Steblovnik, Ksenija Geršak, and Lilijana Kornhauser Cerar. "Infant mortality and causes of death by birth weight for gestational age in non-malformed singleton infants: a 2002–2012 population-based study." Journal of Perinatal Medicine 46, no. 5 (July 26, 2018): 547–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jpm-2017-0103.
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Abstract Objective: To explore the associations between birth weight for gestational age (GA) and infant mortality as well as causes of infant death. Study design: A population-based observational study conducted between 2002 and 2012 included 203,620 non-malformed singleton live births from Slovenia. Poisson regression analyses were performed to estimate the crude relative risk (RR) and adjusted RR (aRR) for infant mortality by birth weight percentiles stratified by the GA subgroups term, moderate-to-late preterm, very preterm and extremely preterm. Results: Compared with appropriate for GA (AGA) term infants (referent-AGA), infant mortality was significantly higher in small for GA (SGA) term infants [aRR=2.79 (1.41–5.50)], with significant cause-specific infant mortality risk for neuromuscular disorders [RR=10.48 (2.62–41.91)]. The differences in infant mortality and cause-specific infant mortality in preterm subgroups between referent-AGA and SGA were insignificant. Conclusions: In the Slovenian population, birth weight for GA is significantly associated with infant mortality only in infants born at term.
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Cone, Thomas E. "Infant Feeding Redux." Pediatrics 86, no. 3 (September 1, 1990): 473–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.86.3.473.
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Just when it appeared that conflicts about the proper way to feed infants had been resolved, the recent debate about the propriety of some commercial firms advertising on television as well as selling milk formulas directly to mothers in supermarkets has reenergized the issue of infant feeding.1 That infant formulas have reached a state where they may even be considered by some to be safe enough for feeding most infants without the advice of health care professionals demonstrates the huge leap forward in the evolution of infant formula feeding. A short historical review will help us to understand how we have reached our present knowledge of infant feeding practices.
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Re, Jennifer M., Suzanne Dean, Jimmy Mullaert, Antoine Guedeney, and Samuel Menahem. "Maternal Distress and Infant Social Withdrawal (ADBB) Following Infant Cardiac Surgery for Congenital Heart Disease." World Journal for Pediatric and Congenital Heart Surgery 9, no. 6 (October 15, 2018): 624–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2150135118788788.
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Background: Mothers and infants are exposed to multiple stresses when cardiac surgery is required for the infant. This study reviewed infant responsiveness using a standardized objective observational measure of social withdrawal and explored its association with measures of maternal distress. Methods: Mother–infant pairs involving infants surviving early cardiac surgery were assessed when the infant was aged two months. Infant social withdrawal was measured using the Alarm Distress Baby Scale. Maternal distress was assessed using self-report measures for maternal depression (Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale), anxiety (Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Scale), and parenting stress (Parenting Stress Index–Short Form). Potential associations between infant social withdrawal and maternal distress were evaluated. Results: High levels of maternal distress and infant social withdrawal were identified relative to community norms with a positive association. Such an association was not found between infant social withdrawal and the cardiac abnormality and surgery performed. Conclusion: The vulnerability of infants requiring cardiac surgery may be better understood when factors beyond their medical condition are considered. The findings suggested an association between maternal distress and infant social withdrawal, which may be consistent with mothers’ distress placing infants subjected to cardiac surgery at substantially increased risk of social withdrawal. However, it is unclear to what extent infant withdrawal may trigger maternal distress and what the interactive effects are. Further research is warranted. Trialing a mother–infant support program may be helpful in alleviating distress and improving the well-being and outcomes for these families.
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Alonso Arteche, M. Fernanda, Nicola Phillips, Samin Moradi, Lulan Shen, Marianne Chen-Ouellet, Leatisha Ramloll, Sumana Abraham, Lei Zeng, Lucie MENARD, and Linda Polka. "Exploring infant talker bias: Insights from remote speech perception testing." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 155, no. 3_Supplement (March 1, 2024): A170. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0027203.
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Lab studies show that infants (4- to 7-month-olds) prefer to listen to vowels with infant-like f0 and formant frequencies over those of an adult female (Masapollo et al., 2015; Polka et al., 2021). This Infant Talker Bias may facilitate infants’ mapping of articulatory gestures to acoustic correlates. In this study, 4- to 12-month-olds completed a listening preference task on the Lookit online testing platform. Across eight trials, we presented synthesized infant and adult vowel sounds (/i/ and /a/) paired with a simple animation and recorded the infant’s response via the webcam. Infant looking time and vocalization to each vowel type were coded offline. Preliminary analyses (n = 91) show that listening time increased with age (p < 0.05), and all infants listened longer to infant vowels than to adult vowels (p < 0.01). Preliminary analyses (n = 62) also show an increase in infant vocalizations with age (p = 0.00) and a trend towards more and longer vocalizations in response to the adult vowels. These findings replicate and extend the infant talker bias to new vowel stimuli and to older infants, and support the use of remote testing in infant speech perception studies.
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Wan, Ming Wai, Jonathan Green, and Jordan Scott. "A systematic review of parent–infant interaction in infants at risk of autism." Autism 23, no. 4 (July 11, 2018): 811–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1362361318777484.
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Social communicative precursors to autism spectrum disorder may influence how infants who are later diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder interact with their social partners and the responses they receive, thus bidirectionally influencing early social experience. This systematic review aimed to identify a developmental timeline for parent–infant interaction in the first 2 years of life in at-risk infants and in emergent autism spectrum disorder, and to examine any parent–infant interaction associations with later social-communicative outcomes. In total, 15 studies were identified investigating parent–infant interaction in infants at familial autism risk (i.e. with an older sibling with autism spectrum disorder). Starting from the latter part of the first year, infants at risk of autism spectrum disorder (and particularly infants with eventual autism spectrum disorder) showed parent–infant interaction differences from those with no eventual autism spectrum disorder, most notably in infant gesture use and dyadic qualities. While parental interactions did not differ by subsequent child autism spectrum disorder outcome, at-risk infants may receive different ‘compensatory’ socio-communicative inputs, and further work is needed to clarify their effects. Preliminary evidence links aspects of parent–infant interaction with later language outcomes. We discuss the potential role of parent–infant interaction in early parent-mediated intervention.
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Jeong, Yulim, and Seunghee Ha. "Temporal Characteristics of Infant Vocalization during Interaction with Adults." Communication Sciences & Disorders 29, no. 1 (March 31, 2024): 107–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.12963/csd.240002.
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Objectives: This study aimed to examine the temporal characteristics of infant vocalizations during interactions with adults in natural home environments.Methods: One day LENA (Language ENvironment Analysis) recordings were collected from 20 infants aged 6 and 12 months. The collected data were analyzed by selecting 20 5-mintue intervals in the order of highest CTCs (conversational turn counts). In the analysis unit of turn-taking, interactions in which the infant responded within 0.05 seconds to 3 seconds after the adult spoke directly to the infant were regarded as one analysis unit. The temporal characteristics of infant vocalization during interactions with adults were examined through infants’ Vocalization response ratio. The temporal characteristics of infant vocalization in interactions with adults were examined by the after adults’ infant-directed speech (IDS), latency of vocalization response and overlapping vocalization ratio.Results: Infants’ Vocalization response ratio following IDS in adults did not differ significantly between the two age groups. Infants’ Vocalization response latencies increased significantly with age from 6 to 12 months. Overlapping vocalization ratio showed a significant decrease with increasing age.Conclusion: This study supports that as infants grow, they acquire temporal turn-taking skills. It also suggests that the temporal characteristics of infant vocalizations during interactions with adults may be a useful to predict infants’ language development.
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Flynn, Catherine, Patricia Coker-Bolt, and Courtney Jarrard. "Helping Infants With Congenital Heart Defects: Enhancing Parent with Therapist Engagement Through Infant Massage." American Journal of Occupational Therapy 76, Supplement_1 (July 1, 2022): 7610510174p1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5014/ajot.2022.76s1-po174.
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Abstract Date Presented 03/31/2022 Infant massage is a beneficial intervention for infants with cardiac defects. No studies have explored how to promote parent engagement in infant massage with these fragile infants. The purpose of this study was to gain an understanding of parent and staff perceptions of infant massage for infants born with congenital heart defects. The results support the need for additional education about the purpose of infant massage, protocols, and how to safely deliver massage to critically ill infants. Primary Author and Speaker: Catherine Flynn Contributing Authors: Patricia Coker-Bolt, Courtney Jarrard
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Hauta-alus, Helena H., Eero Kajantie, Elisa M. Holmlund-Suila, Jenni Rosendahl, Saara M. Valkama, Maria Enlund-Cerullo, Otto M. Helve, et al. "High Pregnancy, Cord Blood, and Infant Vitamin D Concentrations May Predict Slower Infant Growth." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 104, no. 2 (September 20, 2018): 397–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2018-00602.
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Abstract Context The relationship of maternal and infant 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration [25(OH)D] with infant growth is unclear. Objective Our objective was to explore whether 25(OH)D in pregnancy, umbilical cord blood (UCB), or in infancy was associated with infant growth. Design This study involved 798 healthy infants and their mothers in Finland. We assessed 25(OH)D during pregnancy, from UCB at birth, and from the infant at the age of 12 months. Main Outcome Measures Infant length, weight, length-adjusted weight, and head circumference at 6 and 12 months and midupper-arm circumference at 12 months. Results Of the mothers and infants, 96% and 99% were vitamin D sufficient [25(OH)D ≥50 nmol/L], respectively. Mothers with pregnancy 25(OH)D >125 nmol/L had the shortest, lightest (in weight), and thinnest (in length-adjusted weight) infants at 6 months (P for all < 0.05). For each 10 nmol/L higher UCB 25(OH)D, the infants were 0.03 SD score (SDS) shorter at 6 months (95% CI −0.05 to −0.01), adjusted for birth size, infant 25(OH)D, and parental height. Higher UCB 25(OH)D associated with smaller head circumference at 6 and 12 months (P for all <0.05) but attenuated after adjustments. Mothers with pregnancy 25(OH)D >125 nmol/L had the thinnest infants at 12 months (P = 0.021). For each 10 nmol/L higher infant 25(OH)D, the infants were 0.03 SDS lighter (−0.05 to −0.01) and 0.03 SDS thinner (−0.05 to 0.00) at 12 months. Conclusions Our results suggest that high pregnancy, cord blood, and infant vitamin D concentration may have disadvantageous effects on infant growth.
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Fallah Rostami, Fatemeh, Farin Soleimani, Mehdi Norouzi, Nikta Hatamizadeh, Jamileh Mokhtarinouri, and Marjan Poshtmashhadi. "Preterm Infant Neurodevelopmental Care Training Program and Mother-Infant Attachment." International Journal of Women's Health and Reproduction Sciences 8, no. 2 (February 23, 2019): 192–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.15296/ijwhr.2020.30.
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Objectives: Preterm birth and admission to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) would disrupt mother-infant attachment. Neurodevelopmental care training and support of family programs are essential for the family of such infants. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of neurodevelopmental care training program for mothers with preterm infants on mother-infant attachment at one month’s age. Materials and Methods: Study population included all the mothers of preterm infants born in the hospitals of Tehran in 2018. The research was designed as a multicenter cluster clinical trial and four hospitals were randomly selected and divided into intervention and control groups. Before the intervention, the mother-infant attachment was measured by the Maternal-Postnatal Attachment Scale (MPAS). The mothers in the intervention group received a 12-session preterm infant neurodevelopmental care training program while the control group only received the routine care in the unit. Finally, the mother-infant attachment was re-measured in both groups at the one month corrected age. Results: No significant difference was observed in the attachment score before and after the intervention in the control group but the mother-infant attachment score was significantly different in the intervention group (57.75±11.09 vs. 78.27±4.54). Conclusions: The neurodevelopmental care training program was effective and increased the mother-infant attachment rate.
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Marino, Luise V., Prathana Venkatesh, Andy Ho, R. Mark Beattie, and Tara Bharucha. "Hypophosphataemia in infants with CHD treated with amino acid infant formula." Cardiology in the Young 28, no. 11 (August 15, 2018): 1370–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1047951118001324.
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AbstractObjectiveGrowth among infants with CHD is poor, and is multifactorial with multiple contributing factors. Unexplained hypophosphataemia has been reported among infants and children with complex medical needs consuming amino acid infant formula as the sole source of nutrition. The aim of this audit was therefore to review the incidence of hypophosphataemia among infants with CHD.MethodsThe use of an electronic patient record search for “amino acid infant formula”, “CHD”, and “cardiac” yielded 136 infants <12 months of age. Preterm infants (n=24), children with chromosomal abnormalities (n=4), those >1 year of age (n=11) and infants with a structurally normal heart (n=31) were excluded from the study. The remaining 66 infants with CHD were given amino acid infant formula.Measurements and main resultsIn all, 1059 serum phosphate measures were available. After the introduction of amino acid infant formula, significantly more infants with CHD had episodes of hypophosphataemia: 15% (n=10/66) before treatment versus 29% (n=19/66) after treatment (p=0.049). Mean serum phosphate levels were significantly lower in infants with CHD following consumption of amino acid infant formula (2.0±0.5 versus 1.5±0.5 mmol/L following treatment (p<0.0001)). Infants with CHD and hypophosphataemia, associated with amino acid infant formula, use demonstrated significantly lower weight gain compared with those with normal phosphate levels (weight-for-age z scores −2.1±1.4 versus –0.9±1.5; p<0.0001).ConclusionAfter the introduction of an amino acid formula, weight gain was significantly lower among those infants with low phosphate levels. There was a significantly higher prevalence of hypophosphataemia among infants with CHD after the introduction of amino acid infant formula. Lower phosphate levels were associated with lower weight-for-age z scores. Infants with CHD are susceptible to poor weight gain; it is therefore, crucial the nutritional status of infants prescribed amino acid infant formula is more closely monitored to ensure adequate growth.
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LEE, SUE ANN S., BARBARA DAVIS, and PETER MACNEILAGE. "Universal production patterns and ambient language influences in babbling: A cross-linguistic study of Korean- and English-learning infants*." Journal of Child Language 37, no. 2 (July 2, 2009): 293–318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000909009532.
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ABSTRACTThe phonetic characteristics of canonical babbling produced by Korean- and English-learning infants were compared with consonant and vowel frequencies observed in infant-directed speech produced by Korean- and English-speaking mothers. For infant output, babbling samples from six Korean-learning infants were compared with an existing English babbling database (Davis & MacNeilage, 1995). For ambient language comparisons, consonants and vowels in ten Korean and ten English infant-directed speech (IDS) samples were analyzed. The two infant groups demonstrated similar consonant patterns, but showed different vowel patterns from one another. For both languages, infant vowel patterns were related to those of ambient language IDS. Ambient language patterns were manifested in infant vowel output, perhaps because vowels are more perceptually and motorically available in the input and output capacities of babbling infants.
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Slogrove, Amy L., Leigh F. Johnson, and Kathleen M. Powis. "Population-level Mortality Associated with HIV Exposure in HIV-uninfected Infants in Botswana and South Africa: A Model-based Evaluation." Journal of Tropical Pediatrics 65, no. 4 (October 12, 2018): 373–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tropej/fmy064.
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Abstract We aimed to quantify the contribution of excess mortality in HIV-exposed uninfected (HEU) infants to total mortality in HIV-uninfected infants in Botswana and South Africa in 2013. Population attributable fractions (PAFs) and excess infant deaths associated with HIV exposure in HIV-uninfected infants were estimated. Additionally, the Thembisa South African demographic model estimated the proportion of all infant mortality associated with excess mortality in HEU infants from 1990 to 2013. The PAF (lower bound; upper bound) of mortality associated with HIV exposure in HIV-uninfected infants was 16.8% (2.5; 31.2) in Botswana and 15.1% (2.2; 28.2) in South Africa. Excess infant deaths (lower bound; upper bound) associated with HIV exposure in 2013 were estimated to be 5.6 (0.5; 16.6)/1000 and 4.9 (0.6; 11.2)/1000 HIV-uninfected infants in Botswana and South Africa, respectively. In South Africa, the proportion of all infant (HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected) mortality associated with excess HEU infant mortality increased from 0.4% in 1990 to 13.8% in 2013.
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Kai, Jessie, John J. Chen, Kathryn L. Braun, Joseph Keaweʻaimoku Kaholokula, Rachel Novotny, Carol J. Boushey, and Marie K. Fialkowski. "Associations between Cultural Identity, Household Membership and Diet Quality among Native Hawaiian, Pacific Islander, and Filipino Infants in Hawaiʻi." Children 9, no. 1 (January 2, 2022): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children9010048.
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Public health efforts to reduce diet-related health disparities experienced by indigenous peoples could be enhanced by efforts to improve complementary infant feeding practices. The latter is possible through interventions informed by cultural determinants. This cross-sectional secondary analysis explored possible determinants of the complementary feeding practices of Native Hawaiian, Pacific Islander, and/or Filipino infants (NHPIF) in Hawaiʻi, ages 3–12 months. The objective was to determine the association between caregiver cultural identity and infant household membership with indicators of infant diet healthfulness. The cultural identities, infant household memberships, early infant feeding practices and additional demographic information (infant age and sex, household income) were assessed via an online questionnaire. Surrogate reporting of the infants’ diets over four days was evaluated using an image-based mobile food record (mFR). Data collected by the mFR were evaluated to derive the World Health Organization’s minimum dietary diversity (MDD) indicator and food group consumption. Data were summarized by descriptive statistics and analyzed using multivariate linear and logistic regressions. Seventy infant participants, ages 3–12 months, and their primary caregivers completed the study. Of these, there were 56 infant participants between the age of 6–12 months. Approximately 10% of infants, ages 6–12 months, met MDD for all four days. Meeting MDD and the number of food groups consumed were significantly associated with age. Caregiver cultural identity, infant household membership and infant sex had non-significant associations with indicators of infant diet quality. Findings inform the influences shaping dietary patterns of Native Hawaiian, Pacific Islander and Filipino infants in Hawaiʻi.
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Fagan, Mary K., and Kate N. Doveikis. "What Mothers Do After Infants Vocalize: Implications for Vocal Development or Word Learning?" Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 62, no. 8 (August 15, 2019): 2680–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2019_jslhr-s-18-0136.
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Purpose The goal of this study was to analyze verbal and nonverbal maternal response types following infant vocalizations in younger (ages 4–8 months) versus older (ages 10–14 months) infant groups and their potential implications for infant vocal development or word learning. Method Maternal response types that occurred within 3 s of infant vocalizations were examined in this cross-sectional study of naturalistic interactions in 35 mother–infant dyads. Response types were defined as vocally responsive to infant vocalizations (i.e., responsive vocal behaviors), not responsive to infant vocalizations directly (nonresponsive vocal behaviors), and silences. Mothers' nonverbal actions associated with each response type were also examined. Subcategories of these verbal and nonverbal response types were examined in relation to infant age group. Results The occurrence of responsive and nonresponsive verbal subcategory types differed by infant age group. When verbally responsive to infant vocalizations, mothers commented on younger infants' vowel and consonant–vowel vocalizations, but with older infants, mothers identified or named the referents of their vocalizations. When nonresponsive to vocalizations directly, mothers commented on younger infants' activities but redirected older infants' behaviors or commented on their movements. Silence after infant vocalizations was infrequent. Mothers' nonverbal actions associated with each response type were primarily object related and did not differ by age group. Conclusions Evaluating response type subcategories by age group indicated mothers did not respond differentially (verbally or nonverbally) to vowel or consonant–vowel vocalizations. Overall, the results suggest mothers' verbal and nonverbal response types may be more likely to facilitate word learning than vocal development.
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Maestripieri, Dario. "Mother-Infant Relationships in Three Species of Macaques (Macaca Mulatta, M. Nemestrina, M. Arctoides). Ii. the Social Environment." Behaviour 131, no. 1-2 (1994): 97–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853994x00235.
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AbstractThis study compared social interactions between mothers, infants, and other group members in rhesus, pigtail, and stumptail macaques living in large captive social groups. Mother-infant pairs were focally observed in 4 weekly 30-min sessions for the first 12 weeks of infant life. Rhesus and pigtail mothers were remarkably similar in several contact, proximity, and grooming measures, but their scores were lower than those of stumptail mothers. The three species did not differ quantitatively in interest shown in infants by other group members, as measured by infant handling and grooming. Infant handling in stumptail macaques was always gentle and infants were carefully avoided by other group members when off their mothers. Infant handling in rhesus and pigtail macaques also involved harassment and kidnapping. The frequency of infant harassment did not differ in rhesus and pigtail macaques but harassment was more severe in the former than in the latter species. Rhesus mothers reacted aggressively to a higher proportion of infant handling attempts than pigtail and stumptail mothers. These results confirm the hypotheses that female interest in infants does not differ among macaque species and that the quality of infant handling is a good predictor of interspecies differences in maternal protectiveness. Mothering style, however, is probably multidimensionally determined, and to fully understand interspecies differences in mother-infant relationships and their functional significance, we need to understand the mechanisms by which reproductive and ecological variables influence maternal behavior and infant development in primates.
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Murray, Lynne, Laura Bozicevic, Pier Francesco Ferrari, Kyla Vaillancourt, Louise Dalton, Tim Goodacre, Bhismadev Chakrabarti, et al. "The Effects of Maternal Mirroring on the Development of Infant Social Expressiveness: The Case of Infant Cleft Lip." Neural Plasticity 2018 (December 17, 2018): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/5314657.
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Parent-infant social interactions start early in development, with infants showing active communicative expressions by just two months. A key question is how this social capacity develops. Maternal mirroring of infant expressions is considered an important, intuitive, parenting response, but evidence is sparse in the first two months concerning the conditions under which mirroring occurs and its developmental sequelae, including in clinical samples where the infant’s social expressiveness may be affected. We investigated these questions by comparing the development of mother-infant interactions between a sample where the infant had cleft lip and a normal, unaffected, comparison sample. We videotaped dyads in their homes five times from one to ten weeks and used a microanalytic coding scheme for maternal and infant behaviours, including infant social expressions, and maternal mirroring and marking responses. We also recorded maternal gaze to the infant, using eye-tracking glasses. Although infants with cleft lip did show communicative behaviours, the rate of their development was slower than in comparison infants. This group difference was mediated by a lower rate of mirroring of infant expressions by mothers of infants with cleft lip; this effect was, in turn, partly accounted for by reduced gaze to the infant’s mouth, although the clarity of infant social expressions (indexed by cleft severity) and maternal self-blame regarding the cleft were also influential. Results indicate the robustness of parent-infant interactions but also their sensitivity to specific variations in interactants’ appearance and behaviour. Parental mirroring appears critical in infant social development, likely supported by the mirror neuron system and underlying clinical and, possibly, cultural differences in infant behaviour. These findings suggest new avenues for clinical intervention.
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Volling, Brenda L., and Jay Belsky. "Infant, Father, and Marital Antecedents of Infant Father Attachment Security in Dual-Earner and Single-Earner Families." International Journal of Behavioral Development 15, no. 1 (March 1992): 83–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016502549201500105.
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In contrast to the research examining infant-mother attachment, much less is known about the development of infant-father attachment relationships. Several recent findings suggest that infants in dual-earner families may develop insecure attachments not only to their mothers, but to their fathers as well. The purpose of the present study was to examine characteristics of the father, the infant, and the marital relationship as antecedents of secure/ insecure infant-father attachments in dual-earner and single-earner families as recent reports suggest that different family processes may exist within these two family ecologies. Longitudinal data from 113 fathers and their firstborn infants were collected before the birth of the child, and when infants were 3 and 9 months old, while Strange Situation assessments were conducted when infants were 13 months of age. Results indicated that change in perceived infant temperament, men's recollected child-rearing histories, and the division of labour distinguished families in which secure or insecure infant-father attachments developed. In only one instance, that of marital conflict, does it appear that different antecedent processes underlie the development of infant-father attachment security across the two family contexts. Results suggest that conclusions based upon research on the antecedents of infant-mother attachment security cannot be presumed to apply to the study of infant-father attachment.
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Richard, Nancy B. "Interaction Between Mothers and Infants with Down Syndrome." Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 6, no. 3 (October 1986): 54–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/027112148600600305.
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Studies of mother-infant dyads indicate that individual differences of both partners contribute to the development of reciprocal interaction. When an infant is born with Down Syndrome, infant responses are reported to be delayed. Infant characteristics that contribute to social interaction with caregivers differ between nonhandicapped infants and those with Down syndrome. In this review, studies of infant characteristics, including temperament, state control, gaze, gesture, and vocalization, are discussed. Although infants with Down syndrome, like nonhandicapped infants, develop social communication behaviors, vulnerable characteristics are found. Differences in the development of state control, gaze patterns, coordination of gesture, gaze, vocalization, and frequency of vocalization have implications for parents and professionals in early intervention.
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Tauchi, H., K. Yahagi, T. Yamauchi, T. Hara, R. Yamaoka, N. Tsukuda, Y. Watanabe, et al. "Gut microbiota development of preterm infants hospitalised in intensive care units." Beneficial Microbes 10, no. 6 (July 10, 2019): 641–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/bm2019.0003.
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Gut microbiome development affects infant health and postnatal physiology. The gut microbe assemblages of preterm infants have been reported to be different from that of healthy term infants. However, the patterns of ecosystem development and inter-individual differences remain poorly understood. We investigated hospitalised preterm infant gut microbiota development using 16S rRNA gene amplicons and the metabolic profiles of 268 stool samples obtained from 17 intensive care and 42 term infants to elucidate the dynamics and equilibria of the developing microbiota. Infant gut microbiota were predominated by Gram-positive cocci, Enterobacteriaceae or Bifidobacteriaceae, which showed sequential transitions to Bifidobacteriaceae-dominated microbiota. In neonatal intensive care unit preterm infants (NICU preterm infants), Staphylococcaceae abundance was higher immediately after birth than in healthy term infants, and Bifidobacteriaceae colonisation tended to be delayed. No specific NICU-cared infant enterotype-like cluster was observed, suggesting that the constrained environment only affected the pace of transition, but not infant gut microbiota equilibrium. Moreover, infants with Bifidobacteriaceae-dominated microbiota showed higher acetate concentrations and lower pH, which have been associated with host health. Our data provides an in-depth understanding of gut microbiota development in NICU preterm infants and complements earlier studies. Understanding the patterns and inter-individual differences of the preterm infant gut ecosystem is the first step towards controlling the risk of diseases in premature infants by targeting intestinal microbiota.
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Owen, Mallory J., Meredith S. Wright, Sergey Batalov, Yonghyun Kwon, Yan Ding, Kevin K. Chau, Shimul Chowdhury, et al. "Reclassification of the Etiology of Infant Mortality With Whole-Genome Sequencing." JAMA Network Open 6, no. 2 (February 9, 2023): e2254069. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.54069.
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ImportanceUnderstanding the causes of infant mortality shapes public health, surveillance, and research investments. However, the association of single-locus (mendelian) genetic diseases with infant mortality is poorly understood.ObjectiveTo determine the association of genetic diseases with infant mortality.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis cohort study was conducted at a large pediatric hospital system in San Diego County (California) and included 546 infants (112 infant deaths [20.5%] and 434 infants [79.5%] with acute illness who survived; age, 0 to 1 year) who underwent diagnostic whole-genome sequencing (WGS) between January 2015 and December 2020. Data analysis was conducted between 2015 and 2022.ExposureInfants underwent WGS either premortem or postmortem with semiautomated phenotyping and diagnostic interpretation.Main Outcomes and MeasuresProportion of infant deaths associated with single-locus genetic diseases.ResultsAmong 112 infant deaths (54 girls [48.2%]; 8 [7.1%] African American or Black, 1 [0.9%] American Indian or Alaska Native, 8 [7.1%] Asian, 48 [42.9%] Hispanic, 1 [0.9%] Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander, and 34 [30.4%] White infants) in San Diego County between 2015 and 2020, single-locus genetic diseases were the most common identifiable cause of infant mortality, with 47 genetic diseases identified in 46 infants (41%). Thirty-nine (83%) of these diseases had been previously reported to be associated with childhood mortality. Twenty-eight death certificates (62%) for 45 of the 46 infants did not mention a genetic etiology. Treatments that can improve outcomes were available for 14 (30%) of the genetic diseases. In 5 of 7 infants in whom genetic diseases were identified postmortem, death might have been avoided had rapid, diagnostic WGS been performed at time of symptom onset or regional intensive care unit admission.Conclusions and RelevanceIn this cohort study of 112 infant deaths, the association of genetic diseases with infant mortality was higher than previously recognized. Strategies to increase neonatal diagnosis of genetic diseases and immediately implement treatment may decrease infant mortality. Additional study is required to explore the generalizability of these findings and measure reduction in infant mortality.
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EIDEN, RINA DAS, ELLEN PETERSON EDWARDS, and KENNETH E. LEONARD. "Mother–infant and father–infant attachment among alcoholic families." Development and Psychopathology 14, no. 2 (May 15, 2002): 253–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579402002043.
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This study examined the association between fathers' alcoholism and other risk factors such as parental depression, family conflict, infant temperament, and parent–infant attachment. The quality of parent–infant interactions was hypothesized to be a proximal mediator of the associations among alcoholism and other risk factors and attachment. The participants were 223 families (104 nonalcoholic families and 119 alcoholic families) with 12-month-old infants recruited through birth records. Infants in families with two parents with alcohol problem had significantly higher rates of insecure attachment with both parents. Structural Equations Modeling indicated that the fathers' alcohol problem was associated with lower paternal sensitivity (higher negative affect, lower positive engagement, and lower sensitive responding) during father–infant play interactions, and this in turn was associated with higher risk for infant attachment insecurity with fathers. The association between the fathers' alcohol problem and infant attachment security with the mother was mediated by maternal depression, and maternal alcohol problems and family conflict were associated with maternal sensitivity during play interactions. These results indicate that the fathers' alcoholism is associated with higher family risk including the quality of the parent–infant relationship; infant attachment develops in a family context; and this context has a significant association with attachment security.
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Vandenplas, Yvan, and Badriul Hegar. "Benefit and Challenge of Soy Plant-based Formula in Infant and Children." World Nutrition Journal 4, no. 1 (May 6, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.25220/wnj.v04.s1.0001.
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The first report of soy being administered to an infant is over 100 years old (1). Since the 1960s the composition of soy formula has been better adapted to the nutritional needs of infants and since 2000 infant formula based on soy fulfills European Directives and legislation for infant feeding.Soy infant formula contains a soy protein isolate (95% protein), and methionine, carnitine, taurine, iron, calcium phosphor and zinc are added. Heating destroys the anti-protease activity of soy for over 90 %. In 2016, soy infant formula was still 12% of the USA market and 25 % of infants were fed soy infant formula during their first years of life (2).
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Pratt, Maayan, Magi Singer, Yaniv Kanat-Maymon, and Ruth Feldman. "Infant negative reactivity defines the effects of parent–child synchrony on physiological and behavioral regulation of social stress." Development and Psychopathology 27, no. 4pt1 (October 6, 2015): 1191–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579415000760.
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AbstractHow infants shape their own development has puzzled developmentalists for decades. Recent models suggest that infant dispositions, particularly negative reactivity and regulation, affect outcome by determining the extent of parental effects. Here, we used a microanalytic experimental approach and proposed that infants with varying levels of negative reactivity will be differentially impacted by parent–infant synchrony in predicting physiological and behavioral regulation of increasing social stress during an experimental paradigm. One hundred and twenty-two mother–infant dyads (4–6 months) were observed in the face-to-face still face (SF) paradigm and randomly assigned to three experimental conditions: SF with touch, standard SF, and SF with arms’ restraint. Mother–infant synchrony and infant negative reactivity were observed at baseline, and three mechanisms of behavior regulation were microcoded; distress, disengagement, and social regulation. Respiratory sinus arrhythmia baseline, reactivity, and recovery were quantified. Structural equation modeling provided support for our hypothesis. For physiological regulation, infants high in negative reactivity receiving high mother–infant synchrony showed greater vagal withdrawal, which in turn predicted comparable levels of vagal recovery to that of nonreactive infants. In behavioral regulation, only infants low in negative reactivity who received high synchrony were able to regulate stress by employing social engagement cues during the SF phase. Distress was reduced only among calm infants to highly synchronous mothers, and disengagement was lowest among highly reactive infants experiencing high mother–infant synchrony. Findings chart two pathways by which synchrony may bolster regulation in infants of high and low reactivity. Among low reactive infants, synchrony builds a social repertoire for handling interpersonal stress, whereas in highly reactive infants, it constructs a platform for repeated reparation of momentary interactive “failures” and reduces the natural tendency of stressed infants to disengage from source of distress. Implications for the construction of synchrony-focused interventions targeting infants of varying dispositions are discussed.
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Park, Myungsook. "Infant abandonment and social protection." Social Welfare Policy and Practice 9, no. 1 (March 31, 2023): 5–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.37342/swpp.2023.9.1.5.
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Infant abandonment including infants who are placed in the Baby Box are increased in Korean society. Social systems to protect infants and pregnant women are needed in governmental level and this study aims to provide directions for protecting Infant abandonment. For this study the present state of Infant abandonment in Korean society was explored. And the social systems to protect infants and pregnant women were reviewed, the Safe Haven Law of the US, confidential birth in German, and anonymous childbirth in France. These countries have developed the relevant laws and policies to prevent Infant abandonment through social debates, such as women’s right vs. children’s right. The experiences of these countries provide the implications of protecting infants’safety and anonymity of parents in Korean society. Also, this study contributes to increase the social attention of infant abandonment in Korean society.
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St James-Roberts, Ian, Marion Roberts, Kimberly Hovish, and Charlie Owen. "Descriptive figures for differences in parenting and infant night-time distress in the first three months of age." Primary Health Care Research & Development 17, no. 06 (September 9, 2016): 611–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1463423616000293.
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AimTo provide descriptive figures for infant distress and associated parenting at night in normal London home environments during the first three months of age.BackgroundMost western infants develop long night-time sleep periods by four months of age. However, 30% of infants in many countries sleep for short periods and cry out on waking in the night: the most common type of infant sleep behaviour problem. Preventive interventions may help families and improve services. There is evidence that ‘limit-setting’ parenting, which is common in western cultures, supports the development of settled infant night-time behaviour. However, a recent review has challenged this and argued that this form of parenting risks distressing infants. This study describes limit-setting parenting as practiced in London, compares it with ‘infant-cued’ parenting and measures the associated infant distress.MethodsLongitudinal infrared video, diary and questionnaire observations comparing a General-Community (n=101) group and subgroups with a Bed-Sharing (n=19) group on measures of infant and parenting behaviours at night.FindingsGeneral-Community parents took longer to detect and respond to infant waking and signalling, and to begin feeding, compared with the highly infant-cued care provided by Bed-Sharing parents. The average latency in General-Community parents’ responding to infant night-time waking was 3.5 min, during which infants fuss/cried for around 1 min. Compared with Bed-Sharing parenting, General-Community parenting was associated with increased infant distress of around 30 min/night at two weeks, reducing to 12 min/night by three months of age. However, differences in infant distress between General-Community subgroups adopting limit-setting versus infant-cued parenting were not large or statistically significant at any age. The figures provide descriptive evidence about limit-setting parenting which may counter some doubts about this form of parenting and help parents and professionals to make choices.
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Vandyousefi, Sarvenaz, Mary Jo Messito, and Rachel Gross. "Infant Appetite Traits and Early Infant Feeding Practices in Low-Income Hispanic Families." Current Developments in Nutrition 4, Supplement_2 (May 29, 2020): 1093. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa054_165.
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Abstract Objectives This study examined the association of infant appetite traits and exclusive breastfeeding (EBF), BF intensity, early introduction of complementary foods/liquids and 100% fruit juice consumption among Hispanic infants during the first year of life. Methods This study is a cross-sectional analysis of data collected from the “Starting Early Program" randomized controlled obesity prevention trial of low-income, Hispanic mother-child pairs (n = 533). Four infant appetite traits including Food Responsiveness (FR), Enjoyment of Food (EF), Satiety Responsiveness (SR), and Slowness in Eating (SE) were assessed using the Baby Eating Behavior Questionnaire. Each appetite trait was based on a 5-point Likert frequency scale. Infant feeding measures were collected using 24-hour recall methodology and survey based on the Infant Feeding Practices Study II. Linear and logistic regressions assessed the associations between appetite traits and infant feeding practices, specifically 1) EBF, 2) BF intensity (% of daily milk consumption that is breast milk), 3) early introduction to complementary foods/liquids defined as receiving prior to infant age 4 months, and 4) Any 100% fruit juice consumption at age 10 months. Results Of the 473 children with both appetite and infant feeding measures, 48% were male with mean birth weight of 3.4 kg. After adjusting for confounders, infants with higher SE scores had higher odds of EBF duration (≥3 months) (OR = 1.7, P < 0.001), and higher odds of having medium (20% ≤ score ≤ 80%) and high (>80%) BF intensity (OR = 1.8, P = 0.002; OR = 2.5, P < 0.001), compared to infants with lower SE scores. Infants with higher SE and SR were less likely to receive early complementary foods/liquids (OR = 0.59, P = 0.026; OR = 0.51, P = 0.009). Infants with higher EF were more likely to consume any 100% fruit juice at age 10 months (OR = 1.7, P = 0.047). The other appetite traits were not significantly related to infant feeding measures. Conclusions Higher SE was associated with greater EBF and BF intensity. Infants with higher SE and SR were less likely to have early introduction to complementary foods/liquids. Infants with higher EF were more likely to have juice at 10 months. Appetite traits are associated with potentially obesogenic feeding practices and may represent a target for early life infant feeding interventions. Funding Sources USDA AFRI.
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Adjerid, Khaled, Christopher J. Mayerl, Francois D. H. Gould, Chloe E. Edmonds, Bethany M. Stricklen, Laura E. Bond, and Rebecca Z. German. "Does birth weight affect neonatal body weight, growth, and physiology in an animal model?" PLOS ONE 16, no. 2 (February 16, 2021): e0246954. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0246954.
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Infant birth weight affects neuromotor and biomechanical swallowing performance in infant pig models. Preterm infants are generally born low birth weight and suffer from delayed development and neuromotor deficits. These deficits include critical life skills such as swallowing and breathing. It is unclear whether these neuromotor and biomechanical deficits are a result of low birth weight or preterm birth. In this study we ask: are preterm infants simply low birth weight infants or do preterm infants differ from term infants in weight gain and swallowing behaviors independent of birth weight? We use a validated infant pig model to show that preterm and term infants gain weight differently and that birth weight is not a strong predictor of functional deficits in preterm infant swallowing. We found that preterm infants gained weight at a faster rate than term infants and with nearly three times the variation. Additionally, we found that the number of sucks per swallow, swallow duration, and the delay of the swallows relative to the suck cycles were not impacted by birth weight. These results suggest that any correlation of developmental or swallowing deficits with reduced birth weight are likely linked to underlying physiological immaturity of the preterm infant.
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Newton, Danforth, John Baatz, Judy Shary, Renee Washington, and Carol Wagner. "Maternal Vitamin D Sufficiency Is Associated with Lower Circulating TNF-α in Breastfeeding Infants." Current Developments in Nutrition 4, Supplement_2 (May 29, 2020): 1049. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa054_121.
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Abstract Objectives Exclusively breastfeeding (BrF) infants are at risk for vitD deficiency if they or their mothers are not supplemented. However, it is unknown if maternal or direct infant vitD supplementation could have differential effects on the BrF child. We hypothesized that maternal vitD status may affect concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines in infants. Methods Exclusively BrF infants and mothers were enrolled in a clinical study in which infant vitD sufficiency was achieved by either direct supplementation with 400 IU/d vitD3 or mothers were supplemented with 6400 IU/d. Infant and maternal plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-D) values were determined by radioimmunoassay at enrollment (1-mo infant) and completion (5-mo). Concentrations of 10 pro-inflammatory cytokines in infant plasma were determined by electrochemiluminescence. ANOVA, t-tests and linear correlations were used to calculate relationships between vitD and circulating cytokines in 49 infant-mother pairs at study enrollment and 39 pairs at completion. Results Plasma concentrations of 10 pro-inflammatory cytokines measured were very low (pg/ml range). Neither infant nor maternal vitD status (sufficiency defined as plasma 25-D > 30 ng/ml) were associated with 9 measured cytokines in infant blood (IFN-γ, IL-1b, –2, –4, –6, –8, –10, –12, –13). In contrast, concentrations of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in infant plasma were inversely correlated to maternal vitD status (r = −0.37; P = 0.02 at study completion). At study enrollment, BrF infants of vitD-sufficient mothers had mean 20% lower plasma TNF-α concentration than infants of vitD-insufficient mothers (P = 0.02), regardless of the infant's own vitD status. VitD sufficiency in infants per se was associated with mean 5% lower plasma TNF-α concentration, non-significantly different to that of vitD-deficient infants. Conclusions These results indicate that vitD-mediated changes in breastmilk composition can affect the immune system of BrF infants. Circulating concentrations of the major pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α were significantly lower in infants with vitD-sufficient mothers regardless of the infant's own vitD status. Studies are currently investigating vitD-associated effects on responses of BrF infants’ immune cells to antigenic challenge. Funding Sources NIH/NCATS, SC Translational Research Institute, MUSC Pediatrics.
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Elvira, Mariza, and Siti Azizah. "Pengaruh Pemberian Pijat Bayi Terhadap Kenaikan Berat Badan Bayi Umur 0-6 Bulan Di BPS Bunda Bukittinggi." Jurnal Pembangunan Nagari 2, no. 1 (June 22, 2017): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.30559/jpn.v2i1.16.
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The massage is not only done when the baby is healthy, but also on sick or fussy babies and infants has become routine care after birth. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of infant massage on weight gain in infants aged 0-6 months. This type of research is Experimental with Quasy Experiment. The population in this study was 0-6 month-old baby. The sample amounted to 24 people consisting of 12 people who were given infant massage and 12 people were not given infant massage with technique sampling nonprobability. Data was collected using a computerized questionnaire then processed in the univariate and bivariate analyzes. The results obtained infant weight gain on average increased weight infants fed infant massage is 800 gram/month and on average increased weight infants who were not given the baby massage is 233.33 gram/month. Results of statistical test p value = 0.000 visible means no significant difference on average between giving a massage in infants with weight gain in infants aged 0-6 months. The conclusion can be drawn that the baby is gaining weight rapidly increases with doing baby massage, and also advice it to parents to always perform routine infant massage on baby.
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Niwano, Katsuko, and Kuniaki Sugai. "Maternal Accommodation in Infant-Directed Speech during Mother's and Twin-Infants' Vocal Interactions." Psychological Reports 92, no. 2 (April 2003): 481–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.2003.92.2.481.
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In this study a mother's instinctive accommodations of vocal fundamental frequency (f0) of infant-directed speech to two different infants was explored. Maternal speech directed to individual 3-mo.-old fraternal twin-infants was subjected to acoustic analysis. Natural samples of infant-directed speech were recorded at home. There were differences in the rate of infants' vocal responses. The mother changed her f0 and patterns of intonation contour when she spoke to each infant. When she spoke to the infant whose vocal response was less frequent than the other infant, she used a higher mean f0 and a rising intonation contour more than when she spoke to the other infant. The result suggested that the mother's speech characteristic is not inflexible and that the mother may use a higher f0 and rising contour as a strategy to elicit an infant's less frequent vocal response.
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Chong, Hui-Yuan, Loh Teng-Hern Tan, Jodi Woan-Fei Law, Kar-Wai Hong, Vanassa Ratnasingam, Nurul-Syakima Ab Mutalib, Learn-Han Lee, and Vengadesh Letchumanan. "Exploring the Potential of Human Milk and Formula Milk on Infants’ Gut and Health." Nutrients 14, no. 17 (August 29, 2022): 3554. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14173554.
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Early-life gut microbiota plays a role in determining the health and risk of developing diseases in later life. Various perinatal factors have been shown to contribute to the development and establishment of infant gut microbiota. One of the important factors influencing the infant gut microbial colonization and composition is the mode of infant feeding. While infant formula milk has been designed to resemble human milk as much as possible, the gut microbiome of infants who receive formula milk differs from that of infants who are fed human milk. A diverse microbial population in human milk and the microbes seed the infant gut microbiome. Human milk contains nutritional components that promote infant growth and bioactive components, such as human milk oligosaccharides, lactoferrin, and immunoglobulins, which contribute to immunological development. In an attempt to encourage the formation of a healthy gut microbiome comparable to that of a breastfed infant, manufacturers often supplement infant formula with prebiotics or probiotics, which are known to have a bifidogenic effect and can modulate the immune system. This review aims to elucidate the roles of human milk and formula milk on infants’ gut and health.