Journal articles: 'Infant psychology Case studies'

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Mansor, Muhammad Naufal, and Mohd Nazri Rejab. "Neural Network Performance Comparison in Infant Pain Expression Classifications." Applied Mechanics and Materials 475-476 (December 2013): 1104–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.475-476.1104.

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Infant pain is a non-stationary made by infants in response to certain situations. This infant facial expression can be used to identify physical or psychology status of infant. The aim of this work is to compare the performance of features in infant pain classification. Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), and Singular value Decomposition (SVD) features are computed at different classifier. Two different case studies such as normal and pain are performed. Two different types of radial basis artificial neural networks namely, Probabilistic Neural Network (PNN) and General Regression Neural Network (GRNN) are used to classify the infant pain. The results emphasized that the proposed features and classification algorithms can be used to aid the medical professionals for diagnosing pathological status of infant pain.

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Margoni, Francesco, and Martin Shepperd. "Changing the logic of replication: A case from infant studies." Infant Behavior and Development 61 (November 2020): 101483. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.infbeh.2020.101483.

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Skelton, A. E., and A. Franklin. "Infants look longer at colours that adults like when colours are highly saturated." Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 27, no. 1 (December 17, 2019): 78–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13423-019-01688-5.

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AbstractThe extent to which aesthetic preferences are ‘innate’ has been highly debated (Reber, Schwarz, & Winkielman, Personality and Social Psychology Review, 8(4), 364–382, 2004). For some types of visual stimuli infants look longer at those that adults prefer. It is unclear whether this is also the case for colour. A lack of relationship in prior studies between how long infants look at different colours and how much adults like those colours might be accounted for by stimulus limitations. For example, stimuli may have been too desaturated for infant vision. In the current study, using saturated colours more suitable for infants, we aim to quantify the relationship between infant looking and adult preference for colour. We take infant looking times at multiple hues from a study of infant colour categorization (Skelton, Catchpole, Abbott, Bosten, & Franklin, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 114(21), 5545–5550, 2017) and then measure adult preferences and compare these to infant looking. When colours are highly saturated, infants look longer at colours that adults prefer. Both infant looking time and adult preference are greatest for blue hues and are least for green-yellow. Infant looking and adult preference can be partly summarized by activation of the blue-yellow dimension in the early encoding of human colour vision. These findings suggest that colour preference is at least partially rooted in the sensory mechanisms of colour vision, and more broadly that aesthetic judgements may in part be due to underlying sensory biases.

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Devine, Nancy, Bryan M. Gee, Nicki L. Aubuchon-Endsley, Michele R. Brumley, Heather L. Ramsdell, and Hillary E. Swann-Thomsen. "Investigating infant development through an interprofessional research collaboration: case report." International Journal of Therapy and Rehabilitation 28, no. 3 (March 2, 2021): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/ijtr.2018.0064.

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Background/aims From a dynamic systems perspective of infant development, several systems (eg sensorimotor, perceptual, and reasoning, among others, may self-organise and change behavioural responses over time following experience. These changes in infant behaviour are often measured through the achievement of age-adjusted developmental milestones. However, the majority of research guiding the understanding of typical infant developmental trajectories rarely depicts collaborations across more than one or two disciplines. The purpose of this case report was to describe an interprofessional research collaboration among researchers and clinicians in clinical and experimental psychology, occupational therapy, speech-language pathology, and physical therapy to establish methods and procedures that describe different developmental domains in infancy for a single participant. Methods One infant who was typically developing was video and audio recorded during 60 minutes of free play at ages 8, 12, and 16 months. Four research labs scored the middle 20 minutes of recorded time for infant and caregiver utterances, touch and motor behaviours, play participation and performance, co-occupation, and caregiver sensitivity to infant affect. The combined data from the four labs captured and revealed a rich description of the infant's development from 8 to 16 months of age. Results The data for this single infant indicated that important developmental changes occurred leading to greater independence in communication, mobility and co-occupation, while reducing some of the requirements for attention from the caregiver. Conclusions The procedures used within research labs by principal investigators from four disciplines to describe development in a single infant between 8 and 16 months of age yielded a rich example of development, consistent with published milestones. Future studies with larger sample sizes using the interdisciplinary research methods applied in this case study may improve the understanding of, influences on, and relationships between, infant developmental trajectories.

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Juffer, Femmie, Marinus H. van Ijzendoorn, and Marian J. Bakermans-Kranenburg. "Intervention in Transmission of Insecure Attachment: A Case Study." Psychological Reports 80, no. 2 (April 1997): 531–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1997.80.2.531.

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Several attachment-based intervention studies have been performed, with varying success. An important question is whether short-term interventions can be successful in promoting parental sensitivity and security of infant-parent attachment as well as in changing parental representations of attachment. We investigated this issue in an exploratory way in a case study. A short-term home-based intervention with written material and video feedback, which was effective regarding parental sensitivity and infant security in a former study, was provided a parent who revealed an insecure attachment representation in the Adult Attachment Interview. The intervention sessions were expanded with discussions about past and present experiences of attachment. After four intervention sessions the mother's behavior towards her child was rated as more sensitive than before the intervention. Also, the infant-mother attachment, as observed in the Strange Situation, appeared to be more secure. Nevertheless, in a second Adult Attachment Interview administered after the intervention, the mother showed again an insecure representation of attachment. Possible implications of these results are discussed.

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DILLEY, LAURA C., AMANDA L. MILLETT, J. DEVIN MCAULEY, and TONYA R. BERGESON. "Phonetic variation in consonants in infant-directed and adult-directed speech: the case of regressive place assimilation in word-final alveolar stops." Journal of Child Language 41, no. 1 (February 7, 2013): 155–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000912000670.

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ABSTRACTPronunciation variation is under-studied in infant-directed speech, particularly for consonants. Regressive place assimilation involves a word-final alveolar stop taking the place of articulation of a following word-initial consonant. We investigated pronunciation variation in word-final alveolar stop consonants in storybooks read by forty-eight mothers in adult-directed or infant-directed style to infants aged approximately 0;3, 0;9, 1;1, or 1;8. We focused on phonological environments where regressive place assimilation could occur, i.e., when the stop preceded a word-initial labial or velar consonant. Spectrogram, waveform, and perceptual evidence was used to classify tokens into four pronunciation categories: canonical, assimilated, glottalized, or deleted. Results showed a reliable tendency for canonical variants to occur in infant-directed speech more often than in adult-directed speech. However, the otherwise very similar distributions of variants across addressee and age group suggested that infants largely experience statistical distributions of non-canonical consonantal pronunciation variants that mirror those experienced by adults.

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Carvajal, Fernando, and Jaime Iglesias. "Face-to-face emotion interaction studies in Down syndrome infants." International Journal of Behavioral Development 26, no. 2 (March 2002): 104–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01650250042000609.

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Infants with Down syndrome constitute an ideal population for analysing the development of emotional expression from the first months of life, due basically to the fact that this chromosomal alteration is identifiable from birth and results in well-known difficulties of cognitive development and in basic learning processes. Taking into account the functional aspects of facial expression during initial social interaction, in this review we present a series of studies which, although based on different theoretical approaches and different methodologies, have the common objective of analysing the emotional behaviour of young infants with and without Down syndrome during face-to-face interaction with their mothers. The main conclusions emerging from these studies are: (a) that, as in the case of typically developing infants, Down syndrome infants and their mothers present a series of coordinated and interdependent expressive interchanges; (b) that, despite the differences found between infants with and without Down syndrome in quantitative parameters of expressive behaviour, such as frequency, duration and intensity of the different emotional expressions or their point of initiation in development, what seems to be most significant is the clear functional similarity observed in the two groups of subjects during initial mother-infant interaction; and (c) that these differences may be understood by considering different psychobiological explanations as well as the known cognitive deficits.

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Fouts, Hillary N., Jaipaul L. Roopnarine, Michael E. Lamb, and Melanie Evans. "Infant Social Interactions With Multiple Caregivers." Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 43, no. 2 (December 15, 2010): 328–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022022110388564.

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Most studies of diverse populations of families within the United States have either focused predominantly on ethnicity or socioeconomic status (SES), and those that have examined both ethnicity and SES have noted difficulties in disentangling the effects of SES and ethnicity. In order to achieve a greater understanding of variation in infant experiences with parental and nonparental caregivers in differing socioeconomic and ethnic contexts, 41 infants from African American and 40 infants from European American families of lower and middle SES were observed for 12 hours each in and around their home environments. Ethnic differences were evident in the infants’ overall experiences with caregivers, maternal availability, affection, caregiving, and stimulation by nonnuclear relatives; SES differences were identified for maternal and paternal holding, maternal carrying, and paternal caregiving. When caregiver availability was taken into account, variations in interactional and care experiences were predominantly predicted by ethnicity. These results underscore the need to study both ethnicity and socioeconomic variation rather than either one alone. Furthermore, the caregiving behaviors of African American mothers and fathers may be misrepresented when multiple SES contexts are not considered.

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Kissgen, Ruediger, Sebastian Franke, Nino Jorjadze, Bernhard Roth, and Angela Kribs. "Infant–Father Attachment in Infants Born Preterm - A Brief Report." International Journal of Developmental Science 15, no. 1-2 (August 20, 2021): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/dev-200299.

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This study examines the infant–father attachment in infants born preterm (< 1500 g at birth and/or < 37 weeks gestation) in comparison to full-term infants. The infant–father attachment was assessed using the Strange Situation Procedure at a (corrected) age of 15 months. We found at least half of preterm and full-term infants (50.0% and 56.5% respectively) securely attached to their fathers, and no significant overall difference was observed concerning the distribution of attachment quality comparing the two groups. In light of the fact that preterm infants tend to have numerous neurodevelopmental problems, it is encouraging that significant differences were not found in the distribution of the attachment quality among the groups. Therefore, from the perspective of attachment research, it would be highly beneficial to include fathers in the care of their preterm infants.

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Assal-Zrike, Shuaa, Kyla Marks, and Naama Atzaba-Poria. "Maternal Emotional Distress Following the Birth of a Preterm Baby: The Case of Bedouin Mothers Living in Southern Israel." Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 52, no. 6 (July 2021): 553–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00220221211033991.

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Mothers of preterm infants are at higher risk for postpartum emotional distress (PPED). In this study, we investigated PPED among Bedouin mothers, an ethnic minority group living in Israel. Our aim was to understand how maternal acculturation style and birth order were related to mothers’ PPED following a premature birth. Three hundred twenty-one Bedouin mothers and their babies (preterm: n = 66; full-term: n = 255) participated in the study. Data were collected in the maternity ward and the NICU (Neonatal Intensive Care Unit) of a large general hospital in Southern Israel providing medical care to all populations in the southern region. Mothers completed questionnaires on maternal postpartum depression and anxiety. Additionally, maternal acculturation style was assessed using the acculturation questionnaire and information on child birth order. Mothers of preterm infants indicated having more symptoms of PPED than mothers of full-term infants. Additionally, both maternal acculturation style as well as birth order (i.e., whether the preterm was first- or later-born) were found to act as moderators in the link between prematurity and PPED. Specifically, we found that among the preterm group, low levels of Westernized acculturation style and the birth of a preterm infant who was later-born predicted higher levels of PPED. Our findings indicate that ethnicity, acculturation, and birth order are important variables that need to be considered when studying PPED and premature birth. Results highlight the fact that mothers from an ethnic minority group who have had a premature birth are at higher risk for experiencing PPED. However, individual differences emerged when examining maternal acculturation style and birth order. Culturally—informed clinical implications are proposed.

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Wood, Rebecca M. "On the utility of an evolutionary approach to infant crying." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 27, no. 4 (August 2004): 475–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x04400107.

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Soltis' analysis of signal functions of young infants' cries stimulates testable questions regarding abuse, neglect, and infanticide. Nevertheless, his evolutionary perspective oversimplifies the cry event, and does little to promote developmental analysis of crying during infancy. Studies of the cry in its behavioral and developmental context are needed if we are to understand the proximate causes of optimal and suboptimal care.

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Quay, Suzanne. "The bilingual lexicon: implications for studies of language choice." Journal of Child Language 22, no. 2 (June 1995): 369–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000900009831.

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ABSTRACTLexical gaps in vocabulary development have been acknowledged as a reason for language mixing in young bilingual children. In spite of this, most studies do not take into account whether young bilinguals have the lexical resources to make a choice between their two languages. Inferences are nevertheless still being made about whether or not young bilinguals differentiate between their two languages based on language choice. It is widely believed, however, that young bilinguals do not have the resources to make lexical choices at a pre-syntactic stage of development before age two. A bilingual case study of an infant acquiring Spanish and English from birth to age 1;10 is used to address this issue. Daily diary records and weekly video recordings in the two language contexts are used to construct the child's lexicon and to establish that translation equivalents that make possible language choice are available from the beginning of speech. The results are used to discuss the importance of translation equivalents in the bilingual lexicon for viable interpretations of language choice.

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Gustafsson, Hanna C., Sherryl H. Goodman, Tianshu Feng, Jean Choi, Seonjoo Lee, D. Jeffrey Newport, Bettina Knight, Blaire Pingeton, Zachary N. Stowe, and Catherine Monk. "Major depressive disorder during pregnancy: Psychiatric medications have minimal effects on the fetus and infant yet development is compromised." Development and Psychopathology 30, no. 3 (August 2018): 773–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579418000639.

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AbstractPsychotropic medication use and psychiatric symptoms during pregnancy each are associated with adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes in offspring. Commonly, studies considering medication effects do not adequately assess symptoms, nor evaluate children when the effects are believed to occur, the fetal period. This study examined maternal serotonin reuptake inhibitor and polypharmacy use in relation to serial assessments of five indices of fetal neurobehavior and Bayley Scales of Infant Development at 12 months in N = 161 socioeconomically advantaged, non-Hispanic White women with a shared risk phenotype, diagnosed major depressive disorder. On average fetuses showed the expected development over gestation. In contrast, infant average Bayley psychomotor and mental development scores were low (M = 84.10 and M = 89.92, range of normal limits 85–114) with rates of delay more than 2–3 times what would be expected based on this measure's normative data. Controlling for prenatal and postnatal depressive symptoms, prenatal medication effects on neurobehavioral development were largely undetected in the fetus and infant. Mental health care directed primarily at symptoms may not address the additional psychosocial needs of women parenting infants. Speculatively, prenatal serotonin reuptake inhibitor exposure may act as a plasticity rather than risk factor, potentially enhancing receptivity to a nonoptimal postnatal environment in some mother–infant dyads.

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Garg, Elika, Li Chen, Thao T. T. Nguyen, Irina Pokhvisneva, Lawrence M. Chen, Eva Unternaehrer, Julia L. MacIsaac, et al. "The early care environment and DNA methylome variation in childhood." Development and Psychopathology 30, no. 3 (August 2018): 891–903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579418000627.

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AbstractPrenatal adversity shapes child neurodevelopment and risk for later mental health problems. The quality of the early care environment can buffer some of the negative effects of prenatal adversity on child development. Retrospective studies, in adult samples, highlight epigenetic modifications as sentinel markers of the quality of the early care environment; however, comparable data from pediatric cohorts are lacking. Participants were drawn from the Maternal Adversity Vulnerability and Neurodevelopment (MAVAN) study, a longitudinal cohort with measures of infant attachment, infant development, and child mental health. Children provided buccal epithelial samples (mean age = 6.99, SD = 1.33 years, n = 226), which were used for analyses of genome-wide DNA methylation and genetic variation. We used a series of linear models to describe the association between infant attachment and (a) measures of child outcome and (b) DNA methylation across the genome. Paired genetic data was used to determine the genetic contribution to DNA methylation at attachment-associated sites. Infant attachment style was associated with infant cognitive development (Mental Development Index) and behavior (Behavior Rating Scale) assessed with the Bayley Scales of Infant Development at 36 months. Infant attachment style moderated the effects of prenatal adversity on Behavior Rating Scale scores at 36 months. Infant attachment was also significantly associated with a principal component that accounted for 11.9% of the variation in genome-wide DNA methylation. These effects were most apparent when comparing children with a secure versus a disorganized attachment style and most pronounced in females. The availability of paired genetic data revealed that DNA methylation at approximately half of all infant attachment-associated sites was best explained by considering both infant attachment and child genetic variation. This study provides further evidence that infant attachment can buffer some of the negative effects of early adversity on measures of infant behavior. We also highlight the interplay between infant attachment and child genotype in shaping variation in DNA methylation. Such findings provide preliminary evidence for a molecular signature of infant attachment and may help inform attachment-focused early intervention programs.

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Ahnert, Lieselotte. "Early Peer Interaction in Group Care as Related to Infant-Mother and Infant-Care Provider Attachments." International Journal of Developmental Science 3, no. 4 (2009): 408–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/dev-2009-3406.

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Fiamenghi, Geraldo A., Aline G. Vedovato, Maira C. Meirelles, and Marcia E. Shimoda. "Mothers' interaction with their disabled infants: two case studies." Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology 28, no. 2 (May 2010): 191–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02646830903295042.

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Blakeman, Rachel, and Marianne Goldberger. "Will This Case Count? The Influence of Training on Treatment." Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association 64, no. 6 (December 2016): 1133–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003065116680079.

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Mandated use of the couch—whether specifically stated or tacitly communicated by supervisors and colleagues—to fulfill requirements for graduation or certification is a significant disservice to candidates and their patients. In its training standards, it is argued, APsaA and its member institutes should state explicitly that a treatment can qualify as a psychoanalysis, regardless of whether the patient is using the couch, as long as the process is analytic and the candidate’s thinking is demonstrably analytic. The mandate, however conveyed, that one must use the couch interferes with candidates’ optimal analytic functioning, jeopardizing their patients’ analyses. Data from infant observation, neuroscience, and facial expression studies—unavailable to earlier generations of analysts—support a more nuanced view of use of the couch. Each analysis is unique, and some analyses might well benefit from use of both the couch and the chair at different phases of treatment, but unless this is spelled out by ApsaA and its member institutes, candidates and junior analysts will be prevented from freely contemplating the clinical benefits or detriments of their use in specific cases.

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Fletcher-Watson, Sue, Kenneth Larsen, and Erica Salomone. "What do parents of children with autism expect from participation in research? A community survey about early autism studies." Autism 23, no. 1 (November 10, 2017): 175–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1362361317728436.

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Engagement with stakeholders is an essential part of the research process. This is particularly the case for early autism research with infant cohorts and their families, where a range of ethical issues are pertinent. Here, we report on a large survey of parents who have a child on the autism spectrum (n = 1040) which specifically probed attitudes to early autism research. The large majority of parents showed positive attitudes overall, and these were associated with greater access to services, higher service quality ratings and higher rates of intellectual disability among their children. Parents valued the scientific goals of research, but half of parents also reported that an intervention component would be an essential prerequisite for them to participate in research. If enrolled in a study, parents were positive about most commonly used measures though less favourably disposed towards brain scans for children. They valued direct contact with the research team and openness in data sharing. We interpret our findings in terms of lessons for the early autism research community and for stakeholder engagement projects.

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Kennedy, Hilary, Kevin Ball, and Jane Barlow. "How does video interaction guidance contribute to infant and parental mental health and well-being?" Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry 22, no. 3 (April 27, 2017): 500–517. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1359104517704026.

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This article describes the contribution of video interaction guidance (VIG) to the development of infant and parental and VIG practitioners’ mental health and well-being. The theoretical core of VIG was depicted in terms of concepts such as intersubjectivity, attunement and mediated learning. The way the VIG principles alongside the underpinning values and beliefs promote a process of attunement between parent and infant, the VIG practitioner and parent, and the VIG practitioner and supervisor is described. This article also describes some of the evidence about the effectiveness of video feedback techniques more generally and the way in which the underpinning theory of change enables VIG to target key ports of entry in terms of areas that have been highlighted by numerous epidemiological studies as being important in terms of supporting or derailing infant attachment security. A case study is used to demonstrate the way in which VIG can be integrated within broader therapeutic approaches such as parent–infant psychotherapy to support the interaction of parents who have been deeply traumatised in childhood. It also demonstrates how the parallel process of practitioner ‘attunement’ to mother is key to the mother’s recovery and her new ability to form attuned relationships herself with her children and other adults.

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Zietlow, Anna-Lena, Christian Franz Josef Woll, Nora Nonnenmacher, Mitho Müller, Verena Labonte, Beate Ditzen, Markus Paulus, et al. "Study protocol of the COMPARE-Interaction study: the impact of maternal comorbid depression and anxiety disorders in the peripartum period on child development." BMJ Open 12, no. 1 (January 2022): e050437. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-050437.

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IntroductionTo date, there are only few studies that compare the consequences of peripartum maternal depressive disorders (PD) versus depressive with comorbid anxiety disorders (PDCA) for infant and child development. As comorbidity is associated with greater impairment and symptom severity related to the primary diagnosis, comorbidity in mothers might raise their offspring’s risk of developing internalising or externalising disorders even more than has been noted in conjunction with PD alone.Methods and analysisThis study aims to analyse the impact of parental psychopathology, particularly peripartum depression in mothers with and without comorbid anxiety disorders according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) on child cognitive and socioemotional development. Maternal/paternal psychopathology, mother–infant/father–infant interaction and child development are assessed at four measurement points over the first 2 years (T1: 3–4 months postpartum, T2: 12 months postpartum, T3: 18 months postpartum and T4: 24 months postpartum). The mediating role of mother–infant/father–infant interaction and infant stress reactivity in the relationship between PD/PDCA and infant cognitive and socioemotional development will be analysed. In the ongoing study, 174 families (n=58 mothers with PD, n=58 mothers with PDCA and n=58 healthy controls) will be recruited in inpatient and outpatient centres as well as maternity hospitals in Munich and Heidelberg.Ethics and disseminationThis study is implemented in accordance with the current guidelines of the World Medical Association (revised Declaration of Helsinki) and the General Data Protection Regulation of the European Union. The study procedures were approved by the independent ethics committees of the Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich (74_Reck_b) and of the Medical Faculty, University Heidelberg (S-446/2017). Participation is voluntary. A signed written informed consent form must be obtained from each study subject prior to any study-specific procedure. Participants can withdraw from the study at any point in time without giving a reason or being subjected to any future disadvantages. In case of withdrawal from the study, the subject’s data and material will be kept unless the participant asks for data removal. Results will be published and disseminated to further the discussion on the effects of maternal PD and PDCA on parent–infant interaction, infant stress reactivity and child development. Furthermore, study results will be presented at international congresses and expert conferences.

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Sirois, Sylvain, Michael Spratling, Michael S. C. Thomas, Gert Westermann, Denis Mareschal, and Mark H. Johnson. "Précis of Neuroconstructivism: How the Brain Constructs Cognition." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 31, no. 3 (June 2008): 321–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x0800407x.

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AbstractNeuroconstructivism: How the Brain Constructs Cognition proposes a unifying framework for the study of cognitive development that brings together (1) constructivism (which views development as the progressive elaboration of increasingly complex structures), (2) cognitive neuroscience (which aims to understand the neural mechanisms underlying behavior), and (3) computational modeling (which proposes formal and explicit specifications of information processing). The guiding principle of our approach is context dependence, within and (in contrast to Marr [1982]) between levels of organization. We propose that three mechanisms guide the emergence of representations: competition, cooperation, and chronotopy; which themselves allow for two central processes: proactivity and progressive specialization. We suggest that the main outcome of development is partial representations, distributed across distinct functional circuits. This framework is derived by examining development at the level of single neurons, brain systems, and whole organisms. We use the terms encellment, embrainment, and embodiment to describe the higher-level contextual influences that act at each of these levels of organization. To illustrate these mechanisms in operation we provide case studies in early visual perception, infant habituation, phonological development, and object representations in infancy. Three further case studies are concerned with interactions between levels of explanation: social development, atypical development and within that, developmental dyslexia. We conclude that cognitive development arises from a dynamic, contextual change in embodied neural structures leading to partial representations across multiple brain regions and timescales, in response to proactively specified physical and social environment.

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Robbins, Brent Dean. "SCHREBER'S SOUL-VOLUPTUOUSNESS: MYSTICISM, MADNESS AND THE FEMININE IN SCHREBER'S MEMOIRS." Journal of Phenomenological Psychology 31, no. 2 (2000): 117–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15691620051090951.

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AbstractFreud's 1911 case study based on Schreber's (1903) Memoirs of My Nervous Illness provides the investigator with the opportunity to reexamine Freud's interpretation through a return to the original data Freud used. This study reveals both the insights and limitations of Freud's theory of paranoia. An alternative interpretation of the case is overed from an existential-phenomenological perspective which aims both to expand upon and transform Freud's study without negating its value. Freud draws on the mythologies of the sun to argue for his hypothesis that the "father-complex" lies behind Schreber's God. By following some of the many other mythological themes in Schreber's memoirs, Freud's interpretation is opened to a larger, socially and historically situated context. An examination of cross-cultural and historical studies of mystical experience shows how Schreber's psychosis is simultaneously a form of madness and spiritual breakthrough. Schreber's is viewed as a narcissistic experience of the infant-child in which the imaginal has been exiled from rational, modern adulthood and is inaccessible to Cartesian language. Instead of recognizing the soul-full world of "miracles," Schreber envisions the absorption of the entire world into himself and he thus becomes an inflated caricature of the "heroic ego" at its extreme .

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Hadfield, Holly, Suzanne Glendenning, Penny Bee, and Anja Wittkowski. "Psychological Therapy for Postnatal Depression in UK Primary Care Mental Health Services: A Qualitative Investigation Using Framework Analysis." Journal of Child and Family Studies 28, no. 12 (September 10, 2019): 3519–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10826-019-01535-0.

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Abstract Objectives Postnatal depression (PND) can have negative consequences for mother and infant. Current psychological therapies are effective in treating depression but improvements in mother-infant outcomes have not yet been established. We aimed to capture mothers’ experiences of therapy for PND with a focus on parenting-related outcomes. We also sought their views on including parenting support within interventions. Methods Fourteen mothers who received psychological therapy in the United Kingdom’s National Health Service (NHS) participated in semi-structured interviews. Data were audio-recorded, transcribed, coded and analysed using Framework Analysis. Results Three main themes were identified: ‘The experience of therapy’, ‘Therapy outcomes’ and ‘Views about parenting interventions for postnatal depression’. The main themes were underpinned by other themes. Overall the findings revealed that mothers perceived therapy as helpful in improving mood, confidence as a parent and relationship with their infant. Mothers valued the process of normalising their experiences within group therapy and by their therapists because it reduced any shame and stigma associated with PND. Mothers thought parenting support within therapy would be acceptable if delivered collaboratively. Conclusions Primary care-based psychological therapy for PND was perceived as helpful and acceptable. It clearly met some of the mothers’ goals, especially if their beliefs about being a ‘bad mother’ was challenged and modified. Barriers to engagement, such as childcare issues and therapist’s knowledge about perinatal mental health, would also need to be overcome. Finally, mother-infant interventions should be further explored as an adjunct treatment option.

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Bornstein, Marc H., and Nanmathi Manian. "Maternal responsiveness and sensitivity reconsidered: Some is more." Development and Psychopathology 25, no. 4pt1 (November 2013): 957–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579413000308.

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AbstractIs it always or necessarily the case that common and important parenting practices are better, insofar as they occur more often, or worse, because they occur less often? Perhaps, less is more, or some is more. To address this question, we studied mothers' microcoded contingent responsiveness to their infants (M = 5.4 months, SD = 0.2) in relation to independent global judgments of the same mothers' parenting sensitivity. In a community sample of 335 European American dyads, videorecorded infant and maternal behaviors were timed microanalytically throughout an extended home observation; separately and independently, global maternal sensitivity was rated macroanalytically. Sequential analysis and spline regression showed that, as maternal contingent responsiveness increased, judged maternal sensitivity increased to significance on the contingency continuum, after which mothers who were even more contingent were judged less sensitive. Just significant levels of maternal responsiveness are deemed optimally sensitive. Implications of these findings for typical and atypical parenting, child development, and intervention science are discussed.

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Viernickel, Susanne. "Peer Interactions in Infant Care: Formal Attributes and Sharing of Meaning." International Journal of Developmental Science 3, no. 4 (2009): 326–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/dev-2009-3402.

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Raghuveer, Pracheth, Ramdas Ransing, Prerna Kukreti, Mahesh Mahadevaiah, Wafaa Abdelhakim Elbahaey, Satish Iyengar, Harish Pemde, and Smita N. Deshpande. "Effectiveness of a Brief Psychological Intervention Delivered by Nurse for Depression in Pregnancy: Study Protocol for a Multicentric Randomized Controlled Trial from India." Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine 42, no. 6_suppl (December 2020): S23—S30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0253717620971559.

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Background: Perinatal depression (PD) has important implications for maternal and infant well-being but largely goes undetected. There is a need to develop low-intensity psychosocial interventions applicable to obstetric health care facilities. Objective: To assess the effectiveness of a brief psychological intervention for mild to moderate PD delivered by a nurse as compared to treatment-as-usual (TAU). Methods: This study is a randomized, open-label, parallel-group, multicentric trial being conducted in four sites of India. A total of 816 pregnant women with mild to moderately severe depression (Patient Health Questionaire-9 score of 5–19) are being assessed for the effectiveness of the intervention. Participants are randomly allocated to two groups of trial intervention (psychological intervention given by nurse) and TAU. The primary outcome is to compare the proportion of women reporting improvement across both groups. Participants are serially followed-up in each trimester and at 6, 10, 14 weeks, and 6 months postpartum. Secondary outcomes include pregnancy outcomes, feeding practices, physical growth, and immunization status of the infants. Conclusion: It is a prospective pregnancy birth cohort with a robust design and long-term follow-up. This is one of the largest studies utilizing non-specialist health workers for the screening and management of PD. This study also holds promise to cast light on the course and outcome of depression during pregnancy in different parts of India. It is envisaged to help in developing a sound screening and referral-based protocol for obstetric settings.

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Burns, M. Susan, Vaughan Stagg, Christine Saitz, and Nkechinyere Amadi. "Intervention for Infants and Toddlers Exposed to Methadone In Utero: Three Case Studies." Infants & Young Children 9, no. 1 (July 1996): 75–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001163-199607000-00009.

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Melhuish, Edward C. "The quest for quality in early day care and preschool experience continues." International Journal of Behavioral Development 25, no. 1 (January 2001): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01650250042000492.

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In research in the areas of day care for young children and preschool education at the end of the second millennium, common themes can be recognised. Early research was primarily concerned with whether children attending institutions (day care or preschool centre), developed differently from those not attending such centres. Later work recognised that day care or preschool experience is not unitary and that the quality or characteristic of experience matters. Yet further research drew attention to the importance of the interaction between home and out of home experience. These have been referred to as the three waves of research. In the 1980s, the proposition emerged that infant day care may be a risk factor for insecure attachment to the mother. In an ideologically and politically sensitive ” eld, the concern raised by this proposition that day care might be bad for infants, led to the funding of one of the largest studies of day care, the NICHD study. The results of this study so far indicate that quality of care is an important aspect of child care experience. This study is likely to be a watershed in that the sample size and detail of data are far greater than preceding studies. The conclusion that quality of experience for young children matters however, sets the agenda for research in the new millennium. Currently, approaches to this issue generally adopt the strategy of using a measure of child care quality and investigating associations with child development outcomes. An alternative approach derives from school effectiveness research. Children from specific centres are followed longitudinally. Their developmental progress is then considered in terms of family factors, type amount and quality of centre experience, and the specific centre attended. In this approach the presence of specific centre effects can be detected so that a specific centre can be identi” ed as associated with a quantifiable positive or negative effect on development. The resulting incongruence between traditional measures of quality and measures derived from developmental effects will require a reformulation of the links between child care characteristics, child experience, and developmental outcomes. As measures of quality become more ”rmly related to developmental outcomes child care research can become more integrated within developmental psychology.

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KARMILOFF–SMITH, ANNETTE, and MICHAEL THOMAS. "What can developmental disorders tell us about the neurocomputational constraints that shape development? The case of Williams syndrome." Development and Psychopathology 15, no. 4 (November 14, 2003): 969–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579403000476.

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The uneven cognitive phenotype in the adult outcome of Williams syndrome has led some researchers to make strong claims about the modularity of the brain and the purported genetically determined, innate specification of cognitive modules. Such arguments have particularly been marshaled with respect to language. We challenge this direct generalization from adult phenotypic outcomes to genetic specification and consider instead how genetic disorders provide clues to the constraints on plasticity that shape the outcome of development. We specifically examine behavioral studies, brain imaging, and computational modeling of language in Williams syndrome but contend that our theoretical arguments apply equally to other cognitive domains and other developmental disorders. While acknowledging that selective deficits in normal adult patients might justify claims about cognitive modularity, we question whether similar, seemingly selective deficits found in genetic disorders can be used to argue that such cognitive modules are prespecified in infant brains. Cognitive modules are, in our view, the outcome of development, not its starting point. We note that most work on genetic disorders ignores one vital factor, the actual process of ontogenetic development, and argue that it is vital to view genetic disorders as proceeding under different neurocomputational constraints, not as demonstrations of static modularity.

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Quevedo, Karina, Theodore E. A. Waters, Hannah Scott, Glenn I. Roisman, Daniel S. Shaw, and Erika E. Forbes. "Brain activity and infant attachment history in young men during loss and reward processing." Development and Psychopathology 29, no. 2 (April 12, 2017): 465–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579417000116.

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AbstractThere is now ample evidence that the quality of early attachment experiences shapes expectations for supportive and responsive care and ultimately serves to scaffold adaptation to the salient tasks of development. Nonetheless, few studies have identified neural mechanisms that might give rise to these associations. Using a moderately large sample of low-income male participants recruited during infancy (N= 171), we studied the predictive significance of attachment insecurity and disorganization at age 18 months (as measured in the Strange Situation Procedure) for patterns of neural activation to reward and loss at age 20 years (assessed during a reward-based task as part of a functional magnetic resonance imaging scan). Results indicated that individuals with a history of insecure attachment showed hyperactivity in (a) reward- and emotion-related (e.g., basal ganglia and amygdala) structures and (b) emotion regulation and self-referential processing (cortical midline structures) in response to positive and negative outcomes (and anticipation of those outcomes). Further, the neural activation of individuals with a history of disorganized attachment suggested that they had greater emotional reactivity in anticipation of reward and employed greater cognitive control when negative outcomes were encountered. Overall, results suggest that the quality of early attachments has lasting impacts on brain function and reward processing.

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Sosinsky, Laura Stout, and Se-Kang Kim. "A Profile Approach to Child Care Quality, Quantity, and Type of Setting: Parent Selection of Infant Child Care Arrangements." Applied Developmental Science 17, no. 1 (January 1, 2013): 39–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10888691.2013.750196.

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Lavelli, Manuela, Alberto Stefana, Sang Han Lee, and Beatrice Beebe. "Preterm infant contingent communication in the neonatal intensive care unit with mothers versus fathers." Developmental Psychology 58, no. 2 (February 2022): 270–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/dev0001298.

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Fernández-Abascal, Blanca, Maria Recio-Barbero, Margarita Sáenz-Herrero, and Rafael Segarra. "Long-acting injectable aripiprazole in pregnant women with schizophrenia: a case-series report." Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology 11 (January 2021): 204512532199127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2045125321991277.

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Antipsychotic long-acting formulations (LAI-AP) have emerged as a new therapeutic choice to treat patients presenting a severe mental disorder. Despite that, to date, there is a lack of safety data and studies regarding the use of LAI-AP formulations in pregnant women. Here we present the first six-case series of pregnant women with schizophrenia treated with aripiprazole-LAI reported in the literature. All patients remained psychopathologically stable through pregnancy and the postpartum period, and all of them were in treatment with aripiprazole-LAI. To date, all infants remain healthy with normal developmental milestones, without the presence of congenital malformations or adverse effects. Lack of information on safety data regarding the use of new antipsychotic formulations remains important in treating women with mental illness who desire to become pregnant. Further studies in this clinical population with a larger number of patients included remains necessary.

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Stams, Geert-Jan J. M., Femmie Juffer, and Marinus H. van IJzendoorn. "Maternal sensitivity, infant attachment, and temperament in early childhood predict adjustment in middle childhood: The case of adopted children and their biologically unrelated parents." Developmental Psychology 38, no. 5 (2002): 806–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.38.5.806.

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Coelho, Fernanda Teixeira, Jéssica Puchalski Trettim, Rochele Dias Castelli, Mariana Carret Soares, Natália da Costa Dias, Graciela Coelho do Espírito Santo, Denise Müller Böhm, et al. "Cognitive and language development in preschoolers is related to maternal cognitive performance: A study of young mothers in an urban area of a city in Southern Brazil." Interpersona: An International Journal on Personal Relationships 15, no. 2 (December 14, 2021): 233–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5964/ijpr.4709.

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To evaluate the relationship between maternal cognitive performance and language and cognitive development of children between 24 and 36 months old of mothers who became pregnant in adolescence, in the city of Pelotas, Southern Brazil. This is a cross-sectional study nested in a cohort study with adolescent mothers who received prenatal care in the city’s public health system. To assess maternal cognitive performance, the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) was used and Bayley Scales of Infant Development III (BSID-III) are used to assess children's language and cognition development. Data were analyzed using SPSS (Version 22.0) software. Pearson correlation, t-test, ANOVA and linear regression were performed. We evaluated 496 mother-child dyads. In the adjusted analysis, we found that children's language remained associated with maternal cognitive performance (p = .027, CI [0.0, 0.6]) and child’s gender (p < .001, CI [−7.2, −2.4]). Besides that children cognitive development remained associated with maternal cognitive performance (p = .008, CI [0.1, 0.6]) and child’s gender (p = .030, CI [−4.5, −0.2]). Our results suggest that poor maternal cognitive performance is associated with lower levels of children's language and cognitive development. The results contributing to early identification and intervention in children of mothers with poor cognitive performance at higher risk of negative developmental outcomes.

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Borke, Jörn, Bettina Lamm, Andreas Eickhorst, and Heidi Keller. "Father-Infant Interaction, Paternal Ideas About Early Child Care, and Their Consequences for the Development of Children's Self-Recognition." Journal of Genetic Psychology 168, no. 4 (December 1, 2007): 365–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3200/gntp.168.4.365-380.

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Moss-Racusin, Corinne A., Casey A. Schofield, Sophie S. Brown, and Kerry A. O’Brien. "Breast Is (Viewed as) Best: Demonstrating Formula Feeding Stigma." Psychology of Women Quarterly 44, no. 4 (August 19, 2020): 503–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361684320947647.

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Experimental research has not examined possible formula feeding stigma. We explored whether mothers encounter stigma resulting from infant feeding method and if formula feeding stigma is impacted by whether this feeding method was intended or unintended. Experiment 1 ( N = 252) exposed participants to a social media post in which a mother described intentionally breastfeeding, formula feeding, or did not mention a feeding method (control). Results provided the first experimental evidence of formula feeding stigma; the formula feeding mother was viewed less positively than the identical breastfeeding and control mothers, who were typically not perceived differently than one another. Experiment 2 ( N = 388) added conditions in which feeding methods were unintended. When feeding methods were intended, results replicated Experiment 1. However, when feeding methods were unintended, the pattern fully reversed; unintended formula feeders were viewed more positively than unintended breast-feeders. Further, women who formula fed were penalized when they did so intentionally, while those who breastfed were penalized when they did so unintentionally. This suggests that formula feeding stigma stems primarily from perceptions of feeding intentions (rather than the belief that breast milk is superior) because mothers who planned to formula feed were viewed more negatively than those who planned to breastfeed, regardless of whether babies actually received formula or breast milk. These results imply that caregivers, health care providers, and policy makers should be mindful of the potential for pro-breastfeeding rhetoric to be associated with formula feeding stigma (with potential consequences for the health of women and infants) and consider implementing interventions designed to reduce stigma and promote awareness of the safety and utility of proper formula use.

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Stringer, Sharon A. "Clinical work with multirisk families. Infants in multirisk families: Case studies in preventive intervention (clinical infant reports: no. 3), Stanley Greenspan, MD (Editor), International universities press, Madison, CT, 1987, 472 pages, ISBN 0-8236-2645-8, $40.00." Infant Mental Health Journal 9, no. 4 (1988): 322–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1097-0355(198824)9:4<322::aid-imhj2280090407>3.0.co;2-c.

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Philipp, Diane, Elisabeth Fivaz-Depeursinge, Antoinette Corboz-Warnery, and Nicolas Favez. "Young infants' triangular communication with their parents in the context of maternal postpartum psychosis: Four case studies." Infant Mental Health Journal 30, no. 4 (July 2009): 341–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/imhj.20218.

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Drvaric, Lauren A., Ryan J. Van Lieshout, and Louis A. Schmidt. "Linking Early Adversity, Emotion Dysregulation, and Psychopathology: The Case of Extremely Low Birth Weight Infants." Child Development Research 2013 (April 4, 2013): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/203061.

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The ability to regulate emotion is a crucial process that humans utilize in order to adapt to the demands of environmental constraints. Individuals exposed to early adverse life events such as being born at an extremely low birth weight (ELBW, 501–1000 g) are known to have problems regulating emotion which have been linked to the development of psychopathology in this population. Recent studies have used psychophysiological measures, such as electroencephalogram (EEG) and cardiac vagal tone, to index emotion regulatory processes. The purpose of this paper was three-fold: (1) to investigate the relation between ELBW and emotion regulation issues (pathway 1), (2) to review studies investigating the relation between early emotion regulation and later internalizing problems (pathway 2); and (3) to provide a model in which two psychophysiological measures (i.e., frontal EEG asymmetry and cardiac vagal tone) are suggested to understand the proposed conceptual pathways in the relation between ELBW and psychopathology.

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Youngblut, JoAnne M., Lynn T. Singer, Elizabeth A. Madigan, Leslie A. Swegart, and Willard L. Rodgers. "Mother, Child, and Family Factors Related to Employment of Single Mothers With LBW Preschoolers." Psychology of Women Quarterly 21, no. 2 (June 1997): 247–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1997.tb00111.x.

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The purpose of this study was to identify maternal, child, and family factors related to the employment status and employment history of single mothers of low-birth-weight (LBW) and full-term preschoolers. A sample of 121 female-headed, single-parent families with 3-, 4-, and 5-year-old LBW and full-term children was recruited through admission records to three Level III neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) and birth records of two normal newborn nurseries. Results show that the birth of an LBW infant was not related to employment status, number of hours employed per week, or employment history for single mothers. Employed mothers had significantly more education and more positive attitudes toward employment. Controlling for other factors, never being married, and having more children, more federal income, and less positive employment attitudes were predictive of nonemployment. Both employed and nonemployed women expressed preference for employment.

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Murty, Ade Iva, and Safira Binar Anjani. "Psychology of Breastfeeding: From Self Narration to Digital Technology." Journal Psikogenesis 9, no. 2 (March 10, 2022): 215–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.24854/jps.v9i2.2077.

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Background: Breastfeeding has been a very precious source for the development of infants and children. Generally, most of the studies about breastfeeding come from a medical knowledge point of view. However, the process of sustaining exclusive breastfeeding is not an easy task for a mother. As breastfeeding involves a mother's decision-making process, the study explores how mothers live in a megapolitan area, preserving exclusive breastfeeding until baby 6 months old and partially continued up to 2 years old. Psychology emphasizes individual (psychological) and macro factors which have a significant role in enabling exclusive breastfeeding. Methodology: The study methodology was qualitative with case study type. Methods of data collection were an in-depth interview and on-the-spot interview observation. We have interviewed 4 participants. All of them are urban mothers (women live in megapolitan areas of Jakarta Greater Area or JABODETABEK). Age ranges from 20 to 40 years old, with at least an experience of exclusive breastfeeding and the child’s age currently not more than 12 years old. 2 out of 4 participants are working mothers, who have to strive every day between domestic and work domain.Result: All 4 research subjects are typically kind of “pejuang ASI” (breastfeeding warrior), a term used for representing a maternal woman who fights hard to breastfeed, as the best nutrition for a baby. It was shown that psychological processes of preserving exclusive breastfeeding of an urban mother significantly reflect the role of self-narration around the perception of breastfeeding as part of “natural mother” schema and how digital technology helps a mother to get more support and solve breastfeeding and baby’s problems.Conclusion: First Mother’s schema about breastfeeding and attachment to the baby are important to motivate her to maintain exclusive breastfeeding. we need to know how her schema about breastfeeding and her attachment to the baby. Second, it is important to identify her skills and knowledge on using digital technology diligently, for a more productive and comfortable process of delivering the best nutrition for the baby.

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Baden, Amanda L., and Mary O'Leary Wiley. "Counseling Adopted Persons in Adulthood." Counseling Psychologist 35, no. 6 (November 2007): 868–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011000006291409.

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For the past 50 years, adults who were adopted during infancy have been research participants for empirical studies with goals ranging from twin studies for heritability, to adjustment following adoption, to attachment. While the research body is broad, it has given little attention to counseling practices with adopted adults. Because empirical research and clinical practice can inform each other, this article integrates literatures in both areas so that counseling practice with adopted adults can guide research, just as research guides practice. The authors grouped the clinically relevant literature into three main areas: identity (including genealogical and transracial adoption issues), search and reunion, and long-term outcomes. Within each section, the authors critiqued the literature as it informs counseling practice, used case studies to depict clinical implications, and suggested treatment strategies for use with adult adoptees. Epidemiological research found adequate adjustment for adopted adults. However, clinicians and researchers must address the consistent finding that a subset of adoptees struggles and copes with issues different than their nonadopted counterparts. The authors identify best clinical practices and a future research agenda related to adult adoptees and propose an adoption-sensitive paradigm for research and practice.

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Pine, Julian M. "Referential style and maternal directiveness: Different measures yield different results." Applied Psycholinguistics 15, no. 2 (April 1994): 135–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716400005294.

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ABSTRACTSince the publication of Nelson's (1973) monograph, a number of studies have documented negative relationships between referential style and some form of maternal directiveness. However, the precise nature of these relationships is still far from clear. The present study represents an attempt to resolve this confusion by investigating the relationship between different measures of maternal directiveness and different measures of referential style in the same group of eight mother–infant dyads. A distinction is made, first, between attentional directiveness and behavioral directiveness, and, second, between referential vocabulary measures based on a fixed number of vocabulary items (i.e., 50 words) and measures taken at particular age points (in this case, 1;4). Correlational analysis of these different measures shows not only that attentional and behavioral directiveness are not significantly related, but also that they are differentially predictive of different measures of referential style. Attentional directiveness is significantly related to referential style at 1;4, but not to referential style at 50 words; behavioral directiveness is significantly related to referential style in the child's subsequent 50 words, but not to referential style at 1;4. These findings suggest that, although the attentional regulation hypothesis may be potentially useful in explaining differences in children's actual rate of vocabulary development, it may be less valuable as a means of explaining stylistic variation in early vocabulary composition. This conclusion underlines the need to distinguish relationships between mothers' interactional behavior and stylistic variation in their children's early language from more general effects of maternal behavior on children's overall rate of language development.

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Monk, Catherine, Claudia Lugo-Candelas, and Caroline Trumpff. "Prenatal Developmental Origins of Future Psychopathology: Mechanisms and Pathways." Annual Review of Clinical Psychology 15, no. 1 (May 7, 2019): 317–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050718-095539.

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The developmental origins of health and disease hypothesis applied to neurodevelopmental outcomes asserts that the fetal origins of future development are relevant to mental health. There is a third pathway for the familial inheritance of risk for psychiatric illness beyond shared genes and the quality of parental care: the impact of pregnant women's distress—defined broadly to include perceived stress, life events, depression, and anxiety—on fetal and infant brain–behavior development. We discuss epidemiological and observational clinical data demonstrating that maternal distress is associated with children's increased risk for psychopathology: For example, high maternal anxiety is associated with a twofold increase in the risk of probable mental disorder in children. We review several biological systems hypothesized to be mechanisms by which maternal distress affects fetal and child brain and behavior development, as well as the clinical implications of studies of the developmental origins of health and disease that focus on maternal distress. Development and parenting begin before birth.

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Fracasso, Maria P., Michael E. Lamb, Axel Schölmerich, and Birgit Leyendecker. "The Ecology of Mother-Infant Interaction in Euro-American and Immigrant Central American Families Living in the United States." International Journal of Behavioral Development 20, no. 2 (February 1997): 207–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/016502597385298.

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In an attempt to explore cultural and subcultural similarities and variations in the patterns of child care, two culturally and economically distinct groups were studied. Twenty-one 3-month-old infants had well-educated Euro-American mothers and another 17 had recently migrated Central American mothers. Observations of parent-infant interaction and behaviour were conducted at home throughout the day to ensure coverage of complete 12-hour cycles. Descriptive analyses revealed remarkable similarities and few differences in the everyday experiences of infants in these two diverse groups. Both groups of mothers spent most of their time playing with, feeding, or caring for their infants. Fathers spent little time with their infants during the day but their presence affected the amount of time spent in various contexts, with significantly less object play occurring when the fathers were present. Mother and infant vocalisations and mutual attention occurred more frequently during social interaction and caretaking than in bouts of feeding. These descriptive profiles expand our basic understanding of infants’ everyday experiences in diverse subcultural groups.

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O’Flaherty, Celia, Erin E. Barton, Claire Winchester, and Maddisen Domingo. "Coaching Teachers to Promote Social Interactions With Toddlers." Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions 21, no. 4 (May 29, 2019): 199–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1098300719851794.

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Children with or at risk of disabilities engage in fewer and less complex social interactions (SIs) than their typically developing peers. The playground is an ideal setting for teachers to promote SIs among children. However, few studies have examined practical and meaningful strategies for supporting teachers in effectively facilitating SIs. Also, there is a critical dearth of research examining classroom practices for infants and toddlers. A single-case multiple probe design was used to evaluate the effectiveness of a brief training and email performance feedback on toddler teachers’ SI prompts on the playground. Results indicated functional relations between training plus general and specific feedback, teachers’ use of SI prompts, and levels of child SIs.

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Greenham, M., V. Anderson, J. Campbell, P. Monagle, and M. H. Beauchamp. "Neuropsychological Profiles of Children Following Vitamin B12 Deficiency During Infancy: A Case Series." Brain Impairment 17, no. 3 (April 11, 2016): 242–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/brimp.2016.10.

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Previous studies investigating long-term outcomes in children following vitamin B12 deficiency during infancy have been limited to IQ or clinical observation. This paper seeks to describe comprehensive neuropsychological profiles in a case series of school-aged children who were treated for infantile vitamin B12 deficiency. This was a retrospective case series of seven children who were treated for vitamin B12 deficiency during infancy and aged 5 to 16 years at the time of testing. While most children had age-expected intellectual performance, the distribution of the sample was skewed to the lower end of the normal range. Furthermore, children were found to have impairments in a number of neuropsychological domains, most common were attention and memory, followed by executive function. These results suggest that while neurological symptoms quickly resolve following treatment, these effects on early brain development may disrupt brain maturation and have the potential to impact on later development.

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Murray, Louise, and Mark Finn. "Good mothers, bad thoughts: New mothers’ thoughts of intentionally harming their newborns." Feminism & Psychology 22, no. 1 (June 24, 2011): 41–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959353511414015.

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This article explores the accounts of six white, ‘middle-class’ women living in the UK who as first-time or recent mothers experienced thoughts of intentionally harming their newborn infants. Our analytic approach is psychosocial insofar as we take the women's accounts as being conditional on a merging of social, discursive and psychological elements. Two dominant ways of relating to thoughts of harm are highlighted. The first is to do with the exclusion of such thoughts as indicative of unhealthy non-containment and depressive illness. The second involves including thoughts of harm as an extension of maternal vigilance and care. Here we draw on recent feminist understandings of a mother's ambivalence as involving a heightened awareness of her own sense of self and her world through her relation to her child. It is argued that the disassociation of non acted-out destructive impulses from normative mothering perpetuates the usual pathologization of thoughts of harm and the associated vilification of women. Recent calls for the normalization of thoughts of harm that can be experienced by many new mothers are also challenged as leaving in place the idea that the experience of thoughts of harm is incongruous and debilitating to motherhood. In contrast, we make a case for thoughts of destructive harm as being a creative impulse that can be constructively incorporated into mothering and maternal subjectivity.

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Gray, Ron, Debra Bick, and Yan-Shing Chang. "Health in pregnancy and post-birth: contribution to improved child outcomes." Journal of Children's Services 9, no. 2 (June 10, 2014): 109–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcs-03-2014-0020.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to describe the major factors affecting health during pregnancy, birth and the postnatal period and outline the evidence for interventions to improve outcomes in women and their children. Design/methodology/approach – Selective review of the literature. A number of electronic bibliographic databases were searched, including the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, PubMed and PsycINFO, for relevant studies published since 1990. Papers were restricted to those published in English which presented data from studies conducted in high-income countries, with priority given to systematic reviews, randomised controlled trials and other quantitative studies which present a higher level of evidence. Findings – Many factors may affect maternal and infant health during and after pregnancy. Potentially modifiable factors with an evidence base to support intervention include improving diet, and the avoidance of smoking, alcohol and illicit drugs. Good clinical management of underlying illness is also important, along with attempts to engage women in improving health prior to conception and postnatally rather than once pregnancy is established. Research limitations/implications – The evidence base for interventions on some potentially modifiable risk factors is incomplete. There is good evidence of benefit from some health behaviours such as smoking cessation and uptake of breastfeeding and accumulating evidence of the benefit of some models of maternity care. Practical implications – Good maternal health during and after pregnancy plays a key role in giving the child a better start in life. Improved health behaviours are vital but often these are heavily dependent on social context and hence working to tackle social inequality and provide maternity care tailored to individual need is likely to be just as important as trying to directly alter behaviour. Originality/value – Pregnancy and the postnatal period present an opportunity to improve maternal health and have a positive effect on future child health. Greater investment is required in this antenatal period of life.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Infant psychology Case studies'

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