Journal articles on the topic 'Infant mortality'
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Keene Woods, Nikki, Jared Reyes, and Amy Chesser. "Infant Mortality and Race in Kansas." Journal of Primary Care & Community Health 7, no. 3 (March 2, 2016): 194–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2150131916635572.
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Background: Racial and ethnic minority infants and mothers have worse birth outcomes than Caucasian infants and mothers, specifically infant mortality. The purpose of this pilot study was to compare infant mortality rates from vital statistic data between mothers who participated in the Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) Program and the general population in Kansas. Methods: A retrospective secondary analysis of data received from the Kansas Department of Health and Environment (KDHE) was conducted. Data were provided on all mothers who delivered a child in the state of Kansas from 2009 to 2011. The data received from KDHE included maternal demographics, infant deaths, infant gestational age, infant weight at birth, and WIC program participation. Results: The overall infant mortality rate was 6.4 per 1000 births. Infant mortality for Caucasians was lower than for non-Caucasians. Infant mortality for blacks was greater than for non-blacks. Being Hispanic was not statistically associated with a difference in infant mortality. WIC program participation was associated with lower infant mortality in both blacks and Hispanics. After adjusting for WIC, infants born to black mothers were still more than twice as likely to die when compared with Caucasian infants. WIC services were not statistically associated with a reduction in infant mortality. Mother’s education showed a significant protective effect on the likelihood of infant death. Conclusion: The WIC program is associated with positive outcomes at the national level. However, widespread reductions in health disparities have not been reported. Differences in education levels between mothers affected infant mortality to a greater degree than WIC program participation alone in the analysis. The infant mortality rate for black and Hispanic mothers was lower for WIC program participants. The WIC program may be beneficial for reducing infant mortality racial disparities but program participation should be expanded to affect maternal health disparities at the population level.
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Ebrahim, Nasser B., and Madhu S. Atteraya. "Inequalities of Infant Mortality in Ethiopia." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 12 (June 6, 2023): 6068. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20126068.
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(1) Background: Infant mortality is viewed as a core health indicator of overall community health. Although globally child survival has improved significantly over the years, Sub-Saharan Africa is still the region with the highest infant mortality in the world. In Ethiopia, infant mortality is still high, albeit substantial progress has been made in the last few decades. However, there is significant inequalities in infant mortalities in Ethiopia. Understanding the main sources of inequalities in infant mortalities would help identify disadvantaged groups, and develop equity-directed policies. Thus, the purpose of the study was to provide a diagnosis of inequalities of infant mortalities in Ethiopia from four dimensions of inequalities (sex, residence type, mother’s education, and household wealth). (2) Methods: Data disaggregated by infant mortalities and infant mortality inequality dimensions (sex, residence type, mother’s education, and household wealth) from the WHO Health Equity Monitor Database were used. Data were based on Ethiopia’s Demographic and Health Surveys (EDHS) of 2000 (n = 14,072), 2005 (n = 14,500), 2011 (n = 17,817), and 2016 (n = 16,650) households. We used the WHO Health Equity Assessment Toolkit (HEAT) software to find estimates of infant mortalities along with inequality measures. (3) Results: Inequalities related to sex, residence type, mother’s education, and household wealth still exist; however, differences in infant mortalities arising from residence type, mother’s education, and household wealth were narrowing with the exception of sex-related inequality where male infants were markedly at a disadvantage. (4) Conclusions: Although inequalities of infant mortalities related to social groups still exist, there is a substantial sex related infant mortality inequality with disproportional deaths of male infants. Efforts directed at reducing infant mortality in Ethiopia should focus on improving the survival of male infants.
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Jason, Janine M., and William R. Jarvis. "Infectious Diseases: Preventable Causes of Infant Mortality." Pediatrics 80, no. 3 (September 1, 1987): 335–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.80.3.335.
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After almost a century of improvement, the rate of decrease in US infant mortality rates began to level off during the period of 1982 to 1984. Rates actually increased in some states. Because much of the decline in infant mortality in this century can be attributed to advances in infectious disease treatment and prevention programs, we evaluated the current impact of infectious diseases on infant mortality. The National Center for Health Statistics mortality data for 1980 contains information on as many as 20 causes of death for a given individual. Using these data, we found that infectious diseases contributed to 12.5% of all infant deaths and to almost 400,000 years of potential life lost because of infant deaths. Infectious diseases contributed to 9% of deaths of low birth weight infants and to more than 18% of all deaths in the postneonatal period. Compared with white infants, a higher proportion of nonwhite infants died of causes related to infectious diseases. For black infants, the mortality rate related to infectious diseases was twice that for white infants. These data indicate that infectious diseases still are a major contributor to infant mortality, one of the 15 areas targeted for prevention by the federal government, and the data suggest that programs for reducing infant mortality should place increased emphasis on preventing infectious diseases.
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Premru-Srsen, Tanja, Ivan Verdenik, Barbara Mihevc Ponikvar, Lili Steblovnik, Ksenija Geršak, and Lilijana Kornhauser Cerar. "Infant mortality and causes of death by birth weight for gestational age in non-malformed singleton infants: a 2002–2012 population-based study." Journal of Perinatal Medicine 46, no. 5 (July 26, 2018): 547–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jpm-2017-0103.
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Abstract Objective: To explore the associations between birth weight for gestational age (GA) and infant mortality as well as causes of infant death. Study design: A population-based observational study conducted between 2002 and 2012 included 203,620 non-malformed singleton live births from Slovenia. Poisson regression analyses were performed to estimate the crude relative risk (RR) and adjusted RR (aRR) for infant mortality by birth weight percentiles stratified by the GA subgroups term, moderate-to-late preterm, very preterm and extremely preterm. Results: Compared with appropriate for GA (AGA) term infants (referent-AGA), infant mortality was significantly higher in small for GA (SGA) term infants [aRR=2.79 (1.41–5.50)], with significant cause-specific infant mortality risk for neuromuscular disorders [RR=10.48 (2.62–41.91)]. The differences in infant mortality and cause-specific infant mortality in preterm subgroups between referent-AGA and SGA were insignificant. Conclusions: In the Slovenian population, birth weight for GA is significantly associated with infant mortality only in infants born at term.
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Slogrove, Amy L., Leigh F. Johnson, and Kathleen M. Powis. "Population-level Mortality Associated with HIV Exposure in HIV-uninfected Infants in Botswana and South Africa: A Model-based Evaluation." Journal of Tropical Pediatrics 65, no. 4 (October 12, 2018): 373–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tropej/fmy064.
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Abstract We aimed to quantify the contribution of excess mortality in HIV-exposed uninfected (HEU) infants to total mortality in HIV-uninfected infants in Botswana and South Africa in 2013. Population attributable fractions (PAFs) and excess infant deaths associated with HIV exposure in HIV-uninfected infants were estimated. Additionally, the Thembisa South African demographic model estimated the proportion of all infant mortality associated with excess mortality in HEU infants from 1990 to 2013. The PAF (lower bound; upper bound) of mortality associated with HIV exposure in HIV-uninfected infants was 16.8% (2.5; 31.2) in Botswana and 15.1% (2.2; 28.2) in South Africa. Excess infant deaths (lower bound; upper bound) associated with HIV exposure in 2013 were estimated to be 5.6 (0.5; 16.6)/1000 and 4.9 (0.6; 11.2)/1000 HIV-uninfected infants in Botswana and South Africa, respectively. In South Africa, the proportion of all infant (HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected) mortality associated with excess HEU infant mortality increased from 0.4% in 1990 to 13.8% in 2013.
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Singh, Gopal K., and Stella M. Yu. "Infant Mortality in the United States, 1915-2017: Large Social Inequalities have Persisted for Over a Century." International Journal of MCH and AIDS (IJMA) 8, no. 1 (March 20, 2019): 19–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.21106/ijma.271.
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Objectives. We examined trends in racial/ethnic, socioeconomic, and geographic disparities in age- and cause-specific infant mortality in the United States during 1915-2017.
Methods. Log-linear regression and inequality indices were used to analyze temporal infant mortality data from the National Vital Statistics System and the National Linked Birth/Infant Death files according to maternal and infant characteristics.
Results. During 1915-2017, the infant mortality rate (IMR) declined dramatically overall and for black and white infants; however, black/white disparities in mortality generally increased through 2000. Racial disparities were greater in post-neonatal mortality than neonatal mortality. Detailed racial/ethnic comparisons show an approximately five-fold difference in IMR, ranging from a low of 2.3 infant deaths per 1,000 live births for Chinese infants to a high of 8.5 for American Indian/Alaska Natives and 11.2 for black infants. Infant mortality from major causes of death showed a downward trend during the past 5 decades although there was a recent upturn in mortality from prematurity/low birthweight and unintentional injury. In 2016, black infants had 2.5-2.8 times higher risk of mortality from perinatal conditions, sudden infant death syndrome, influenza/pneumonia, and unintentional injuries, and 1.3 times higher risk of mortality from birth defects compared to white infants. Educational disparities in infant mortality widened between 1986 and 2016; mothers with less than a high school education in 2016 experienced 2.4, 1.9, and 3.7 times higher risk of infant, neonatal, and post-neonatal mortality than those with a college degree. Geographic disparities were marked and widened across regions, with states in the Southeast region having higher IMRs.
Conclusions and Global Health Implications. Social inequalities in infant mortality have persisted and remained marked, with the disadvantaged ethnic and socioeconomic groups and geographic areas experiencing substantially increased risks of mortality despite the declining trend in mortality over time. Widening social inequalities in infant mortality are a major factor contributing to the worsening international standing of the United States.
Key words: Infant Mortality • Cause of Death • Race/Ethnicity • Socioeconomic Status • Geographic • Inequality • Trend • United States
Copyright © 2019 Singh and Yu. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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Atkinson, Tamara Bradham. "Infant Mortality." North Carolina Medical Journal 81, no. 1 (January 2020): 28–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.18043/ncm.81.1.28.
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McCormick, Marie C., and Paul H. Wise. "Infant mortality." Current Opinion in Pediatrics 5, no. 5 (October 1993): 552–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00008480-199310000-00006.
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Kuehn, Bridget M. "Infant Mortality." JAMA 300, no. 20 (November 26, 2008): 2359. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2008.642.
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Tamir, Tadesse Tarik, Tewodros Getaneh Alemu, Masresha Asmare Techane, Chalachew Adugna Wubneh, Nega Tezera Assimamaw, Getaneh Mulualem Belay, Addis Bilal Muhye, et al. "Prevalence, spatial distribution and determinants of infant mortality in Ethiopia: Findings from the 2019 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey." PLOS ONE 18, no. 4 (April 25, 2023): e0284781. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0284781.
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Introduction Infant mortality declined globally in the last three decades. However, it is still a major public health concern in Ethiopia. The burden of infant mortality varies geographically with the highest rate in Sub-Saharan Africa. Although different kinds of literature are available regarding infant mortality in Ethiopia, an up to date information is needed to design strategies against the problem. Thus, this study aimed to determine the prevalence, show the spatial variations and identify determinants of infant mortality in Ethiopia. Methods The prevalence, spatial distribution, and predictors of infant mortality among 5,687 weighted live births were investigated using secondary data from the Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey 2019. Spatial autocorrelation analysis was used to determine the spatial dependency of infant mortality. The spatial clustering of infant mortality was studied using hotspot analyses. In an unsampled area, ordinary interpolation was employed to forecast infant mortality. A mixed multilevel logistic regression model was used to find determinants of infant mortality. Variables with a p-value less than 0.05 were judged statistically significant and adjusted odds ratios with 95 percent confidence intervals were calculated. Result The prevalence of infant mortality in Ethiopia was 44.5 infant deaths per 1000 live births with significant spatial variations across the country. The highest rate of infant mortality was observed in Eastern, Northwestern, and Southwestern parts of Ethiopia. Maternal age between 15&19 (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 2.51, 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 1.37, 4.61) and 45&49(AOR = 5.72, 95% CI: 2.81, 11.67), having no antenatal care follow-up (AOR = 1.71, 95% CI: 1.05, 2.79) and Somali region (AOR = 2.78, 95% CI: 1.05, 7.36) were significantly associated with infant mortality in Ethiopia. Conclusion In Ethiopia, infant mortality was higher than the worldwide objective with significant spatial variations. As a result, policy measures and strategies aimed at lowering infant mortality should be devised and strengthened in clustered areas of the country. Special attention should be also given to infants born to mothers in the age groups of 15–19 and 45–49, infants of mothers with no antenatal care checkups, and infants born to mothers living in the Somali region.
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Wise, Paul H., Lewis R. First, George A. Lamb, Milton Kotelchuck, D. W. Chen, Andrea Ewing, Heather Hersee, and Jeffrey Rideout. "Infant Mortality Increase Despite High Access to Tertiary Care: An Evolving Relationship Among Infant Mortality, Health Care, and Socioeconomic Change." Pediatrics 81, no. 4 (April 1, 1988): 542–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.81.4.542.
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In this study, the determinants of an apparent increase in the infant mortality rate of an urban population with high access to tertiary neonatal care are reviewed. For a 4-year period (1980 to 1983), all infant deaths (n = 422) of the 32,329 births to residents of the City of Boston were analyzed through linked vital statistics data and a review of medical records. A significant increase in the infant mortality rate occurred in 1982 due to increases in three components of the infant mortality rate: the birth rate of very low birth weight infants (<1,500 g), the neonatal mortality rate of normal birth weight infants (≥2,500 g), and the mortality rate of infants dying during the postneonatal period (28 to 365 days). These increases were associated with inadequate levels of prenatal care. Although transient, the impact of the observed alterations in these infant mortality rate components was enhanced by a more long-standing phenomenon: the stabilization of mortality rates for low birth weight infants. This stabilization allowed the increases in other component rates to be expressed more fully than in previous years. In this report a mechanism is shown whereby fully regionalized neonatal care ultimately may confer to the infant mortality rate a heightened sensitivity to socioeconomic conditions and levels of adequate prenatal care.
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Junior, Jean A., Lois K. Lee, Eric W. Fleegler, Michael C. Monuteaux, Michelle L. Niescierenko, and Amanda M. Stewart. "Association of State-Level Tax Policy and Infant Mortality in the United States, 1996-2019." JAMA Network Open 6, no. 4 (April 24, 2023): e239646. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.9646.
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ImportanceInfant mortality in the United States is highest among peer nations; it is also inequitable, with the highest rates among Black infants. The association between tax policy and infant mortality is not well understood.ObjectiveTo examine the association between state-level tax policy and state-level infant mortality in the US.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis state-level, population-based cross-sectional study investigated the association between tax policy and infant mortality in the US from 1996 through 2019. All US infant births and deaths were included, with data obtained from the National Center for Health Statistics. Data were analyzed from November 28, 2021, to July 9, 2022.ExposuresState-level tax policy was operationalized as tax revenue per capita and tax progressivity. The Suits index was used to measure tax progressivity, with higher progressivity indicating increased tax rates for wealthier individuals.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe association between tax policy and infant mortality rates was analyzed using a multivariable, negative binomial, generalized estimating equations model. Since 6 years of tax progressivity data were available (1995, 2002, 2009, 2012, 2014, and 2018), 300 state-years were included. Adjusted incidence rate ratios (aIRRs) were calculated controlling for year, state-level demographic variables, federal transfer revenue, and other revenue. Secondary analyses were conducted for racial and ethnic subgroups.ResultsThere were 148 336 infant deaths in the US from 1996 through 2019, including 27 861 Hispanic infants, 1882 non-Hispanic American Indian or Alaska Native infants, 5792 non-Hispanic Asian or Pacific Islander infants, 41 560 non-Hispanic Black infants, and 68 666 non-Hispanic White infants. The overall infant mortality rate was 6.29 deaths per 1000 live births. Each $1000 increase in tax revenue per capita was associated with a 2.6% decrease in the infant mortality rate (aIRR, 0.97; 95% CI, 0.95-0.99). An increase of 0.10 in the Suits index (ie, increased tax progressivity) was associated with a 4.6% decrease in the infant mortality rate (aIRR, 0.95; 95% CI, 0.91-0.99). Increased tax progressivity was associated with decreased non-Hispanic White infant mortality (aIRR, 0.95; 95% CI, 0.91-0.99), and increased tax revenue was associated with increased non-Hispanic Black infant mortality (aIRR, 1.04; 95% CI, 1.01-1.08).Conclusions and RelevanceIn this cross-sectional study, an increase in tax revenue and the Suits index of tax progressivity were both associated with decreased infant mortality. These associations varied by race and ethnicity. Tax policy is an important, modifiable social determinant of health that may influence state-level infant mortality.
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Owen, Mallory J., Meredith S. Wright, Sergey Batalov, Yonghyun Kwon, Yan Ding, Kevin K. Chau, Shimul Chowdhury, et al. "Reclassification of the Etiology of Infant Mortality With Whole-Genome Sequencing." JAMA Network Open 6, no. 2 (February 9, 2023): e2254069. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.54069.
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ImportanceUnderstanding the causes of infant mortality shapes public health, surveillance, and research investments. However, the association of single-locus (mendelian) genetic diseases with infant mortality is poorly understood.ObjectiveTo determine the association of genetic diseases with infant mortality.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis cohort study was conducted at a large pediatric hospital system in San Diego County (California) and included 546 infants (112 infant deaths [20.5%] and 434 infants [79.5%] with acute illness who survived; age, 0 to 1 year) who underwent diagnostic whole-genome sequencing (WGS) between January 2015 and December 2020. Data analysis was conducted between 2015 and 2022.ExposureInfants underwent WGS either premortem or postmortem with semiautomated phenotyping and diagnostic interpretation.Main Outcomes and MeasuresProportion of infant deaths associated with single-locus genetic diseases.ResultsAmong 112 infant deaths (54 girls [48.2%]; 8 [7.1%] African American or Black, 1 [0.9%] American Indian or Alaska Native, 8 [7.1%] Asian, 48 [42.9%] Hispanic, 1 [0.9%] Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander, and 34 [30.4%] White infants) in San Diego County between 2015 and 2020, single-locus genetic diseases were the most common identifiable cause of infant mortality, with 47 genetic diseases identified in 46 infants (41%). Thirty-nine (83%) of these diseases had been previously reported to be associated with childhood mortality. Twenty-eight death certificates (62%) for 45 of the 46 infants did not mention a genetic etiology. Treatments that can improve outcomes were available for 14 (30%) of the genetic diseases. In 5 of 7 infants in whom genetic diseases were identified postmortem, death might have been avoided had rapid, diagnostic WGS been performed at time of symptom onset or regional intensive care unit admission.Conclusions and RelevanceIn this cohort study of 112 infant deaths, the association of genetic diseases with infant mortality was higher than previously recognized. Strategies to increase neonatal diagnosis of genetic diseases and immediately implement treatment may decrease infant mortality. Additional study is required to explore the generalizability of these findings and measure reduction in infant mortality.
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Sumits, Tracey, Robert Bennett, and Jeffrey Gould. "Maternal Risks for Very Low Birth Weight Infant Mortality." Pediatrics 98, no. 2 (August 1, 1996): 236–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.98.2.236.
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Objective. To determine whether known maternal risk factors for low birth weight directly contribute to infant mortality among very low birth weight infants. Design. Retrospective population-based, case-control study. Setting. Four hospitals in the Oakland, California, area: one community, two private, one health maintenance organization. Participants. All live-born singleton very low birth weight (<1500 g) infants born to Oakland residents over a 3-year period. Cases were infants who died before their first birthday, identified by computerized linkage of birth and death certificates. For each case, a surviving control was selected to match for birth weight, sex, and race. Forty matched pairs were identified in total. Outcome Measures. Prevalence of maternal risk factors among cases versus controls. Results. After controlling for other factors known to influence either birth weight or infant mortality, maternal cocaine use (odds ratio [OR] = 5.43), prior infant death (OR = 27.14), and planned pregnancy (OR = 6.33) were significantly associated with the survival of very low birth weight infants. Conclusions. Some maternal risk factors for low birth weight confer a survival advantage to very low birth weight infants. Our data reveal that maternal cocaine use is independently associated with survival among this subset of infants. Prior research supports the observed relationship as well as the scientific plausibility of a cocaine-mediated survival advantage among premature infants. Our study also showed both planned pregnancy and prior infant death to be independently associated with infant survival among this subset of infants, sugesting that maternal behaviors may play a role in determining birth weight-specific mortality. These data should be systematically evaluated to better define their relationship to infant mortality.
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Irana, Tariku, Gizachew Gobebo Mekebo, Gezahagn Diriba, Assefa Legesse Sisay, Birhanu Woldeyohannes, and Zemene Yohannes. "Determinants of infant mortality in Oromia region, Ethiopia." Annals of Medicine & Surgery 85, no. 6 (May 12, 2023): 2791–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ms9.0000000000000842.
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Introduction: Infant mortality is one of the commonest health-related indicators used to assess the health status of the community. Children born in Sub-Saharan Africa are at highest risk of infancy death in the world. Ethiopia, in Sub-Saharan Africa, is a country with high infant mortality. Oromia region is among the regions with high infant mortality rate in Ethiopia. Therefore, this study aimed to identify determinants of infant mortality in Oromia region, Ethiopia. Methods: The source of data for this study was 2019 Ethiopian Mini Demographic and Health Survey. Multivariable logistic regression model was employed to identify the determinants the infant mortality. An adjusted odds ratio (OR) with a 95% CI was used examine the determinants of infant mortality. Results: A total of 719 live births born 5 years preceding the survey were included. The infant mortality rate in the study area was 54 deaths per 1000 live births. The risk of dying in infancy was lower for females [adjusted OR (AOR): 0.518, 95% CI: 0.284, 0.945], health deliveries (AOR: 0.429, 95% CI: 0.235, 0.783), infants born to mothers attended ANC during pregnancy (AOR: 0.603, 95% CI: 0.489, 0.744), infants from families with wealth indices of medium (AOR: 0.715, 95% CI: 0.580, 0.882) and rich (AOR: 0.638, 95% CI: 0.425, 0.958) compared with the respective reference categories while it was higher for infants of multiple births (AOR: 2.241, 95% CI: 1.768, 2.841) compared with singletons. Conclusions: Infant mortality rate in the study area, Oromia region, is higher than the national figure. The study found that sex of child, birth type, antenatal care (ANC), place of delivery and wealth index of household were significant determinants of infant mortality. Therefore, concerned bodies should make awareness creation to mothers regarding ANC and encourage them to have ANC follow-up during pregnancy and deliver at health institution to improve the infant survival in the region.
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Rosenquist, Natalie A., Daniel M. Cook, Amy Ehntholt, Anthony Omaye, Peter Muennig, and Roman Pabayo. "Differential relationship between state-level minimum wage and infant mortality risk among US infants born to white and black mothers." Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 74, no. 1 (October 19, 2019): 14–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech-2019-212987.
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BackgroundCompared to other Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) nations, US infant mortality rates (IMRs) are particularly high. These differences are partially driven by racial disparities, with non-Hispanic black having IMRs that are twice those of non-Hispanic white. Income inequality (the gap between rich and poor) is associated with infant mortality. One proposed way to decrease income inequality (and possibly to improve birth outcomes) is to increase the minimum wage. We aimed to elucidate the relationship between state-level minimum wage and infant mortality risk using individual-level and state-level data. We also determined whether observed associations were heterogeneous across racial groups.MethodsData were from US Vital Statistics 2010 Cohort Linked Birth and Infant Death records and the 2010 US Bureau of Labor Statistics. We fit multilevel logistic models to test whether state minimum wage was associated with infant mortality. Minimum wage was standardised using the z-transformation and was dichotomised (high vs low) at the 75th percentile. Analyses were stratified by mother's race (non-Hispanic black vs non-Hispanic white).ResultsHigh minimum wage (adjusted OR (AOR)=0.93, 95% CI 0.83 to 1.03) was associated with decreased odds of infant mortality but was not statistically significant. High minimum wage was significantly associated with reduced infant mortality among non-Hispanic black infants (AOR=0.80, 95% CI 0.68 to 0.94) but not among non-Hispanic white infants (AOR=1.04, 95% CI 0.92 to 1.17).ConclusionsIncreasing the minimum wage might be beneficial to infant health, especially among non-Hispanic black infants, and thus might decrease the racial disparity in infant mortality.
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Alaba, Oluwayemisi Oyeronke, and Chidinma Godwin. "Bayesian hierarchical modeling of infant mortality in Nigeria." Global Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences 25, no. 2 (September 6, 2019): 175–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/gjpas.v25i2.7.
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Infant mortality and its risk factors in Nigeria was investigated using Bayesian hierarchical modeling. The hierarchical nature of the problem was examined to detect the within and between groups (states and regions) variations in infant deaths. The effect of individual level variables on the risk of a child dying before the age of one was determined using data collected from the fifth round Multiple Indicator Survey (MICS5, 2016-2017). Infants in Northern Nigeria had a higher risk of dying than others, especially in North West, while South West had the lowest risk of infant deaths. Ten percent of the variations in infant deaths was explained by differences between states while differences between regions explained only seven percent of the variations. Also, factors such as urban place of residence, mothers with secondary and tertiary education, first birth and birth interval above 2 years were associated with a decreased risk of infant deaths. Male infants, birth interval of less than 2 years, mothers with primary and no education, teenage mothers and mothers that gave birth at age 35 years and above were associated with a higher risk of infant mortality.
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FILDES, VALERIE. "Infant feeding practices and infant mortality in England, 1900–1919." Continuity and Change 13, no. 2 (August 1998): 251–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0268416098003166.
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Studies of infant mortality in both historical and modern populations from around the world have shown that the most important single factor affecting the infant mortality rate (IMR) is the way in which babies are fed. When methods of infant feeding are unsatisfactory or dangerous, mortality is high; when improvements are made in feeding practices, mortality falls, often dramatically, in a short period of time. The degree to which changes in infant feeding alone can affect IMRs depends on other factors in the population concerned, primarily the health and nutritional status of the mother; sanitary conditions both within the household and in the surrounding environment; levels of endemic and epidemic diseases; the degree of wealth, education and sophistication of the population; and, if women are employed outside the home, the provision made for infant feeding and care by the child's family and by society.This article examines infant feeding practices in England during the first two decades of the twentieth century, arguably the most important 20 years in the fall in that nation's IMR between 1870 and 1920. The 1900s and 1910s saw many major changes in the ways in which infants were fed in all sections of society. Instigated by government, local Medical Officers of Health and their staff and voluntary organizations, the effect of the infant welfare movement in England in this period was that infants and their mothers were significantly better fed, cared for and able to resist disease in 1919 than in 1900.
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Condran, Gretchen A., and Jennifer Murphy. "Defining and Managing Infant Mortality." Social Science History 32, no. 4 (2008): 473–513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0145553200010804.
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Historically, public health workers, physicians, and reformers have used the infant mortality rate as an indicator of the goodness of a society—its general welfare, the justness of its political system, the efficacy of its public works, the benevolence of its powerful; a high rate of death among the very young was an index of a community's shame. These views of the infant mortality rate as reflecting general characteristics of a society were widely displayed in the second half of the nineteenth century even as most disease entities were becoming more narrowly defined and ordinarily linked not to the nature of society or individual predisposition but to specific pathological organisms. Using Philadelphia as a case study, we examine the history of the infant mortality rate from 1870 through 1920, both the technical aspects of its calculation and its use as an indicator of broad societal problems and a catalyst for policy. Our emphasis is not on explaining the trends in the death rates of the very young but on the uses and meanings given to the infant mortality rate during the second half of the nineteenth century and the first decades of the twentieth century specifically as they related to three efforts to lower infant death rates—removing infants from the city, improving the supply of milk, and establishing child hygiene programs.
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MacDorman, Marian F., and T. J. Mathews. "The Challenge of Infant Mortality: Have We Reached a Plateau?" Public Health Reports 124, no. 5 (September 2009): 670–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003335490912400509.
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Objectives. Infant mortality is a major indicator of the health of a nation. We analyzed recent patterns and trends in U.S. infant mortality, with an emphasis on two of the greatest challenges: ( 1) persistent racial and ethnic disparities and ( 2) the impact of preterm and low birthweight delivery. Methods. Data from the national linked birth/infant death datasets were used to compute infant mortality rates per 100,000 live births by cause of death (COD), and per 1,000 live births for all other variables. Infant mortality rates and other measures of infant health were analyzed and compared. Leading and preterm-related CODs, and international comparisons of infant mortality rates were also examined. Results. Despite the rapid decline in infant mortality during the 20th century, the U.S. infant mortality rate did not decline from 2000 to 2005, and declined only marginally in 2006. Racial and ethnic disparities in infant mortality have persisted and increased, as have the percentages of preterm and low birthweight deliveries. After decades of improvement, the infant mortality rate for very low birthweight infants remained unchanged from 2000 to 2005. Infant mortality rates from congenital malformations and sudden infant death syndrome declined; however, rates for preterm-related CODs increased. The U.S. international ranking in infant mortality fell from 12th place in 1960 to 30th place in 2005. Conclusions. Infant mortality is a complex and multifactorial problem that has proved resistant to intervention efforts. Continued increases in preterm and low birthweight delivery present major challenges to further improvement in the infant mortality rate.
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Lazuwardi, Burhanuddin. "LOGISTICS REGRESSION MODELING ON INFANT MORTALITY RATES IN EAST JAVA PROVINCE." Indonesian Journal of Public Health 15, no. 2 (August 4, 2020): 146. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/ijph.v15i2.2020.146-152.
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Infant Mortality Rate was death that occurs between the time after the baby was born until the baby not exactly one year old. Broadly speaked, from the side of the caused of infant mortality there are two kinds of endogenous infant death and exogenous infant mortality. Estimated about 8.8 million children whose age less than 5 years passed away. Based on previous data IDHs indicated that infant mortality has fallen by half, from 68 deaths per 1,000 live births for the 1987-1991 period to 32 deaths per 1,000 births for the 2008-2012 period. The purposed of this researched was to examine which factor most dominant influenced on infant mortality in East Java Province.This research used secondary data with a large sample of total population that consists of parents whose children (infants) died at the age <12 months. Variables in this study was infant mortality (IMR), Occupation, Education, Parity, Age of the mother during pregnancy. Access to antenatal care, Birth delivery helpers, and LBW. Inter-variables in this study tested its effect using logistic regression test. The conclusion of this study was infant mortality rated in East Java there 34 infant mortality per 1000 live birth. Factors affecting infant mortality rates was education and parity. Factors were not influenced in infant mortality such as Antenatal Care, Relief, LBW and Employment.Keywords: Baby Birth Mortality and Logistic Regression
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Paul, David A., Neal D. Goldstein, and Robert Locke. "Delaware Infant Mortality." Delaware Journal of Public Health 4, no. 3 (May 2018): 24–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.32481/djph.2018.05.006.
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Chiles, L. "Preventing infant mortality." Academic Medicine 64, no. 6 (June 1989): 310–1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001888-198906000-00004.
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Swartz, Martha Kirk. "Infant Mortality Revisited." Journal of Pediatric Health Care 27, no. 6 (November 2013): 407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pedhc.2013.09.003.
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Berrut, Sylvie, Violette Pouillard, Peter Richmond, and Bertrand M. Roehner. "Deciphering infant mortality." Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications 463 (December 2016): 400–426. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2016.07.031.
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Varnier Rodrigues de Almeida, Renan Moritz, and E. O. Attinger. "Modelling infant mortality." Annals of Biomedical Engineering 21, no. 6 (November 1993): 740. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02368660.
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Joseph, K. "Infant Mortality Rates." ACOG Clinical Review 2, no. 2 (March 4, 1997): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1085-6862(97)80992-2.
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Editor-In-Chief. "Infant/ Maternal mortality." Postgraduate Medical Journal of Ghana 8, no. 1 (July 12, 2022): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.60014/pmjg.v8i1.198.
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Boafo, Kofi Adade, Bruce Smith, Naomi N. Modeste, and Thomas J. Prendergast, Jr. "Births to Teens Older and Younger Than 17 Years in San Bernardino County and California." Californian Journal of Health Promotion 2, no. 2 (June 1, 2004): 20–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.32398/cjhp.v2i2.1730.
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Objective: The purpose of this cohort, descriptive study was to attempt to understand the variables associated with discordant infant mortality among teenagers 17-19 years old whose infants demonstrated higher mortality than infants of teenagers who were younger than 17 years old in San Bernardino County, California. The intent was to elicit further research and/or define appropriate interventions for teen mothers within the age range 17-19 years. Methods: Data was abstracted from an electronic infant mortality data set, the State of California Birth Cohort File in which birth records from San Bernardino County for the period 1989 through 1993 were matched with mortality records. Results: The data showed that infants of white teens within the 17-19 age groups were more likely to have higher infant mortality rates when compared to their younger peers. Infant mortality rates among offspring of Hispanic and black teenage mothers showed no discrepancy between the two groups nor between county and state rates. Conclusions: Further study is needed to answer why infants of white teen mothers in the 17-19 age groups have higher mortality rates. There is also a need to review the services rendered to pregnant and parenting adolescents in San Bernardino County. In addition, very low birth weight infants were much more likely to die when born to older teens than when born to younger teens.
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Umer, Amna, Christa Lilly, Candice Hamilton, Lesley Cottrell, Timothy Lefeber, Thomas Hulsey, and Collin John. "Updating a Perinatal Risk Scoring System to Predict Infant Mortality." American Journal of Perinatology 36, no. 12 (December 28, 2018): 1278–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1676631.
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Objective The Birth Score Project (Project WATCH) began in the rural state of West Virginia (WV) in the United States in 1984. The project is intended to identify newborns with a greater risk of infant mortality. The primary objective of this study was to update the current Birth Score based on current literature and rigorous statistical methodology. Study Design The study merged data from the Birth Score, Birth Certificate (birth years 2008–2013), and Infant Mortality Data (N = 121,640). The merged data were randomly divided into developmental (N = 85,148) and validation (N = 36,492) datasets. Risk scoring system was developed using the weighted multivariate risk score functions and consisted of infant and maternal factors. Results The updated score ranged from 0 to 86. Infants with a score of ≥17 were categorized into the high score group (n = 15,387; 18.1%). The odds of infant mortality were 5.6 times higher (95% confidence interval: 4.4, 7.1) among those who had a high score versus low score. Conclusion The updated score is a better predictor of infant mortality than the current Birth Score. This score has practical relevance for physicians in WV to identify newborns at the greatest risk of infant mortality and refer the infants to primary pediatric services and case management for close follow-up.
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Adebe, Kebede Lulu, Senahara Korsa Wake, Sagni Daraje Yadata, Ketema Bedane Gondol, Gizachew Gobebo Mekebo, Temesgen Senbeto Wolde, Terefa Bechera, Belema Hailu Regesa, Agassa Galdassa, and Kumera Dereje Yadata. "Understanding correlates of infant mortality in Ethiopia using 2019 Ethiopian mini demographic and health survey data." Annals of Medicine & Surgery 85, no. 5 (April 12, 2023): 1796–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ms9.0000000000000629.
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Background: Infant mortality is one of the most sensitive and commonly used indicators of the social and economic development of a nation. Ethiopia is among the African countries with high infant mortality rates. This study aimed to understand and identify correlates of infant mortality in Ethiopia. Methods: The data, used in this study, were drawn from 2019 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey data. The multivariable Cox proportional hazard analysis was done to identify the correlates of infant mortality. Results: Infant mortality rate was high in the earlier age of months. Males, higher birth order and rural residences were at higher risk of dying before first birthday compared with respective reference groups whereas health facility deliveries, single births, rich wealth indices and older maternal age were at lower risk of dying before first birthday compared with respective reference groups. Conclusion: The study found that age of mother, place of residence, wealth index, birth order, type of birth, child sex and place of delivery were statistically significant in affecting the survival of the infants. Thus, health facility deliveries should be encouraged and multiple birth infants should be given special care. Furthermore, younger mothers should better care of their babies to improve the survival of infants in Ethiopia.
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Dagher, Rada K., and Deborah E. Linares. "A Critical Review on the Complex Interplay between Social Determinants of Health and Maternal and Infant Mortality." Children 9, no. 3 (March 10, 2022): 394. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children9030394.
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Background: U.S. maternal and infant mortality rates constitute an important public health problem, because these rates surpass those in developed countries and are characterized by stark disparities for racial/ethnic minorities, rural residents, and individuals with less privileged socioeconomic status due to social determinants of health (SDoH). Methods: A critical review of the maternal and infant mortality literature was performed to determine multilevel SDoH factors leading to mortality disparities with a life course lens. Results: Black mothers and infants fared the worst in terms of mortality rates, likely due to the accumulation of SDoH experienced as a result of structural racism across the life course. Upstream SDoH are important contributors to disparities in maternal and infant mortality. More research is needed on the effectiveness of continuous quality improvement initiatives for the maternal–infant dyad, and expanding programs such as paid maternity leave, quality, stable and affordable housing, and social safety-nets (Medicaid, CHIP, WIC), in reducing maternal and infant mortality. Finally, it is important to address research gaps in individual, interpersonal, community, and societal factors, because they affect maternal and infant mortality and related disparities. Conclusion: Key SDoH at multiple levels affect maternal and infant health. These SDoH shape and perpetuate disparities across the lifespan and are implicated in maternal and infant mortality disparities.
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Forsstrom, Matthew P. "The Epidemic of Despair and Infant Mortality: A Research Note." Demography 59, no. 1 (November 17, 2021): 51–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00703370-9621725.
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Abstract This research note documents that progress against infant mortality in the United States has stalled in the twenty-first century among infants born to White non-Hispanic women without a bachelor's degree. In contrast, the mortality rate fell considerably among infants born to White non-Hispanic women with a bachelor's degree, Black non-Hispanic women across levels of education, and Hispanic women with a bachelor's degree. The decline in infant mortality for Hispanic women without a bachelor's degree was small, but still greater than the decline for White non-Hispanic women without a bachelor's after adjusting for changes in the distribution of maternal age within groups. I also document a marked difference in trends for sudden unexpected infant death (SUID) rates by maternal education. The SUID rate increased among those born to women without a bachelor's degree across racial and ethnic groups, while declining or staying constant for those born to women with a bachelor's degree. The lack of progress against infant mortality for White non-Hispanic women without a bachelor's degree was driven by a relatively large increase in SUID rates, coupled with relatively slow progress against other types of infant mortality.
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Owen, Mallory J., Meredith S. Wright, Sergey Batalov, Yonghyun Kwon, Yan Ding, Kevin K. Chau, Shimul Chowdhury, et al. "Reclassification of the Etiology of Infant Mortality With Whole-Genome Sequencing." Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey 78, no. 8 (August 2023): 462–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.ogx.0000967016.12085.9e.
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ABSTRACT Infant mortality rates are quite high even in developed countries; in the United States, infant deaths occur approximately 1 in 200 live births. The leading cause of infant mortality is congenital malformation or chromosomal abnormality, which cause roughly 20% of infant deaths, followed by other causes such as pregnancy complications, preterm birth or low birth weight, and sudden infant death syndrome. Improvements in treatments for certain conditions such as pregnancy complications or prematurity have previously resulted in a reduction in mortality due to these causes. Although the same may be true of congenital malformations or chromosomal abnormalities, the relationship between these factors and infant mortality has not been closely examined. Previous studies have largely been retrospective in nature and varied greatly among method and records used, perpetuating inaccuracies and imprecision. This study aimed to clarify and add to previous literature by examining the relationship between single-locus genetic disease (Mendelian genetic disease) and overall infant mortality. This study applied diagnostic whole-genome sequencing (WGS) to infants in intensive care to diagnose diseases of unknown etiology in a single hospital system between 2015 and 2020. The study was retrospective and included review of medical records and death certificates, as well as results from WGS. Where possible, WGS information was obtained on living infants and their parents, and where that was not possible, it was obtained postmortem. Death certificates and causes of death were also examined and compared with WGS results. In the final sample, 112 infants who died underwent WGS either premortem or postmortem. WGS identified genetic diseases in 46 (41%) of these infants. Of the genetic diseases identified, 83% had previous evidence supporting an association with childhood mortality, and evidence was gathered from previous literature that could improve outcomes for 30%. Death certificate comparisons showed that of 45 infants where WGS showed underlying genetic disease, 62% were not reported on the certificate or attributed to the cause of death. In addition to the 112 infants who died, the study population included 434 infants who survived and also had WGS performed. No significant differences were found between the groups in sex, race, or ethnicity. Types of genetic disease varied between infants who died and those who survived, with only 4% being found in both. Certain diseases were more likely to occur in infants who survived, and others were more likely to occur in infants who died. Specific etiology had some prognostic value, positively predicting either death or survival. These results indicate that first, after examination of WGS in comparison with death certificates, genetic diseases are chronically underreported. In addition, WGS showed that etiology of leading causes of infant mortality could be fundamentally different than previously thought. WGS is also not currently a widespread treatment, and although steps are being taken to make it more widely accessible, there are still many changes that need to be made. This study is limited by its small size, and may have limited generalizability to other patient populations. Future research should characterize the optimal breadth of WGS testing and implementation, as well as the potential for WGS to reduce infant mortality by identifying treatable disorders.
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Jason, Janine M. "Infectious Disease-Related Deaths of Low Birth Weight Infants, United States, 1968 to 1982." Pediatrics 84, no. 2 (August 1, 1989): 296–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.84.2.296.
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Infant mortality rates in the United States are higher than in any other developed country. Low birth weight (LBW) is the primary determinant of infant mortality. Despite city, state, and federal programs to prevent LBW, decreases in infant mortality in the 1980s appear to be largely secondary to improved survival of LBW infants rather than to a decline in the rate of LBW births. Because prevention of mortality due to infectious disease is feasible, it was of interest to examine the role of infectious diseases in LBW infant mortality. US vital statistics mortality data for 1968 through 1982 were analyzed in terms of LBW infant mortality associated with infectious and noninfectious diseases. These analyses indicated that the rates of infectious disease-associated early neonatal and postneonatal LBW mortality increased during this time; late neonatal rates did not decline appreciably. Infectious diseases were associated with 4% of all LBW infant deaths in 1968; this had increased to 10% by 1982. Although LBW infant mortality rates associated with noninfectious diseases did not differ for white and black populations, infectious disease-associated mortality rates were consistently higher for blacks than whites in both metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas. Chorioamnionitis was involved in 28% of infectious disease-associated early neonatal LBW deaths. Sepsis was an increasingly listed cause of death in all infant age periods, whereas respiratory tract infections were decreasingly listed. Necrotizing enterocolitis increased as a cause of late neonatal mortality. These data suggest that infectious diseases are an increasing cause of LBW infant mortality and these deaths occur more frequently in the black population targeted by prevention programs. More research concerning specific causes and prevention of infections in the LBW infant may help reduce US infant mortality.
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Benjamin, Renata H., Mark A. Canfield, Lisa K. Marengo, and A. J. Agopian. "Contribution of Preterm Birth to Mortality Among Neonates With Birth Defects." Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey 78, no. 8 (August 2023): 456–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.ogx.0000967004.12772.34.
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ABSTRACT Birth defects are an important cause of death among infants who die within their first year. Among other complications associated with birth defects, mothers are at higher risk for preterm delivery, which is also associated with infant mortality. Some previous research has shown that in a population of infants with birth defects, those born at term are 3 to 4 times more likely to survive as their preterm peers. This study aimed to clarify the relationship between birth defects, infant mortality, and preterm birth using the population attributable fraction (PAF), examining the mortality risk attributable to preterm birth in infants with birth defects. Data for this study came from the Texas Birth Defects Registry, which includes live births, still births, and pregnancy terminations with a structural birth defect or chromosomal abnormality. The sample included live-born infants with 1 or more major birth defects between January 1, 1999 and December 31, 2014. Exclusion criteria were infants with a chromosomal abnormality or diagnosed syndrome, infants missing data on gestational age or with a gestational age less than 24 weeks, and anencephaly. The final sample included 169,148 infants; of these, 40,872 were preterm (<37 weeks), 128,276 were term, and 2715 died as neonates. Distributions of maternal and infant characteristics were significantly different between the 2 groups (P < 0.01), with more mothers of preterm infants experiencing diabetes, hypertension, multiple gestation pregnancies, or cesarean delivery. In addition, more preterm infants had multiple birth defects or congenital heart defects than their term peers. Analysis of the data included estimates of PAF for infant mortality risk attributed to 31 different birth defects, with results ranging from 12.5% to 71.9%. Highest PAF estimates were observed for anotia or microtia (71.9%; CI, 41.1–86.6), hypospadias (69.4%; CI, 53.9–79.7), talipes equinovarus (69.4%; CI, 60.0–76.6), and stenosis or atresia of the large intestine, rectum, or anal canal (69.1%; CI, 56.3–78.1). On the other hand, lowest PAF estimates included hypoplastic left heart syndrome (12.5%; CI, 8.7–16.1), coarctation of the aorta (19.7%; CI, 9.8–28.4), diaphragmatic hernia (23.8%; CI, 19.2–28.2), and holoprosencephaly (26.0%; CI, 14.5–35.9). For each defect associated with a higher PAF, a large percentage of infant deaths were those born preterm. Infants with defects that had a high PAF estimate were 11.4–17.8 times more likely to die if born preterm than term, and those with a low PAF estimate were only 1.9–2.3 times more likely to die if born preterm as opposed to full term. Overall, analysis showed that 51.7% of neonatal mortality in infants with birth defects is attributable to preterm birth. Stratified analyses performed to reduce confounders showed similar results. The relationship between birth defects and other factors contributing to preterm delivery and infant mortality is complex, and thus this study is unable to fully characterize these relationships. The associations revealed in this analysis indicate that preterm birth is a significant contributor to infant mortality in infants with birth defects, and further research can more fully characterize this association by attempting interventions both to mitigate preterm birth and to reduce infant mortality after preterm birth. Further research might also focus on particular types of birth defects and how rates of preterm birth might be reduced in specific cases of either infant or maternal risks.
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Ivanov, Dmitry O., Karina E. Moiseeva, Kazbek S. Mezhidov, Vadim K. Yuriev, Kseniya G. Shevtsova, Anna V. Alekseeva, and Vyacheslav M. Bolotskikh. "Infant Mortality in the Chechen Republic: Comparative Analysis and Major Trends." Current Pediatrics 23, no. 2 (May 5, 2024): 71–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.15690/vsp.v23i2.2741.
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Background. Despite the clear trend towards infant mortality decrease in our country, there are significant differences in values in some federal districts and regions of Russian Federation. Thus, the assessment of infant mortality rates and health indicators is crucial topic of scientific analysis. Objective. The aim of the study is to investigate selected child health indicators and infant mortality rates in the Chechen Republic. Methods. We have conducted the retrospective cross-sectional study of infant mortality rates, prematurity incidence, infant and newborn morbidity, and mortality of children born sick or got sick. The study was based on the data from official statistics and from the extraction of statistical reporting forms No. 12 and No. 32. Results. The Chechen Republic belongs to the regions with high infant mortality rate, however, it has decreased by 11.6% from 6.9 to 6.1‰ in 2018–2022. The major diseases causing lethal outcomes in infants in this region, and in Russia as a whole, were certain conditions that occur in the perinatal period, and congenital disorders. Meanwhile, mortality from respiratory diseases and some infectious and parasitic diseases exceeded the national average. Prematurity incidence in the republic was 1.5 times lower than the national average, newborns morbidity was 1.7 times lower, infants morbidity was 4.0 times lower. Trend analysis has revealed that prematurity incidence and newborns morbidity have slightly changed over 5 years (+2.2% and –1.0%), while infants morbidity had significant trend (–40.2%). All morbidity rates of children who died at the age under 1 year were significantly lower than the national average for all classes of diseases that are the most common for infants mortality. The mortality rates among children born sick or got sick were on average 5.4 times higher than similar indicators in Russia. The highest mortality rate was observed among children who died from perinatal conditions, congenital disorders, external causes, and some infectious and parasitic diseases. The level of the maternal and child health service performance was 0.44 on average over the 5-year interval, that corresponds to the average level of efficacy. Conclusion. This study has allowed to reveal that there is an urge to improve the organization of medical care for infants in the Chechen Republic.
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BABSON, S. GORHAM. "Mortality Rates." Pediatrics 84, no. 2 (August 1, 1989): 402–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.84.2.402a.
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We are fortunate to receive Myron Wegman's annual summary of vital statistics in the December issue of Pediatrics. This valuable information is not readily available to the pediatrician. I am somewhat discomforted by the emphasis continually made by health authorities and lay press on the United States' unfavorable international position in its infant mortality rate of 10.4 per 1000 live-born infants—now 19th in relation to other advanced countries for 1986. However, eight of these countries have less than 100 000 births each year, and most of them have relative ethnic homogeneity.
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Alexander, Monica, and Leslie Root. "Competing Effects on the Average Age of Infant Death." Demography 59, no. 2 (March 4, 2022): 587–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00703370-9779784.
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Abstract In recent decades, the relationship between the average length of life for those who die in the first year of life—the life table quantity a10—and the level of infant mortality, on which its calculation is often based, has broken down. The very low levels of infant mortality in the developed world correspond to a range of a10 quantities. We illustrate the competing effect of falling mortality and reduction in preterm births on a10 through two populations with very different levels of premature birth—infants born to non-Hispanic White mothers and infants born to non-Hispanic Black mothers in the United States—using linked birth and infant death cohort data. Through simulation, we further demonstrate that falling mortality reduces a10, while a reduction in premature births increases it. We use these observations to motivate the formulation of a new approximation formula for a10 in low-mortality contexts, which aims to incorporate differences in preterm birth through a proxy measure—the ratio of infant to under-five mortality. Models are built and tested using data from the Human Mortality Database. Model results and validation show that the newly proposed model outperforms existing alternatives.
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Mulugeta, Solomon Sisay, and Selamawit Getachew Wassihun. "Determinant of infant mortality in Ethiopia: demographic, socio economic, maternal and environmental factors." MOJ Women s Health 11, no. 2 (October 7, 2022): 49–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/mojwh.2022.11.00305.
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Background: Infant mortality reflects the effect of social, economic and environmental factors on infants and mothers, as well as the effectiveness of national health systems. Infant mortality remains a big challenge for the Ethiopian mothers and government due to the high infant mortality rates. This study aimed to examine and identify the significant determinants of infant mortality in Ethiopia. Methods: The multivariable binary logistic regression analysis was conducted. The data from the Ethiopia Demographic and health Survey of 2011 and 2016 was used. Result: The infant mortality reduced during the periods of between2011 and 2016. marital status (OR=0.51;95%CI: 0.27-0.951) of not married, mother’s age at first child birth((OR=0.69; 95%CI:0.48-0.994 of 15-19) and (OR=0.452;95%CI:0.302-0.68) of mothers age at first birth above 20 years), birth order(OR=0.183;95%CI:0.134-0.251) of order 2-3 and (OR= 0.416; 95%CI: 0.21,0.82) of order≥4, preceding birth interval(OR=0.64;95%CI:0.48-0.862) of >24 months are revealed that a significant effect on infant mortality in Ethiopia. Moreover, regarding to the socio-economic variables such as region: Benishangul Gumuze (OR=1.62; 95%CI: 1.003-2.601) revealed that a significant effect of infant mortality compared to Tigray region. Again, the variable family size ((OR=0.18; 95%CI: 0.11-0.3 of 4-6 family size) and (OR=0.163; 95%CI:0.093-0.29 of ≥7 family size)) showed that significant effect on infant mortality in 2011 EDHS. Conclusion: Infant mortality was still high in Ethiopia. The findings declared that infant mortality can be reduced substantially by increasing the mother’s age at first birth, duration of breastfeeding and birth interval. Variability among region, marital status, birth order, family size and father education level were also an important significant factor for infant mortality. This finding strongly suggests that, promoting family planning to improve the length of breastfeeding will improve birth intervals and reduce the incidence of higher birth orders at short birth intervals needs to decline the risk of infant mortality.
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Pabayo, Roman, Amy Ehntholt, Daniel M. Cook, Megan Reynolds, Peter Muennig, and Sze Y. Liu. "Laws Restricting Access to Abortion Services and Infant Mortality Risk in the United States." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 11 (May 26, 2020): 3773. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17113773.
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Objectives: Since the US Supreme Court′s 1973 Roe v. Wade decision legalizing abortion, states have enacted laws restricting access to abortion services. Previous studies suggest that restricting access to abortion is a risk factor for adverse maternal and infant health. The objective of this investigation is to study the relationship between the type and the number of state-level restrictive abortion laws and infant mortality risk. Methods: We used data on 11,972,629 infants and mothers from the US Cohort Linked Birth/Infant Death Data Files 2008–2010. State-level abortion laws included Medicaid funding restrictions, mandatory parental involvement, mandatory counseling, mandatory waiting period, and two-visit laws. Multilevel logistic regression was used to determine whether type or number of state-level restrictive abortion laws during year of birth were associated with odds of infant mortality. Results: Compared to infants living in states with no restrictive laws, infants living in states with one or two restrictive laws (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 1.08; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.99–1.18) and those living in states with 3 to 5 restrictive laws (AOR = 1.10; 95% CI = 1.01–1.20) were more likely to die. Separate analyses examining the relationship between parental involvement laws and infant mortality risk, stratified by maternal age, indicated that significant associations were observed among mothers aged ≤19 years (AOR = 1.09, 95% CI = 1.00–1.19), and 20 to 25 years (AOR = 1.10, 95% CI = 1.03–1.17). No significant association was observed among infants born to older mothers. Conclusion: Restricting access to abortion services may increase the risk for infant mortality.
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Kiross, Girmay Tsegay, Catherine Chojenta, Daniel Barker, and Deborah Loxton. "Individual-, household- and community-level determinants of infant mortality in Ethiopia." PLOS ONE 16, no. 3 (March 12, 2021): e0248501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248501.
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Introduction People living in the same area share similar determinants of infant mortality, such as access to healthcare. The community’s prevailing norms and attitudes about health behaviours could also influence the health care decisions made by individuals. In diversified communities like Ethiopia, differences in child health outcomes might not be due to variation in individual and family characteristics alone, but also due to differences in the socioeconomic characteristics of the community where the child lives. While individual level characteristics have been examined to some extent, almost all studies into infant mortality conducted in Ethiopia have failed to consider the impact of community-level characteristics. Therefore, this study aims to identify individual and community level determinants of infant mortality in Ethiopia. Method Data from the Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey in 2016 were used for this study. A total of 10641 live births were included in this analysis. A multi-level logistic regression analysis was used to examine both individual and community level determinants while accounting for the hierarchal structure of the data. Results Individual-level characteristics such as infant sex have a statistically significant association with infant mortality. The odds of infant death before one year was 50% higher for males than females (AOR = 1.66; 95% CI: 1.25–2.20; p-value <0.001). At the community level, infants from pastoralist areas (Somali and Afar regions) were 1.4 more likely die compared with infants living in the Agrarian area such as Amhara, Tigray, and Oromia regions; AOR = 1.44; 95% CI; 1.02–2.06; p-value = 0.039). Conclusion Individual, household and community level characteristics have a statistically significant association with infant mortality. In addition to the individual based interventions already in place, household and community-based interventions such as focusing on socially and economically disadvantaged regions in Ethiopia could help to reduce infant mortality.
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Putu Suciptawati, Ni Luh, Ni Luh Putu Suciptawati, Made Asih, Kartika Sari, and I. G. A. M. Srinadi. "FACTORS AFFECTING INFANT MORTALITY RATE IN KARANGASEM, BALI." Indonesian Journal of Physics and Nuclear Applications 4, no. 1 (August 14, 2019): 12–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.24246/ijpna.v4i1.12-15.
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The purpose of this study was to determine the factors that influence the infant mortality rate in Karangasem, Bali. The method used in this research is the Log Linier model. In the Log linear model analyze relationship pattern among group of categorical variables which include an association of two or more variables, either simultaneously or partially. A Patterned relationship between variables can be seen from the interaction between variables. Log linear analysis does not distinguish between explanatory variables and response variables. The population in this study was all babies born in Karangasem in 2015 that is as many as 7,895 babies with live birth status and as many as 7,835 babies and 60 infants died. As a sample, 100 babies were taken, of which 60 were live and 40 died. The results show that infant mortality is affected by infant weight, how old the mother during childbirth, and interaction between birth spacing and infant weight
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Lee, Carl, Sergey Soshnikov, and Sergey Vladimirov. "Are Socio-Economic, Health Infrastructure, and Demographic Factors Associated with Infant Mortality in Russia?" International Journal of Software Innovation 1, no. 4 (October 2013): 56–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijsi.2013100105.
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Literatures have shown that factors associated with infant mortality worldwide include not only the diseases of infants, mother's health conditions, but also social economic, environment, education and other factors in the society. Although the infant mortality has been declining in the recent decades, it continues to be an international concern. In general, the factors associated with the infant death due to diseases or mother's health conditions are similar worldwide. However, the social economic and environmental relate factors differ among countries. This study focuses on the investigation of social economic and environmental related factors that are associated with the infant mortality rate in Russia. The sampling unit of the infant mortality rate and potential factors are collected at the ‘region' level of Russia. Over 100 variables are identified using various national statistics databases of Russia. The issue of data quality is discussed in detail. Various strategies are applied to clean the data. Eight different modeling techniques are applied to identify potentially important factors that may have high association with the infant mortality rate in Russia.
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Kröger, Janine, Christian Günster, Günther Heller, Elke Jeschke, Jürgen Malzahn, Dieter Grab, Klaus Vetter, Michael Abou-Dakn, Helmut Hummler, and Christoph Bührer. "Prevalence and Infant Mortality of Major Congenital Malformations Stratified by Birthweight." Neonatology 119, no. 1 (December 1, 2021): 41–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000520113.
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<b><i>Background:</i></b> Low birthweight and major congenital malformations (MCMs) are key causes of infant mortality. <b><i>Objectives:</i></b> The aim of this study was to explore the prevalence of MCMs in infants with low and very low birthweight and analyze the impact of MCMs and birthweight on infant mortality. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> We determined prevalence and infant mortality of 28 life-threatening MCMs in very-low-birthweight (<1,500 g, VLBW), low-birthweight (1,500–2,499 g, LBW), or normal-birthweight (≥2,500 g, NBW) infants in a cohort of 2,727,002 infants born in Germany in 2006–2017, using de-identified administrative data of the largest statutory public health insurance system in Germany. <b><i>Results:</i></b> The rates of VLBW, LBW, and NBW infants studied were 1.3% (34,401), 4.0% (109,558), and 94.7% (2,583,043). MCMs affected 0.5% (13,563) infants, of whom >75% (10,316) had severe congenital heart disease. The prevalence (per 10,000) of any/cardiac MCM was increased in VLBW (286/176) and LBW (244/143), as compared to NBW infants (38/32). Infant mortality rates were significantly higher in infants with an MCM, as opposed to infants without an MCM, in each birthweight group (VLBW 28.5% vs. 11.5%, LBW 16.7% vs. 0.9%, and NBW 8.6% vs. 0.1%). For most MCMs, observed survival rates in VLBW and LBW infants were lower than expected, as calculated from survival rates of VLBW or LBW infants without an MCM, and NBW infants with an MCM. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> Infants with an MCM are more often born with LBW or VLBW, as opposed to infants without an MCM. Many MCMs carry significant excess mortality when occurring in VLBW or LBW infants.
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Schinasi, Leah H., Joan Rosen Bloch, Steven Melly, Yuzhe Zhao, Kari Moore, and Anneclaire J. De Roos. "High Ambient Temperature and Infant Mortality in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: A Case–Crossover Study." American Journal of Public Health 110, no. 2 (February 2020): 189–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2019.305442.
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Objective. To quantify the association between heat and infant mortality and identify factors that influence infant vulnerability to heat. Methods. We conducted a time-stratified case–crossover analysis of associations between ambient temperature and infant mortality in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, during the warm months of 2000 through 2015. We used conditional logistic regression models to estimate associations of infant mortality with daily temperatures on the day of death (lag 0) and for averaging periods of 0 to 1 to 0 to 3 days before the day of death. We explored modification of associations by individual and census tract–level characteristics and by amounts of green space. Results. Risk of infant mortality increased by 22.4% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 5.0%, 42.6%) for every 1°C increase in minimum daily temperature over 23.9°C on the day of death. We observed limited evidence of effect modification across strata of the covariates. Conclusions. Our results contribute to a growing body of evidence that infants are a subpopulation that is particularly vulnerable to climate change effects. Further research using large data sets is critically needed to elucidate modifiable factors that may protect infants against heat vulnerability.
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Hirfa, Turrahmi. "THE RELATIONSHIP OF PROVISION OF BASIC IMMUNIZATION WITH THE GROWTH OF BABY GROWTH IN PUSKESMAS DISTRICT SAWAH BESAR IN 2021." Jurnal Ilmiah Bidan 7, no. 1 (April 30, 2023): 20–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.61720/jib.v7i1.351.
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According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the infant mortality rate (IMR) has decreased in recent years. In 2017, the infant mortality rate was 29 deaths per 1000 live births. According to the Central Statistics Agency (BPS), the Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) in DKI Jakarta in 2012 was 22 per 1000 live births, and in 2015 the infant mortality rate was 18 per 1000 live births.2 Basic immunization is very important. given to infants aged 0-12 months to provide immunity from diseases that can be prevented by immunization (PD3I), including Tuberculosis, Diphtheria, Pertussis, Tetanus, Polio, Hepatitis B and Measles. The occurrence of growth and development can be caused because development is closely related to the maturation of individual organ functions. Therefore, this study examines whether there is a relationship between immunization and infant growth and development. This type of research uses a quantitative descriptive method with a cross sectional approach. The population in this study was the total number of infants who were given basic immunization at the Sawah Besar District Health Center. The sampling technique is by random sampling. The results showed that the percentage of basic immunization for infants was 85.7%, incomplete immunization was 14.3%. The percentage of good growth and development is 91.6%, growth is not good 8.6%. The conclusion that there is a relationship with the provision of basic immunization with infant growth and development P(0.000).
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Zewdie, Samuel Abera, and Vissého Adjiwanou. "Multilevel analysis of infant mortality and its risk factors in South Africa." International Journal of Population Studies 3, no. 2 (December 31, 2017): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.18063/ijps.v3i2.330.
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The study analyzed infant mortality and its risk factors in South Africa. It aimed to examine infant mortality in the country by taking into account the hierarchical nature of the problem and investigate the with-in country variation in modeling. In addition to the usual individual level risk factors of infant mortality, living standard, mother’s education, and income inequality were defined at municipal level, while HIV prevalence was fixed at province level. A multilevel logistic regression model was then fitted with Bayesian MCMC parameter estimation procedure using the 2011 South African census data. Most of the demographic and socioeconomic variables identified at individual level were found significant. More remarkably, the result indicated that communities with better living standard and women's education were associated with lower infant mortality rates, while higher income inequality and HIV prevalence in the communities were associated higher levels of infant mortality. The changes in infants’ odds of death were estimated to be 26%, -21%, 13% and 8% respectively for HIV, women’s education, income inequality and level of the living standard. In addition, unobservable municipal and province level random effects significantly affected the level of infant mortality rates.
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Cevigney, Rachel, Christopher Leary, and Bernard Gonik. "Adjustable Algorithmic Tool for Assessing the Effectiveness of Maternal Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Vaccination on Infant Mortality in Developing Countries." Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology 2021 (May 24, 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5536633.
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Acute lower respiratory infection (ALRI) due to RSV is a common cause of global infant mortality, with most cases occurring in developing countries. Using data aggregated from priority countries as designated by the United States Agency for International Development’s (USAID) Maternal Child Health and Nutrition (MCHN) program, we created an adjustable algorithmic tool for visualizing the effectiveness of candidate maternal RSV vaccination on infant mortality. Country-specific estimates for disease burden and case fatality rates were computed based on established data. Country-specific RSV-ALRI incidence rates for infants 0-5 months were scaled based on the reported incidence rates for children 0-59 months. Using in-hospital mortality rates and predetermined “inflation factor,” we estimated the mortality of infants aged 0-5 months. Given implementation of a candidate maternal vaccination program, estimated reduction in infant RSV-ALRI incidence and mortality rates were calculated. User input is used to determine the coverage of the program and the efficacy of the vaccine. Using the generated algorithm, the overall reduction in infant mortality varied considerably depending on vaccine efficacy and distribution. Given a potential efficacy of 70% and a maternal distribution rate of 50% in every USAID MCHN priority country, annual RSV-ALRI-related infant mortality is estimated to be reduced by 14,862 cases. The absolute country-specific reduction is dependent on the number of live births; countries with the highest birth rates had the greatest impact on annual mortality reduction. The adjustable algorithm provides a standardized analytical tool in the evaluation of candidate maternal RSV vaccines. Ultimately, it can be used to guide public health initiatives, research funding, and policy implementation concerning the effectiveness of potential maternal RSV vaccination on reducing infant mortality.
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Rahayu, Sukma, and Toha Muhaimin. "Inadequate Antenatal Care Visits and Risks of Infant Mortality in Rural District." Media Publikasi Promosi Kesehatan Indonesia (MPPKI) 5, no. 7 (July 8, 2022): 813–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.56338/mppki.v5i7.2363.
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Introduction: Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) in Indonesia has decreased over the last fifteen years, but still left behind from other South-East Asia countries. One of the efforts to reduce IMR is antenatal care. However, there are disparity of antenatal care coverage between rural and urban area.
Objective: This study aimed to determine the effect of antenatal care on infant mortality in rural district in Indonesia.
Methods: The quantitative study used cross-sectional secondary data from Indonesia Demographic Health Survey 2017 with a total sample of 7.551 most recent born infant in 2012-2017 from women with childbearing age who’s live in rural district. Logistic regression multivariate analysis was used to determine the effect of antenatal care and infant mortality.
Results: The results show that antenatal care reduce risk of infant mortality. Infants whose mothers had 1-3 antenatal care visits (OR = 3; 95% CI = 1.6 – 5.3) and no antenatal care visits (OR = 3; 95% CI = 1.6 – 5.5) had higher odds compared to infants whose mother had 4 or more antenatal care visits after controlled by social-economic status, maternal occupation, parity, and tetanus immunization.
Conclusions: Empowering community empowerment with the help of community health workers and midwives is needed to target women with low social economic status. Studies and regulations for pregnant and lactating women at work also needed to reduce infant mortality. Further research involving quality of antenatal care and more covariates variables might be carried out.