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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 29 January 2023

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1

Bongaarts, John. Does family planning reduce infant mortality rates? (New York: Population Council, 1987.

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2

Bongaarts, John. Does family planning reduce infant mortality rates? New York: Population Council, 1987.

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3

J, Collins William. Exploring the racial gap in infant mortality rates, 1920-1970. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2002.

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4

Shehzad, Shafqat. How can Pakistan reduce infant and child mortality rates?: A decomposition analysis. Islamabad: Sustainable Development Policy Institute, 2004.

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5

Shehzad, Shafqat. How can Pakistan reduce infant and child mortality rates?: A decomposition analysis. Islamabad: Sustainable Development Policy Institute, 2004.

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6

Rice, James. Urban slums and the social production of infant mortality rates in the less developed countries: A macro-comparative, quantitative analysis. Hauppauge, N.Y: Nova Science Publisher's, 2011.

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7

Cawthon, Laurie. First Steps database: Birth rates after welfare welform. Olympia, Wash: Research and Data Analysis, Dept. of Social and Health Services, 2001.

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8

Infant & child mortality rates in Egypt, 1980-87. Cairo: Central Agency of Public Mobilization and Statistics, 1989.

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9

1954-, Peterson Christine E., ed. Why were infant and child mortality rates highest in the poorest states of Peninsular Malaysia, 1941-75? Santa Monica, CA (P.O. Box 2138, Santa Monica 90406-2138): Rand, 1986.

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10

Fichtner, Alexander, and Franz Schaefer. Acute kidney injury in children. Edited by Norbert Lameire. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0239.

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In the past few decades, the overall incidence of acute kidney injury (AKI) in paediatric patients has increased and the aetiological spectrum has shifted from infection-related and intrinsic renal causes towards secondary forms of AKI related to exposure to nephrotoxic drugs and complex surgical, oncological, and intensive care manoeuvres. In addition, neonatal kidney impairment and haemolytic uraemic syndrome continue to be important specific paediatric causes of AKI raising unique challenges regarding prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. The search for new biomarkers is a current focus of research in paediatric as in adult AKI research.Pharmacological intervention studies to prevent or attenuate AKI have provided positive evidence only for the prophylactic use of theophylline in severely depressed neonates, whereas dopamine and loop diuretics did not demonstrate any efficacy. Preliminary findings support a dose-dependent renoprotective action of fenoldopam in infants undergoing cardiac surgery.Critical issues in the management of AKI in children include fluid handling, maintenance of adequate nutrition, and the choice of renal replacement therapy modality. Observational studies have suggested an adverse impact of fluid overload and late start of renal replacement therapy, and a randomized clinical trial revealed detrimental effects of aggressive fluid bolus therapy in volume-depleted children.Technological advances have made it possible to apply continuous replacement therapies in children of all ages, including preterm neonates, using appropriately sized catheters, filters, tubing, and flow settings adapted to paediatric needs. However, the majority of children with AKI worldwide are still treated with peritoneal dialysis, and comparative studies demonstrating superiority of extracorporeal techniques over peritoneal dialysis are lacking.The outcomes of paediatric AKI are comparable to adult patients. In critically ill children, mortality risk increases with each stage of AKI; mortality rates typically range between 15% and 30% for all AKI stages and 30% to 60% in children requiring renal replacement therapy. Chronic kidney disease develops in approximately 10% of children surviving AKI.

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11

Anderson, Michael, and Corinne Roughley. Spatial Variations in Mortality and its Causes. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805830.003.0018.

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Scottish nineteenth mortality statistics are unusual in distinguishing death rates and causes grouped by the population size of localities, and also separately for many of the larger towns. Larger settlements tended to have higher death rates than smaller, and from most diseases, and, although these differences declined over time, the major towns of the West Central Belt (and Glasgow above all) show, with a few puzzling exceptions, persistent tendencies throughout our period to higher rates than other urban centres (other at some periods than Dundee). Infant mortality shows similar differences, but it remains hard to explain why Scotland had such relatively low infant mortality in the nineteenth century but so much higher than elsewhere for most of the twentieth. Various suggestions are explored.

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12

Anderson, Michael, and Corinne Roughley. Scottish National Mortality and its Wider Context. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805830.003.0016.

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In historical studies of Scottish mortality compared with other countries, expectation of life at birth is highly misleading because, until the early twentieth century, Scotland’s relatively low infant mortality conceals the fact that age-specific death rates at almost all other ages were higher than the closest comparators in western Europe. Scotland has continued to have worse mortality at all ages because Scottish infant mortality, along with death rates at most other ages, failed to decline at the same rate as these other countries in Europe. Nevertheless, expectation of life at all ages did eventually improve at all ages (except most recently for young adult males), though at very varying speeds over time. This allowed survival rates to increase quite markedly, with very few children dying in childhood, most still-married couples living long enough to celebrate many more wedding anniversaries, and most children to know their grand- or even their great-grandparents.

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13

Heath, Anthony F., Elisabeth Garratt, Ridhi Kashyap, Yaojun Li, and Lindsay Richards. The Fight against Disease. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805489.003.0003.

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Life expectancy is a fundamental measure of social progress, with excellent data enabling us to measure progress. Britain made huge strides in improving health and life expectancy during the second half of the twentieth century, life expectancy increasing by over ten years. There were large reductions in infant mortality and control of infectious diseases, as well as a decline in smoking and its related causes of death. Progress continued into the twenty-first century, although progress in increasing disability-free life expectancy among women stalled, and social class inequalities in infant mortality, after narrowing considerably, also stalled. Moreover, peer countries such as France, Germany, and Italy made even more progress than Britain in extending life expectancy and reducing infant mortality. New challenges such as obesity appear likely to hinder Britain’s progress in the future. Cancer survival rates in Britain, although improving, remain considerably lower than in peer countries.

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14

Klingholz, Reiner, Sabine Sütterlin, Alisa Kaps, and Catherina Hinz. Leapfrogging Africa: Sustainable Innovation in Health, Education and Agriculture. African Sun Media, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18820/9781928314745.

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In this study, we look at the potential for development leaps in Africa in three key sectors that provided the basis for socioeconomic development around the world: health, education and agriculture. Advances in these sectors increase the human capital, create jobs and economic opportunities and have a positive influence on each other. Healthy and well-fed children can learn better; hygiene and better medical care diminish infant mortality, which reduces the desire for a large number of children; education for women promotes gender equality and causes birth rates to fall further. This creates a population structure under which the economy can grow particularly well: a demographic dividend becomes possible.

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15

Selvin, Steve. The Joy of Statistics. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198833444.001.0001.

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The Joy of Statistics consists of a series of 42 “short stories,” each illustrating how elementary statistical methods are applied to data to produce insight and solutions to the questions data are collected to answer. The text contains brief histories of the evolution of statistical methods and a number of brief biographies of the most famous statisticians of the 20th century. Also throughout are a few statistical jokes, puzzles, and traditional stories. The level of the Joy of Statistics is elementary and explores a variety of statistical applications using graphs and plots, along with detailed and intuitive descriptions and occasionally using a bit of 10th grade mathematics. Examples of a few of the topics are gambling games such as roulette, blackjack, and lotteries as well as more serious subjects such as comparison of black/white infant mortality rates, coronary heart disease risk, and ethnic differences in Hodgkin’s disease. The statistical description of these methods and topics are accompanied by easy to understand explanations labeled “how it works.”

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16

Flynn, Shawn W. Children in Ancient Israel. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198784210.001.0001.

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Flynn contributes to the emerging field of childhood studies in the Hebrew Bible by isolating stages of a child’s life and, through a comparative perspective, studies the place of children in the domestic cult and their relationship to the deity in that cult. The study gathers data relevant to different stages of a child’s life from a plethora of Mesopotamian materials (prayers, myths, medical texts, rituals), and uses that data as an interpretive lens for Israelite texts about children at similar stages such as: pre-born children, the birth stage, breast feeding, adoption, slavery, children’s death and burial rituals, and childhood delinquency. This analysis presses the questions of value and violence, the importance of the domestic cult for expressing the child’s value beyond economic value, and how children were valued in cultures with high infant mortality rates. From the earliest stages to the moments when children die, and to the children’s responsibilities in the domestic cult later in life, this study demonstrates that a child is uniquely wrapped up in the domestic cult and, in particular, is connected with the deity. The domestic-cultic value of children forms the much broader understanding of children in the ancient world, through which other more problematic representations can be tested. Throughout the study, it becomes apparent that children’s value in the domestic cult is an intentional catalyst for the social promotion of YHWHism.

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17

Inglehart, Ronald F. Religion's Sudden Decline. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197547045.001.0001.

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Secularization has accelerated. From 1981 to 2007, most countries became more religious, but from 2007 to 2020, the overwhelming majority became less religious. For centuries, all major religions encouraged norms that limit women to producing as many children as possible and discourage any sexual behavior not linked with reproduction. These norms were needed when facing high infant mortality and low life expectancy but require suppressing strong drives and are rapidly eroding. These norms are so strongly linked with religion that abandoning them undermines religiosity. Religion became pervasive because it was conducive to survival, encouraged sharing when there was no social security system, and is conducive to mental health and coping with insecure conditions. People need coherent belief systems, but religion is declining. What comes next? The Nordic countries have consistently been at the cutting edge of cultural change. Protestantism left an enduring imprint, but 20th-century welfare added universal health coverage; high levels of state support for education, welfare spending, child care, and pensions; and an ethos of social solidarity. These countries are also characterized by rapidly declining religiosity. Does this portend corruption and nihilism? Apparently not. These countries lead the world on numerous indicators of a well-functioning society, including economic equality, gender equality, low homicide rates, subjective well-being, environmental protection, and democracy. They have become less religious, but their people have high levels of interpersonal trust, tolerance, honesty, social solidarity, and commitment to democratic norms. The decline of religiosity has far-reaching implications. This book explores what comes next.

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18

Barsoum, Rashad S. Schistosomiasis. Edited by Neil Sheerin. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0182_update_001.

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AbstractSchistosomiasis is a parasitic disease that affects millions of people in 78 countries, where it is held responsible for considerable morbidity and mortality. It is caused by a blood fluke, which provokes an immunological response to hundreds of its antigens. This induces multi-organ pathology through the formation of tissue granulomata or circulating immune complexes. In addition, it is amyloidogenic and carcinogenic, through the interaction of immunological perturbation with confounding metabolic and genetic factors. The primary targets of schistosomiasis are urinary and hepatointestinal.The lower urinary tract is mainly affected in S. haematobium infection, and may lead to chronic pyelonephritis and/or obstructive nephropathy. The colon and liver are the targets of S. mansoni and S. japonicum infection, leading to hepatic fibrosis, portal hypertension, and liver failure. S. mansoni may also lead to immune complex glomerulonephritis, which is discussed elsewhere. Both S. haematobium and S. mansoni ova may be carried with the venous circulation to the lungs, where they provoke granulomatous and immune-mediated endothelial injury leading to cor-pulmonale. Ova may be subsequently carried with the arterial circulation to form ‘metastatic’ granulomas in other tissues, notably the brain (S. japonicum), spinal cord (S. haematobium), skin, conjunctiva, and genital organs.Schistosomiasis is preventable. World Health Organization programmes have successfully eradicated or reduced the incidence of infection in many countries, particularly Egypt and China. Prevention strategies include health education, raising hygiene standards, and interruption of the parasite’s life cycle by snail control and mass treatment. The search for a vaccine continues. Effective antiparasitic treatment is now possible with high elimination rates. Available agents include praziquantel and artemether for all species, metrifonate for S. haematobium, and oxamniquine for S. mansoni. Successful outcome correlates with early intervention, before fibrosis has occurred.

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