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Published: 30 May 2022
Last updated: 31 May 2022

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1

Nilsson, B. O., and A. Larsson. "Inert carriers for immunization." Research in Immunology 143, no. 5 (January 1992): 553–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0923-2494(92)80068-v.

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2

Mikhailova, A. V., O. N. Pozharitskaya, and V. A. Vainshtein. "Metronidazole compositions deposited onto inert carriers." Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journal 34, no. 2 (February 2000): 79–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02524365.

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3

Gafarova, V. A., I. R. Kuzeev, and Andrei M. Schipachev. "Investigation of the Magnetic Nanoparticles Interaction on Inert Carriers." Key Engineering Materials 854 (July 2020): 80–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.854.80.

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The present studies are devoted to studying the behavior of the nanopart during their interaction with the surface. Small additives in composite materials significantly increase their strength and other operational properties. When carrying out repairs in the oil and gas industry, it is promising to fill the detected cracks and crack-like defects with composite material, the distinguishing feature of which is high fluidity and penetration at the time of filling. After hardening, such composites must meet all the requirements for strength and durability. Such properties can be obtained using magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles. In the molding process, a balance must be maintained between the adhesive strength of the composite compound and its cohesive strength. For this, it is crucial to know the underlying mechanisms of the formation of thin films containing nanoparticles on the surface of various structural materials.
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4

Barua, Papori, Ming Pei You, Kirsty L. Bayliss, Vincent Lanoiselet, and Martin J. Barbetti. "Inert Materials as Long-Term Carriers and Disseminators of Viable Leptosphaeria maculans Ascospores and Wider Implications for Ascomycete Pathogens." Plant Disease 102, no. 4 (April 2018): 720–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-08-17-1324-re.

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The viability of ascospores of the Phoma stem canker (blackleg) pathogen, Leptosphaeria maculans, was tested on a range of carrier materials, including metals, fabrics, woods, and plastics, and under different temperature conditions of 23 and 4, 36 and 14, and 45 and 15°C day and night, respectively. At 23 and 4°C (day and night, respectively), ascospores remained viable for up to 240 days on Tasmanian oak (Eucalyptus regnans) and pine wood (Pinus radiata). At 36 and 14°C (day and night, respectively), ascospores remained viable on pine wood for up to 180 days. At 45 and 15°C (day and night, respectively), ascospores remained viable up to 60 days on jute. There were also significant differences (P < 0.001) between carrier materials in their abilities to retain ascospores following washing. At least 30% of intact ascospores recovered from inert carrier materials were able to germinate on artificial growth media within 48 h of recovery and some ascospores were still viable after 240 days. These findings confirm that L. maculans ascospores remain viable for a much longer time in the absence of a host than previously considered. This demonstrates the importance of inert materials as long-term and long-distance carriers of viable L. maculans ascospores, and highlights their potential role for spread of L. maculans races to new regions and countries via farming equipment, clothing, and other associated materials. Local, national, and international biosecurity agencies need to be aware that the risks of spread of ascomycete plant, animal, and human pathogens via inert materials are significantly greater than currently assessed.
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5

Maurer, M., C. Fux, D. Lange, and H. Siegrist. "Modelling denitrification in a moving bed of porous carriers from a low-loaded wastewater treatment plant." Water Science and Technology 39, no. 7 (April 1, 1999): 251–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0366.

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A model was developed to describe hydrolysis in a moving bed with polyurethane foam carriers under anoxic conditions. It is formulated as a two-box model and structured into bulk and carrier compartments linked by mass transfer processes for solutes and particles. The biological processes consist of the anoxic growth and decay of heterotrophic organisms and hydrolysis of the slowly biodegradable substrate. Kinetic and stoichiometric parameters are taken from Activated Sludge Model No. 2 (Henze et al., 1995). Parameter estimations based on 24 batch experiments resulted in anoxic hydrolysis rates of 3.9 d−1 (at 20°C) and 2.6 d−1 (at 10°C). The mass transfer coefficient for solutes was determined from the mixing of an inert tracer to be 0.3 m d−1. Measurements of the enzymatic activity of α-, β-glucosidase and esterases confirmed that 90% of the activity involves the carriers. In conjunction with the finding that the absorption capacity of the carriers for slowly biodegradable substrate is high, it can be concluded that the hydrolysis takes place principally within the carriers.
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6

Samotaev, Nikolay, and Alexey Vasiliev. "Mixed Cerium/Zirconium Oxide as a Material for Carbon Monoxide Thermocatalytic Gas Sensor." Proceedings 2, no. 13 (December 4, 2018): 841. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2130841.

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The perspective catalysts usable for the fabrication of thermocatalytic gas sensors were studied. The analysis of CO oxidation kinetics by Pd decorated Al2O3, ZSM-5, SnO2, CeO2/ZrO2 and some other carriers of catalysts showed that the application of these catalysts leads to the ambiguity of sensor response (light-off effect). It was demonstrated that a catalyst based on CeO2/ZrO2 carrier could be used for the fabrication of sensors characterized by the univocal correspondence between CO concentration and sensor response. The developed model of the CO oxidation on all Pd catalysts with inert carrier enabled the description of the CO oxidation using a single value of activation energy.
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7

Breitenbücher, K., M. Siegl, A. Knüpfer, and M. Radke. "Open-Pore Sintered Glass as a High-Efficiency Support Medium in Bioreactors: New Results and Long-Term Experiences Achieved in High-Rate Anaerobic Digestion." Water Science and Technology 22, no. 1-2 (January 1, 1990): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1990.0133.

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An open-pore sintered glass material (SIRAN) was developed for the immobilization of slow growing microorganisms. Due to the excellent properties of the inert carrier, e.g. porosity, pore size distribution, surface area, which can be adjusted individually to the applications, good system efficiencies are possible. Thus in the field of anaerobic digestion significant high COD removal rates are achievable. The open-pore structure of the carrier offers surface areas up to 90.000 m2/m3 to be colonized by active biomass. Compared to conventional support media, the use of open-pore carriers results in high start-up and steady-state performance at high process stability. The fixed bed loop reactor guarantees economical process solutions if open-pore sintered glass raschig rings are applied. Granules and beads have been proven in fluidized bed reactor systems, maintaining COD loading rates of 206 kg/m3 · d by treating evaporator condensates from pulp industry. The paper describes main characteristics of the carrier, treatability studies with pilot plants, scale-up and experiences with full-scale installations at production site using SIRAN carriers.
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8

Zhang, Yingxi, Yuan Gao, Xiaoxiao Du, Rou Guan, Zhonggui He, and Hongzhuo Liu. "Combining Co-Amorphous-Based Spray Drying with Inert Carriers to Achieve Improved Bioavailability and Excellent Downstream Manufacturability." Pharmaceutics 12, no. 11 (November 8, 2020): 1063. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics12111063.

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It is crucial to improve poorly water-soluble orally administered drugs through both preclinical and therapeutic drug discovery. A co-amorphous formulation consisting of two low molecular weight (MW) molecules offers a solubility/dissolubility advantage over its crystalline form by maintaining their amorphous status. Here, we report on a co-amorphous solid dispersion (SD) system that includes inert carriers (lactose monohydrate or microcrystalline cellulose) and co-amorphous sacubitril (SAC)-valsartan (VAL) using the spray drying process. The strong molecular interactions between drugs were the driving force for forming robust co-amorphous SDs. Our system provided the highest solubility with more than ~11.5- and 3.12-times solubility increases when compared with the physical mixtures. Co-amorphous lactose monohydrate (LM) SDs showed better bioavailability of APIs (~356.27.8% and 154.01% for the relative bioavailability of LBQ 657 and valsartan, respectively). Co-amorphous inert carrier SDs possessed an excellent compressibility for the production of a direct compression pharmaceutical product. In conclusion, these brand-new co-amorphous SDs could reduce the number of unit processes to produce a final pharmaceutical product for downstream manufacturability.
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9

McDonnell, Gerald, Rasa Amato, Paul S. Malchesky, Stephanie Harrington, David S. Muzic, and Roger E. Marchant. "Use of Dacron as an Alternative Carrier for Evaluating Oxidizing Sterilants in the AOAC Sporicidal Test." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 83, no. 2 (March 1, 2000): 269–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/83.2.269.

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Abstract The AOAC sporicidal method (966.04) recommends the use of porcelain penicylinders and black waxed silk sutures as carriers for demonstrating the sporicidal activity of sterilants. However, the silk carriers are not suitable for evaluating the sporicidal efficacy of oxidizing agents, and an inert polyester material (Dacron) is recommended as an alternative. Dacron provides an equivalent microbial and physical challenge to silk. Microbiologically, both materials demonstrated similar HCl resistance, which is required by the AOAC test, as well as equivalent spore loading and spore wash-off. Electron microscopy showed that both materials present the same braided microstructure, providing an equivalent physical challenge to the test sterilant. Dacron was more consistent than silk, and did not require extraction prior to spore loading. The extraction method for black waxed silk was variable and incomplete, which may compromise the activity of oxidizing sterilants and add to method variability. Silk was also structurally altered in the presence of oxidizing sterilants and increased sterilant degradation. Dacron did not affect the sterilant and was inert in the presence of oxidizing agents. Dacron sutures are proposed as inert alternatives to silk for evaluating the sporicidal efficacy of oxidizing agents.
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10

Brown, T. A., F. Scala, S. A. Scott, J. S. Dennis, and P. Salatino. "The attrition behaviour of oxygen-carriers under inert and reacting conditions." Chemical Engineering Science 71 (March 2012): 449–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2011.11.008.

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11

Boylston, John W., Paul J. Riley, and Gary W. Van Tassel. "The Lay-Up and Reactivation of LNG Tankers: Lessons Learned." Journal of Ship Production 10, no. 03 (August 1, 1994): 174–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/jsp.1994.10.3.174.

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The Liquid natural gas (LNG) industry went from a projected boom in the 1970's to a contracted industry in the 1980's, when many ships were either permanently or temporarily laid up. In the 1990s, many laid-up LNG carriers are being reactivated after as many as 12 years in lay-up. While the capital cost of an LNG carrier should dictate maximum preservation of the asset, the LNG industry is not immune to having to make hard economic decisions during slack times. In this paper, the authors present specific alternate lay-up procedures, together with the relative costs of these alternatives. LNG carriers are steam vessels, as are many of the vessels in the Ready Reserve Fleet (RRF). However, many of the conclusions reached can also be applied to motor vessels, and as such could be of interest to operators and shipyards in all phases of the RRF program. The subjects of dehumidification, inert gas plants, ballast tank coatings and drydocking, among others, are discussed.
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12

Khan, Anwar A., and James D. Maguire. "ISOLATION OF VEGETABLE SEEDS BY SEMI-PERMEABLE MEMBRANE DURING MATRICONDITIONING." HortScience 25, no. 9 (September 1990): 1156d—1156. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.9.1156d.

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Recently we have shown that the performance of vegetable seeds can be enhanced by matriconditioning in the presence of fixed amounts of chemically inert carriers, such as Micro-Cel™E and Zonolite™ Vermiculite, and water (Khan et al. National Symp. Stand Estab. Hort. Crops, p.19, 1990). This procedure, however, does not allow separation of seeds from the carrier during seed conditioning. This problem has been overcome by enclosing the seed in a semi-permeable membrane and placing the seed-membrane system in contact with the carrier and water (or test solution). By this means, the equilibrium moisture content, needed for seed conditioning is attained readily. This procedure allows conditioning of large amounts of seeds and eliminates the contamination of seeds from the carrier. The application of this procedure in seed enhancement within the seed industry will be discussed.
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13

Crivelli, Barbara, Sara Perteghella, Elia Bari, Milena Sorrenti, Giuseppe Tripodo, Theodora Chlapanidas, and Maria Luisa Torre. "Silk nanoparticles: from inert supports to bioactive natural carriers for drug delivery." Soft Matter 14, no. 4 (2018): 546–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7sm01631j.

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14

Heymann, D. "Buckminsterfullerene, its siblings, and soot: Carriers of trapped inert gases in meteorites?" Journal of Geophysical Research 91, B13 (1986): E135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/jb091ib13p0e135.

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15

Johansson, Marcus, Tobias Mattisson, and Anders Lyngfelt. "Comparison of oxygen carriers for chemical-looping combustion." Thermal Science 10, no. 3 (2006): 93–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci0603093j.

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Chemical-looping combustion is a combustion technology with inherent separation of the greenhouse gas CO2. This technique involves combustion of fossil fuels by means of an oxygen carrier which transfers oxygen from the air to the fuel. In this manner a decrease in efficiency is avoided for the energy demanding separation of CO2 from the rest of the flue gases. Results from fifty oxygen carriers based on iron-, manganese- and nickel oxides on different inert materials are compared. The particles were prepared using freeze granulation, sintered at different temperatures and sieved to a size 125-180 mm. To simulate the environment the particles would be exposed to in a chemical-looping combustor, reactivity tests under alternating oxidizing and reducing conditions were performed in a laboratory fluidized bed-reactor of quartz. Reduction was performed in 50% CH4/50% H2O while the oxidation was carried out in 5% O2 in nitrogen. In general nickel particles are the most reactive, followed by manganese. Iron particles are harder but have a lower reactivity. An increase in sintering temperatures normally leads to an increase in strength and decrease in reactivity. Several particles investigated display a combination of high reactivity and strength as well as good fluidization behavior, and are feasible for use as oxygen carriers in chemical-looping combustion.
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16

Di Giuliano, Andrea, Stefania Lucantonio, and Katia Gallucci. "Devolatilization of Residual Biomasses for Chemical Looping Gasification in Fluidized Beds Made up of Oxygen-Carriers." Energies 14, no. 2 (January 8, 2021): 311. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14020311.

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The chemical looping gasification of residual biomasses—operated in fluidized beds composed of oxygen-carriers—may allow the production of biofuels from syngas. This biomass-to-fuel chain can contribute to mitigate climate change, avoiding the accumulation of greenhouse gases in our atmosphere. The ongoing European research project Horizon2020 CLARA (G.A. 817841) investigates wheat-straw-pellets (WSP) and raw-pine-forest-residue (RPR) pellets as feedstocks for chemical looping gasification. This work presents experimental results from devolatilizations of WSP and RPR, in bubbling beds made of three different oxygen-carriers or sand (inert reference), at 700, 800, 900 °C. Devolatilization is a key step of gasification, influencing syngas quality and quantity. Tests were performed at laboratory-scale, by a quartz reactor (fluidizing agent: N2). For each pellet, collected data allowed the quantification of released gases (H2, CO, CO2, CH4, hydrocarbons) and mass balances, to obtain gas yield (ηav), carbon conversion (χavC), H2/CO ratio (λav) and syngas composition. A simplified single-first order-reaction model was adopted to kinetically analyze experimental data. WSP performed as RPR; this is a good indication, considering that RPR is similar to commercial pellets. Temperature is the dominating parameter: at 900 °C, the highest quality and quantity of syngas was obtained (WSP: ηav = 0.035–0.042 molgas gbiomass−1, χavC = 73–83%, λav = 0.8–1.0); RPR: ηav = 0.036–0.041 molgas gbiomass−1, χavC = 67–71%, λav = 0.9–1.0), and oxygen-carries generally performed better than sand. The kinetic analysis suggested that the oxygen-carrier ilmenite ensured the fastest conversion of C and H atoms into gases, at tested conditions.
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17

Di Giuliano, Andrea, Stefania Lucantonio, and Katia Gallucci. "Devolatilization of Residual Biomasses for Chemical Looping Gasification in Fluidized Beds Made Up of Oxygen-Carriers." Energies 14, no. 2 (January 8, 2021): 311. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14020311.

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The chemical looping gasification of residual biomasses—operated in fluidized beds composed of oxygen-carriers—may allow the production of biofuels from syngas. This biomass-to-fuel chain can contribute to mitigate climate change, avoiding the accumulation of greenhouse gases in our atmosphere. The ongoing European research project Horizon2020 CLARA (G.A. 817841) investigates wheat-straw-pellets (WSP) and raw-pine-forest-residue (RPR) pellets as feedstocks for chemical looping gasification. This work presents experimental results from devolatilizations of WSP and RPR, in bubbling beds made of three different oxygen-carriers or sand (inert reference), at 700, 800, 900 °C. Devolatilization is a key step of gasification, influencing syngas quality and quantity. Tests were performed at laboratory-scale, by a quartz reactor (fluidizing agent: N2). For each pellet, collected data allowed the quantification of released gases (H2, CO, CO2, CH4, hydrocarbons) and mass balances, to obtain gas yield (ηav), carbon conversion (χavC), H2/CO ratio (λav) and syngas composition. A simplified single-first order-reaction model was adopted to kinetically analyze experimental data. WSP performed as RPR; this is a good indication, considering that RPR is similar to commercial pellets. Temperature is the dominating parameter: at 900 °C, the highest quality and quantity of syngas was obtained (WSP: ηav = 0.035–0.042 molgas gbiomass−1, χavC = 73–83%, λav = 0.8–1.0); RPR: ηav = 0.036–0.041 molgas gbiomass−1, χavC = 67–71%, λav = 0.9–1.0), and oxygen-carries generally performed better than sand. The kinetic analysis suggested that the oxygen-carrier ilmenite ensured the fastest conversion of C and H atoms into gases, at tested conditions.
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18

Addabbo, Tommaso, Mara Bruzzi, Ada Fort, Marco Mugnaini, and Valerio Vignoli. "Gas Sensing Properties of In2O3 Nano-Films Obtained by Low Temperature Pulsed Electron Deposition Technique on Alumina Substrates." Sensors 18, no. 12 (December 13, 2018): 4410. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18124410.

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Nanostructured Indium(III) oxide (In2O3) films deposited by low temperature pulsed electron deposition (LPED) technique on customized alumina printed circuit boards have been manufactured and characterized as gas sensing devices. Their electrical properties have monitored directly during deposition to optimize their sensing performance. Experimental results with oxidizing (NO2) as well as reducing (CO) gases in both air and inert gas carriers are discussed and modeled.
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19

McDonnell, Gerald. "Alternative AOAC Sporicidal Test Carrier for Evaluating Peracetic Acid-Based Sterilants (Modification of AOAC Official Method 966.04)." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 86, no. 2 (March 1, 2003): 407–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/86.2.407.

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Abstract Dacron suture loops were demonstrated to be inert, consistent carriers in the presence of peracetic acid-based sterilants, whereas black silk sutures had a variable preparation process and interacted with peracetic acid. In addition, Dacron suture loops provided comparable spore loading to black silk suture loops and an HCl resistance of ≥2 min. These results indicate that black silk suture loops are not appropriate carriers for assessing peracetic acid-based sterilants, and Dacron loops are an acceptable alternative. This finding is consistent with the Office of Science and Technology Laboratory (Center for Devices and Radiological Health) study which determined that “polyester suture material is a viable alternative to silk for the AOAC sporicidal test for liquid disinfectants.”
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20

Chakravarty, Paroma, Amin Famili, Karthik Nagapudi, and Mohammad A. Al-Sayah. "Using Supercritical Fluid Technology as a Green Alternative During the Preparation of Drug Delivery Systems." Pharmaceutics 11, no. 12 (November 25, 2019): 629. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics11120629.

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Micro- and nano-carrier formulations have been developed as drug delivery systems for active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) that suffer from poor physico-chemical, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic properties. Encapsulating the APIs in such systems can help improve their stability by protecting them from harsh conditions such as light, oxygen, temperature, pH, enzymes, and others. Consequently, the API’s dissolution rate and bioavailability are tremendously improved. Conventional techniques used in the production of these drug carrier formulations have several drawbacks, including thermal and chemical stability of the APIs, excessive use of organic solvents, high residual solvent levels, difficult particle size control and distributions, drug loading-related challenges, and time and energy consumption. This review illustrates how supercritical fluid (SCF) technologies can be superior in controlling the morphology of API particles and in the production of drug carriers due to SCF’s non-toxic, inert, economical, and environmentally friendly properties. The SCF’s advantages, benefits, and various preparation methods are discussed. Drug carrier formulations discussed in this review include microparticles, nanoparticles, polymeric membranes, aerogels, microporous foams, solid lipid nanoparticles, and liposomes.
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21

Ivče, Renato, Igor Rudan, and Mateo Rudan. "Management and Usage of Nitrogen Systems on Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Carriers." Journal of Maritime & Transportation Science 55, no. 1 (December 2018): 219–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.18048/2018.00.14.

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The importance of liquefied natural gas (LNG) vessels and the technology that enables their operations is steadily growing. Hence, in addition to professional interest, the general public also displays a considerably large interest in this issue. Today LNG carriers belong to the category of the most technologically developed vessels and therefore managing these vessels requires not only the general knowledge but also the specific knowledge relating to their cargo handling systems. To ensure the safe and economical transport of LNG by sea and to minimize the risk of fire or explosion it is necessary to understand the properties of LNG and nitrogen, an inert gas used in all phases of the carriage and transfer of liquefied gas. The subject of this research is the overall process of nitrogen management in daily operations on board LNG carriers. The aim of the research is to explain, evaluate and define the various applications of nitrogen systems on LNG carriers.
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22

Xu, Xiangqun, Yunfeng Yu, and Yujie Shi. "Evaluation of inert and organic carriers for Verticillium lecanii spore production in solid-state fermentation." Biotechnology Letters 33, no. 4 (December 18, 2010): 763–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10529-010-0496-1.

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23

Benali, Marzouk. "Drying of yellow pea starch on inert carriers: Drying kinetics, moisture diffusivity, and product quality." Journal of Food Engineering 110, no. 3 (June 2012): 337–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2012.01.003.

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24

Hallberg, Peter, Malin Källén, Dazheng Jing, Frans Snijkers, Jasper van Noyen, Magnus Rydén, and Anders Lyngfelt. "Experimental Investigation ofCaMnO3−δBased Oxygen Carriers Used in Continuous Chemical-Looping Combustion." International Journal of Chemical Engineering 2014 (2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/412517.

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Three materials of perovskite structure,CaMn1−xMxO3−δ(M = Mg or Mg and Ti), have been examined as oxygen carriers in continuous operation of chemical-looping combustion (CLC) in a circulating fluidized bed system with the designed fuel power 300 W. Natural gas was used as fuel. All three materials were capable of completely converting the fuel to carbon dioxide and water at 900°C. All materials also showed the ability to release gas phase oxygen when fluidized by inert gas at elevated temperature (700–950°C); that is, they were suitable for chemical looping with oxygen uncoupling (CLOU). Both fuel conversion and oxygen release improved with temperature. All three materials also showed good mechanical integrity, as the fraction of fines collected during experiments was small. These results indicate that the materials are promising oxygen carriers for chemical-looping combustion.
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25

Sun, Zhiyong, Philipp F. Popp, Christoph Loderer, and Ainhoa Revilla-Guarinos. "Genetically Engineered Bacterial Biohybrid Microswimmers for Sensing Applications." Sensors 20, no. 1 (December 28, 2019): 180. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20010180.

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Bacterial biohybrid microswimmers aim at exploiting the inherent motion capabilities of bacteria (carriers) to transport objects (cargoes) at the microscale. One of the most desired properties of microswimmers is their ability to communicate with their immediate environment by processing the information and producing a useful response. Indeed, bacteria are naturally equipped with such communication skills. Hereby, two-component systems (TCSs) represent the key signal transducing machinery and enable bacteria to sense and respond to a variety of stimuli. We engineered a natural microswimmer based on the Gram-positive model bacterium Bacillus subtilis for the development of biohybrids with sensing abilities. B. subtilis naturally adhered to silica particles, giving rise to different motile biohybrids systems with variable ratios of carrier(s)-to-cargo(es). Genetically engineered TCS pathways allowed us to couple the binding to the inert particles with signaling the presence of antibiotics in their surroundings. Activation of the antibiotic-induced TCSs resulted in fluorescent bacterial carriers as a response readout. We demonstrate that the genetically engineered TCS-mediated signaling capabilities of B. subtilis allow for the custom design of bacterial hybrid microswimmers able to sense and signal the presence of target molecules in the environment. The generally recognized as safe (GRAS) status of B. subtilis makes it a promising candidate for human-related applications of these novel biohybrids.
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26

Vaniushenkova, Anna A., Elina E. Dosadina, Anna A. Hanafina, Sergey V. Kalenov, Nikolay S. Markvichev, and Alexey A. Belov. "Synthesis and study of the properties of composite materials based on cellulose and chitosan containing various therapeutic agents. Part 3. Hydrolytic destruction of dressings based on dialdehydecellulose." Butlerov Communications 59, no. 8 (August 31, 2019): 47–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.37952/roi-jbc-01/19-59-8-47.

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Creating systems for targeted delivery of drugs to the affected organ is one of the most promising areas for the development of systems with controlled release of the active substance. Polysaccharides are widely used as drug carriers. However, most of them are chemically inert and require preliminary functionalization in order to interact with physiologically active compounds (therapeutic agents-TA). A simple and effective method for introducing reactive groups is the periodic oxidation of the polysaccharide by the Malaprade reaction. While cellulose is insoluble in water and resistant to weak solutions of acids and alkalis, dialdehyde cellulose (DAC is the product of the periodic oxidation of cellulose) and its derivatives are destroyed in water and weakly acidic and slightly alkaline solutions. This process is called hydrolytic destruction. The kinetics of hydrolytic destruction is described by semi-logarithmic anamorphosis, which allows us to calculate the rate constants of hydrolytic destruction as the rate constant of first-order reactions. The products of hydrolytic degradation were studied by UV spectroscopy and using 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid (DNSA). The degradation products of C and DAC were also studied by the phenol-sulfur method. From the data presented and cited earlier, it follows that when our composite material is placed in a liquid medium, the hydrolytic destruction of the drug immediately begins. What can be connected with the breakdown of both the carrier – TA bonds (DAC, C, Ct carriers) and the destruction of the carrier itself. Under the conditions of the organism, biological destruction can also join process. Biodestruction is the process of destruction (both carriers and immobilized TAs) under the action of the body's enzymes. Using IR spectroscopy, cellulose carriers were studied before and after exposure to 1/15M FB medium (pH 6.2 and 37 °C) for 48 hours. As can be seen from the data obtained, primarily for DAC samples, significant changes in the spectrum are visible in the 1800-1600 and 900 cm-1 fields. The results of experimental toxicological studies of samples of various cellulosic materials allow us to conclude that the samples studied do not have toxic, hemolytic, allergenic effects, as well as mutagenic activity.
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27

Lambert, Eric, Vijay S. Gorantla, and Jelena M. Janjic. "Pharmaceutical design and development of perfluorocarbon nanocolloids for oxygen delivery in regenerative medicine." Nanomedicine 14, no. 20 (October 2019): 2697–712. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/nnm-2019-0260.

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Perfluorocarbons (PFCs) have been investigated as oxygen carriers for several decades in varied biomedical applications. PFCs are chemically and biologically inert, temperature and storage stable, pose low to no infectious risk, can be commercially manufactured, and have well established gas transport properties. In this review, we highlight design and development strategies for their successful application in regenerative medicine, transplantation and organ preservation. Effective tissue preservation strategies are key to improving outcomes of extremity salvage and organ transplantation. Maintaining tissue integrity requires adequate oxygenation to support aerobic metabolism. The use of whole blood for oxygen delivery is fraught with limitations of poor shelf stability, infectious risk, religious exclusions and product shortages. Other agents also face clinical challenges in their implementation. As a solution, we discuss new ways of designing and developing PFC-based artificial oxygen carriers by implementing modern pharmaceutical quality by design and scale up manufacturing methodologies.
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Schätzlein, Andreas G. "Targeting of Synthetic Gene Delivery Systems." Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology 2003, no. 2 (2003): 149–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/s1110724303209116.

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Safe, efficient, and specific delivery of therapeutic genes remains an important bottleneck for the development of gene therapy. Synthetic, nonviral systems have a unique pharmaceutical profile with potential advantages for certain applications. Targeting of the synthetic vector improves the specificity of gene medicines through a modulation of the carriers' biodistribution, thus creating a dose differential between healthy tissue and the target site. The biodistribution of current carrier systems is being influenced to a large extent by intrinsic physicochemical characteristics, such as charge and size. Consequently, such nonspecific interactions can interfere with specific targeting, for example, by ligands. Therefore, a carrier complex should ideally be inert, that is, free from intrinsic properties that would bias its distribution away from the target site. Strategies such as coating of DNA carrier complexes with hydrophilic polymers have been used to mask some of these intrinsic targeting effects and avoid nonspecific interactions. Preexisting endogenous ligand-receptor interactions have frequently been used for targeting to certain cell types or tumours. Recently exogenous ligands have been derived from microorganisms or, like antibodies or phage-derived peptides, developed de novo. In animal models, such synthetic vectors have targeted remote sites such as a tumour. Furthermore, the therapeutic proof of the concept has been demonstrated for fitting combinations of synthetic vectors and therapeutic gene.
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29

Handley, J. W., C. Mead, G. A. Rausina, L. J. Waid, J. C. Gee, and S. J. Herron. "The use of inert carriers in regulatory biodegradation tests of low density poorly water-soluble substances." Chemosphere 48, no. 5 (August 2002): 529–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0045-6535(02)00132-7.

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30

Liu, Weikang, Xianghai Meng, Xu Zhao, Gang Wang, Jinsen Gao, and Chunming Xu. "Pyrolysis Performances of Catalytic Cracking Naphtha and Coker Naphtha on Inert Carriers and an Active Catalyst." Energy & Fuels 23, no. 12 (December 17, 2009): 5760–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ef900645s.

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31

KWON, Y. M., D. P. KRIEG, F. L. KUO, J. B. CAREY, and S. C. RICKE. "BIOCIDAL ACTIVITY OF A PEROXIDASE-CATALYZED SANITIZER AGAINST SELECTED BACTERIA ON INERT CARRIERS AND EGG SHELLS." Journal of Food Safety 16, no. 4 (April 1997): 243–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4565.1997.tb00165.x.

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32

Balogh-Weiser, Diána, Balázs Decsi, Réka Krammer, Gergő Dargó, Ferenc Ender, János Mizsei, Róbert Berkecz, et al. "Magnetic Nanoparticles with Dual Surface Functions—Efficient Carriers for Metalloporphyrin-Catalyzed Drug Metabolite Synthesis in Batch and Continuous-Flow Reactors." Nanomaterials 10, no. 12 (November 24, 2020): 2329. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10122329.

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The dual functionalization of magnetic nanoparticles with inert (methyl) and reactive (aminopropyl) groups enables efficient immobilization of synthetic metalloporphyrins (such as 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorophenyl)iron(II) porphyrin and 5,10,15,20-tetrakis-(4-sulfonatophenyl)iron(II) porphyrin) via covalent or ionic interactions. The proportion of reactive function on the surface has significant effect on the biomimetic activity of metalloporphyrins. The optimized magnetic nanocatalyst containing porphyrin was successfully applied for biomimetic oxidation of antihypertensive drug Amlodipine in batch and continuous-flow reactors as well.
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33

Wieczorek, Agnieszka, and Mariusz Giernalczyk. "Operational Problems of Ethylene Transport by LPG Gas Carriers." Journal of KONES 26, no. 1 (March 1, 2019): 191–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/kones-2019-0023.

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Abstract Ethylene is one of the basic raw materials of the petrochemical industry used for the production of plastics, mainly plastic packaging. The USA is the largest producer of this compound. The enormous increase in demand for Ethylene has been observed in recent years in China as well as in the Middle and Far East. This caused an unprecedented increase in the demand for transport of this cargo by sea. Ethylene carriers for its transport are special construction LPG vessels, having a cascade cycle with Propylene medium (less often the refrigerant R 404 A). They have been designed in such a way as to withstand a working pressure of up to 5.4 bar, and the minimum temperature of the transported load is minus 104°C for fully cooled Ethylene. This cargo is explosive in the mixture with air (within concentrations of 2.75-2.6%) and during heating under elevation pressure. Therefore, it is required to transport Ethylene in with an inert gas, most often Nitrogen. During the operation of LPG carriers carrying Ethylene, processes of aeration, inerting, gassing-up, cooling tanks and a cargo are repeatedly carried out. The most problematic to carry is gassing-up operation, because it is associated with significant amounts of Ethylene loss, this causes large financial losses. In the article, the authors attempted to diagnose the most serious problems during carrying out the most important for cargo loss the cargo handling operations.
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34

Stern, C. D., G. W. Ireland, S. E. Herrick, E. Gherardi, J. Gray, M. Perryman, and M. Stoker. "Epithelial scatter factor and development of the chick embryonic axis." Development 110, no. 4 (December 1, 1990): 1271–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.110.4.1271.

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Scatter factor, a recently characterised protein secreted by certain embryonic fibroblasts, affects cultured epithelial by increasing cell motility, the breakdown of cell junctions and cell scattering. The process of gastrulation in higher vertebrate embryos, during which the primitive streak forms, involves an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transformation resembling the effects of the factor on cultured cells. The factor was applied locally to chick embryos, using both scatter-factor-secreting cell lines and inert carriers. We found that scatter factor can generate local supernumerary axial structures resembling primitive streak and/or neural plate and conclude that it may have primitive-streak and/or neural-inducing activity in chick embryos.
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35

Li, Zhaoxu, In Chio Lou, Hengyi Lei, and Yu Liu. "Effects of alumina trihydrate (ATH) on formation of biofilms settled on inert carriers of polyethylene terephthalate (PET)." Desalination and Water Treatment 52, no. 28-30 (July 2013): 5454–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2013.814004.

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36

Huang, Liping, Jiangyu Ye, Hongwei Xiang, Jianhua Jiang, Yichao Wang, and Yunyi Li. "Enhanced nitrogen removal from low C/N wastewater using biodegradable and inert carriers: Performance and microbial shift." Bioresource Technology 300 (March 2020): 122658. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2019.122658.

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37

Ksepko, Ewelina, and Rafal Lysowski. "Reactivity Study of Bimetallic Fe-Mn Oxides with Addition of TiO2 for Chemical Looping Combustion Purposes." Catalysts 11, no. 12 (November 26, 2021): 1437. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal11121437.

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The objective of the research was to prepare Mn-based materials for use as oxygen carriers and investigate their reactivity in terms of their applicability to energy systems. The family of Fe2O3-MnO2 with the addition of TiO2 was prepared by mechanical mixing method and calcination. Five samples with addition of Fe2O3 (20, 30, 35, and 50 wt.%) to MnO2 (65, 55, 50, 35, and 85 wt.%) with constant amount of inert TiO2 (15 wt.%) were prepared. The performance of TiO2 supported Fe-Mn oxides oxygen carriers with hydrogen/air in an innovative combustion technology known as chemical looping combustion (CLC) was evaluated. Thermogravimetric analysis was used for reactivity studies within a wide temperature range (800–1000 °C). Comprehensive characterization contained multipurpose techniques for newly synthesized materials. Moreover, post-reaction experiments considered morphology analysis by SEM, mechanical strength testing by dynamometry, and crystal phase study by XRD. Based on wide-ranging testing, the F50M35 sample was indicated as the most promising for gaseous fuel combustion via CLC at 850–900 °C temperature.
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38

Парфенов, П. С., Н. В. Бухряков, Д. А. Онищук, А. А. Бабаев, А. В. Соколова, and А. П. Литвин. "Исследование подвижности носителей заряда в слоях нанокристаллов PBS методом полевого транзистора." Физика и техника полупроводников 56, no. 2 (2022): 236. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/ftp.2022.02.51968.9734.

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The field-effect transistor method is used to study the mobility of charge carriers in layers of lead sulfide nanocrystals with ligands of tetrabutylammonium iodide and 1,2-ethanedithiol used to create solar cells. The difference between the operating of a transistor in ambient air and in an inert atmosphere is demonstrated. It is shown that, in the ambient air, the processes of charging nanocrystals are activated when current flows, and the influence of the polarization of the interface of nanocrystals and the insulator on the measurement of the mobility is analyzed. Different reactions of the layers with ligands to light have been demonstrated, showing a significant oxidation of the surface of nanocrystals treated with 1,2-ethanedithiol.
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39

Kucharski, Dawid J., Michalina K. Jaszczak, and Przemysław J. Boratyński. "A Review of Modifications of Quinoline Antimalarials: Mefloquine and (hydroxy)Chloroquine." Molecules 27, no. 3 (February 2, 2022): 1003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27031003.

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Late-stage modification of drug molecules is a fast method to introduce diversity into the already biologically active scaffold. A notable number of analogs of mefloquine, chloroquine, and hydroxychloroquine have been synthesized, starting from the readily available active pharmaceutical ingredient (API). In the current review, all the modifications sites and reactivity types are summarized and provide insight into the chemistry of these molecules. The approaches include the introduction of simple groups and functionalities. Coupling to other drugs, polymers, or carriers afforded hybrid compounds or conjugates with either easily hydrolyzable or more chemically inert bonds. The utility of some of the compounds was tested in antiprotozoal, antibacterial, and antiproliferative assays, as well as in enantiodifferentiation experiments.
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40

Morozova, A. G., T. M. Lonzinger, and V. A. Skotnikov. "Formation of Photocatalytic Nano-Centers on the Surface of the Photocatalytic Sorbing Agent." Materials Science Forum 843 (February 2016): 123–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.843.123.

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Using the effect of photocatalytic oxidation in nanocrystalline structures is one of the most promising methods of purifying air and water contaminated with organic pollutants. Zinc oxides and titanium oxides are widely used as photocatalysts. The majority of works on the synthesis of photocatalysts on the basis of titanium oxides are covering the elaboration of technological processes of production nanocrystalline oxides either in free condition or as a film on inert carriers or as dispersed oxides. The possibility of obtaining and using photocalalysts on cation centre level in nanostructured chemically active carrier material has not been studied before. It is practical to use calcium silicate and calcium aluminosilicate based granulated composite sorbing agent as an active carrier material. A distinctive feature of composite sorbing agent is its ability of irreversible sorption of heavy metals cations due to formation of substitutional solid solution with a wide homogeneity region. Methods of obtaining photocatalytic centres on the surface of composite sorbing agent have been formulated. Samples of photocatalytic sorbing agent have been obtained by sorption of Ti3+ cations from sorbate solution and through surface exchange reactions. The regularities of formation of nanostructured photocatalytic surface centres of γ 2CaO•SiO2-Ti2O3 type and 2CaO•Al2O3•SiO2-Ti2O3 type on the surface of composite sorbing agent have been studied. Photocatalytic sorbing agent has been proven effective in photocatalytic decomposition of methyl red.
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41

Rajičić, Marija, Alexey Makunin, Tanja Adnađević, Vladimir Trifonov, Mladen Vujošević, and Jelena Blagojević. "B Chromosomes’ Sequences in Yellow-Necked Mice Apodemus flavicollis—Exploring the Transcription." Life 12, no. 1 (December 30, 2021): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life12010050.

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B chromosomes (Bs) are highly polymorphic additional chromosomes in the genomes of many species. Due to the dispensability of Bs and the lack of noticeable phenotypic effects in their carriers, they were considered genetically inert for a long time. Recent studies on Bs in Apodemus flavicollis revealed their genetic composition, potential origin, and spatial organization in the interphase nucleus. Surprisingly, the genetic content of Bs in this species is preserved in all studied samples, even in geographically distinct populations, indicating its biological importance. Using RT-PCR we studied the transcription activity of three genes (Rraga, Haus6, and Cenpe) previously identified on Bs in A. flavicollis. We analysed mRNA isolated from spleen tissues of 34 animals harboring different numbers of Bs (0–3).The products of transcriptional activity of the analysed sequences differ in individuals with and without Bs. We recorded B-genes and/or genes from the standard genome in the presence of Bs, showing sex-dependent higher levels of transcriptional activity. Furthermore, the transcriptional activity of Cenpe varied with the age of the animals differently in the group with and without Bs. With aging, the amount of product was only found to significantly decrease in B carriers. The potential biological significance of all these differences is discussed in the paper.
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42

Pilarek, Maciej. "Liquid Perfluorochemicals as Flexible and Efficient Gas Carriers Applied in Bioprocess Engineering: An Updated Overview and Future Prospects." Chemical and Process Engineering 35, no. 4 (December 1, 2014): 463–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cpe-2014-0035.

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Abstract Fully synthetic, biochemically inert and water-immiscible liquid perfluorochemicals (PFCs) are recognised as flexible liquid carriers/scavengers of gaseous compounds (respiratory gases mainly, i.e. O2 and CO2) and increasingly applied in bioprocess engineering. A range of unmatched physicochemical properties of liquid PFCs, i.e. outstanding chemo- and thermostability, extremely low surface tension, simultaneous hydro- and lipophobicity, which result from carbon chain substitution with fluorine atoms (the most electronegative chemical element) and the presence of intramolecular C-F bonds (the strongest single bond known in organic chemistry) have been described in detail. Exceptional propensity to solubility of respiratory gases in liquid perfluorinated compounds has been widely discussed. Advantages and disadvantages of bioprocess applications of liquid PFCs in the form of a pure PFC as well as in an emulsified form have been pointed out. A liquid PFC-mediated mass transfer intensification in various types of microbial, plant cell and animal cell culture systems: from miniaturised microlitre-scale cultures, via biomaterial-based scaffolds containing culture systems, to litre-scale bioreactors, has been reviewed and elaborated on bearing in mind the benefits of bioprocesses.
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43

Arimi, Arsou, Carsten Günnemann, Mariano Curti, and Detlef W. Bahnemann. "Regarding the Nature of Charge Carriers Formed by UV or Visible Light Excitation of Carbon-Modified Titanium Dioxide." Catalysts 9, no. 8 (August 20, 2019): 697. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal9080697.

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Although titanium dioxide gathers many of the required properties for its application in photocatalytic processes, its lack of activity in the visible range is a major hurdle yet to be overcome. Among different strategies, the post-synthesis modification of TiO2 powders with organic compounds has already led to commercially available materials, such as KRONOClean 7000. In this work, we apply diffuse reflectance transient absorption spectroscopy on this visible-light active photocatalyst and study the dynamics of the charge carriers alternatively induced by UV or visible light laser irradiation, under inert or reactive atmospheres. Our results can be interpreted by considering the material as TiO2 sensitized by an organic-based layer, in agreement with previous studies on it, and show that the oxidative power of the material is considerably diminished under visible light irradiation. By complementarily performing continuous visible light irradiation photocatalysis experiments in aerated aqueous suspensions, we show that, although the oxidation of methanol proceeds at a very slow rate, the oxidation of chlorpromazine occurs much faster thanks to its better suited redox potential.
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44

Goldstein, Yoel, Katerina Tischenko, Yifat Brill-Karniely, and Ofra Benny. "Enhanced Biomechanically Mediated “Phagocytosis” in Detached Tumor Cells." Biomedicines 9, no. 8 (August 2, 2021): 947. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9080947.

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Uptake of particles by cells involves various natural mechanisms that are essential for their biological functions. The same mechanisms are used in the engulfment of synthetic colloidal drug carriers, while the extent of the uptake affects the biological performance and selectivity. Thus far, little is known regarding the effect of external biomechanical stimuli on the capacity of the cells to uptake nano and micro carriers. This is relevant for anchorage-dependent cells that have detached from surfaces or for cells that travel in the body such as tumor cells, immune cells and various circulating stem cells. In this study, we hypothesize that cellular deformability is a crucial physical effector for the successful execution of the phagocytosis-like uptake in cancer cells. To test this assumption, we develop a well-controlled tunable method to compare the uptake of inert particles by cancer cells in adherent and non-adherent conditions. We introduce a self-designed 3D-printed apparatus, which enables constant stirring while facilitating a floating environment for cell incubation. We reveal a mechanically mediated phagocytosis-like behavior in various cancer cells, that was dramatically enhance in the detached cell state. Our findings emphasize the importance of including proper biomechanical cues to reliably mimic certain physiological scenarios. Beyond that, we offer a cost-effective accessible research tool to study mixed cultures for both adherent and non-adherent cells.
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45

Nikolic, Ljubisa, Vesna Nikolic, Miroslav Stankovic, Zoran Todorovic, and Zorica Vukovic. "Porous poly(methylmethacrylate) and poly(methylmethacrylate-co-acrylamide)." Chemical Industry 60, no. 11-12 (2006): 327–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/hemind0612327n.

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The characteristics of two types of porous polymers: poly(methyl methacrylate) and copolymers of methyl methacrylate and acrylamide were investigated in this study. Poly(methyl methacrylate) was synthesized in suspension, using ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as the cross-linking agent, poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) as the protective colloid, and benzoyl peroxide as the initiator. The synthesis of poly(methyl methacrylate-co-acrylamide) was initiated in emulsion in the presence of dioctyl sulfosuccinate sodium salt, followed by a sol-gel process, and completely reacted to the solid state. Potassium persulfate was used as the initiator, and tetramethylol glycoluril as the cross-linking agent. Both types of syntheses were carried out in the presence of ethyl acetate. The porosity, specific surface and distribution of the pore sizes of the obtained polymers were determined by mercury porosimetry. The polymers were used as inert carriers for the immobilization of enzymes and whole cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast.
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46

Bozovic, Irina, Milica Radosavljevic, Sladjana Zilic, and Rade Jovanovic. "A genetic base of utilisation of maize cob as a valuable naturally renewable raw material." Genetika 36, no. 3 (2004): 245–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gensr0403245b.

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The original technological method of the maize cob processing has been developed at the Maize Research Institute, Zemun Polje, by which lignocellulose granules of different particle sizes are produced from the cob. Different chemical composition and physical and chemical properties of these fractions, and especially a great capacity of binding liquids particularly oil and water determine, their usage as degreasing and drying means. Due to their great hardness and abrasive capacity, products made from ground cobs are usable for polishing in the metal processing industry, while the composition of certain compounds (pento-san) are of a particular importance in the chemical industry for the pro duction of furfural and its derivates. As these products are inert, of neutral pH and free of heavy metals they are used as organic carriers in the pro duction of pesticides and agro-chemicals, as well as, in cosmetics and the pharmaceutical industry.
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47

Guendouz, Samah, Maria Jose Salar‐García, Victor Manuel Ortiz‐Martínez, Aicha Zerrouki, Ilikti Houcine, Antonia Pérez Ríos, and Francisco José Hernández‐Fernández. "Electrocodeposition method to synthesize low‐cost cathodes based on inert carriers for bioenergy production and wastewater treatment in microbial fuel cells." Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy 38, no. 4 (October 11, 2018): 13083. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ep.13083.

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48

Bui, Cuong Viet, Thomas Rosenau, and Hubert Hettegger. "Polysaccharide- and β-Cyclodextrin-Based Chiral Selectors for Enantiomer Resolution: Recent Developments and Applications." Molecules 26, no. 14 (July 16, 2021): 4322. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26144322.

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Polysaccharides, oligosaccharides, and their derivatives, particularly of amylose, cellulose, chitosan, and β-cyclodextrin, are well-known chiral selectors (CSs) of chiral stationary phases (CSPs) in chromatography, because they can separate a wide range of enantiomers. Typically, such CSPs are prepared by physically coating, or chemically immobilizing the polysaccharide and β-cyclodextrin derivatives onto inert silica gel carriers as chromatographic support. Over the past few years, new chiral selectors have been introduced, and progressive methods to prepare CSPs have been exploited. Also, chiral recognition mechanisms, which play a crucial role in the investigation of chiral separations, have been better elucidated. Further insights into the broad functional performance of commercially available chiral column materials and/or the respective newly developed chiral phase materials on enantiomeric separation (ES) have been gained. This review summarizes the recent developments in CSs, CSP preparation, chiral recognition mechanisms, and enantiomeric separation methods, based on polysaccharides and β-cyclodextrins as CSs, with a focus on the years 2019–2020 of this rapidly developing field.
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49

Dieringer, Paul, Falko Marx, Falah Alobaid, Jochen Ströhle, and Bernd Epple. "Process Control Strategies in Chemical Looping Gasification—A Novel Process for the Production of Biofuels Allowing for Net Negative CO2 Emissions." Applied Sciences 10, no. 12 (June 22, 2020): 4271. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10124271.

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Chemical looping gasification (CLG) is a novel gasification technique, allowing for the production of a nitrogen-free high calorific synthesis gas from solid hydrocarbon feedstocks, without requiring a costly air separation unit. Initial advances to better understand the CLG technology were made during first studies in lab and bench scale units and through basic process simulations. Yet, tailored process control strategies are required for larger CLG units, which are not equipped with auxiliary heating. Here, it becomes a demanding task to achieve autothermal CLG operation, for which stable reactor temperatures are obtained. This study presents two avenues to attain autothermal CLG behavior, established through equilibrium based process simulations. As a first approach, the dilution of active oxygen carrier materials with inert heat carriers to limit oxygen transport to the fuel reactor has been investigated. Secondly, the suitability of restricting the air flow to the air reactor in order to control the oxygen availability in the fuel reactor was examined. Process simulations show that both process control approaches facilitate controlled and de-coupled heat and oxygen transport between the two reactors of the chemical looping gasifier, thus allowing for efficient autothermal CLG operation. With the aim of inferring general guidelines on how CLG units have to be operated in order to achieve decent synthesis gas yields, different advantages and disadvantages associated to the two suggested process control strategies are discussed in detail and optimization avenues are presented.
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Albagnac, G. "Biomass Retention in Advanced Anaerobic Reactors." Water Science and Technology 22, no. 1-2 (January 1, 1990): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1990.0132.

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Recognition of the advantages of anaerobic wastewater treatment induced the development of high rate processes, i.e. reactors designed to allow an efficient treatment of even diluted streams. The performance of these advanced reactors is mainly dependent on the retention within the reactor of high bacterial concentrations. The prevailing mechanism is either the formation of bacterial aggregates with good settling characteristics, the development of methanogenic biolayers at the surface of inert carriers or both. During the past decade information on the biology of methanogenic ecosystems became available at an increasing rate. From a practical point of view it can be stated that the biological conversion of organic compounds to methane is reasonably well understood. However the current knowledge on the aggregation and adhesion of methanogenic consortia remains very limited. In most cases reactor start-up procedures are rather long and appear to be more empirical than rational. This paper is a brief presentation on the current knowledge of methanogenic aggregates and biofilms. The fundamental aspects of bacterial adhesion and the modelling of anaerobic biofilms growth are presented elsewhere.
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