Academic literature on the topic 'Inert carriers'
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Journal articles on the topic "Inert carriers"
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Nilsson, B. O., and A. Larsson. "Inert carriers for immunization." Research in Immunology 143, no. 5 (January 1992): 553–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0923-2494(92)80068-v.
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Mikhailova, A. V., O. N. Pozharitskaya, and V. A. Vainshtein. "Metronidazole compositions deposited onto inert carriers." Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journal 34, no. 2 (February 2000): 79–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02524365.
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Gafarova, V. A., I. R. Kuzeev, and Andrei M. Schipachev. "Investigation of the Magnetic Nanoparticles Interaction on Inert Carriers." Key Engineering Materials 854 (July 2020): 80–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.854.80.
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The present studies are devoted to studying the behavior of the nanopart during their interaction with the surface. Small additives in composite materials significantly increase their strength and other operational properties. When carrying out repairs in the oil and gas industry, it is promising to fill the detected cracks and crack-like defects with composite material, the distinguishing feature of which is high fluidity and penetration at the time of filling. After hardening, such composites must meet all the requirements for strength and durability. Such properties can be obtained using magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles. In the molding process, a balance must be maintained between the adhesive strength of the composite compound and its cohesive strength. For this, it is crucial to know the underlying mechanisms of the formation of thin films containing nanoparticles on the surface of various structural materials.
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Barua, Papori, Ming Pei You, Kirsty L. Bayliss, Vincent Lanoiselet, and Martin J. Barbetti. "Inert Materials as Long-Term Carriers and Disseminators of Viable Leptosphaeria maculans Ascospores and Wider Implications for Ascomycete Pathogens." Plant Disease 102, no. 4 (April 2018): 720–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-08-17-1324-re.
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The viability of ascospores of the Phoma stem canker (blackleg) pathogen, Leptosphaeria maculans, was tested on a range of carrier materials, including metals, fabrics, woods, and plastics, and under different temperature conditions of 23 and 4, 36 and 14, and 45 and 15°C day and night, respectively. At 23 and 4°C (day and night, respectively), ascospores remained viable for up to 240 days on Tasmanian oak (Eucalyptus regnans) and pine wood (Pinus radiata). At 36 and 14°C (day and night, respectively), ascospores remained viable on pine wood for up to 180 days. At 45 and 15°C (day and night, respectively), ascospores remained viable up to 60 days on jute. There were also significant differences (P < 0.001) between carrier materials in their abilities to retain ascospores following washing. At least 30% of intact ascospores recovered from inert carrier materials were able to germinate on artificial growth media within 48 h of recovery and some ascospores were still viable after 240 days. These findings confirm that L. maculans ascospores remain viable for a much longer time in the absence of a host than previously considered. This demonstrates the importance of inert materials as long-term and long-distance carriers of viable L. maculans ascospores, and highlights their potential role for spread of L. maculans races to new regions and countries via farming equipment, clothing, and other associated materials. Local, national, and international biosecurity agencies need to be aware that the risks of spread of ascomycete plant, animal, and human pathogens via inert materials are significantly greater than currently assessed.
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Maurer, M., C. Fux, D. Lange, and H. Siegrist. "Modelling denitrification in a moving bed of porous carriers from a low-loaded wastewater treatment plant." Water Science and Technology 39, no. 7 (April 1, 1999): 251–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0366.
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A model was developed to describe hydrolysis in a moving bed with polyurethane foam carriers under anoxic conditions. It is formulated as a two-box model and structured into bulk and carrier compartments linked by mass transfer processes for solutes and particles. The biological processes consist of the anoxic growth and decay of heterotrophic organisms and hydrolysis of the slowly biodegradable substrate. Kinetic and stoichiometric parameters are taken from Activated Sludge Model No. 2 (Henze et al., 1995). Parameter estimations based on 24 batch experiments resulted in anoxic hydrolysis rates of 3.9 d−1 (at 20°C) and 2.6 d−1 (at 10°C). The mass transfer coefficient for solutes was determined from the mixing of an inert tracer to be 0.3 m d−1. Measurements of the enzymatic activity of α-, β-glucosidase and esterases confirmed that 90% of the activity involves the carriers. In conjunction with the finding that the absorption capacity of the carriers for slowly biodegradable substrate is high, it can be concluded that the hydrolysis takes place principally within the carriers.
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Samotaev, Nikolay, and Alexey Vasiliev. "Mixed Cerium/Zirconium Oxide as a Material for Carbon Monoxide Thermocatalytic Gas Sensor." Proceedings 2, no. 13 (December 4, 2018): 841. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2130841.
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The perspective catalysts usable for the fabrication of thermocatalytic gas sensors were studied. The analysis of CO oxidation kinetics by Pd decorated Al2O3, ZSM-5, SnO2, CeO2/ZrO2 and some other carriers of catalysts showed that the application of these catalysts leads to the ambiguity of sensor response (light-off effect). It was demonstrated that a catalyst based on CeO2/ZrO2 carrier could be used for the fabrication of sensors characterized by the univocal correspondence between CO concentration and sensor response. The developed model of the CO oxidation on all Pd catalysts with inert carrier enabled the description of the CO oxidation using a single value of activation energy.
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Breitenbücher, K., M. Siegl, A. Knüpfer, and M. Radke. "Open-Pore Sintered Glass as a High-Efficiency Support Medium in Bioreactors: New Results and Long-Term Experiences Achieved in High-Rate Anaerobic Digestion." Water Science and Technology 22, no. 1-2 (January 1, 1990): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1990.0133.
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An open-pore sintered glass material (SIRAN) was developed for the immobilization of slow growing microorganisms. Due to the excellent properties of the inert carrier, e.g. porosity, pore size distribution, surface area, which can be adjusted individually to the applications, good system efficiencies are possible. Thus in the field of anaerobic digestion significant high COD removal rates are achievable. The open-pore structure of the carrier offers surface areas up to 90.000 m2/m3 to be colonized by active biomass. Compared to conventional support media, the use of open-pore carriers results in high start-up and steady-state performance at high process stability. The fixed bed loop reactor guarantees economical process solutions if open-pore sintered glass raschig rings are applied. Granules and beads have been proven in fluidized bed reactor systems, maintaining COD loading rates of 206 kg/m3 · d by treating evaporator condensates from pulp industry. The paper describes main characteristics of the carrier, treatability studies with pilot plants, scale-up and experiences with full-scale installations at production site using SIRAN carriers.
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Zhang, Yingxi, Yuan Gao, Xiaoxiao Du, Rou Guan, Zhonggui He, and Hongzhuo Liu. "Combining Co-Amorphous-Based Spray Drying with Inert Carriers to Achieve Improved Bioavailability and Excellent Downstream Manufacturability." Pharmaceutics 12, no. 11 (November 8, 2020): 1063. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics12111063.
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It is crucial to improve poorly water-soluble orally administered drugs through both preclinical and therapeutic drug discovery. A co-amorphous formulation consisting of two low molecular weight (MW) molecules offers a solubility/dissolubility advantage over its crystalline form by maintaining their amorphous status. Here, we report on a co-amorphous solid dispersion (SD) system that includes inert carriers (lactose monohydrate or microcrystalline cellulose) and co-amorphous sacubitril (SAC)-valsartan (VAL) using the spray drying process. The strong molecular interactions between drugs were the driving force for forming robust co-amorphous SDs. Our system provided the highest solubility with more than ~11.5- and 3.12-times solubility increases when compared with the physical mixtures. Co-amorphous lactose monohydrate (LM) SDs showed better bioavailability of APIs (~356.27.8% and 154.01% for the relative bioavailability of LBQ 657 and valsartan, respectively). Co-amorphous inert carrier SDs possessed an excellent compressibility for the production of a direct compression pharmaceutical product. In conclusion, these brand-new co-amorphous SDs could reduce the number of unit processes to produce a final pharmaceutical product for downstream manufacturability.
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McDonnell, Gerald, Rasa Amato, Paul S. Malchesky, Stephanie Harrington, David S. Muzic, and Roger E. Marchant. "Use of Dacron as an Alternative Carrier for Evaluating Oxidizing Sterilants in the AOAC Sporicidal Test." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 83, no. 2 (March 1, 2000): 269–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/83.2.269.
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Abstract The AOAC sporicidal method (966.04) recommends the use of porcelain penicylinders and black waxed silk sutures as carriers for demonstrating the sporicidal activity of sterilants. However, the silk carriers are not suitable for evaluating the sporicidal efficacy of oxidizing agents, and an inert polyester material (Dacron) is recommended as an alternative. Dacron provides an equivalent microbial and physical challenge to silk. Microbiologically, both materials demonstrated similar HCl resistance, which is required by the AOAC test, as well as equivalent spore loading and spore wash-off. Electron microscopy showed that both materials present the same braided microstructure, providing an equivalent physical challenge to the test sterilant. Dacron was more consistent than silk, and did not require extraction prior to spore loading. The extraction method for black waxed silk was variable and incomplete, which may compromise the activity of oxidizing sterilants and add to method variability. Silk was also structurally altered in the presence of oxidizing sterilants and increased sterilant degradation. Dacron did not affect the sterilant and was inert in the presence of oxidizing agents. Dacron sutures are proposed as inert alternatives to silk for evaluating the sporicidal efficacy of oxidizing agents.
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Brown, T. A., F. Scala, S. A. Scott, J. S. Dennis, and P. Salatino. "The attrition behaviour of oxygen-carriers under inert and reacting conditions." Chemical Engineering Science 71 (March 2012): 449–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2011.11.008.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Inert carriers"
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Корнієнко, Катерина Володимирівна. "Модернізація біореактора з іммобілізованою на інертних носіях мікрофлорою." Master's thesis, КПІ ім. Ігоря Сікорського, 2021. https://ela.kpi.ua/handle/123456789/46622.
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Магістерська дисертація викладена на 123 сторінках друкованого тексту. Робота складається зі вступу, сіми розділів, висновків, списку використаних джерел та містить 29 рисунків, 19 таблиці, 10 креслення та додатків.
Магістерська дисертація присвячена модернізації біореактора з іммобілізованою на інертних носіях мікрофлорою.
Тема дисертації є актуальною, оскільки безпечна та економічно ефективна біологічна очистка є важливим питанням, що необхідно враховувати, особливо для галузей, які повинні знайти фінансово прийнятні методи очищення, щоб відповідати допустимим рівням скидання.
В проєкті наведено обґрунтування вибору апаратурно-технологічної схеми очистки стічної води на основі аналізу літературних даних. Вдосконалено біоректор за допомогою використання інертних носіїв, замість полімерних, що в свою чергу не потребують складної експериментальної підготовки на більш ранній стадії. Крім того іммобілізовані мікроорганізми на носіях мають більшу стійкість до токсичності та низького виходу мулу.The master's dissertation is presented on 123 pages of printed text. The work consists of an introduction, seven sections, conclusions, a list of sources used and contains 29 figures, 19 tables, 10 drawings and appendices. The master's dissertation is devoted to the modernization of a bioreactor with microflora immobilized on inert carriers. The topic of the dissertation is relevant because safe and cost-effective biological treatment is an important issue to consider, especially for industries that need to find financially acceptable treatment methods to meet acceptable discharge levels. The project provides a rationale for the choice of equipment and technological scheme of wastewater treatment based on the analysis of literature data. The biorector has been improved by using inert carriers instead of polymeric ones, which in turn do not require complex experimental preparation at an earlier stage. In addition, immobilized carriers on carriers have greater resistance to toxicity and low sludge yield.
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Prakash, Rajiv. "Kinetics of an anaerobic fluidized bed reactor using biolite inert carrier particles." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/9670.
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This work investigates the startup and steady state operation of anaerobic fluidized bed reactors (AFBRs) with "Biolite" as the inert carrier material. Startup of AFBRs was performed using the maximum efficiency profile (MEP) and the maximum load profile (MLP) using sucrose based wastewater as feed. Although both loading profiles led to equally fast startup times of about 2 months, MEP resulted in more stable reactor operation during the startup period and thus should be preferred over MLP. Steady state experiments were performed using three concentrations of sucrose substrate and five hydraulic retention times (HRT). Organic removal efficiencies over 80% were obtained for volumetric loadings as high as 20 g/l/d. Total yield was determined to be 0.1g VFS/g COD removed demonstrating that low net synthesis of solids in the AFBR which is highly desirable for wastewater treatment systems. Under the experimental conditions tested, the AFBRs had an average solids retention time (SRT) of 150 days and a washout factor (f) of 0.01. Municipal landfill leachate was treated at steady state conditions; at two influent concentrations and four different loading rates. During the course of treating leachate, the biomass gradually became "mineralized" due to the precipitation of metal sulphides and carbonates. This resulted in loss of sludge activity and the need for higher pumping rates to maintain the same degree of bed expansion. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
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Hsu, Wei-mau, and 徐維懋. "Materials Characteristics of Spinel Nickel Ferrite Oxygen Carrier and It’s Selection of Inert Supports for Chemical Looping Combustion Process." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/01088156383690048443.
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碩士國立臺灣科技大學
機械工程系
100
Chemical looping combustion (CLC) process is a promising technology of CO2 capture and sequestration (CCS) with high energy efficiency and low emission of greenhouse gases. For the practical use, the performance of oxygen carriers is a key issue for the application on CLC process. Unfortunately, the formation of inactive compounds by the interaction between the ordinary metal oxygen carriers and inner supported were evidently encountered in a CLC process, which subsequently reduced the performance of CLC process. In our preliminary results, after 5 successive cycles, NiFe2O4 powder with a single phase of spinel structure represented a higher redox cycling behavior and stability as compared to the standard of NiO and Fe2O3. To identify the initial reduction mechanism of NiFe2O4, we obtained the activation energy (Ea) of the reduction behavior using the reduction rate equation and Arrhenius equation. However, at long redox cycles (10 cycles), the performance of NiFe2O4 oxygen carriers was dramatically reduced due to the agglomeration of oxygen carriers. Thus, the addition of inner materials as the supports to oxygen carriers is a necessary process to prepare a superior oxygen carrier system in the operation of long redox cycles in CLC process. This study is to investigate the effects various inner supports (Al2O3, ZrO2 and YSZ) of in NiFe2O4 oxygen carrier system and the performance of CLC process by TGA system. Mingled various inner supports shift the reduction kinetics of oxygen carriers, NiFe2O4/Al2O3 system decayed the reduction kinetics but both NiFe2O4/ZrO2 and NiFe2O4/YSZ system promoted the reduction kinetics. To identify the initial reduction mechanism and activation energy, NiFe2O4/Al2O3 system’s activation energy is 83.4 kJ/mol reduction mechanism controlled by solid-state diffusion. For the systems of NiFe2O4/ZrO2 and NiFe2O4/YSZ, both reduction mechanisms are mainly dominated by gas diffusion with the activation energy values of 9.0 kJ/mol and 10.1 kJ/mol, respectively. Our results also demonstrated the higher redox cycling behavior of using the proposed preparation of NiFe2O4 as an oxygen carrier with Al2O3 support in a reversible chemical looping process (CLP).
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HSU, CHIA-CHUAN, and 許家銓. "Study on Application of Rice Husk Ash as Inert Support for Iron-base Oxygen Carrier in Chemical Looping Combustion Process and the Design of Interconnected Fluidized Bed." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/943mw2.
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碩士國立臺灣科技大學
化學工程系
103
In this work, the feasibility of the application of rice husk ash as inert support for iron-base oxygen carrier for chemical looping combustion (CLC) process and the design of inter-connected fluidized bed were investigated, respectively. The purposes of application of husk ash are the reuse of agricultural waste and the decrease in manufacture cost of oxygen carrier. The iron-based oxygen carriers with particle size between 0.177-0.297 mm were obtained via mechanical mixing, pelleting, and crushing processes, respectively. The properties of ferrosilicon oxide during CLC reaction were characterized and the effects of metal additives of oxygen carrier on CLC activity were investigated. The redox activities of oxygen carrier were first evaluated in a thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) system, where 10 vol% of syngas and air were applied as reductant and oxidant, respectively. The ferrosilicon oxygen carrier was further tested in a fluidized bed at 900℃ for 11h continuously. The results indicated that this oxygen carrier exhibits good reactivity and thermal stability. In part of CLC kinetic analysis, the experiment data in reduction stage indicated the reaction behavior is similar to a steady state of continuous stirred tank reactor in the beginning period. The design equation is thus used to fit the experimental data for the estimation of kinetic parameters. The results showed the reduction from Fe2O3 to Fe2O3 in CO atmosphere is a diffusion-controlled reaction. The reaction order of Fe2O3 is 2 and the reduction rate is majorly affected by the concentration of oxygen carrier. The third part of this work was focused on the design of inter-connected fluidized bed for CLC system. A cold model of 1 kW system is designed and established completely, consisting fuel reactor (FR), loop-seal (LS), air reaction (AR), and cyclone. The effects of gas flow rate and solid content on circulation of oxygen carrier were studied by analyzing the pressure drop of each part. A stable circulation of oxygen carried can be reached with applying 10, 6, and 20 L/min in FR, SL, and AR, respectively.
Books on the topic "Inert carriers"
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Meyer, Elizabeth A. Evidence and Argument. Edited by Paul J. du Plessis, Clifford Ando, and Kaius Tuori. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198728689.013.21.
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The human qualities, types of arguments, and the varieties of evidence that brought victory in a Roman courtroom are the subject of long controversy. The argument offered here is that evidence was subordinated to argument in Roman legal practice and the common thread tying arguments in various types of cases together was personal prestige of a particularly Roman sort—auctoritas, dignitas, gravitas—ideally possessed by litigants, advocates, witnesses, and supporting onlookers. But inert prestige was ineffectual: prestige carried with it expectations of behaviour, and its possessors were required to activate its power by appropriate behaviour in court, which confirmed the truthfulness of what they said, and at the same time strictly avoid inappropriate behaviour, which lessened or obliterated the power of their prestige.
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Silva, Denise dos Santos Vasconcelos. Direito à educação: efetividade, justiciabilidade e protagonismo cidadão. Brazil Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31012/978-65-87836-88-1.
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The present study discusses the role of the judiciary concerning the interpretation of the right to education, with emphasis on the educational constitutional principles, on the basic content of the right to education and on the problems faced by this right. Furthermore, the present study pursuits to bring the risks that the excessive judicialization of the education brings to the balance between powers and the natural order of administration itself and public policies management in which the executive and legislative as powers elected by the people, develop, approve and initiate such programmatic actions; the lack of technical capacity of the judiciary to manage such complex matters; and the absence of infinite public resources to look after all the rights and benefits contained in the constitutions of the democratic states. As the education is a right related to the human dignity, development and citizenship, this way it should be carried out with diligence: 1. by the public authorities, specially the judiciary that even though it has not been elected by the universal suffrage, will not be able to remain inert in cases of inefficiency of the executive and legislative, for this purpose, it will be necessary mechanisms that provide more legitimacy in the acting of the judge, avoiding an inappropriate misuse of powers; and 2. by all members of society, as doers of their citizen position in search of a more decent life, once that through education (for) democracy, rights connected to freedom and to personal development are also accomplished.
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Choplin, Armelle. Matière grise de l'urbain. MetisPresses Sàrl, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.37866/0563-74-6.
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L’Afrique connaît aujourd’hui une croissance urbaine rapide qui se traduit par une multiplication des constructions en béton. Le ciment, composant essentiel de ce matériau, est devenu le symbole de cette urbanisation frénétique qui bouleverse le paysage des villes africaines. Plus qu’une simple matière inerte, il se charge d’affect et de valeurs et redéfinit les pratiques et les imaginaires de sociétés en quête d’émergence économique et de réussite sociale, alors même qu’à l’heure du dérèglement climatique des voix s’élèvent pour dénoncer une industrie cimentière aux effets destructeurs sur l’environnement. Pour comprendre la production et la consommation grandissante de cette poudre banale devenue «or gris», Armelle Choplin nous invite à suivre les sacs de ciment sur les routes ouest-africaine, le long du corridor urbain de 500 km qui relie Accra, Lomé, Cotonou et Lagos. Depuis la carrière de calcaire jusqu’à la parcelle en chantier, l’auteure nous amène à la rencontre des géants du secteur, des investisseurs, des acteurs politiques mais aussi des maçons et des habitants qui construisent leur propre maison «en dur». À travers l’exploration d’une filière au cœur de multiples enjeux politiques, sociaux et économiques, cet ouvrage nous appelle à repenser les rapports étroits qui lient l’urbain, l’humain et le monde. Découvrez l'interview de l'auteure dans le podcast de l'Université de Genève.
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Pieri, Bernardo. Usurai, ebrei e poteri della Chiesa nei consilia di Paolo da Castro. Bononia University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30682/sg282.
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Lo iuris utriusque doctor Paolo da Castro (1360/62-1441), nella sua lunga ed onorata carriera accademica, lesse soltanto il gius civile. Il vasto – e ancora non sufficientemente esplorato – campo dei suoi consilia mostra però una profonda conoscenza anche del diritto canonico, fatto di cui anche il pubblico dei richiedenti dovette esser consapevole, vista la fiducia con cui sollecitò al giurista responsi in materia non soltanto civilistica. Partendo, perciò, da alcuni consilia che affrontano tematiche di attinenza canonistica (specialmente quando la competenza dei canoni entrava in concorrenza col diritto civile, come nel caso emblematico dell’usura cui finirono per connettersi le svariate questioni implicanti i mai pacificati rapporti istituzionali con le comunità ebraiche residenti nelle città italiane), si sono confrontate le opinioni espresse dal giurista con le posizioni che egli tiene nei passi corrispondenti delle lecturae accademiche e con quelle del suo maestro Baldo degli Ubaldi e di altri autori vicini, per tempo o per altre affinità (e.g. Bartolo, Lorenzo Ridolfi, Oldrado, Antonio Roselli, Giovanni da Imola), tentando di ricostruire la linea di pensiero di Paolo da Castro nella materia affrontata e la sua incidenza sulla communis opinio posteriore. Una dipendenza di Paolo da Castro da alcune teorie economiche e morali risalenti a Pietro di Giovanni Olivi (che aveva insegnato per qualche anno alla scuola teologica di Santa Croce a Firenze) è stata ipotizzata a partire da alcune possibili coincidenze favorite dal lungo soggiorno fiorentino del giurista. Queste avrebbero influenzato il pensiero di Paolo indirizzandolo verso posizioni etiche severissime, anche nei confronti di quella Chiesa di cui il giurista fu sempre un devoto, ma non inerte, seguace. Il panorama che si è venuto delineando durante il percorso d’indagine, perciò, non solo – secondo l’A. – mostrerebbe scenarî forse inattesi nel quadro giurisprudenziale relativo alle tematiche trattate e al pensiero di Paolo da Castro, specialmente nel suo formarsi; ma, soprattutto, consentirebbe di giustificare (e dunque elidere), su basi squisitamente tecniche ma anche intellettuali, le discrasie presenti in Paolo, non meno che in molti altri giuristi dei secoli tra Trecento e Cinquecento, tra l’opinio espressa come consulente e le interpretazioni sostenute leggendo dalla cattedra universitaria.
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Kalinichenko, Evgeny. Theory and methods for calculating the inertial-braking characteristics of a ship. «Scientific Route» OÜ, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21303/978-617-7319-30-5.
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One of the most serious problems of modern navigation is the accident rate that occurs due to inept or belated maneuvering of ships. As a result of accidents in the world, more than 200 ships die every year and every fourth receives significant damage. Full-scale tests show that the stopping distance of large-tonnage ships turn out to be much less permissible, and shipbuilders are able to significantly reduce the astern power of such ships, making them cheaper at the expense of safety. The low accuracy of inertial-braking characteristics is mainly due to unqualified field tests. Analysis of graphs and tables based on the results of such tests show that the spread in the values of inertial-braking characteristics for ships of the same type reaches 30%, and in some cases even more. In many tables and graphs, inertial-braking characteristics are expressed in relative values and are not suitable for direct use when maneuvering a ship. Finally, even when graphical and/or tabular maneuvering information is available on the navigating bridge, it is difficult to use it when maneuvering a ship at night. The research carried out by the author results in: - creation of an alternative computational method for determining the inertial-braking characteristics of the ship, suitable for use on any on-board computer; - development of an improved methodology for calculating the path and time of acceleration and braking of the ship in various ahead motion modes; - development of a methodology for taking into account the influence of a passing and opponent current on the length of the stopping distance of the ship; - development of methods for solving applied problems, ensuring a decrease in the accident rate of ships during maneuvering. The obtained methods include the development of theoretical foundations, mathematical models and comparison of the calculated inertial-braking characteristics of ships with the data of a full-scale experiment. For the first time, to derive the calculated formulas for the time and stopping distance, theorems are used on the change in the momentum and kinetic energy during accelerated and decelerated motion of the ship. In the course of the study, the problems of calculating and formalizing the inertial-braking characteristics of the ship are being comprehensively solved. For the first time, the hypothesis that the nature of the change in the thrust force of the propeller during reverse can be approximated by linear equations has been substantiated and confirmed. The general results are used to calculate the inertial-braking characteristics of specific ships.
Book chapters on the topic "Inert carriers"
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Han, Jibiao, Ting’an Zhang, Daxue Fu, Junhua Guo, Zonghui Ji, and Zhihe Dou. "Effect of Temperature on Magnesium Vapor Condensation in Inert Carrier Gas." In Magnesium Technology 2020, 313–18. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36647-6_47.
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Chen, Hongzhang. "Principles and Application of Solid-State Fermentation Carried Out on Inert Support Materials (Adsorbed Carrier Solid-State Fermentation)." In Modern Solid State Fermentation, 243–305. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6043-1_6.
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Singh, Prabhakar, Sudhakar Singh, and Rajesh Kumar Kesharwani. "Resealed Erythrocytes as Drug Carriers and Its Therapeutic Applications." In Pharmaceutical Sciences, 459–85. IGI Global, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-1762-7.ch018.
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In this pharma innovative world, there are more than 30 drug delivery systems. Today's due to lacking the target specificity, the present scenario about drug delivery is emphasizing towards targeted drug delivery systems. Erythrocytes are the most common type of blood cells travel thousands of miles from wide to narrow pathways to deliver oxygen, drugs and nutrient during their lifetime. Red blood cells have strong and targeted potential carrier capabilities for varieties of drugs. Drug-loaded carrier erythrocytes or resealed erythrocytes are promising for various passive and active targeting. Resealed erythrocyte have advantage over several drug carrier models like biocompatibility, biodegradability without toxic products, inert intracellular environment, entrapping potential for a variety of chemicals, protection of the organism against toxic effects of the drug, able to circulate throughout the body, ideal zero-order drug-release kinetics, no undesired immune response against encapsulated drug etc. Resealed erythrocytes are rapidly taken up by macrophages of the Reticuloendothelial System (RES) of the liver, lung, and spleen of the body and hence drugs also. Resealed erythrocytes method of drugs delivery is secure and effective for drugs targeting specially for a longer period of time. This chapter will explain the different method of drug loading for resealed erythrocytes, their characterization, and applications in various therapies and associated health benefits.
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Lone, Mohammad Nadeem, Irshad Ahmad Wani, Gulam Nabi Yatoo, Zubaid U-Khazir, and Javid Ahmad Banday. "Role of Gold Nanoparticles in Drug Delivery and Cancer Therapy." In Applications of Nanomaterials in Agriculture, Food Science, and Medicine, 124–40. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-5563-7.ch008.
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Among various nanoparticles (NPs), gold nanoparticles (GNPs) gained valuable attention in the field of medicine because of some unique properties like small size and high surface area-to-volume ratio, inert nature, stability, high dispersity, non-cytotoxicity, and biocompatibility. These NPs are evolving as promising agents especially in drug carriers, cancer therapy, and constantly being exploring as photothermal agents, contrast agents, and radiosensitisers. Besides, GNPs interact with thiols that provides an effective and selective means of controlled intracellular release. At the present, cancer patients are increasing rapidly at national and international levels. In this chapter, efforts have taken to highlight the importance of GNPs, their critical mediation in drug delivery, as sensors for probing and imaging tumors and anti-angiogenesis. More importantly, this short piece of analysis highlights the photothermal effect of GNPs in therapy and as radiosensitizers. Finally, the current challenges and future perspectives of GNP's in cancer management are also discussed.
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Iqbal, Nusrat, Amrish Agrawal, Saurabh Dubey, and Jitender Kumar. "Role of Decomposers in Agricultural Waste Management." In Biomass [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93816.
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In this chapter, agricultural waste residue management by bio-organisms is discussed along with different types of decomposition processes. Tons of agricultural wastes are produced every year. These agricultural wastes create major environmental problems without effective means of management methods. There are many technologies being used for the decomposition, which mainly include anaerobic decomposition, compositing, fermentation, etc. All these decomposition processes depend upon the different soil-inhabiting microbes. These microbes are the key components of agri-residue decomposition process. Every step of decomposition requires different microbes. Various sets of catalytical enzymes are involved for the catabolic procedures of organic matter. By successive catabolic reactions, all the organic matters are mineralized into soil essential constituents, which will be the most effective sources of macro- and micronutrients for the soil fertility. Working efficiency of these microbes depends upon different parameters like moisture, temperature, pH, etc. The vitality and efficiency of microbes can be enhanced by using various inert carriers. If the efficiency of these soil microbes enhances by various factors, then the rate of decomposition could be enhanced to handle this ever-increasing problem of agriculture residue in near future.
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Dardouri, Sana, and Jalila Sghaier. "Tracer Transport in a Homogeneous Porous Medium: Experimental Study and Acquisition Data with LabVIEW." In Data Mining - Methods, Applications and Systems. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.88328.
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This work represent the incorporation of information procurement (DAQ) equipment and programming to acquire information (LabVIEW) as well as real-time transport to show parameter appraises with regard to subsurface stream and transport issues. The main objective is to understand the mechanism of water and solute transfer in a sandy medium and to study the effect of some parameters on the transport of an inert tracer. In order to achieve this objective, a series of experiments were carried out on a soil column equipped with a tensiometer to monitor the state of saturation of the medium and by two four-electrode probes for measuring the electrical conductivity in the porous medium.
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Nath, Nibedita. "Conversion of CO2 to High Value Products." In Advanced Catalysis Processes in Petrochemicals and Petroleum Refining, 48–95. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-8033-1.ch002.
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Due to human activities and rapid industrialization, the amount of CO2 emitted into the atmosphere increases by the day. It is an environmental pollutant and is indirectly responsible for causing climate change and global warming. Thus, research has been carried out for the conversion of CO2 into value added chemicals. However, CO2 is a chemically-inert and thermodynamically-stable molecule; thus, external energy should be supplied or a suitable catalyst should be designed for their conversion into useful chemical. Methanol, dimethyl ether, higher alcohols, methyl, formic acid, formaldehyde, organic carbonates, etc. are the different chemicals that are prepared from CO2. CO2 is an environmentally friendly raw material as it is nontoxic, abundant, and economical. A lot of research has been carried out on the reaction using CO2 as a raw material. This chapter mainly focused on synthesis of various chemicals from CO2 as a raw material.
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"Cluster Formation in Freejets: Comparison of Monatomic and Polyatomic Vapors Mixed with an Inert Carrier Gas." In Rarefied Gas Dynamics: Experimental Techniques and Physical Systems, 285–94. Washington DC: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/5.9781600866302.0285.0294.
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Raza Shah, Tayyab, Chao Zhou, and Hafiz Muhammad Ali. "Titanium Dioxide: Advancements and Thermal Applications." In Titanium Dioxide - Advances and Applications. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.101727.
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Distinctive characteristics of titanium dioxide such as high refractive index, overwhelmingly high melting and boiling point, high toughness, and hardness, photocatalytic nature, ability to absorb or reflect UV-rays, DeNox catalyst, nontoxicity, inert behavior, etc., have brought about the massive use of TiO2 in a variety of conventional as well as advanced engineering applications. Broad commercial utilization of titanium dioxide in products including paints, anti-air pollutants, cosmetics, skincare and sunblock, pharmaceuticals, surface protection, building energy-saving, etc., accounts for its multibillion dollars market worldwide. Titanium dioxide carries unique thermal and optical characteristics and therefore has gained significance as a potential candidate for advanced applications such as clean hydrogen fuel harvesting, photoelectric solar panels, photothermal conversion, treatment of exhaust gases from combustion engines and power plants, thermal energy storage, thermal management of electronic devices and photovoltaics, and nano-thermofluids. This chapter presents a brief insight into some of the noteworthy characteristics and a comprehensive overview of advanced thermal applications of TiO2.
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Bautista Calero del Castillo, Juan, Alberto Guillén Martínez, and Francisco García Purriños. "Precocious Auditory Evoked Potential Recording with Free-Field Stimulus." In Human Auditory System - Function and Disorders [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.102569.
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The aim of this study is to determine the thresholds of normality in the recording of precocious auditory evoked potentials with free-field stimulation and to compare them with conventional stimulation with insertion headphones. For this purpose, we have carried out a case series study of children with normal hearing stimulated with insertion headphones, who underwent Auditory Brainstem Response (ABR) and Auditory Steady-State Response (ASSR) with free-field stimuli. Fifty-four ears with normal criteria of children between 6 months and 24 months of age were assessed. The latencies found with free-field stimulation in ABR were significantly longer than the latencies with insert earphone stimulation (p<0.05), and no differences were found in the inter-latencies. No significant differences were found in the thresholds of the ASSR response. We conclude that the ABR thresholds obtained in the free-field correspond to the delay due to the distance of the sound source to the eardrum and, therefore, are superimposable, being applicable to patients where it is not possible to stimulate with insert phones.
Conference papers on the topic "Inert carriers"
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Earnshaw, Audrey L., Justine J. Roberts, Garret D. Nicodemus, Stephanie J. Bryant, and Virginia L. Ferguson. "The Mechanical Behavior of Engineered Hydrogels." In ASME 2009 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2009-206705.
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Agarose and poly(ethylene-glycol) (PEG) are commonly used as scaffolds for cell and tissue engineering applications [1]. Agarose is a natural biomaterial that is thought to be inert [2] and permits growing cells and tissues in a three-dimensional suspension [3]. Gels synthesized from photoreactive poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) macromonomers are well suited as cell carriers because they can be rapidly photopolymerized in vivo by a chain radical polymerization that is not toxic to cells, including chondrocytes. This paper explores the differences in mechanical behavior between agarose, a physically cross-linked hydrogel, and PEG, a chemically cross-linked hydrogel, to set the foundation for choosing hydrogel properties and chemistries for a desired tissue engineering application.
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Heyes, Andrew L., Loukas Botsis, Niall R. McGlashan, and Peter R. N. Childs. "A Thermodynamic Analysis of Chemical Looping Combustion." In ASME 2011 Turbo Expo: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2011-45480.
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Recently, interest has grown in chemical looping combustion (CLC) because it is seen as a technique that may allow cost-effective carbon capture and storage (CCS). In CLC the overall reaction by which chemical energy is released is between a hydrocarbon and air as in conventional combustors. However, the reaction is completed in two separate oxidation and reduction steps occurring in different reaction vessels. In the oxidizer (or air reactor) an oxygen carrier, usually a metal, is exothermically oxidized in air resulting in an oxide and a hot air stream (oxygen depleted). The exhaust gasses may be expanded through a turbine to produce work, while the oxide passes to the reduction vessel (or fuel reactor). Here, it reacts with the fuel, is reduced and the metal regenerated. The metal then returns to the oxidizer to complete the loop. The exhaust gasses from the reducer contain only carbon dioxide and water so that, after expansion and work extraction, the water may be condensed leaving a stream of pure CO2 ready for storage. Hydrocarbon fuels will continue to be used for decades, so, in the face of ambitious emission reduction targets, CCS is an important technology and methods, such as CLC, that offer automatic CO2 separation (so-called inherent carbon capture) are particularly attractive. Despite this obvious advantage CLC was not originally conceived for the purposes of CCS, but rather as a means to produce pure carbon dioxide free from contamination by inert gases such as nitrogen. In the context of power generation it was then proposed as a means to improve the exergetic efficiency of energy conversion processes using hydrocarbons. Combustion is usually a highly irreversible process and necessitates the rejection of large quantities of heat from power cycles leading to the low thermal efficiency of gas turbines and the like. The two-stage reaction approach of CLC can reduce the irreversibility and the extent of heat rejection and hence provide improved cycle efficiency. Ideally, both goals would be simultaneously achieved thereby offsetting both the cost of carbon capture and of compression, transportation and storage. In the paper we present a thermodynamic analysis of CLC to illustrate its potential for improving efficiency. We will then develop a methodology for selecting oxygen carriers based on their thermodynamic properties and review several candidate materials. In particular, we will compare, from a thermodynamic perspective, solid phase oxygen carriers as used in fluidised bed based reaction systems and the liquid/vapour phase carriers previously suggested by the authors. Finally, comments on practical implementations of CLC in power plant will be presented.
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Duan, Yan, Jason L. Juhala, Benjamin W. Griffith, Vianney J. Uwizeye, and Wei Xue. "Solution-Based Fabrication of P-Channel and N-Channel Thin-Film Transistors Using Random and Aligned Carbon Nanotube Networks." In ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-86353.
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Since discovered in the early 1990s, single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) have attracted significant attention for many research fields. In the long term, micro- and nano-electronics are considered to be one of the most valuable applications of SWNTs. The development of the next generation devices involves the mass fabrication and integration of SWNT field-effect transistors (FETs) to form logic gates, which are the basic units of integrated circuits (ICs). To create logic gates, both p- and n-type SWNT FETs are needed. However, the SWNT FETs are typically p-type in air without special treatment, with holes as the majority charge carriers in SWNTs. Here in this paper, we investigate the p-channel and n-channel SWNT FETs using two solution-based fabrication processes. One method is to use layer-by-layer self-assembly to create SWNT random networks and the other is based on dielectrophoresis-aligned SWNTs. A low-cost, easy-to-control method is introduced to convert p-type FETs to n-type. By coating a polyethylenimine (PEI) layer on the surface, the transistor demonstrates the typical n-channel characteristics. The resulting devices are air-stable outside a vacuum or an inert environment. The combination of the simple fabrication methods, easy conversion of the devices, and satisfactory device performance can promote further development of nanotube-based electronics.
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Donaldson, A., Vitthal Sanjay, J. C. Welch, and P. D. Nguyen. "Invert Gravel Pack Carrier Fluid." In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/71669-ms.
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She, Zonglian, Yingjie Zhu, Leilei Li, Tian Xie, Lei Wang, and Jian Huang. "Granulation of Sludge in Anaerobic Baffled Reactor with Inert Carrier under Room Temperature." In 2012 Third International Conference on Digital Manufacturing and Automation (ICDMA). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icdma.2012.108.
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Simpson, Gary, and Richard Lane. "" A Microstrip Chip Carrier and Insert for the Transistor Test Fixture"." In 25th ARFTG Conference Digest. IEEE, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/arftg.1985.323626.
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Roehrs, Susanne, Anja Ruebner-Heuermann, G. Hartwich, H. Scheer, and Joerg G. Moser. "Peripheral substitution of pheophorbides and bacteriopheophorbides to promote inclusion into inert carrier systems for PDT." In BiOS Europe '95, edited by Benjamin Ehrenberg, Giulio Jori, and Johan Moan. SPIE, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.230958.
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Brendelberger, Stefan, Jan Felinks, Dominik Kolb, and Christian Sattler. "Particle Conveyer for Solar Thermo-Chemical Processes and Related Solid Heat Recovery Systems." In ASME 2016 10th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2016 Power Conference and the ASME 2016 14th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2016-59577.
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On the way to a de-carbonized economy by 2050 new technologies have to be developed and deployed into the market. In solar driven thermochemical processes concentrated solar radiation is used as a renewable high temperature heat source to drive a chemical reaction. These processes are promising pathways for the production of gaseous and liquid fuels and therefore they can provide sustainable chemical energy carriers with inherent long-term storage capabilities. Amongst these processes, redox cycles for the production of syngas from water and carbon dioxide received considerable interest due to their high theoretical process efficiencies. In these processes a redox material is reduced using high temperature heat which is provided by concentrated solar radiation. In a second reaction, at considerably lower temperatures, the redox material is oxidized while splitting water or carbon dioxide. One requirement for the design of efficient redox processes is a high recovery rate of the sensible heat of the solid redox material. In recent redox process concepts the use of inert heat transfer particles in combination with a particulate redox material has been proposed. Amongst other benefits this methodology allows to recover heat from the redox material. A corresponding solid-solid heat recovery system is under development. In a single stage the heat recovery unit acts as a co-current heat exchanger. By combining several units and by using a proper flow path a quasi-counter-current heat exchanger can be obtained. Such a heat recovery system requires that particles are lifted at temperatures well above 1100°C. These high temperatures require a simple design, decent thermal insulation and the thermal shielding of all moving parts and engine. The present work is dealing with the development of a respective conveying system which can be operated at the targeted temperatures, while heat losses are prevented as far as possible. A lab scale version of the conveyer is constructed and tested. A numerical model of the conveyer is developed and validated using results of an experimental campaign with particles at 1150°C. The next step in the assessment of the conveyer system is the analysis of the performance of a scale up version. A generic process analysis will be conducted to obtain operational and design requirements of the scale up conveyer. A detailed scale up version is developed accordingly and the validated numerical model is applied to this design to predict the heat losses during the particle lifting and to discuss their impact on the total process performance.
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Kim, SooYong, and A. Slitenko. "Experimental Investigation of an Inert Gas Generator for Fire Suppressing." In ASME Turbo Expo 2001: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/2001-gt-0412.
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Present study deals with experimental and theoretical performance analysis of an inert gas generator(IGG) which can be used as an effective mean to suppress the fire. The system consists of a gas turbine engine and afterburning system with injection of water, exit nozzle to produce the inert gas. It is generally known that the degree of oxygen content in the product of combustion depends on both inlet and outlet temperature of a combustor. Less the oxygen content in the combustion product higher will be the effectiveness of fire suppression. Injection of water brings additional advantages of suffocating and cooling effects which are both indespensable factors for fire suppressing. The special test rig was manufactured and experimental investigation of IGG system has been carried out. The automatic control system ensured stable operation of gas turbine engine and afterburner, water injection, fuel control and others. During the investigation the main parameters of gas turbine engine and auxiliarly systems were measured: gas temperature and pressure at gas turbine and afterburner exit, fuel flow rate, water mass flow rate, inlet air temperature, water temperature in the cooling chamber, mass flow rate, temperature and velocity of exhaust gas-steam mixture in the exit nozzle, oxygen content in the exit jet. The experimental investigation shows that developed IGG system can work very well for indoor fires but need some modifications in application to outdoor fire suppressing.
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Gazzani, Matteo, Paolo Chiesa, Emanuele Martelli, Stefano Sigali, and Iarno Brunetti. "Using Hydrogen as Gas Turbine Fuel: Premixed Versus Diffusive Flame Combustors." In ASME Turbo Expo 2013: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2013-94701.
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This work aims at estimating the efficiency gain resulting from using lean premixed combustors in hydrogen fired combined cycles with respect to diffusive flame combustors with significant inert dilution to limit NOX emissions. The analysis is carried out by considering a hydrogen fired, specifically tailored gas turbine whose features are representative of a state-of-art natural gas fired F-class gas turbine. The comparison between diffusion flame and lean premixed combustion is carried out considering nitrogen and steam as diluents, as well as different stoichiometric flame temperatures and pressure drops. Results show that the adoption of lean premixed combustors allows to significantly reduce the efficiency decay resulting from inert dilution. Combined cycle efficiency slightly reduces from 58.5–57.9% when combustor pressure drops vary in the range 3 to 10%. Such efficiency values are comparatively higher than those achieved by diffusive flame combustor with inert dilution. Finally, the study investigated the effects of decreasing the maximum operating blade temperature so as to cope with possible degradation mechanisms induced by hydrogen combustion.