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Chauhan, Shekhar, Ratna Patel, and Shubham Kumar. "Prevalence, factors and inequalities in chronic disease multimorbidity among older adults in India: analysis of cross-sectional data from the nationally representative Longitudinal Aging Study in India (LASI)." BMJ Open 12, no. 3 (March 2022): e053953. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-053953.
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ObjectiveThis study examines the prevalence, patterns and factors of chronic disease-related multimorbidity. Also, this study examines the inequality in the prevalence of multimorbidity among older adults in India.DesignCross-sectional study; large nationally representative survey data.Setting and participantsWe have used the first wave of a Longitudinal Ageing Study in India conducted in 2017–2018 across all the 35 states (excluded Sikkim) and union territories in India. This study used information from 31 373 older people aged 60+years in India.Primary and secondary outcome measuresThe outcome variable for this study is multimorbidity. The study used multinomial logistic regression to examine the risk factors for multimorbidity among older adults. To measure the inequality in multimorbidity, the slope of index inequality and relative index of inequality have been used to understand the ranked-based inequality.ResultsAlmost one-fourth (24.1%) reported multimorbidity. The relative risk ratio (RRR) of multimorbidity (RRR=2.12; 95% CI=1.49 to 3.04) was higher among higher educated older adults than uneducated older adults. Furthermore, the RRR of multimorbidity (RRR=2.35; 95% CI=2.02 to 2.74) was higher among urban older adults than their rural counterparts. Older adults in the richest wealth quintile were more likely to report multimorbidities (RRR=2.86; 95% CI=2.29 to 3.55) than the poorest older adults. Good self-rated health and no activities of daily living disability were associated with a lower risk of multimorbidities.ConclusionsThis study contributes to the comprehensive knowledge of the prevalence, factors and inequality of the chronic disease-related multimorbidity among older adults in India. Considering India’s ageing population and high prevalence of multimorbidity, the older adults must be preferred in disease prevention and health programmes, however, without compromising other subpopulations in the country. There is a need to develop geriatric healthcare services in India. Additionally, there is a need to disseminate awareness and management of multimorbidity among urban and highly educated older adults.
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Raushan, Rajesh, Sanghmitra S. Acharya, and Mukesh Ravi Raushan. "Caste and Socioeconomic Inequality in Child Health and Nutrition in India: Evidences from National Family Health Survey." CASTE / A Global Journal on Social Exclusion 3, no. 2 (October 28, 2022): 345–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.26812/caste.v3i2.450.
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This study is on caste inequality in child health outcomes: mortality, malnutrition and anaemia for the year 1998/99 to year 2019/21 and examines the association of socio-economic factors with outcomes. Disparity ratio (DR) and Concentration Index (CI) are computed to examine inequality in outcomes. The association of socio-economic factors was modelled using logit regression. The study finds marginalised group were more likely to have poor health outcomes. The disparity ratio found increased among SC and ST compared to Others during 1998-99 and 2019-21. The value of the concentration index was found high on U5MR among SC and ST. Among SC and ST, the child health outcome greatly varies for poorest and richest. Odds ratio is 40-60 per cent higher for SC and ST compared to children belonging to Others. On socio-economic factors; land ownership and wealth status contribute significantly but house ownership not so. Caste-based inequality is still impacting health and nutrition of children in the country. The more focused inclusive policy and clustering of marginalised groups at regional level can be helpful in improving health and nutrition of marginalised children concentrated in different regions with equity lens to push the SDG Goals.
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Kumar, Rishi, and Shravanth Mandava. "Institutional deliveries in India: a study of associates and inequality." International Journal of Social Economics 49, no. 5 (February 21, 2022): 726–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-08-2021-0444.
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PurposeIndia has shown good progress in maternal health outcome indicators. However, an area for improvement is to ensure all deliveries take place in institutions under the supervision of skilled birth attendants. This paper attempts to identify the factors that affect institutional deliveries using nationally representative National Family Health Survey (NFHS) data. Further, the authors investigate the factors contributing to the wealth-based inequality in institutional deliveries.Design/methodology/approachTo address the first aspect of identifying the factors associated with undergoing an institutional delivery, the authors have used logistic and multinominal logistic models. The explanatory variables are broadly socio-economic indicators of the mother and a few other household characteristics. Further, the concentration index and regression-based decomposition were used to carry out an inequality analysis in the institutional deliveries across different wealth groups.FindingsThe authors found that women belonging to poor households, backward social groups and rural areas have significantly fewer odds of undergoing an institutional delivery. Age and education level of the mother, number of antenatal visits during pregnancy and place of residence (urban/rural) have contributed to the inequality in institutional deliveries in 2005–2006. However, the inequality due to these factors went down drastically in 2015–2016.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors' knowledge, this study is a distinct attempt to use pooled data of the NFHS-3 [2005–2006] and NFHS-4 [2015–2016] in identifying factors contributing to a woman undergoing an institutional-based delivery. The study also decomposes the wealth-based inequality in the factors contributing to having an institutional delivery and analyses the contributions to inequality across the two time periods.
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Kundu, Jhumki, and Ruchira Chakraborty. "Socio-economic inequalities in burden of communicable and non-communicable diseases among older adults in India: Evidence from Longitudinal Ageing Study in India, 2017–18." PLOS ONE 18, no. 3 (March 30, 2023): e0283385. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0283385.
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Developing countries like India grapple with significant challenges due to the double burden of communicable and non-communicable disease in older adults. Examining the distribution of the burden of different communicable and non-communicable diseases among older adults can present proper evidence to policymakers to deal with health inequality. The present study aimed to determine socioeconomic inequality in the burden of communicable and noncommunicable diseases among older adults in India. This study used Longitudinal Ageing study in India (LASI), Wave 1, conducted during 2017–2018. Descriptive statistics along with bivariate analysis was used in the present study to reveal the initial results. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to estimate the association between the outcome variables (communicable and non-communicable disease) and the chosen set of separate explanatory variables. For measurement of socioeconomic inequality, concentration curve and concentration index along with state wise poor-rich ratio was calculated. Additionally, Wagstaff’s decomposition of the concentration index approach was used to reveal the contribution of each explanatory variable to the measured health inequality (Communicable and non- communicable disease). The study finds the prevalence of communicable and non-communicable disease among older adults were 24.9% and 45.5% respectively. The prevalence of communicable disease was concentrated among the poor whereas the prevalence of NCDs was concentrated among the rich older adults, but the degree of inequality is greater in case of NCD. The CI for NCD is 0.094 whereas the CI for communicable disease is -0.043. Economic status, rural residence are common factors contributing inequality in both diseases; whereas BMI and living environment (house type, drinking water source and toilet facilities) have unique contribution in explaining inequality in NCD and communicable diseases respectively. This study significantly contributes in identifying the dichotomous concentration of disease prevalence and contributing socio- economic factors in the inequalities.
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Lawson, Nicholas, and Dean Spears. "Those who can't sort, steal: caste, occupational mobility, and rent-seeking in rural India." Journal of Demographic Economics 87, no. 1 (March 2021): 107–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/dem.2020.21.
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AbstractThree important features of Indian labor markets enduringly coexist: rent-seeking, occupational immobility, and caste. These facts are puzzling, given theories that predict static, equilibrium social inequality without conflict. Our model explains these facts as an equilibrium outcome. Some people switch caste-associated occupations for an easier source of rents, rather than for productivity. This undermines trust between castes and shuts down occupational mobility, which further encourages rent-seeking due to an inability of workers to sort into occupations. We motivate our contribution with novel stylized facts exploiting a unique survey question on casteism in India, which we show is associated with rent-seeking.
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Tendulkar, Suresh D., and L. R. Jain. "Economic Growth, Relative Inequality, and Equity: The Case of India." Asian Development Review 13, no. 02 (January 1995): 138–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0116110595000108.
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This paper examines the links between economic growth, relative inequality, and equity (defined as an unambiguous reduction in poverty as well as an increase in social welfare) in the Indian context. For this purpose, the equivalent analytical results on poverty and social welfare orderings are applied to the price-adjusted size distributions of consumer expenditure for the rural, urban, and entire (rural plus urban) population of India over eight time-points between 1970 and 1989. Unambiguous improvement in poverty and social welfare was indicated in as many as 20 (rural), 21 (urban), and 22 (entire) populations out of 28 binary comparisons each. Improvement under somewhat more stringent assumptions was indicated in eight more cases. As many as 32 out of 71 comparisons involving improved equity were characterized by a rise in relative inequality. These results indicate that contrary to the earlier widely held perceptions, compared with the 1970s which was characterized by slow economic growth, the faster rate of growth in India in the 1980s was associated with more frequent equitable distributional outcomes.
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Barua, Somdutta. "Spatial inequality and explaining the urban-rural gap in obesity in India: Evidence from 2015–16 population-based survey." PLOS ONE 18, no. 1 (January 4, 2023): e0279840. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0279840.
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Objective This study assessed the spatial dimension of urban-rural disparity in obesity prevalence and identified the determinants explaining the urban-rural gap in obesity prevalence in India. Methods Using cross-sectional survey data from the 2015–16 National Family Health Survey, the prevalence rates of obesity were calculated for aged 15–49 years. Two multiscale geographically weighted regressions were performed separately from rural and urban spaces for Indian districts to examine the spatial relationship of the outcome variable and covariates at different geographical scales. Fairlie decomposition analysis was carried out to explore the contribution of each variable in the urban-rural gap. Results The rural-urban obesity prevalence difference has increased in a decade time for India from 13.0 to 14.6. Urban counterparts tended to have more people with excess weight. 15 states had an urban-rural prevalence ratio of 2 or higher. The MGWR model showed that varying covariates operated at different scales, i.e. global, regional and local scales, and determined the spatial heterogeneity of obesity prevalence. The only variable, i.e. age (9.49 per cent), had contributed in reducing the gap. Conversely, the socioeconomic variables, i.e. income (96.39 per cent), education (4.95 per cent), caste (4.78 per cent) and occupation (3.11 per cent), had widened the gap. Conclusions Even though this study evidenced the rural-urban gap in obesity prevalence, it indicated the gap’s closing shortly, as it was witnessed in a few states. It is urgent to address the obesity epidemic, especially in urban India, due to its higher prevalence and prevent the further increase of prevalence in rural India, mainly because it shelters nearly 70 per cent of the Indian population.
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Acharya, Kiran, Dinesh Dharel, Raj Kumar Subedi, Asmita Bhattarai, and Yuba Raj Paudel. "Inequalities in full vaccination coverage based on maternal education and wealth quintiles among children aged 12–23 months: further analysis of national cross-sectional surveys of six South Asian countries." BMJ Open 12, no. 2 (February 2022): e046971. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-046971.
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ObjectiveThis study was conducted to compare full vaccination coverage and its inequalities (by maternal education and household wealth quintile).DesignThis further analysis was based on the data from national-level cross-sectional Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) from six countries in South Asia.SettingWe used most recent DHS data from six South Asian countries: Nepal, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Afghanistan and the Maldives. The sample size of children aged 12–23 months ranged from 6697 in the Maldives to 628 900 in India.Primary and secondary outcome measuresTo measure absolute and relative inequalities of vaccination coverage, we used regression-based inequality measures, slope index of inequality (SII) and the relative index of inequality (RII), respectively, by maternal education and wealth quintile.ResultsFull vaccination coverage was the highest in Bangladesh (84%) and the lowest in Afghanistan (46%), with an average of 61.5% for six countries. Pakistan had the largest inequalities in coverage both by maternal education (SII: −50.0, RII: 0.4) and household wealth quintile (SII: −47.1, RII: 0.5). Absolute inequalities were larger by maternal education compared with wealth quintile in four of the six countries. The relative index of inequality by maternal education was lower in Pakistan (0.5) and Afghanistan (0.5) compared with Nepal (0.7), India (0.7) and Bangladesh (0.7) compared with rest of the countries. By wealth quintiles, RII was lower in Pakistan (0.5) and Afghanistan (0.6) and higher in Nepal (0.9) and Maldives (0.9).ConclusionsThe full vaccination coverage in 12–23 months old children was below 85% in all six countries. Inequalities by maternal education were more profound than household wealth-based inequalities in four of six countries studied, supporting the benefits of maternal education to improve child health outcome.
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Sivaramakrishnan, K. "Social Structures and Spatial Alignments of Agrarian Urbanisation." Urbanisation 6, no. 1 (May 2021): 113–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/24557471211016597.
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Agrarian urbanisation has gathered pace and intensity in the last few decades after economic liberalisation in India. A faster rate of economic growth has exacerbated the extraction of rural natural resources to supply increased urban demands. At the same time, rural landscapes have been transformed by expanded infrastructure, new industrial ventures, conservation projects and urban sprawl. These processes have been mediated by shifting patterns of caste power and political mobilisation. However, they also seem to have exacerbated social inequality while making historically marginalised groups such as Dalits and Adivasis suffer greater dispossession and livelihood precarity. Case studies from different regions of India reveal both the socio-economic dynamics of regional variation in these broad outcomes of agrarian urbanism, and the cross-regional patterns of environmental degradation, exacerbated inequality and difficulties faced by agrarian society in reproducing itself as an integral part of Indian prosperity and progress.
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Bhattacharya, Prabir C. "Economic Development, Gender Inequality, and Demographic Outcomes: Evidence from India." Population and Development Review 32, no. 2 (June 2006): 263–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1728-4457.2006.00118.x.
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Bango, Madhumita. "Explaining the social gradient in health: inequality in health outcomes in selected states of India, 2015‑2016." Journal of Health Inequalities 8, no. 2 (2022): 155–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5114/jhi.2022.122112.
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Borooah, Vani Kant. "Gender Disparities in Health Outcomes of Elderly Persons in India." Journal of South Asian Development 11, no. 3 (December 2016): 328–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0973174116666445.
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This article uses data from India’s National Sample Survey (NSS), relating to respondents’ health outcomes between January and June 2014, to quantify a particular form of gender inequality: inequality in self-rated health (SRH) outcomes between men and women aged 60 years and above. In so doing, it makes five contributions to the existing literature. The first is in terms of analytical technique; this study contains a more detailed and nuanced exposition of the regression results than in previous studies. Second, it controls for environmental factors—like poor drainage, lack of toilets or ventilation in the kitchen—which might have adverse impact on health and, in particular, affect the health of women more than that of men. Third, it takes an account of interaction effects by which the effect of a variable on an elderly person’s SRH differed according to whether the person was male or female. Lastly, it examines whether SRH is correlated with objective health outcomes. In particular, this study answers two central questions: Did men and women, considered collectively, have significantly different likelihoods of ‘poor’ SRH between the different regions/income classes/social groups/education levels? Did men and women, considered separately, have significantly different likelihoods of a ‘poor’ SRH within a region/income class/social group/education level?
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Shyam Mishra, Radhe, Harihar Sahoo, and Bedanga Talukdar. "Health disparity along the social class gradient of elderly in India." MOJ Public Health 10, no. 1 (February 18, 2021): 16–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/mojph.2021.10.00353.
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Background: Present study attempts to quantify caste-based differentiation in health among elderly individuals in India and role played by social cast the gradient on elderly health. Social classes are detrimental to the health status of the elderly in any society, especially when society is diverse, multicultural, overpopulated, and undergoing rapid unequal economic growth. Data from the Study on global aging and adult health survey (SAGE) is used for the analysis. Methods: Logistic regression, adjusted and unadjusted models are carried out to assess the health disparity among social groups with and without selected background characteristics. The outcome in logistic regression analysis is often coded as 0 and 1, where 1 indicates that the outcome of interest is present, and 0 indicates that the outcome of interest is absent. Results: Other backward caste experience the highest incidence of arthritis followed by other cast group and ST were found lowest, Hypertension is elevated in female and non-educated elderly. Diabetes is prevalent among higher age. Breathing was high in the SC caste, and it was positively related to increases in age while negatively associated with wealth. Conclusion: The result reveals the health status among the elderly in India differs from distinct caste groups. Lower Caste groups experience marginally higher diseases due to their association with manual jobs and lower occupational status. It also shows that health care services do not significantly differ by the caste groups in India. The socio-economic condition is the most critical predictor of influencing health inequality among caste groups in elderly people.
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Choudhury, Samira, Bhavani Shankar, Lukasz Aleksandrowicz, Mehroosh Tak, and Alan Dangour. "Caste-Based Inequality in Fruit and Vegetable Consumption in India." Food and Nutrition Bulletin 42, no. 3 (July 19, 2021): 451–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03795721211026807.
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Objective: Fruit and vegetable (F&V) consumption is of central importance to many diet-related health outcomes. In India, caste is a major basis of socioeconomic inequality. Recent analysis shows that more disadvantaged “lower” castes consume less F&V than the rest. This article explores whether this consumption gap arises due to differential distribution of drivers of consumption such as income and education across castes, or whether behavioral differences or discrimination may be at play. Design: The Oaxaca-Blinder regression decomposition is applied to explain the gap in F&V consumption between “upper” castes and “lower” castes, using data from the 68th (2011-2012) round of the National Sample Survey Organization household survey. Results: Differences in the distribution of F&V drivers account for all of the 50 grams/person/day consumption gap between upper and lower castes. In particular, much of the gap is explained by income differential across castes. Conclusions: In the long run, India’s positive discrimination policies in education and employment that seek to equalize income across castes are also likely to help close the F&V consumption gap, leading to health benefits. In the medium run, interventions acting to boost lower caste income, such as cash transfers targeting lower castes, may be effective.
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Singh, Mudit Kumar, and Jaemin Lee. "Social inequality and access to social capital in microfinance interventions." International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 40, no. 7/8 (April 2, 2020): 575–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijssp-01-2020-0024.
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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to empirically examine the inequality perpetuated through social categories in accessing the social capital generated through the microfinance interventions in India as the country has pronounced economic inequality by social categories like many developing stratified societies.Design/methodology/approachThe study uses survey data collected from 75 villages in rural India and tests whether the formation and maximization of social capital through self-help groups (SHGs) is dominated by social categories, e.g. high-caste groups, males and superior occupation classes. Using logistic regression framework, the study assesses the formation and maximization of social capital through multiple SHG membership.FindingsThe paper finds that the microfinance approach of empowering weaker sections is considerably limited in its success, in the sense that it provides them with the opportunity to the credit access and support through SHGs. But, the empirical model further indicates that social capital in form of these SHGs may fall prey to the dominant social categories, and thus, these institutions may potentially enhance inequality.Research limitations/implicationsThe paper is derived from the secondary data set, so it is unable to comment field reality qualitatively.Practical implicationsMicrofinance policy makers will have an improved understanding of inherent social inequalities while implementing group-based programs in socially stratified societies.Originality/valueSocial capital, if treated as an outcome accumulated in form of groups, provides with an important framework to assess the unequal access through the microfinance interventions. Overlooking the inherent unequal access will deceive the purpose of social justice in the group-based interventions. The microfinance and other welfare policies engaged in group formation and generating the social capital need to be more sensitive to the disadvantageous sections while focusing on multiple group access by disadvantaged social groups.
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Jyoti Sharma. "Structural functionalism and educational inequalities in India: A comprehensive analysis." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 19, no. 2 (August 30, 2023): 747–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2023.19.2.1646.
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In the context of India, this study explores the complex link between structural functionalism and educational inequality. The study examines how the Indian educational system both functions and dysfunctions within the larger societal structure, contributing to the persistence of disparities in educational access, quality, and outcomes across various social groups. It is grounded in the fundamental principles of structural functionalism. This study aims to shed light on the complex interactions between structural components and functional outcomes within the context of Indian education through a multifaceted approach that includes literature review, and comparative analysis. The study identifies the methods through which these structural forces affect educational prospects and support the maintenance of societal inequities by closely examining variables like social class, caste, gender, and regional differences. The significance of the study lies in its potential to offer a thorough knowledge of how structural functionalism might clarify the intricate dynamics of the Indian educational system. The approach not only clarifies how societal expectations, cultural norms, and values affect educational functioning, but it also points to prospective governmental intervention avenues that could lessen current inequities.
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Lee, Alexander. "Land, State Capacity, and Colonialism: Evidence From India." Comparative Political Studies 52, no. 3 (March 19, 2018): 412–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0010414018758759.
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Many authors have argued that colonial institutions influenced contemporary economic outcomes by influencing levels of economic inequality and political conflict. Such accounts neglect an additional important mechanism, differences in state capacity. These two mechanisms of colonial persistence are examined in the context of India, where colonial land tenure arrangements are widely thought to influence contemporary outcomes through class conflict. However, land tenure institutions were also associated with differences in state capacity: In landlord-dominated areas, the colonial state had little or no presence at the village level. An analysis of agricultural outcomes in Indian districts, using a set of original measures of colonial state capacity, shows that while land tenure in isolation is a surprisingly weak predictor of agricultural success, state capacity has a strong and consistent positive association with 20th-century economic activity. The findings reinforce the importance of colonial rule in influencing contemporary state capacity and the importance of state capacity for development.
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Muhammad, T., Anjali Elsa Skariah, Manish Kumar, and Shobhit Srivastava. "Socioeconomic and health-related inequalities in major depressive symptoms among older adults: a Wagstaff’s decomposition analysis of data from the LASI baseline survey, 2017–2018." BMJ Open 12, no. 6 (June 2022): e054730. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-054730.
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ObjectivesTo find out the association between socioeconomic and health status and depression among older adults and explore the contributing factors in the socioeconomic and health-related inequalities in late-life depression.DesignA cross-sectional study was conducted using large representative survey data.Setting and participantsData for this study were derived from the baseline wave of the Longitudinal Ageing Study in India conducted during 2017–2018. The effective sample size was 30 888 older adults aged 60 years and above.Primary and secondary outcome measuresThe outcome variable in this study was depression among older adults. Descriptive statistics along with bivariate analysis was conducted to report the preliminary results. Multivariable binary logistic regression analysis and Wagstaff’s decomposition were used to fulfil the objectives of the study.ResultsThere was a significant difference for the prevalence of depression (4.3%; p<0.05) among older adults from poor (11.2%) and non-poor categories (6.8%). The value of the Concentration Index was −0.179 which also confirms that the major depression was more concentrated among poor older adults. About 38.4% of the socioeconomic and health-related inequality was explained by the wealth quintile for major depression among older adults. Moreover, about 26.6% of the inequality in major depression was explained by psychological distress. Self-rated health (SRH), difficulty in activities of daily living (ADL) and instrumental ADL (IADL) contributed 8.7%, 3.3% and 4.8% to the inequality, respectively. Additionally, region explained about 23.1% of inequality followed by life satisfaction (11.2) and working status (9.8%) for major depression among older adults.ConclusionsFindings revealed large socioeconomic and health-related inequalities in depression in older adults which were especially pronounced by poor household economy, widowhood, poor SRH, ADL and IADL difficulty, and psychological distress. In designing prevention programmes, detection and management of older adults with depression should be a high priority, especially for those who are more vulnerable.
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Kumar, Naresh, and Ritu Rani. "Quality of maternal and child health: fresh evidence from India." International Journal of Human Rights in Healthcare 12, no. 4 (August 29, 2019): 299–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijhrh-01-2019-0010.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the regional variations in maternal and child health all over India. The Maternal and Child Health Index (MCHI) is constructed to find the extent of variations in maternal and child health status for the States and Union Territories (UTs) of India. Design/methodology/approach The Wroclow taxonomic technique was used to construct the MCHI for the States and UTs of India. In all, 29 variables were selected for the construction of MCHI. All the variables were taken from National Family Health Survey-4 (NFHS, 2017) of India. Findings The findings suggest that there are wide variations in MCHI all over India. In India, Kerala topped in terms of MCHI followed by Jammu & Kashmir. Nagaland is on the bottom of the list followed by Bihar and Uttar Pradesh. High values of MCHI (> 0.4) are posing a serious concern for all States/UTs in India. Social implications The existence of inequality in MCHI for India is truly posing a serious inquiry regarding the healthcare system in India. The outcome of the study demands that time has come to adopt a human rights approach to the right to health in India. The findings of the study could be used by the health policy makers in India. Originality/value This study shows the existence of wide variations in the quality of maternal and child health all over India. The quantification of the quality of maternal and child health is needed to improve the health of the population in India. Little research has been done on the issue of quality of maternal and child health in India. This study is an important contribution to the current knowledge of quality of maternal and child health in India.
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Acharya, Sanghmitra Sheel. "Population-Poverty Linkages and Health Consequences." CASTE / A Global Journal on Social Exclusion 1, no. 1 (February 14, 2020): 29–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.26812/caste.v1i1.142.
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Population dynamics and determinants of poverty are associated in a way that affects access to resources which influence health. The popular belief often is that population growth causes problems including poverty. Scientific arguments, however, have fairy well established that it is the nature of development, which is important to ensures availability, access and utilization of resources, services and opportunities for different population groups. Population growth is an insufficient explanation for denial of access to resources because development disparities across globe render different populations exposed to vulnerabilities of varied kinds. Disparities in health between different social groups are the function of unequal way in which the determinants of health are distributed in society. Beyond its effects on health, inequality has far reaching consequences on social trust and cohesion affecting social institutions; and also on mortality and health outcomes. Factors such as income, employment status, housing, education, social position, and social exclusion have direct and indirect bearings on health over lifetimes. In many countries there is evidence of a social gradient in health, with those in more advantaged positions enjoying generally better health and lower mortality. In India, caste is an important axes on which discrimination and denial occurs causing poor health outcome. In term of income and social indicators, India is one of the most unequal countries in the world. The present paper endeavours to understand the determinants of disparity among population groups across countries which influence access to health care with special reference to India.
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Jahan, Rounaq. "Universalisation of Secondary Education: Questions for Discussion and Debate." Social Change 49, no. 1 (March 2019): 144–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0049085718821768.
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The paper highlights key challenges facing the Government of India’s welcome initiative of Universalisation of Secondary Education. The challenges identified are in five areas: political will and social commitment, policy design and implementation, quality, inequality and governance. Five broad questions are raised for deliberation and debate. First, how adequate is the level of political will and social commitment to universalise secondary education? Second, how realistic and implementable are this designs of the recent initiatives announced by the Government of India? Third, are the planned measures to improve the quality of education adequate to produce the desired outcomes? Fourth, are the recommended interventions to reduce inequality likely to produce equitable outcomes by 2020? And finally, are the measures planned by the initiatives to improve governance sufficient and appropriate?
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Jr., Richard H. Adams,. "The Effects of Migration and Remittances on Inequality in Rural Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 31, no. 4II (December 1, 1992): 1189–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v31i4iipp.1189-1206.
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In the Third World remittances - defmed as money and goods that are transmitted by migrant workers to their households back home - can have a profound impact upon rural income distribution. This is true for both internal remittances, which are often small but widespread among the rural population, as well as for international remittances, which are typically larger and more concentrated. Despite these considerations, there is still no general consensus about the effect of internal or international remittances on rural income distribution in the Third World. On the one hand, Lipton (1980) argues that in India internal remittances worsen rural inequality because they are earned mainly by upper-income villagers. With respect to international remittances, Gilani, Khan and Iqbal (1981) in Pakistan and Adams in Egypt (1991, 1989) produce similar fmdings. On the other hand, some empirical studies suggest a very different outcome. For example, Stark, Taylor and Yitzhaki (1986) fmd that internal and international remittances in Mexico have an egalitarian effect on rural income distribution.1 Two major reasons appear to account for such lack of consensus on the effect of remittances upon rural income distribution: the use of local-level data collection techniques that preclude making unambiguous empirical judgements about the effects of remittances; and the reluctance or inability to use predicted income functions to accurately estimate income before and after remittances.
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Araisya, Tristan Noa, Debora, and Akbar Yudha Susila. "Reflection & Outcome Projection on the Impact of ASEAN Energy Transition to Regional Cohesivity." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1199, no. 1 (July 1, 2023): 012010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1199/1/012010.
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Abstract Within the past decades, the world is combating climate change that leads to the need for clean energy. In consideration of the previous notion, ASEAN has become one of the important actors in supporting the process of achieving clean energy in Southeast Asia. On the other hand, each of the countries has different potential for every type of renewable energy. That being said, Southeast Asia’s transition to clean energy has a consequential impact on the cohesivity of the region. We use neoliberal theses, specifically the green economy, to explain this. In this paper, we argue that optimistically, clean energy will bring positive impact towards regional cohesion in economics and policy terms. The cohesion itself is the result of the stepping up of ASEAN’s clean energy cooperation and the growth of intra-regional trade in that respective area. Aside from that, institutionalists also argue that institutions—in this case ASEAN—may change the state’s behavior. Nevertheless, there are few things to note if ASEAN sought to accelerate their energy transition: national interest, the involvement of great powers, the inequality in technology distribution, and the overshadowment in global investment to China, India, and Brazil due to their potential.
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Woodhead, Martin, Paul Dornan, and Helen Murray. "What Inequality means for Children." International Journal of Children’s Rights 22, no. 3 (October 27, 2014): 467–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718182-02203006.
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Understanding how poverty and inequalities impact on children is the major goal of Young Lives, a unique longitudinal, mixed-methods study. Two cohorts totaling 12,000 children are being tracked since 2001, growing-up in Ethiopia, the state of Andhra Pradesh (ap) India, Peru and Vietnam. Earlier versions of this paper were prepared as Young Lives contribution to a unicef/un Women consultation on the post-2015 Development agenda (www.worldwewant2015.org/inequalities) and published as Woodhead, Dornan and Murray (2013). We summarise Young Lives evidence to date on eight research issues that are central to any child rights agenda: 1. How inequalities interact in their impact on children’s development and the vulnerability of the most disadvantaged households. 2. The ways inequalities rapidly undermine the development of human potential. 3. How gender differences interconnect with other inequalities, but do not always advantage boys in Young Lives countries. 4. The links between poverty, early ‘stunting’, and later outcomes, including psycho-social functioning, as well as emerging evidence that some children recover. 5. Inequalities that open up during the later years of childhood, linked to transitions around leaving school, working, and anticipating marriage etc. 6. Children’s own perceptions of poverty and inequality, as these shape their well-being and long-term prospects. 7. Evidence of the growing significance of education, including the ways school systems can increase as well as reduce inequalities. 8. The potential of social protection programmes in poverty alleviation. We conclude that since inequalities are multidimensional, so too must be the response. Equitable growth policies, education and health services, underpinned by effective social protection, all have a role to play.
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Sahasranaman, Anand, and Henrik Jeldtoft Jensen. "Dynamics of reallocation within India’s income distribution." Indian Economic Review 56, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41775-021-00109-6.
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AbstractIt is well known that inequality has been rising in India in the recent past, but the assumption has been that while the rich benefit more than proportionally from economic growth, the poor are also better off than before. Our modelled outcomes (using the RGBM framework) cast doubt on this proposition. We find that the income share dynamics are consistent with a negative reallocation since the early 2000s, i.e., the Indian income distribution possibly entered a regime of perverse redistribution of resources from the poor to the rich. Our model suggests that the historically low-income shares of the bottom decile (~ 1%) and bottom percentile (~ 0.03%) are possibly due to a decline in real incomes in the 2000s. We find qualified support for these theoretical predictions using income distribution data. We characterize these findings in the context of increasing informalization of the workforce in the formal manufacturing and service sectors as well as the growing economic insecurity of the agricultural workforce in India. Significant structural changes will be required to address this phenomenon.
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Kumar, Pradeep, Shobhit Srivastava, Shekhar Chauhan, Ratna Patel, Strong P. Marbaniang, and Preeti Dhillon. "Associated factors and socio-economic inequality in the prevalence of thinness and stunting among adolescent boys and girls in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, India." PLOS ONE 16, no. 2 (February 24, 2021): e0247526. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0247526.
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Background Despite economic growth observed in developing countries, under-nutrition still continues to be a major health problem. Undernutrition in adolescence can disrupt normal growth and puberty development and may have long-term impact. Therefore, it is important to study the undernutrition among adolescents. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and the associated factors of stunting, thinness and the coexistence of both (stunting and thinness) among the adolescent belonging to Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, India. Methods The study utilized data from Understanding the Lives of Adolescents and Young Adults (UDAYA) project survey, which was conducted in two Indian states Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, in 2016 by Population Council under the guidance of Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India. Utilizing information on 20,594 adolescents aged 10–19 years (adolescent boys-5,969 and adolescent girls-14,625), the study examined three outcome variables, i.e., thinness, stunting, and co-existence of both. The study used descriptive and bivariate analysis. Furthermore, the study examined income-related inequality in stunting and thinness through concentration index. At last, the study used Wagstaff decomposition analysis to decompose the concentration index. Results The prevalence of thinness was higher among adolescent boys as compared to girls (25.8 per cent vs. 13.1 per cent). However, stunting was more prevalent among girls (25.6 per cent) than in boys (39.3 per cent). The odds of stunting were higher among late adolescents [Boys- OR:1.79; CI: 1.39, 2.30] and [Girls- OR: 2.25; CI: 1.90,2.67], uneducated adolescents [Boys- OR:2.90; CI: 1.67, 5.05] and [Girls- OR: 1.82; CI: 1.44,2.30], and poorest adolescents [Boys- OR:2.54; CI: 1.80, 3.58] and [Girls- OR: 1.79; CI: 1.38,2.32]. Similarly age, educational status, working status and wealth index were significantly associated with thinness among adolescent boys and girls. Media exposure [Boys- OR: 11.8% and Girls- 58.1%] and Wealth index [Boys: 80.1% and Girls: 66.2%] contributed significantly to the inequality in the prevalence of thinness among adolescents. Similarly, wealth index [Boys: 85.2% and Girls: 84.1%] was the only significant contributor to the inequality in the prevalence of stunting among adolescents. Conclusion The study provides an understanding that stunting and thinness is a significant public health concern among adolescents, and there is a need to tackle the issue comprehensively. By tackling the issue comprehensively, we mean that the state government of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar shall screen, assess, and monitor the nutritional status of adolescent boys and girls. The interventions shall focus towards both boys as well as girl adolescents, and particular emphasis should be given to adolescents who belonged to poor households. Also, efforts should be taken by stakeholders to increase family wealth status.
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Mukhopadhyay, Simantini. "Health and Well-Being in India: A Quantitative Analysis of Inequality in Outcomes and Opportunities." Journal of Human Development and Capabilities 20, no. 4 (April 3, 2019): 490–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19452829.2019.1600787.
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Newbigin, Eleanor. "The codification of personal law and secular citizenship." Indian Economic & Social History Review 46, no. 1 (January 2009): 83–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001946460804600105.
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Recent debates about personal law and a uniform civil code in India have seen both Hindu and Muslim leaders insist on the ‘religious’ status of Muslim law vis-à-vis a more secular or ‘civil’ Hindu legal system. This article argues that such claims obscure very important similarities in the development and functioning of these legal systems. Tracing the origins of the current debate to late nineteenth and early twentieth-century debates about law reform, it argues that the systems of personal law in operation in India today are the outcome of late colonial attempts by Hindu and Muslim male reformers to alter their legal systems in ways that served their own interests. The ways in which they succeeded in securing these ends were very different; colonial constructions of Hindu and Muslim religious practices, and later partition, shaped the context within which male reformers sought to assert their claims, before the state and their own religious communities. Thus, far from marking an inherent difference between Hindu and Muslim law, claims about the ‘civil’ or ‘religious’ status of the legal systems serve in both cases to underpin particular forms of patriarchal authority and gender inequality.
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Purohit, Brijesh C. "Budgetary Expenditure on Health and Human Development in India." International Journal of Population Research 2012 (September 18, 2012): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/914808.
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This study aims at analyzing the differentials across rich and poor states and across rich and poorer strata and rural urban segments of 19 major Indian states. The study indicates that besides individual health financing policies of the respective state governments, there are significant disparities even between rural and urban strata and rich and poorer sections of the society. These are indicated by high inequality coefficients and an emerging pattern of life style second generation health problems as well as levels of utilization of both preventive and curative care both in public and private sectors. Our results emphasise that there is a need to increase public expenditure on health, improve efficiency in utilization of existing public facilities, and popularize government run health insurance schemes meant primarily for the poor. These steps may help to mitigate partly the inequitable outcomes.
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Roy, Avijit, Margubur Rahaman, Mihir Adhikary, Nanigopal Kapasia, Pradip Chouhan, and Kailash Chandra Das. "Unveiling the spatial divide in open defecation practices across India: an application of spatial regression and Fairlie decomposition model." BMJ Open 13, no. 7 (July 2023): e072507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2023-072507.
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ObjectiveThe study contextualises the spatial heterogeneity and associated drivers of open defecation (OD) in India.DesignThe present study involved a secondary cross-sectional survey data from the fifth round of the National Family Health Survey conducted during 2019–2021 in India. We mapped the spatial heterogeneity of OD practices using LISA clustering techniques and assessed the critical drivers of OD using multivariate regression models. Fairlie decomposition model was used to identify the factors responsible for developing OD hot spots and cold spots.Setting and participantsThe study was conducted in India and included 636 699 sampled households within 36 states and union territories covering 707 districts of India.Primary and secondary outcome measuresThe outcome measure was the prevalence of OD.ResultsThe prevalence of OD was almost 20%, with hot spots primarily located in the north-central belts of the country. The rural–urban (26% vs 6%), illiterate-higher educated (32% vs 4%) and poor-rich (52% vs 2%) gaps in OD were very high. The odds of OD were 2.7 and 1.9 times higher in rural areas and households without water supply service on premises compared with their counterparts. The spatial error model identified households with an illiterate head (coefficient=0.50, p=0.001) as the leading spatially linked predictor of OD, followed by the poorest (coefficient=0.31, p=0.001) and the Hindu (coefficient=0.10, p=0.001). The high-high and low-low cluster inequality in OD was 38%, with household wealth quintile (67%) found to be the most significant contributing factor, followed by religion (22.8%) and level of education (6%).ConclusionThe practice of OD is concentrated in the north-central belt of India and is particularly among the poor, illiterate and socially backward groups. Policy measures should be taken to improve sanitation practices, particularly in high-focus districts and among vulnerable groups, by adopting multispectral and multisectoral approaches.
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Anushree, K. N., and S. Madheswaran. "Inequalities in Health Outcomes: Evidence from NSS Data." Journal of Health Management 21, no. 1 (February 21, 2019): 85–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0972063418822567.
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Health is a systemic entity and inequalities in health outcomes not only limit an individual’s potential to contribute to the economy but also inhibits one from living one’s life to the fullest potential, affecting one’s own well-being and social welfare at large. The purpose of this study is to assess the magnitude of inequalities in health outcomes and to explain the contribution of different factors to the overall inequality. Using the data of National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO) 60th (2004) and 71st (2014) rounds for the analysis, the health outcome of interest was self-reported morbidity captured in the survey with 15 days recall period. Socio-economic status was measured by per capita monthly expenditure, and the concentration index is used as a measure of socio-economic health inequalities and is decomposed into its contributing factors. Our findings show that high-level inequalities in self-reported morbidity were largely concentrated among wealthier groups in India. On the other hand, even though the inequalities in self-reported morbidity were more among the wealthier groups for Karnataka, yet the magnitude of inequalities in reported morbidity was low for both the years. Decomposition analysis shows that inequalities in reported morbidity are particularly associated with demographic, economic and geographical factors.
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Singh, D. P., Srei Chanda, L. K. Dwivedi, Priyanka Dixit, and Somnath Jana. "Importance of Caste-Based Headcounts: An Analysis of Caste Specific Demographics Transition in India." CASTE / A Global Journal on Social Exclusion 4, no. 1 (May 15, 2023): 75–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.26812/caste.v4i1.497.
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Caste has always been a subject of socio-political segregation in India. Inequality across caste is prominent for varying health and development outcomes, which is a subject less researched till date. Four rounds of National Family Health Surveys (1–4) conducted in the last 25 years are analysed to portray the fertility and mortality differentials across castes/ tribes. The article signifies, that distinct inter and intra-caste differences in association with the region of residence are present that must be taken into consideration while understanding the health outcomes. Despite a decline in the fertility and child mortality rates in India, caste-wise differentials suggests that the decline is associated with the socio-economic position and transition experienced by these groups. Though schemes and benefits are targeted towards backwards castes, however, sub-castes under each caste are far from realization of those benefits at equal pace. Realization of the developmental processes among castes is a matter of proper enumeration and intricate research that rationalize the distributive and affirmative policies of India.
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Sharma, Manju, and Sandeep Kumar. "Geographical Appraisal of Gender Disparity and Progress in Literacy of Haryana, India." Indonesian Journal of Geography 52, no. 2 (August 24, 2020): 280. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijg.50231.
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The present research relates to the northern state of Haryana in India and to find out the objective of advancement and the existing gender gap in literacy with identification of responsible factors, the study uses the secondary data obtained from different censuses of India, National Crime Record Bureau and various other related sources. The disparity index is calculated to examine the gender gap in literacy whereas the correlation coefficient is used to ascertain its relationship with major determinants. Though the country and the state have achieved a reputed position with the literacy rate of 74.04 and 75.55 per cent respectively in 2011 yet inequality in the learning of male-female is a matter of concern for both entities. The figure for the district Mewat (which also lies at bottom in overall literacy as per ongoing census data) shows more discrimination in male-female learning, as here the male literacy rate is approximate to the double (69.97 per cent versus 36.60 per cent) of the females. To some extent, in areas like Mewat, Palwal and Fatehabad this discrimination is an outcome of societal stances, religion, fiscal or ethnical determinants and cultural stereotype as these factors of the environs have a direct or indirect association with literacy. So to ensure the equality and quality in education in basic or compulsory education, there is a need for massive investment on resources with communal awareness regarding significance as well as claptrap obstacles in the way of the learning.
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Yadav, Arvind Kumar, and Pabitra Kumar Jena. "Maternal health outcomes of socially marginalized groups in India." International Journal of Health Care Quality Assurance 33, no. 2 (February 28, 2020): 172–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijhcqa-08-2018-0212.
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PurposeThe present study delves into the health inequalities between the two most socially deprived groups namely Scheduled Tribes (STs) and Scheduled Castes (SCs) in rural India.Design/methodology/approachThis study used health-specific three rounds of National Sample Survey Office (NSSO) unit-level data for analyses. Probit model has been used to predict the differences in access to maternal healthcare services. Blinder–Oaxaca decomposition method is used to explore the inequality in health of rural population in India and assess the estimated relative contribution of socioeconomic and demographic factors to inequalities in maternal health.FindingsThe study establishes that STs women often perform poorly compared to SCs in terms of maternal health such as antenatal care, postnatal care and institutional delivery. Blinder–Oaxaca decomposition method shows that there exist health inequalities between STs and SCs women. Difference in household income contributes 21–34 percent and women's education 19–24 percent in the gap of utilization of maternal healthcare services between SCs and STs women. A substantial part of this difference is contributed by availability of water at home and geographical region. Finally, the study offers some policy suggestions in order to mitigate the health inequalities among socially marginalized groups of SCs and STs women in rural areas.Originality/valueThis study measures and explains inequalities in maternal health variables such as antenatal care, postnatal care and institutional delivery in rural India. Research on access to maternal healthcare facilities is needed to improve the health of deprived sections such as STs and SCs in India. The results of this study pinpoint the need for public health decision-makers in India to concentrate on the most deprived and vulnerable sections of the society. This study thus makes a detailed and tangible contribution to the current knowledge of health inequalities between the two most deprived social groups, i.e., SCs and STs.
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Thakkar, Nandan, Prima Alam, and Deepak Saxena. "Factors associated with underutilization of antenatal care in India: Results from 2019–2021 National Family Health Survey." PLOS ONE 18, no. 5 (May 8, 2023): e0285454. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0285454.
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Introduction Despite progress in recent years, full antenatal care utilization in India continues to be relatively low and inequitable, particularly between states and districts. In 2015–2016, for example, only 51% of women aged 15–49 in India attended antenatal care at least four times during pregnancy. Using data from the fifth iteration of India’s National Family Health Survey, our study aims to explore factors related to the underutilization of antenatal care in India. Materials and methods Data from the most recent live birth in the past five years among women aged 15–49 years were included in our analysis (n = 172,702). Our outcome variable was “adequate antenatal care visits”, defined as four or more antenatal visits. Utilizing Andersen’s behavioral model, 14 factors were identified as possible explanatory variables. We used univariate and multivariate binary logistic regression models to analyze the association between explanatory variables and adequate visits. Associations were considered statistically significant if p<0.05. Results Of the 172,702 women in our sample, 40.75% (95% CI: 40.31–41.18%) had an inadequate number of antenatal care visits. In multivariate analysis, women with less formal education, from poorer households and more rural areas had higher odds of inadequate visits. Regionally, women from Northeastern and Central states had higher odds of inadequate antenatal care utilization compared to those from Southern states. Caste, birth order, and pregnancy intention were also among the variables associated with utilization of antenatal care. Discussion Despite improvements in antenatal care utilization, there is cause for concern. Notably, the percentage of Indian women receiving adequate antenatal care visits is still below the global average. Our analysis also reveals a continuity in the groups of women at highest risk for inadequate visits, which may be due to structural drivers of inequality in healthcare access. To improve maternal health and access to antenatal care services, interventions aimed at poverty alleviation, infrastructure development, and education should be pursued.
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Raman, Rajiv, Ramachandran Rajalakshmi, Janani Surya, Radha Ramakrishnan, Sobha Sivaprasad, Dolores Conroy, Jitendra Pal Thethi, V. Mohan, and Gopalakrishnan Netuveli. "Impact on health and provision of healthcare services during the COVID-19 lockdown in India: a multicentre cross-sectional study." BMJ Open 11, no. 1 (January 2021): e043590. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-043590.
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IntroductionThe COVID-19 pandemic resulted in a national lockdown in India from midnight on 25 March 2020, with conditional relaxation by phases and zones from 20 April. We evaluated the impact of the lockdown in terms of healthcare provisions, physical health, mental health and social well-being within a multicentre cross-sectional study in India.MethodsThe SMART India study is an ongoing house-to-house survey conducted across 20 regions including 11 states and 1 union territory in India to study diabetes and its complications in the community. During the lockdown, we developed an online questionnaire and delivered it in English and seven popular Indian languages (Hindi, Tamil, Marathi, Telegu, Kannada, Bengali, Malayalam) to random samples of SMART-India participants in two rounds from 5 May 2020 to 24 May 2020. We used multivariable logistic regression to evaluate the overall impact on health and healthcare provision in phases 3 and 4 of lockdown in red and non-red zones and their interactions.ResultsA total of 2003 participants completed this multicentre survey. The bivariate relationships between the outcomes and lockdown showed significant negative associations. In the multivariable analyses, the interactions between the red zones and lockdown showed that all five dimensions of healthcare provision were negatively affected (non-affordability: OR 1.917 (95% CI 1.126 to 3.264), non-accessibility: OR 2.458 (95% CI 1.549 to 3.902), inadequacy: OR 3.015 (95% CI 1.616 to 5.625), inappropriateness: OR 2.225 (95% CI 1.200 to 4.126) and discontinuity of care: OR 6.756 (95% CI 3.79 to 12.042)) and associated depression and social loneliness.ConclusionThe impact of COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown on health and healthcare was negative. The exaggeration of income inequality during lockdown can be expected to extend the negative impacts beyond the lockdown.
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Bishnoi, Sushil Kumar, and Shikha Kapoor. "A case study on fair compensation to hand embroidery workers in India." Research Journal of Textile and Apparel 24, no. 2 (April 10, 2020): 97–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rjta-07-2019-0030.
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Purpose The study aims to focus on developing a methodology of technical calculation for fixation of piece rate for embroidery homeworkers of fashion industry to ensure an ethical livelihood standard. The standardised methodology for wage fixation will ensure better payments for homeworkers with clarity down the supply chain and sustainability of pay scales that will in turn improve the homeworkers’ impecunious living standards. The brands giving living wage will be benefitted in terms of savings on training costs, more stable work force, reliable services and enhancements to the reputation. Design/methodology/approach Interviews of subcontractors and agents down the supply chain in a target region were conducted to know current practice of wage fixation. The influential parameters were work content, basic living expenses and necessary benefits under government policies. Based on the aforementioned parameters, a formula has been generated. The present study is an attempt to develop a standard methodology to be used for piece rate calculation to ensure fair compensation for homeworkers. Impact of increased earnings of home workers on garment free on board cost has also been analysed. Findings As there is no uniformity in methodology used for piece rate calculation, and work content is not considered in calculating piece rate, the wage earned per month by homeworkers, minimum wage and living wage are INR 2,860, 6,998 and 8,007, respectively. Homeworkers receive 54-58 per cent of total embroidery labour cost incurred by suppliers. It can be increased up to 75 per cent, which would result in increasing the wage earned per month by homeworkers to INR 4,000. Originality/value The impact of implementing the outcome of the study will increase the earnings of embroidery homeworkers and reduce wage inequality in women’s favour, as there are more women than men in embroidery homeworking.
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Srivastava, Shobhit, T. Muhammad, Ronak Paul, and Arya Rachel Thomas. "Multivariate decomposition analysis of sex differences in functional difficulty among older adults based on Longitudinal Ageing Study in India, 2017–2018." BMJ Open 12, no. 4 (April 2022): e054661. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-054661.
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ObjectivesThis study investigates the gender disparities in difficulty in activities of daily living (ADL) and instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) and explores its contributing factors among older adults in India.DesignA cross-sectional study was conducted using country representative survey data.Setting and participantsThe present study uses the data from the Longitudinal Ageing Study in India, 2017–2018. Participants included 15 098 male and 16 366 female older adults aged 60 years and above in India.Primary and secondary outcome measuresDifficulty in ADL and IADL were the outcome variables. Descriptive statistics and bivariate analysis were carried out to present the preliminary results. Multivariate decomposition analysis was used to identify the contributions of covariates that explain the group differences to average predictions.ResultsThere was a significant gender differential in difficulty in ADL (difference: 4.6%; p value<0.001) and IADL (difference: 17.3%; p value<0.001). The multivariate analysis also shows significant gender inequality in difficulty in ADL (coefficient: 0.046; p value<0.001) and IADL (coefficient: 0.051; p value<0.001). The majority of the gender gap in difficulty in ADL was accounted by the male–female difference in levels of work status (18%), formal education (15% contribution), marital status (13%), physical activity (9%), health status (8%) and chronic morbidity prevalence (5%), respectively. Equivalently, the major contributors to the gender gap in difficulty in IADL were the level of formal education (28% contribution), marital status (10%), alcohol consumption (9%), health status (4% contribution) and chronic morbidity prevalence (2% contribution).ConclusionDue to the rapidly increasing ageing population, early detection and prevention of disability or preservation of daily functioning for older adults and women in particular should be the highest priority for physicians and health decision-makers.
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Mukhopadhyay, Ujjaini. "Trade liberalization and gender inequality: role of social norms." Indian Growth and Development Review 11, no. 1 (April 9, 2018): 2–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/igdr-07-2017-0051.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the effects of trade liberalization on gender earning differentials and female labour force participation by considering the interaction between changes in relative wages, intra-household bargaining power and social norms. Design/methodology/approach A three-sector general equilibrium model is developed where female labour supply is determined as a collective household decision and depends on male and female wages and intra-household power distribution. On the other hand, the effect of power distribution on female labour supply depends on social norms. Findings Comparative static analysis shows that a tariff cut may reduce female labour force participation and widen gender earning inequality if (i) the agricultural sector is more male labour-intensive than the informal sector, and the marginal utility of the woman from household work is higher than that of the man or (ii) the agricultural sector is more female labour-intensive than the informal sector, and the marginal utility of the woman’s household work is higher to the man than the woman. Policies to raise the empowerment of women might lead to favourable labour market outcomes for women if the marginal utility of the woman’s household work is higher to the man than the woman irrespective of the factor intensity condition. Research limitations/implications The results signify that the effect of trade liberalization hinges on both factor intensity conditions and the relative work preferences of women vis-à-vis men, which in turn is shaped by social norms. Originality/value The paper contributes to the scant theoretical literature on labour market consequences of trade liberalization by considering the gender equality implications of trade liberalization from a supply side perspective. The results of the model are used to explain the recent gendered labour market consequences in India in the aftermath of trade liberalization.
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Arora, Amit, Anshu Arora, Julius Anyu, and John R. McIntyre. "Global Value Chains’ Disaggregation through Supply Chain Collaboration, Market Turbulence, and Performance Outcomes." Sustainability 13, no. 8 (April 8, 2021): 4151. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13084151.
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This research examines supply chain collaboration effects on organizational performance in global value chain (GVC) infrastructure by focusing on GVC disaggregation, market turbulence, inequality, market globalization, product diversity, exploitation, and technological breakthroughs. The research strives to develop a better understanding of global value chains through relational view, behavioral, and contingency theories along with institutional and stakeholder theories of supply chains. Based on conflicting insights from these theories, this research investigates how relationships and operational outcomes of collaboration fare when market turbulence is present. Data is obtained and analyzed from focal firms that are engaged in doing business in emerging markets (e.g., India), and headquartered in the United States. We investigate relational outcomes (e.g., trust, credibility, mutual respect, and relationship commitment) among supply chain partners, and found that these relational outcomes result in better operational outcomes (e.g., profitability, market share increase, revenue generation, etc.). From managerial standpoint, supply chain managers should focus on relational outcomes that can strengthen operational outcomes in GVCs resulting in stronger organizational performance. The research offers valuable insights for theory and practice of global value chains by focusing on the GVC disaggregation through the measurement of market turbulence, playing a key role in the success of collaborative buyer–supplier relationships (with a focus on US companies doing business in India) leading to an overall improved firm performance.
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Sahoo, Soham, and Stephan Klasen. "Gender Segregation in Education: Evidence From Higher Secondary Stream Choice in India." Demography 58, no. 3 (March 25, 2021): 987–1010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00703370-9101042.
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Abstract This paper investigates gender-based segregation across different fields of study at the senior secondary level of schooling in a large developing country. We use a nationally representative longitudinal data set from India to analyze the extent and determinants of gender gap in higher secondary stream choice. Using fixed-effects regressions that control for unobserved heterogeneity at the regional and household levels, we find that girls are about 20 percentage points less likely than boys to study in science (STEM) and commerce streams as compared with humanities. This gender disparity is unlikely to be driven by gender-specific differences in cognitive ability, given that the gap remains large and significant even after we control for individuals' past test scores. We establish the robustness of these estimates through various sensitivity analyses: including sibling fixed effects, considering intrahousehold relationships among individuals, and addressing sample selection issues. Disaggregating the effect on separate streams, we find that girls are most underrepresented in the study of science. Our findings indicate that gender inequality in economic outcomes, such as occupational segregation and gender pay gaps, is determined by gendered trajectories set much earlier in the life course, especially at the school level.
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Zuijdwijk, Ton. "TRIPS and COVID-19 Vaccines: The New WTO TRIPS COVID-19 Waiver." Global Trade and Customs Journal 17, Issue 11/12 (November 1, 2022): 452–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2022064.
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The COVID-19 pandemic (coronavirus disease, previously known as novel coronavirus 2019) and the inequality of access to COVID-19 vaccines generated a proposal for a waiver by the World Trade Organization (WTO) of broad sections of the Agreement on Trade-Related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS), on a time-limited basis. India and South Africa presented a proposal to that effect in October 2020. The text proposed was controversial, led to considerable debate in the TRIPS Council and eventually led to a lengthy stand-off in the TRIPS Council, from October 2020 until May 2021. The European Union and the United States were the principal (but not the only) WTO Members opposing this proposal. Following the transition from the Trump Administration to the Biden Administration, the United States changed its position on a possible TRIPS COVID-19 waiver (in May 2021) and declared its willingness to engage in text-based negotiations. That prompted India and South Africa, together with other co-sponsors, to produce a somewhat revised version of their earlier proposal. Shortly after the change in the US position, the European Union presented an alternative proposal for a WTO COVID-19 waiver, in June 2021. It was only in the period of December 2021 to March 2022 that serious negotiations on the text of a TRIPS COVID-19 waiver took off, initially in ‘high-level group’, consisting of India, South Africa, the European Union and the United States. The outcome of these negotiations was taken to the TRIPS Council and resulted eventually in the adoption of a TRIPS COVID-19 waiver decision by the WTO Ministerial Conference, in June 2022. This article tracks the different proposals for a TRIPS waiver through their various phases, in a broader WTO and TRIPS context. It also evaluates the contributions of the different proposals to the final text of the TRIPS COVID-19 waiver decision and arrives at some conclusions as to the merits and significance of the resulting waiver. WTO, TRIPS, Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization, WTO Agreement, waiver
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Sivaprasad, Sobha, Vasudeva Iyer Sahasranamam, Simon George, Rajeev Sadanandan, Bipin Gopal, Lakshmi Premnazir, Dolores Conroy, et al. "Burden of Diabetic Retinopathy amongst People with Diabetes Attending Primary Care in Kerala: Nayanamritham Project." Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 24 (December 16, 2021): 5903. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10245903.
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Background: The burden of diabetic retinopathy (DR) in people attending the public health sector in India is unclear. Thirty percent of the population in India is reliant on public healthcare. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of DR and its risk factors in people with diabetes in the non-communicable disease registers who were attending the family health centres (FHCs) in the Thiruvananthapuram district in Kerala. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted over 12 months in 2019 within the framework of a pilot district-wide teleophthalmology DR screening programme. The age- and gender-adjusted prevalence of any DR and sight-threatening DR (STDR) in the whole sample, considering socio-demography, lifestyle and known clinical risk groups, are reported. Results: A total of 4527 out of 5307 (85.3%) screened in the FHCs had gradable retinal images in at least one eye. The age and gender standardised prevalence for any DR was 17.4% (95% CI 15.1, 19.7), and STDR was 3.3% (95% CI 2.1, 4.5). Ages 41–70 years, males, longer diabetes duration, hyperglycaemia and hypertension, insulin users and lower socio-economic status were associated with both DR outcomes. Conclusions: The burden of DR and its risk factors in this study highlights the need to implement DR screening programs within primary care to reduce health inequality.
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Ghose, Bishwajit. "Household Wealth Gradient in Low Birthweight in India: A Cross-Sectional Analysis." Children 10, no. 7 (July 24, 2023): 1271. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children10071271.
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A low birthweight is a common complication that can result from numerous physiological, environmental, and socioeconomic factors, and can put babies at an increased risk for health issues such as breathing difficulties, developmental delays, and even death in severe cases. In this analysis, I aim to assess the differences in the burden of low birthweight based on household wealth status in India using data from the latest National Family Health Survey (NFHS 2019–21). The sample population includes 161,596 mother–child dyads. A low birthweight is defined as a weight that is <2500 g at birth. I used descriptive and multivariate regression analyses in R studio to analyse the data. The findings show that 16.86% of the babies had a low birthweight. At the state level, the percentage of low birthweights ranges from 3.85% in Nagaland to 21.81% in Punjab. The mean birthweights range from 2759.68 g in the poorest, 2808.01 g in the poorer, 2838.17 g in the middle, 2855.06 g in the richer, and 2871.30 g in the richest wealth quintile households. The regression analysis indicates that higher wealth index quintiles have progressively lower risks of low birthweight, with the association being stronger in the rural areas. Compared with the poorest wealth quintile households, the risk ratio of low birthweight was 0.90 times lower for the poorer households and 0.74 times lower for the richest households. These findings indicate that household wealth condition is an important predictor of low birthweight by which low-income households are disproportionately affected. As wealth inequality continues to rise in India, health policymakers must take the necessary measures to support the vulnerable populations in order to improve maternal and infant health outcomes.
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Mazenda, Adrino, and Priviledge Cheteni. "Governance and economic welfare: A BRICS panel analysis." Journal of Governance and Regulation 10, no. 2, special issue (2021): 290–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/jgrv10i2siart9.
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An effective governance structure is central to growth, sustainable development and equal income distribution (economic welfare) (Glass & Newig, 2020). Brazil-Russia-India-China-South Africa (BRICS) countries differ in governance structure with varying outcomes on economic welfare. This article explores the extent to which governance impacts economic welfare in BRICS countries viewed as an emerging powerhouse, with significant growth prospects — yet distinct in their governance systems, and income variability amongst its population. The article utilised panel static models (pooled ordinary least squares (OLS) and fixed effects (FEs) estimator) from 1996 to 2019 to investigate the effects of governance proxied by the World Bank World Governance Indicators (WGI) on economic welfare (proxied from two channels): quantitative (output stock/economic growth) and qualitative (reduced income inequality). The two channels combine the ordinary measure of welfare: gross domestic product (GDP), a proxy for economic growth, household and income distribution, and a proxy for income inequality drawing (Heys, 2019). The findings revealed that governance produced varying results on the economic welfare in BRICS. Democratic countries which practise good governance principles (South Africa and Brazil) had a negative economic welfare effect from both channels compared to one-party states, such as China and Russia. Therefore, the findings invalidate the null hypothesis that good governance is a catalyst for economic welfare. Sound policies, especially on structural change and equitable income distribution are necessary to enhance economic welfare in BRICS countries. The article is relevant and discloses iterations of the distinction between good governance and sound policy implications on developing nations’ economic welfare.
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Nguyen, Phuong Hong, Samuel Scott, Derek Headey, Nishmeet Singh, Lan Mai Tran, Purnima Menon, and Marie T. Ruel. "The double burden of malnutrition in India: Trends and inequalities (2006–2016)." PLOS ONE 16, no. 2 (February 25, 2021): e0247856. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0247856.
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Rapid urban expansion has important health implications. This study examines trends and inequalities in undernutrition and overnutrition by gender, residence (rural, urban slum, urban non-slum), and wealth among children and adults in India. We used National Family Health Survey data from 2006 and 2016 (n = 311,182 children 0-5y and 972,192 adults 15-54y in total). We calculated differences, slope index of inequality (SII) and concentration index to examine changes over time and inequalities in outcomes by gender, residence, and wealth quintile. Between 2006 and 2016, child stunting prevalence dropped from 48% to 38%, with no gender differences in trends, whereas child overweight/obesity remained at ~7–8%. In both years, stunting prevalence was higher in rural and urban slum households compared to urban non-slum households. Within-residence, wealth inequalities were large for stunting (SII: -33 to -19 percentage points, pp) and declined over time only in urban non-slum households. Among adults, underweight prevalence decreased by ~13 pp but overweight/obesity doubled (10% to 21%) between 2006 and 2016. Rises in overweight/obesity among women were greater in rural and urban slum than urban non-slum households. Within-residence, wealth inequalities were large for both underweight (SII -35 to -12pp) and overweight/obesity (+16 to +29pp) for adults, with the former being more concentrated among poorer households and the latter among wealthier households. In conclusion, India experienced a rapid decline in child and adult undernutrition between 2006 and 2016 across genders and areas of residence. Of great concern, however, is the doubling of adult overweight/obesity in all areas during this period and the rise in wealth inequalities in both rural and urban slum households. With the second largest urban population globally, India needs to aggressively tackle the multiple burdens of malnutrition, especially among rural and urban slum households and develop actions to maintain trends in undernutrition reduction without exacerbating the rapidly rising problems of overweight/obesity.
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Spoer, Ben R., Filippa Juul, Pei Yang Hsieh, Lorna E. Thorpe, Marc N. Gourevitch, and Stella Yi. "Neighborhood-level Asian American Populations, Social Determinants of Health, and Health Outcomes in 500 US Cities." Ethnicity & Disease 31, no. 3 (July 15, 2021): 433–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.18865/ed.31.3.433.
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Introduction: The US Asian American (AA) population is projected to double by 2050, reaching ~43 million, and currently resides primarily in urban areas. Despite this, the geographic distribution of AA subgroup populations in US cities is not well-characterized, and social determinants of health (SDH) and health measures in places with significant AA/AA subgroup populations have not been described. Our research aimed to: 1) map the geographic distribution of AAs and AA subgroups at the city- and neighborhood- (census tract) level in 500 large US cities (population ≥66,000); 2) characterize SDH and health outcomes in places with significant AA or AA subgroup populations; and 3) compare SDH and health outcomes in places with significant AA or AA subgroup populations to SDH and health outcomes in places with significant non-Hispanic White (NHW) populations.Methods: Maps were generated using 2019 Census 5-year estimates. SDH and health outcome data were obtained from the City Health Dashboard, a free online data platform providing more than 35 measures of health and health drivers at the city and neighborhood level. T-tests compared SDH (unemployment, high-school completion, childhood poverty, income inequality, racial/ ethnic segregation, racial/ethnic diversity, percent uninsured) and health outcomes (obesity, frequent mental distress, cardiovascular disease mortality, life expectancy) in cities/neighborhoods with significant AA/AA subgroup populations to SDH and health outcomes in cities/neighborhoods with significant NHW populations (significant was defined as top population proportion quintile). We analyzed AA subgroups including Indian, Chinese, Filipino, Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese, and Other AA.Results: The count and proportion of AA/ AA subgroup populations varied substantially across and within cities. When comparing cities with significant AA/AA subgroup populations vs NHW populations, there were few meaningful differences in SDH and health outcomes. However, when comparing neighborhoods within cities, areas with significant AA/AA subgroup vs NHW populations had less favorable SDH and health outcomes.Conclusion: When comparing places with significant AA vs NHW populations, city-level data obscured substantial variation in neighborhood-level SDH and health outcome measures. Our findings emphasize the dual importance of granular spatial and AA subgroup data in assessing the influence of SDH in AA populations.Ethn Dis. 2021;31(3):433-444; doi:10.18865/ed.31.3.433
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Mukherjee, Sacchidananda, and Debashis Chakraborty. "Can Economic Development Influence General Election Outcomes? Evidence from Consumption Expenditure Trends of Indian States." Journal of Development Policy and Practice 2, no. 2 (July 2017): 131–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2455133317703206.
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India left aside the economic philosophy of the import-substitution-led growth model in 1991, and increasingly integrated itself with the world economy. 1 1 The views expressed by the authors are personal and in no way represent the same of their respective institutes. While the country’s GDP growth is commendable in global comparison, devolution of actual development at the state level is a relevant research question. It is argued that India’s poor growth prospect in recent times is a result of the counterproductive policies adopted over the last decade, particularly since 2009. The present analysis contributes to this debate by exploring two key questions. First, it enquires how the government’s social sector policies, measured by inflation-adjusted average per capita social sector expenditure (PCSSE) and per capita grants-in-aid disbursement (PCGAD), contribute to economic development, as reflected through inflation and inequality-adjusted monthly per capita consumption expenditure (MPCE), across various states over the last two decades. Second, the paper also attempts to explain the influence of development dynamics, as reflected through growth in MPCE, on general election outcomes. The analysis indicates that government policies in the social sector influence the development process, which in turn may affect general election outcomes. Given these findings, it is argued that there is room for introspection on recent restructuring of centre–state financial devolutions.
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Ravichandran, N., S. Shivangi, and B. Rakesh. "Spatial mapping and enshrined capacity: Assessment of COVID-19 servicing Indian hospitals." CURRENT MEDICAL AND DRUG RESEARCH 5, no. 01 (May 25, 2021): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.53517/cmdr.2581-5008.512021214.
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In Public health crises like COVID-19, healthcare services alone won‟t essentially cause the well-liked changes within the health status and outcome. Human resources with needed competency for managing healthcare crisis could be a challenge, and can‟t be over accentuated. A systemic approach adopted to analyze knowledge, management, and delivery of COVID-19 services in the Indian context while the concentration curve alongside regression statistical techniques was used to examine the nature of competency and skill variations among the health-functionaries. Training processes on COVID-19 aren‟t streamlined and systematic. The method of organizing a training programme depends upon the need-based mostly. This mirrored within the variability of health-functionaries reported with adverse events, infected with the coronavirus. Several COVID-19 strategies focused on healthcare-functionaries and its associated front-liners to save lots of lives and alter the lifestyles of the population. The stigmatized COVID-19 disease brutally distanced the frontline health-workers and socially distanced the sufferers' delay in reporting, with heightened morbidity and mortality. Training is just on information rather than on competencies for action. The quality training and the level of community-based health intervention flaunted not to expect health functionaries to perform expectedly. Training-competency and skills-related inequality and inequity in health exist. There‟s a necessity to sources information equitably to empower the healthcare providers to deliver service effectively.
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Kareemulla, K., Pandian Krishnan, S. Ravichandran, B. Ganesh Kumar, Sweety Sharma, and Ramachandra Bhatta. "Spatiotemporal Analysis of Size and Equity in Ownership Dynamics of Agricultural Landholdings in India Vis-à-Vis the World." Sustainability 13, no. 18 (September 13, 2021): 10225. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su131810225.
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The increasing threat to sustainable agriculture is a major concern of planners worldwide. Human population growth together with increasing food requirements and competition for land use is leading to land scarcity for agricultural purposes. Farm size influences the extent of the adoption of mechanization and modern methods of farm management practices, which in turn results in increased productivity, production efficiency and agricultural income. We studied changes in macroeconomic factors such as dependency on agriculture, growth of the sector, the pattern of landholdings and tenure rights across major agriculturally important countries, as well as the priority of agriculture for the national economy (i.e., the share of agriculture in the national income) and its relationship to changes in farm size. The data on the percentage of area under farming, population growth, size of the agricultural workforce and other social dimensions from 24 countries of different geographical sizes were analysed. We used parameters such as the extent of changes in cropland, family-owned land, the agricultural workforce and their productivity, number of holdings and their distribution, women-headed holdings and finally total and per capita agricultural income, and measured the changes over time and space. The published data from national and international sources were used to establish the relationship between farm size and farm efficiency measured through the selected parameters. The results clearly establish that the size of farm holdings had an inverse relationship with the population dependent on agriculture, share of agriculture in national income and tenure rights. Australia had the largest average agricultural landholding (3243 ha), while India and Bangladesh had the lowest (1.3 and 0.3 ha, respectively). The inequality in the distribution of farmland ownership was greater in developed countries than in developing countries. Female farmland ownership was less than 20% in most developing countries and the relationship between the number of farm households and farm outcomes was found to have weakened over time. India, a developing as well as an agriculturally important country, was subjected to detailed analysis to understand the spatiotemporal dynamics of the size, distribution and ownership patterns of agricultural landholding.