Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Inequality of outcome- India'
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Kumar, Utsav. "Essays on inequality and reforms evidence from India /." College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/7164.
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Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2007.Thesis research directed by: Economics. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
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Stewart, Ross King. "Income Inequality and Economic Growth: The Case of India." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Ramon Llull, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/117362.
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L'entorn econòmic de l'Índia ha canviat significativament a partir de la seva independència de Gran Bretanya l'any 1947. Després de més de tres dècades de creixement econòmic mediocre, els 80 va marcar el començament d'una nova etapa d'altes taxes de creixement econòmic a partir de noves polítiques econòmiques més orientades a una més competitiva economia de mercat. Tot i la millora en taxes de creixement, aquest model de creixement es basava en gran mesura en un gran protagonisme per part de la despesa pública, el que va precipitar la crisi financera de 1991. Com a resultat d'aquesta crisi i l'assistència proporcionada pel FMI, es van introduir reformes desreguladores i liberalitzadores. La dècada dels 90 va ser acompanyada de taxes de creixement encara més altes que la dècada anterior. En la dècada més recent, els 2000, l'obertura estable de l'economia Índia ha permès taxes de creixement més altes que en les dècades anteriors. Desafortunadament, aquest gran creixement econòmic ha anat acompanyat amb un augment important dels nivells de desigualtat d'ingrés durant aquest mateix període, tant a nivell nacional com entre els estats que formen part de l'Índia. Aquesta tesi es concentra en l'estudi de la relació entre creixement econòmic i desigualtat de l'ingrés, tant a nivell nacional com entre els estats. Aquest projecte de recerca també inclou cobertura exhaustiva respecte a l'evolució d'altres variables macroeconòmiques als dos nivells: nacional i inter-estatal.El entorno económico de la India ha cambiado significativamente a partir de su independencia de Gran Bretaña en el año 1947. Después de más de tres décadas de crecimiento económico mediocre, los 80 marcó el comienzo de una nueva etapa de altas tasas de crecimiento económico a partir de nuevas políticas económicas más orientadas a una más competitiva economía de mercado. A pesar de la mejora en tasas de crecimiento, dicho modelo de crecimiento se basaba en gran medida en un gran protagonismo por parte del gasto público, lo que precipitó la crisis financiera de 1991. Como resultado de dicha crisis, y la asistencia proporcionada por el FMI se introdujeron reformas desreguladoras y liberalizadoras. La década de los 90 fue acompañada de tasas de crecimiento aún más altas que la década anterior. En la década más reciente, los 2000, la apertura estable de la economía India ha permitido tasas de crecimiento más altas que en las décadas anteriores. Desafortunadamente, este gran crecimiento económico ha ido acompañado con un aumento importante de los niveles de desigualdad de ingreso durante este mismo periodo, tanto a nivel nacional como entre los estados que forman parte de la India. Esta tesis se concentra en el estudio de la relación entre crecimiento económico y desigualdad del ingreso, tanto a nivel nacional como entre los estados. Dicho proyecto de investigación también incluye cobertura exhaustiva con respecto a la evolución de otras variables macroeconómicas a los dos niveles: nacional e inter-estatal.
India’s economic climate has experienced significant change since its independence from Great Britain in 1947. After more than three decades of mediocre economic growth, the 1980s ushered in a new era of accelerated growth rates by way of promoting a more efficient pro-business model. Despite the improvement in growth rates, the 1980s were fueled by over zealous public spending, precipitating the well-known financial crisis in 1991. As a result of the crisis, and the IMF supplied aid contingent on the introduction of gradual deregulatory reforms of the Indian economy, the 1990s brought about even greater economic growth rates than the previous decade. Into the 2000s, India’s continued and steady opening has afforded even further acceleration in growth rates. Despite these positive developments in the Indian economy, the unfortunate truth is that income inequality has likewise been increasing over this same period, most notably across the states. This dissertation endeavors to apply the established macroeconomic field dedicated to the study of income inequality’s effect on economic growth to the case of India, both at the national level and even more critically at the state level. Our research also includes exhaustive coverage regarding the evolution of other relevant macroeconomic variables across states, as well as nationally.
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Rajan, Keertichandra. "The consequences and causes of income inequality in India." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2014. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.708256.
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Eckstein, Michael Bernard. "Childhood cataract in south India : aetiology, management and outcome." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.299852.
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Saxena, Vibhor. "Essays on inequality and discrimination : caste, religion and gender in India." Thesis, Heriot-Watt University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10399/2835.
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This thesis estimates the inequality on the basis of caste and religion, and analyses the socio-economic structural factors in determining sex ratios in India. In the first part of the thesis, the inequality spaces are determined by average household income and access to clean energy sources at the household level. The regression estimates suggest that the scheduled caste, scheduled tribes and Muslims are significantly worse off in comparison to the upper caste Hindu households (others) in the sample. However, the summary of the results in the first part is that the Muslim households appear to be either significantly better off or indifferent to the scheduled caste and scheduled tribe households. Post regression, Oxaca-Blinder methodology is also employed to measure the proportion of discrimination among the predicted outcomes in the first part of thesis. The results in the second part of the thesis, which distinguishes the discussion of child sex ratios (0-6 age group) from juvenile sex ratios (0-14 age group), show that the cultural factors play a major role in determining the child sex ratios, rather than women’s agency and economic development. However, the regression results of the juvenile sex ratios indicate the positive impact of economic development and women’s agency variables. The separate regression analysis of the tribal population in the second part suggests similarities between the regression results of the tribal population and the total population. However, the important deduction is that the scheduled tribes of India are emulating the culture of gender inequality with the increasing proximity of ‘Hindu population’. Failure of the previous policies and new suggestions are considered.
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Mukherjee, Anirban. "Tribal education in India : an examination of cultural imposition and inequality." Thesis, Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/1520.
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Majumdar, Shibalee. "Essays on Inequality and Development." The Ohio State University, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1291054538.
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Mengers, Harry Albertus. "Urban development in the state Karnataka, India : policies, actors and outcome /." [Saarbrucken] : Verlag fur Entwicklungspolitik Saarbrucken, 1997. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb376301081.
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Pandey, A. "Socioeconomic inequality in healthcare utilization and expenditure in the older population of India." Thesis, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (University of London), 2017. http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/4645412/.
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Background: Equity in access and financing healthcare is a key determinant of population health. This study examined the socioeconomic inequality in healthcare utilization and expenditure contrasting older (60 years or more) with younger (under 60 years) population in India over two decades. Methods: National Sample Survey data from all states of India on healthcare utilization (NSS-HUS 1995–96, NSS-HUS 2004 and NSS-HUS 2014) and consumer expenditure (NSS-CES 1993–94, NSS-CES 1999–2000, NSS-CES 2004–05 and NSS-CES 2011–12) were used. Logistic, generalized linear and fractional response models were used to analyze the determinants of healthcare utilization and burden of out-of-pocket (OOP) payments. Deviations in the degree to which healthcare was utilized according to need was measured by a horizontal inequity index with 95% confidence interval (HI, 95% CI). Findings: When compared with younger population, the older population had higher self-reported morbidity rate (4.1 times), outpatient care rate (4.3 times), hospitalization rate (3.6 times), and proportion of hospitalization for non-communicable diseases (80.5% vs 56.7%) in 2014. Amongst the older population, the hospitalization rates were comparatively lower for female, poor and rural residents. Untreated morbidity was disproportionately higher for the poor, more so for the older (HI: -0.320; 95% CI: -0.391, -0.249) than the younger (-0.176; -0.211, -0.141) population in 2014. Outpatient care in public facilities increased for the poor over time, more so for the older than the younger population. Households with older persons only had higher median per capita OOP payments (2.47-4.00 times across NSS-CES and 3.10-5.09 times across NSS-HUS) and catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) (1.01-2.99 times across NSS-CES and 1.10-1.89 times across NSS-HUS) than the other households. The odds of CHE were significantly higher in households with older persons, households headed by females and rural households. Both the vertical and horizontal inequities in OOP payments for hospitalization by the older population increased between 1995 and 2014. Conclusion: These findings can be used for developing an equitable health policy that can more effectively provide healthcare protection to the increasing older population in India.
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Furuta, Manabu. "Three Essays on the Indian Manufacturing: Wage Inequality, Export and Informality." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/225372.
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Draak, Maaike den. "Early life changes : transition in pregnancy and birth outcome in South India." Amsterdam : Rozenberg Publishers, 2003. http://dissertations.ub.rug.nl/faculties/rw/2004/j.j.a.spijker/.
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Madhura, Swaminathan Madhura. "Inequality and economic mobility : an analysis of panel data from a south Indian village." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1989. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:250b90d6-7e44-4582-b658-9608b02e21f8.
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Gupta, Ritija. "Inequality among neighbors understanding foreign direct investment as a function of regional determinism within India /." CONNECT TO ELECTRONIC THESIS, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1961/3703.
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Sarwar, Kafeel [Verfasser], and Stefan [Akademischer Betreuer] Klonner. "Essays on poverty, inequality and education in India and Pakistan / Kafeel Sarwar ; Betreuer: Stefan Klonner." Heidelberg : Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1228700699/34.
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Kinville, Michael Robert. "Inequality, education and the social sciences." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Kultur-, Sozial- und Bildungswissenschaftliche Fakultät, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/17687.
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Die konzeptionelle Verbindung zwischen Bildung und Gesellschaft, die im 19. Jahrhundert deutlich gemacht und wissenschaftlich begründet wurde, wird oft als selbstverständlich betrachtet. Diese veraltete Verbindung bildete aber die Basis für Bildungsreformen im Sekundärbereich in Deutschland und Indien in der zweiten Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts. Diese Arbeit unternimmt den Versuch, zum Verständnis dieser Verzögerung zwischen den Ideen und den Reformen, die sie einrahmten, beizutragen, indem sie eine geeignete Theorie der Verbindung zwischen Bildung und einer komplexen Gesellschaft aufstellt. Grundsätzliche Annäherungen an Gesellschaft und Bildung treten in Dialog mit post-kolonialen und kritischen Theorien. Universalistische Annahmen werden problematisiert, und eine offene Lösung für die Vorstellung zukünftiger Reformen wird präsentiert. Nationale Bildungsreformen in Indien und Deutschland nach ihren „Critical Junctures“ von 1947/1945 werden eingehend und chronologisch verglichen, um einen spezifischen Charakter historisch- und bildungs-bedingter Reproduktion beider Länder herauszuarbeiten sowie einen gemeinsamen Lernprozess zu ermöglichen. Abschließend wird eine Lösung des Problems in der Form offener Bildung präsentiert. Bildung als öffentliches Gut muss nicht zwangsläufig nur auf soziale Probleme reagieren, stattdessen kann sie verändert werden, um sozialen Wandel voran zu treiben.The conceptual link between education and society, forged in the 19th Century, is often taken for granted. This seemingly outdated connection, however, has guided reforms in secondary education in India and Germany throughout the second half of the 20th Century. This study attempts to understand this lag between underlying ideas and the reforms they framed by synthesizing a viable theory for imagining the connection between education and a complex society. Foundational approaches to society and education are brought into dialogue with post-colonial and critical theories. Universalistic assumptions are problematized, and an open-ended solution for theorizing new connections is presented. National educational reforms in India and Germany subsequent to their critical junctures of 1947/1945 are exhaustively and chronologically compared in order to conceptualize a generic character of historical-educational reproduction for each country and to facilitate a process of mutual learning. Finally, a solution to the problems associated with educational reproduction is presented. Education as a public good does not need to simply be reactive to social problems. Instead, it can be reconfigured so as to drive social change.
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Gupta, Natalie C. F. "Capital intensity of employment, wage share variability, and income inequality : findings from two industrial areas in India." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.647354.
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Rising inequalities between and within income categories (especially labour and capital) haveemerged as an increasing concern particularly in the last two decades. One of the main reasons for this has been a sharp decline in the wage share in many countries. A declining wage share refers to a decrease in the size of the total wage bill relative to either national income or net value addition (NVA). India is an important example of this situation. Trends at the level of aggregate statistics show that the wage bill has not kept up with productivity increases. This has led to a sharp decline in the wage share, leaving researchers the task of explaining the causes (and consequences) of this decline. The research contributes towards this task by critically examining one of the main avenues ofresearch that has been used in order to explain the causes of a declining wage share in India. This refers to the hypothesis according to which this trend is the outcome of increased capital intensity of employment, or more generally labour-saving investments. The study examines the relevance of this hypothesis for dynamics taking place at a disaggregated level of analysis in Indian industrial manufacturing. In order to do this, three main questions are addressed. The first is whether a declining wage share is a necessary outcome of labour-saving investments in production, or whether other factors are also important in mediating this relationship. The second is the conditions affecting the degree to which a declining wage share also involves increased income inequalities within the labour income category, and in some cases, declining real incomes for workers. The third is the relevance of drawing upon a demand and supply framework for the treatment of the question of causality in the analysis. The study answers the questions by drawing on two very different case studies. The first is thePimpri Chinchwad Industrial Township (PCIT), located in the outskirts of Pune (State ofMaharashtra, western India). The production processes characterising many of the factoriesoperating in this area are capital intensive. The second is the art metalware industry in Moradabad (State of Uttar Pradesh, northern India). The production processes taking place in the majority of units in this area are labour-intensive. The findings suggest that the factors contributing to a declining wage share cannot be analysed without at the same time examining the distributional set-ups within which technological changes take place, and how these arrangements are changing. Firstly, many of the factors contributing towards a declining wage share are not directly caused by changes in technology, and hence skill requirements, in production. This includes the weakness (and further weakening) of the mechanisms linking wages to productivity at the firm and sectoral level. Secondly, a declining wage share also involves changing income inequalities within the labour income category. The sources of these inequalities are not only linked to differentials in skills. Thirdly, this is happening in the context of speedy changes in the economy, including changing needs. This makes the links between wages and productivity an important requirement for the labour income category to be able to benefit from increased productivity, not only as workers through the wage system, but also as consumers. Lastly, many of the variables that emerge as important in the analysis cannot be subsumed under a demand and supply framework. One of the implications for the treatment of the issue of causality is the need to move away from seeking causal links in the traditional ‘cause and effect’ framework, to questions about how certain trends come about. This also has consequences for the normative side of the debate.
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Singh, Aditya. "Availability and inequality in the distribution of health workers in the public health system in rural India." Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 2016. https://researchportal.port.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/availability-and-inequality-in-the-distribution-of-health-workers-in-the-public-health-system-in-rural-india(3c9be9a2-bfc2-4379-8d77-51482056b582).html.
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After decades of effort, the health outcomes in India are still poor. In addition to the slow socioeconomic development and sluggish progress in poverty eradication, the ongoing poor health status of individuals living in rural India is often attributed to an inefficient and largely dysfunctional public healthcare system. Although India has developed a huge network of public health facilities, the utilization of services at these facilities still remains abysmal. One of the factors underlying this situation is thought to be the poor availability of human resources in healthcare. Recognising the need to overhaul the system, the government launched the National Rural Health Mission (NRHM), an initiative that aimed to increase health worker availability in public health facilities. It has been more than a decade since the launch of the NRHM, and the time is ripe to evaluate the extent to which health worker availability has improved in public health facilities, and how inequalities in the distribution of health workers in public facilities has changed. Related to this is an important question: What factors shape such distributional inequalities? The NRHM introduced new cadres to the public health system – a 2nd nurse midwife at the sub-centres and a traditional medical doctor at the primary health centres. Thus, this study also investigated the effects associated with the implementation of these workers on healthcare utilization. This study largely uses quantitative tools and secondary data from the District Level Household Survey (DLHS) series. It finds that the overall health worker availability has improved slightly, but the availability of a few health worker cadres, such as male health workers, has deteriorated. The study also found that the distribution of health workers has become more unequal over the study period. While the inequality in the distribution of health workers within states remains considerably high, the inequality in the availability of health workers across states has increased. The study finds a mesh of complex factors affecting the availability and distribution of health workers across health facilities, which include the availability of basic amenities, physical infrastructure, work environments, family and personal choices, misuse of transfer, and deployment policies. It also finds that the utilization of health services is lower at those sub-centres run by a 2nd ANM compared to those run by permanent ANMs. Evidence about the impact of a 2nd ANM and AYUSH are inconclusive for most indicators. Thus, the findings of this study suggest that there is a need to further improve health worker availability at rural public health facilities. The emphasis should be on reducing the inequality not only across states, but also within states. Special efforts would be required for north and central Indian states that have struggled to improve their health worker availability during this period. The findings also call for policymakers to devise new strategies to retain health workers in rural and remote areas, while implementing transparent and apolitical transfer and deployment policies. The government should also look into issues as to why those sub-centres run by a 2nd ANM are not performing at par with those sub-centres run by permanent ANMs.
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Randive, Bharat. "Study of conditional cash transfer programme Janani Suraksha Yojana for promotion of institutional births : Studies from selected provinces of India." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Epidemiologi och global hälsa, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-112844.
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Background: To accelerate the coverage of skilled birth attendance, in 2005, the Indian government initiated a conditional cash transfer (CCT) programme, Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY) that provides cash to women upon delivering in health facilities. The attempt to increase the utilization of facilities through the JSY, given the health system’s fragile state, has raised concerns about the programme’s success at achieving its intended goal of reducing maternal mortality ratio (MMR). Aim: To understand the implementation of the CCT policy to promote institutional births in India, with a special focus on nine of India’s poorer states. Methods: Thesis uses both quantitative and qualitative methods. The changes in coverage and inequalities in institutional births in the nine states following the initiation of JSY were analysed by comparing levels before and during the programme using state and district level data. The association between the coverage of institutional births and MMR was assessed using regression analysis (I). The change in socioeconomic inequalities in institutional births was estimated using the concentration index and concentration curve, and contributions of different factors to inequalities was computed by decomposition analysis (II). The quality of referral services was studied by conducting a survey of health facilities (n=96) and post-partum women (n=1182) in three districts of Madhya Pradesh. Conditional logistic regression was used to study the association between maternal referrals and adverse birth outcomes, while spatial data for referrals were analysed using Geographical Information Systems (III). Semi-structured interviews were conducted with government and non-government stakeholders (n=11) to explore their perceptions of the JSY, and the data were analysed using a thematic framework approach (IV). Results: In five years, institutional births increased significantly from a pre-programme average of 20% to 49%. However, no significant association between district-level institutional birth proportions and MMR was found (I). The inequality in access to institutional delivery care, although reduced since the introduction of JSY, still persists. Differences in male literacy, availability of emergency obstetric care (EmOC) in public facilities and poverty explained 69% of the observed inequality. While MMR has decreased in all areas since the introduction of JSY, it has declined four times faster in the richest areas than in the poorest (II). Adjusted odds for adverse birth outcomes among those referred were twice than in those who were not referred (AOR 2.6, 95% CI 1.1-6.6). A spatial analysis of the inter-facility transfer time indicated that maternal deaths occurred despite good geographic access to EmOC facilities (III). While most health officials considered stimulus in the form of JSY money to be essential to promote institutional births, non-government stakeholders criticised JSY as an easy way of addressing basic developmental issues and emphasised the need for improvements to health services, instead. Supply-side constraints and poor care quality were cited as key challenges to programme success, also several implementation challenges were cited (IV). Conclusions: Although there was a sharp increase in coverage and a decline in institutional delivery care inequalities following the introduction of JSY, the availability of critical care is still poor. CCT programmes to increase service utilization need to be essentially supported by the provision of quality health care services, in order to achieve their intended impacts on health outcomes.
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Svensson, Katrin, and Cecilia Tiberg. "Empowerment in the headlines : How three Indian newspapers report on gender inequality." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för kommunikation, medier och it, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-6400.
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India is the world’s largest democracy, one of the fastest growing economies and an enormous market for newspapers. It is also a country with deeply rooted gender biases where women are highly discriminated and marginalized at all levels of the society. The media is considered an important agent of power. Therefore this study focuses on how and to what extent the three Indian newspapers Hindustan Times, The Hindu and Times of India report on and approach gender inequality and women’s empowerment issues. How do journalists look upon their role and the role of the press in the women’s empowerment process? A quantitative content analysis was performed during five weeks (October 18 –November 21, 2010) and 69 articles that highlight gender inequality and women’s empowerment were found, collected and coded. This content analysis is combined with a qualitative method. Two informant interviews and six respondent interviews with journalists are included in the study. The most common main topics of the articles found were Law and amendments, Women’s movement, Political power, Reproductive health and Development. Five out of six interviewed reporters believe that their newspapers have a major impact on its readership and all six respondents were of the opinion that their newspapers encourage reporting on these matters. Although they believe that media’s overall influence is limited. The Hindu and Times of India report more on gender inequality and women’sempowerment issues than Hindustan Times does and some of the respondents express that The Hindu promotes development journalism more than the other two newspapers do.
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Truelove, Yaffa. "On the verge of a water crisis? State discourses and the production of water inequality in Delhi, India." Connect to online resource, 2007. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:1447670.
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Dimri, Aditi. "Essays on gender inequalities and poverty measurement with application to India." Thesis, Paris 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA01E026.
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Cette thèse de doctorat contribue à la littérature sur l'économie des ménages, sur la mesure de la pauvreté et sur l'avortement sélectif. Lorsque les normes sociales et les préférences favorisent les hommes par rapport aux femmes, les inégalités entre les sexes peuvent se retrouver dans différentes dimensions. Dans le premier chapitre j'étudie la norme de patrilocalité et je me demande comment la structure du ménage affecte les prises de décision de la belle-fille et son autonomie. En utilisant des données de panel au niveau des ménages en Inde, j'estime un modèle de différences en différences qui compare entre 2005 et 2012 les groupes qui subissent un décès du beau-père ou de la belle-mère et ceux qui n’ont pas de décès. Je trouve que le statut de la belle-fille s'améliore après le décès du fait de la redistribution du pouvoir entre les membres du ménage. Cependant, les résultats ne sont pas compatibles avec le fait que le canal conventionnel de la belle-mère soit la seule autorité sur la belle-fille. Le deuxième chapitre étudie la mesure de l'avortement sélectif des femmes et demande s'il y a des avortements répétés entre deux naissances consécutives. Cette question ne pouvant être résolue en utilisant des méthodes existantes, l'article propose de nouveaux tests et une méthodologie pour estimer les fractions de la population subissant des avortements sélectifs. En appliquant cette méthodologie à des données indiennes, nous trouvons que les avortements sont pratiqués de manière répétée. Le troisième chapitre propose une nouvelle approche de la mesure de la pauvreté absolue. Cela se fait de deux manières, d'abord en suggérant une manière d’individualiser les prix de référence, et deuxièmement en définissant des lignes de pauvreté propres à chaque groupe/région. En comparant notre approche les uns aux autres, pour l'Inde, nous constatons que les différentes approches conduisent à différentes conclusions sur la pauvreté. Ne pas prendre en compte les préférences des individus surestime la part des personnes rurales (jeunes et âgées) dans la population pauvreThis PhD dissertation contributes to the literature on household economics and the measurement of poverty & sex-selective abortion. When social norms and preferences favour males over females, outcomes can reflect gender inequalities across various dimensions. I study the norm of patrilocality in the first chapter and ask how the household structure of four adult members affects the daughter-in-law's decision-making-say and autonomy outcomes. Using household level panel data from India, I estimate a difference-in-difference model comparing groups between 2005 and 2012 that experience a death of the father-in-law or mother-in-law and those that do not. I find that the status of the daughter-in-law improves after death as power is redistributed among the members. However, the findings are not consistent with the conventional channel of the mother-in-law being the sole and strongest authority over the daughter-in-law. The second chapter studies the measurement of female sex-selective abortion and asks if there are repeated abortions between two consecutive births. As this question cannot be answered using existing methods, the paper proposes novel tests and methodology to estimate the fractions of the populations undergoing sex-selective abortions. Applying our methods to Indian data we find first quantitative evidence of repeated abortions. The third chapter proposes a new approach of absolute income poverty measurement that takes preference into account when agents differ in preferences and face different prices. This is done in two ways, first by suggesting a way to use individualised reference prices, and second by defining group/region specific poverty lines.Comparing our approach with conventional ones, for India, we find that the different approaches lead to different poverty conclusions. Not taking preferences into account overestimates the share of Old-Rural and Young-Rural in the poor population
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Mathai, Elizabeth. "Genital and urinary tract infections in pregnancy in southern India : diagnosis, management and impact on perinatal outcome /." Stockholm, 2004. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2004/91-7140-129-6/.
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Shawihdi, Mustafa. "Inequality in outcome for oesophago-gastric cancer in England : is there an association with gastroscopy rates in general practice populations?" Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2013. http://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/17695/.
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Introduction: Oesophago-gastric (OG) cancers remain a worldwide challenge with little sign of major improvements in survival rates. Modern guidelines focus on alarm (or ‘red flag’) symptoms as key triggers for gastroscopy and recommend empirical symptomatic treatment and non-invasive H. pylori testing in those with simple dyspepsia. However, the early symptoms of OG cancer are very common and non-specific, and the traditional alarm symptoms have poor sensitivity or specificity for malignancy. Diagnosis therefore necessitates investigation of symptoms though upper GI endoscopy in a relatively large group of patients, most of whom do not have malignant disease. This has fuelled considerable controversy regarding the role for gastroscopy in detecting cancer at a treatable stage. Objectives: Firstly, to develop data extraction and linkage methods for studying OG cancer outcome, and General Practice population rates of elective diagnostic gastroscopy, using administrative data for English hospitals (Hospital Episode Statistics). Secondly, to confirm the face-validity of the methodology using external sources of information and local audit data. Thirdly, to test the hypothesis that variations in rates of gastroscopy in English General Practice (GP) populations are associated with inequalities in OG cancer outcome. Fourthly, to explore whether practices with lower rates of gastroscopy exhibit a higher yield of serious pathology, consistent with more selective referral practice. Fifthly, to confirm the existence of wide variation in gastroscopy rate between practices in close geographical proximity, Design and methods: Analysis of Hospital Episode Statistics (2006-8) linked to death registry and practice population data. General practices with new cases of OG cancer were included, grouped into tertiles according to standardised elective gastroscopy rate per capita (low, medium or high). Outcome measures for cancer cases were: emergency admission during diagnostic pathway; major surgical resection and mortality at 1 year. Co-variates were age, gender, co-morbidity, and deprivation. Associations between the gastroscopy rate at the patient’s general practice and cancer outcomes were tested in binary logistic regression models, with extensive sensitivity testing of gastroscopy rate ‘exposure’ variable. An algorithm was developed to analyse coded diagnoses for all first elective gastroscopies, using both national and local audit data. Practices were mapped based on postal code. Results: 22,488 incident cases of OG cancer from 6,513 general practices. Mean OGD rate for Low, Middle, High practices: 4.4 vs 8.1 vs 12.9 per 1,000. Mean age of patients undergoing OGD was highest for low tertile practices (60.2 vs 59.5 vs 58.4 yrs; p<0.001). OG cancer cases registered with practices in the lowest tertile had the lowest rate of surgery (15.4% v 16.3% v 17.4%; p=0.004) with the highest rate of emergency admission (34% v 26% v 25%; p<0.001), and the highest mortality (61.2% v 58.9% v 58.0%; p<0.001). After adjustment for co-variates in logistic regression, the gastroscopy rate at the patient’s general practice was an independent predictor of all three outcomes. Practices with low rates of gastroscopy tend to have a higher “diagnostic yield” of serious disease: (15.3% vs 13.9% vs 13.1%; p<0.001). Low tertile practices also showed a relatively lower referral rate for suspected cancer in general based on analysis of rates of ‘fast-track’ referrals under the two week wait pathway (17.3 vs 17.9 vs 19.3 per 1,000). Conclusions: Wide variation exists in gastroscopy rate among general practice populations in England. OG cancer patients belonging to practices with the lowest gastroscopy rates are at greater risk of poor outcome. Low referring practices achieve a higher yield of serious disease but may have increased risk of referral at a later stage in the disease process. This association is more apparent among the most socially deprived practices. These findings suggest that initiatives or current guidelines aimed at limiting the use of gastroscopy may adversely affect cancer outcomes.
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Sinha, Aakanksha. "India’s Child Malnutrition Paradox: Role of Maternal Autonomy & Health Related Awareness." Thesis, Boston College, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/bc-ir:105064.
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Thesis advisor: Ruth G. McRoyIndia has the world’s highest burden of child undernutrition. Lack of income has been attributed as the primary cause of child undernutrition. However, evidence suggests that despite steady economic growth and investments in social services directed towards child welfare, undernutrition rates in India are persistent. Thus factors impacting child undernutrition are entrenched within the social fabric of a community. Previous studies indicate that countries that have higher gender inequality have poorer health outcomes for women and children. India with its dominant patriarchal structure and deep-rooted gender biases has disproportionately worse outcomes for women and children. This dissertation study was designed to do the following: 1) emphasize the importance of maternal autonomy and health related awareness as factors significantly impacting maternal health and child nutritional status and 2) use a strengths-based approach to make recommendations for child welfare policy. By applying an asset-based approach, the social capital within a community is recognized interventions can be developed using community and individual level strengths. This study fills the gap in literature on the role of maternal autonomy and health related awareness on child nutritional status, particularly in communities with high levels of gender inequality. The current study utilized data from the India National Family Health Survey Round-3 (NFHS-3) to conduct a cross sectional analysis. The study sample consisted of urban married women between ages of 15-49 years who had at least one living child between the ages of 0-5 years (N= 9,092). It utilized the UNICEF ‘model of care’ and three distinct theories (i) Ecological Systems Theory, (ii) Capability Approach, and (iii) Positive Deviance Inquiry to develop the conceptual framework. Scales measuring maternal autonomy and health related awareness were developed and validated. Ordered Logistic Regression and Kohler mediation model were utilized to examine the relationship between maternal autonomy and health related awareness and child nutritional status and the mediation effect of maternal health. Implications are provided for child welfare policy and practice, social work policy and research
Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2016
Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Social Work
Discipline: Social Work
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Haider, Almas [Verfasser]. "Role of Informal Institutions in Explaining Water Governance Performance: A Case of Inequality and Corruption in Megacity Delhi, India / Almas Haider." Berlin : Freie Universität Berlin, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1137867760/34.
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Sylla, Daouda. "Essays on Culture, Economic Outcome and Wellbeing." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/31202.
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Chapter 1: The Impact of Culture on the Second-Generation Immigrants’ Level of Trust in Canada
Trust is one of the main elements of social capital; it determines the extent to which an individual cooperates with others. In this chapter, I assess whether cultural factors influence the level of trust in the population of second-generation immigrants in Canada. This paper is related to two strands of empirical literature. The first analyses the determinants of trust and the second studies the cultural transmission of values, attitudes and beliefs. I follow closely the literature on the cultural transmission and use an epidemiological approach to assess whether trust of second-generation immigrants is affected by their cultural heritage. This approach consists of comparing information about the outcomes of second-generation immigrants with that of the country of origin of their ancestry. We apply this approach using the Ethnic Diversity Survey (EDS), the World Value Survey (WVS) and the European Value Survey (EVS). Estimation results show that the average level of trust in the countries of origin of the ancestors of the second-generation immigrants has a strong significant impact on their level of trust. Thus, individual whose country of ancestry displays a high level of trust, tend to have a high level of trust. This provides evidence that individuals’ level of trust is not only explained by their personal experiences, characteristics, and the environment in which they live; but also by the culture in their country of ancestry. This means that culture does matter! I find that the results remain robust even if certain key countries are omitted or a different data set is used.
Chapter 2: Decomposing Health Achievement and Socioeconomic Health Inequalities in Presence of Multiple Categorical Information
This chapter presents a decomposition of the health achievement and the socioeconomic health inequality indices by multiple categorical variables and by regions. I adopt Makdissi and Yazbeck's (2014) counting approach to deal with the ordinal nature of the data of the United States National Health Interview Survey 2010. The findings suggest that the attributes that contribute the most to the deviation from perfect health in the United States are: anxiety, depression and exhaustion. Also, I find that the attributes that contribute the most to the total socioeconomic health inequality are ambulation, depression and pain. The regional decomposition results suggest that, if the aversion to socioeconomic health inequality is high enough, socioeconomic health inequalities between regions are the main contributors to the total socioeconomic health inequality in the United States. Chapter 3: Accounting for Freedom and Economic Resources in the Assessment of Changes in Women Poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa
This chapter assesses the importance of freedom in women’s wellbeing in twelve Sub-Saharan Africa countries by using data from Demographic Health Surveys. This paper presents a poverty comparison by using the stochastic dominance approach and relies on the economic resources and freedom as the two aspects of wellbeing which evokes the multidimensionality of poverty. This study is related to the following three pieces of literature: the sequential stochastic dominance, the multidimensional poverty, the Sen’s capability approach which is based on freedom. This paper is built on Makdissi et al. (2014) but differs from it in a number of respects. First, it focuses on poverty instead of welfare. Secondly, it applies the Shapley decomposition to determine the contributions of the economic resource distribution and the incidence of the threat of domestic violence to poverty changes over time. Consistent with previous work on the importance of freedom, I find that more freedom, i.e. less threat of domestic violence, affects women’s wellbeing positively since it decreases women’s poverty. The results indicate that women’s wellbeing has improved in Burkina Faso, Ghana, Kenya, Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi, Rwanda, Senegal, and Zimbabwe and deteriorated in Ethiopia, Nigeria and Tanzania.
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Girard, Victoire. "The economic relevance of caste and religious identities in India." Thesis, Paris 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA010027.
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L’identité est une nouvelle frontière pour la recherche en économie. Nombre de questions en cours d’exploration, telles que les conflits, la coopération,la culture, la confiance, le bonheur, ou le capital social, remontent à une question liée à l’identité. Cette thèse se focalise sur les conditions qui rendent une identité saillante à travers l’étude des identités de caste et de religion en Inde rurale. Il s’agit d’une contribution empirique, qui s’appuie sur des données villages et ménages. Cette thèse se concentre en particulier sur les conflits ou la ségrégation, qui sont autant de signaux que les identités de groupe sont saillantes. Ainsi, cette thèse étudie les raisons qui peuvent rendre une identité de caste ou de religion importante pour les conflits (première partie), et l’accès aux bien publics (deuxième partie). Dans les chapitres 1 et 2, je documente que les différences entre les groupes, qu’elles portent soit sur les bénéfices retirés de biens censés être publics, ou sur la distribution de la richesse, peuvent affecter la relation entre identité et conflit dans l’inde rurale. Dans le chapitre 3, je montre que le processus d’exclusion peut être modifié par des interventions politiques, en l’occurrence la mise en place de quotas en faveur des basses castes, cependant les quotas apparaissent n’avoir d’effet que pendant le mandat où le quota est en placeIdentity is a new frontier for research in economics. Many of the puzzles in economics today can be traced back to a question of identity: conflict, cooperation, culture, trust, happiness, and social capital, among others. This dissertation asks which conditions make an identity salient through the case studyof caste and religious identities in India. It is an empirical contribution, relying on village and household level data. This dissertation studies whether and howcaste or religious identities matter for conflicts (first part), and public goods access(second part). In Chapters 1 and 2, I document that differences in either group level payoff (from supposed-to-be public goods), or wealth distribution, can affectthe relation between identity and conflict. In Chapter 3, I show that process ofexclusion can be modified by political interventions, namely the imposition of political quotas in favor of the low castes
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Kinville, Michael Robert [Verfasser], Boike [Gutachter] Rehbein, and Gregor [Gutachter] Bongaerts. "Inequality, education and the social sciences : the historical reproduction of inequalities through secondary education in India and Germany / Michael Robert Kinville ; Gutachter: Boike Rehbein, Gregor Bongaerts." Berlin : Kultur-, Sozial- und Bildungswissenschaftliche Fakultät, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1125504269/34.
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Surendranath, Anup. "Judicial discourse on India's affirmative action policies : the challenge and potential of sub-classification." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:69493f4c-a6e3-48df-bee1-08bc3c8f4a41.
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This thesis is primarily concerned with the distribution of quotas in higher education and public employment within identified beneficiary groups. In a system of quotas based on preferential treatment of groups, the question about which members of the group must benefit over others is a crucial one. One of the main themes in the thesis is to critically analyse the judicial understanding about the nature of these groups. The homogeneity (in backwardness) that is attached to beneficiary groups in differing degrees is challenged in the thesis using the examples of Scheduled Castes and Muslims within the Other Backward Classes category. The differences within beneficiary groups have great significance for the fairness of India’s reservation policies. By ignoring internal differences, the most marginalised groups are left behind in terms of accessing the benefits of reservations. I have argued that any attempt to address the issue of sub-classification must begin by recognising multiple axis of marginalisation within the framework of intersectionality. This lack of sufficient engagement with the issue of sub-classification highlights the failure of the Supreme Court of India to develop a normative framework within which reservations might be viewed. This lack of normative clarity informs spheres of reservations like higher education and public employment along with according homogenous treatment to beneficiary groups internally. The Supreme Court has viewed reservations in higher education and public employment as essentially performing the same function. I have argued that reservations in these spheres perform different functions and the resulting obligations on the state in terms of constitutional justifications must also differ. While the demands for sub-classification present an opportunity to make distribution of reservations fairer, it also exposes the limitation of reservations as a tool of social transformation.
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Rai, Prabhat. "Building common knowledge : a cultural-historical analysis of pedagogical practices at a rural primary school in Rajasthan, India." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:22402128-d2ca-4de5-8255-c15e4b4699dd.
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The centralised control over curriculum framing and pedagogy, the generally poor quality of teaching with little sensitivity to children’s sociocultural environment; and very high drop out rates, even at the primary school level, are some of the challenges facing school education in many of the regions of India. However, one of the successful approaches to these challenges has been the Digantar school system, working in rural communities. The study is based in one Digantar School in Rajasthan and employs concepts derived from the Vygotskian tradition to interrogate the methods employed in Digantar school system. The study took Edwards’ (2010a, 2011, 2012) idea of common knowledge and Hedegaard’s (2008, 2012, 2013) idea of institutional demand in practices as conceptual lenses through which to investigate the components of the pedagogical practices that help Digantar teachers to align the motives of the school with those of the child in classroom activities. In doing so it analyses the institutional practices that lead to the development of common knowledge that in turn facilitates how teachers engage pupils as learners. Data were gathered over six months and comprised around 120 hours of school-based video data together with interviews and detailed observations with teachers and community members. Data were gathered in classrooms, teacher meetings, meetings between parents and teachers and at school-community meetings. Analyses focused on the construction of common knowledge and the use made of it by the school to achieve a mutual alignment of motives between the practices of the school with the community and the families. The study has revealed that teachers’ engagement with the knowledge and motives of other teachers and community members helped to create common knowledge, i.e. an understanding of what mattered for each participating group, which facilitated teaching-learning in the school. The analysis also points towards a form of democracy, which enhances children’s participation in their learning. It was found that building and sharing of common knowledge and creating a socially articulated ‘space of reasons’ (Derry 2008) produced a pedagogical model that engaged children in creating their social situation of development, seeking and recognising the curriculum demands being placed on them.
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Schrenk, Judith Katharina. "Aushandlungen unter Kindern : Einsatz verschiedener Taktiken im Verlauf einer Aushandlung und Stellung in der Peergruppe." Phd thesis, Universität Potsdam, 2005. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2007/1258/.
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Die folgenden Fragen standen im Mittelpunkt der Dissertation: Wie handeln Grundschulkinder aus, wenn sie von ihren Peers ungerecht behandelt werden? Welche unmittelbaren Wirkungen hat ihr Vorgehen? In welchem Zusammenhang steht das Vorgehen in der Konfliktsituation mit der Stellung unter den Peers? Theoretische Grundlage waren die Entwicklungsmodelle zum Aushandeln von Yeates und Selman (1989) sowie Hawley (1999).
Es nahmen 213 Dritt- und Fünftklässler an der Untersuchung teil. Eine Kombination qualitativer und quantitativer Methoden wurde verwendet. In einem individuellen Interview wurde erhoben, welche Taktiken (eine Handlungseinheit) sowie welche Strategien (Abfolge von Taktiken) die Kinder in einer hypothetischen Normbruchsituation einsetzen würden. Die Kinder wurden auch gefragt, welche unmittelbaren Wirkungen sie erwarten, wenn sie die vorgeschlagene Taktik einsetzen. Die Stellung der Kinder wurde sowohl bezüglich ihres Einflusses (Peerrating) als auch bezüglich ihrer Akzeptanz (Soziometrie) unter den Klassenkameraden erhoben.
Die von den Kindern genannten Taktiken wurden vier übergeordneten Kategorien zugeordnet: Verhandeln, Erzwingen, Ausweichen und Aufgeben. Nach den Erwartungen der Kinder führen sowohl Verhandlungstaktiken als auch erzwingende Taktiken in um die Hälfte der Fälle zur Durchsetzung. Erzwingende Taktiken gehen jedoch häufig mit unfreundlichen Reaktionen einher.
Einfluss und Akzeptanz der Kinder waren davon abhängig, welche Kombination und Sequenz von Taktiken (Strategie) sie wählten. Beispielsweise waren Kinder einflussreich und beliebt, die eine Reihe von Verhandlungstaktiken generierten oder die zunächst Verhandlungstaktiken vorschlugen und danach erzwingende Taktiken. Kinder, die sofort Zwang einsetzen würden, hatten wenig Einfluss und wurden abgelehnt. Außerdem fanden sich Geschlechts- und Altersunterschiede hinsichtlich des Vorgehens in der hypothetischen Normbruchsituation sowie der Zusammenhänge zwischen Taktiken und Stellung unter Peers.The dissertation dealt with the following questions: How do children react, when a peer infringes upon their rights? What immediate outcomes are connected to their actions? What is the relation between the way children proceed in the conflict situation and their social standing among their peers? As a theoretical background served the modells about negotiations by Yeates and Selman (1989) as well as Hawley (1999). 213 third- and fifthgraders participated in the study. A combination of qualitative and quantitative methods was used. Children were individually interviewed to assess what tactics (unit of action) as well as what strategies (sequence of tactics) they would apply in a hypothetical conflict involving a rights infraction. Children were also asked what immediate outcomes they expected, using the proposed tactic. Children's social standing was assessed concerning their influence (peerrating) as well as their acceptance (sociometrie) among their classmates. The tactics propsed by the children were assigned to four superordinate categories: negotiate, coerce, get out of the way, give in. According to the expectations of the children both negotiation tactics and coercive tactics lead to assertion in about half of the cases. Coercive tactics however often evoque unfriendly responses. Children differed in their influence and acceptance depending on the combination and sequence of tactics (strategy) they chose. For example children, which generated a series of negotiation tactics and children, which proposed negotiation tactics in the beginning and coercion tactics later were both influental and liked. Children, which chose coercion allready in the beginning had little influence and were rejected. Also gender and age differences were found concerning the tactics chosen in the hypothetical conflict situation and the relation between tactics and social standing among peers.
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Mirza, Maryam. "L'Intimité inter-classes 5 : une étude de la littérature féminine anglophone contemporaine de l'Inde et du Pakistan." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM3048.
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En prenant appui sur dix romans anglophones contemporains par les auteures indiennes et pakistanaises, cette étude explore et évalue les enjeux politiques et poétiques de la représentation de l'amitié et de l'amour inter-classes dans une littérature souvent considérée comme essentiellement ‘élitiste'. Cette thèse s'écarte de l'approche habituelle dans les études postcoloniales qui privilégie l'idée d'hybridité conçue uniquement en termes binaires (Occident/Orient ou Nord/Sud) et au cœur de l'étude se trouvent la figure du subalterne et la négociation complexe des identités liées à la classe, à la caste et au sexe dans le sous-continent indien. Si les textes examinés révèlent la précarité des rapports humains qui transgressent les diverses frontières sociales, ils soulignent également leurs possibilités contestataires. Cette étude s'intéresse aussi aux enjeux éthiques des choix formels dont témoignent les textes examinés et à la manière dont ces choix peuvent à la fois confirmer et contredire le projet politique du texteThis dissertation is a detailed analysis of ten contemporary Anglophone novels by women writers from India and Pakistan. It explores and evaluates the politics as well as the poetics of the literary depiction of cross-class love and friendship in Anglophone literature of the Indian sub-continent, which is often considered ‘elitist'. The figure of the subaltern lies at the heart of our study and by focusing on the portrayal of the negotiation of class, caste and gender identities in the Indian sub-continent, this dissertation moves away from postcolonial studies' customary focus on the notion of hybridity, often conceived solely in East/West or North/South terms. The texts examined reveal not only the tenuousness of cross-class relationships but also underscore their subversive possibilities. The ethical ramifications of questions of form are also explored as are the ways in which the poetics of a text can both confirm and contradict its politics
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Bakshi, Ishan Kumar. "Study on inequality of outcome and opportunity in India-1983 to 2011-12." Thesis, 2018. http://localhost:8080/xmlui/handle/12345678/7777.
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Rakshit, Shoumyadeep. "Social Inequality and Green Energy: The Case of India." Master's thesis, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-365536.
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The problems of social inequality has plagued the Indian society since the history known. The caste system and its intersection with other religions have compounded the situations even further. This study focuses on the issue of marginalization between the three religious communities of India, namely Hinduism, Buddhism and Islam. Furthermore this investigation try to propose a solution to this ensuing problem of marginalization by involving the case of green energy sector and its components. The potential that green energy entails for the economy will be studied at close quarters and evidences will be portrayed to see the positive effects. The creation and realization of the fertile grounds for the intersection or the juxtaposition of green energy over marginalization will be studied by combining the two philosophies of complex equality and equality of condition. The investigation reveals that marginalization can be solved by introducing Green energy on a large scale. The proposed model under the architectures of the conceptual frameworks of Spheres of Justice and Development as Freedom creates Green Energy as an independent sphere of influence that shows positive effect in reducing Inequality by interacting with other spheres of influence. Keywords Social inequality,green energy,HDI,Capability...
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Arora, Rashmi. "Inequality in carbon emissions at sub-national level in India." 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/8521.
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YesIn this study using standard measures of inequality such as Gini coefficient, Kakwani Index, coefficient of variation and Theil Index we examine inequality in carbon emissions for the years 2000-09 at the sub-national level covering 17 major states of India. At the outset, in order to estimate sub-national inequality in carbon emissions we also estimated total carbon emissions for each state for the above years using IPCC Reference Approach. Our findings showed that per capita carbon emissions were highest in the low income resource rich states and lower in the high income more developed states. The inequality in carbon emissions as demonstrated by Gini coefficients has increased over the years indicating that it is the poorer states which have to bear the burden.
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Lahoti, Rahul. "Essays in Poverty, Inequality and Political Economy." Doctoral thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0023-3E8C-6.
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(6594533), Preethi Krishnan. "Framing Entitlements, Framing Inequality: How State Policies on Food and Care Enable Women to Challenge or Adapt to Inequality." Thesis, 2019.
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This dissertation examines the role state-society dynamics play in influencing how people negotiate inequality. In particular, I analyze the interdependent relationship between state policies and the frames people use to interpret unequal access to food and care. While state policies shape people’s frames, people also negotiate with state policies to deploy frames that either challenge or adapt to inequality. Using in-depth observations, policy documents, and 50 semi-structured interviews with mothers, Anganwadi workers (childcare workers), union leaders, and state representatives associated with the Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS), a welfare program in India, I show that state-society dynamics are central to how inequality is sustained and challenged. When welfare policies encourage collectivization, disadvantaged groups appropriate policy frames to strengthen entitlement frames and in the process, challenge inequality. I refer to this mechanism as frame appropriation. In contrast, policies such as privatization encourage individualization, particularly in economically mobile groups, who then adopt neoliberal frames such as personal responsibility and choice, to weaken entitlement frames through a mechanism I call reactive adoption. Thus, alongside social movements that has made possible historically significant policy reforms, the path to social change also comes alive in daily interactions where policies mediate people’s everyday lives.
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Suryanarayan, Pavithra. "Hollowing Out the State: Status Inequality, Fiscal Capacity, and Right-Wing Voting in India." Thesis, 2016. https://doi.org/10.7916/D8833SBP.
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What explains variation in fiscal capacity over time and across sub-national units within the same country? In this dissertation, I argue that incumbent political elites, anticipating the redistributive consequences of democratization, can hollow out fiscal capacity. Places where such a phenomenon is likely to occur are those characterized by high levels of social-status inequality arising from historical inter-group segregation. I examine fiscal capacity in colonial Indian provinces and demonstrate that an exogenous episode of limited franchise expansion to lower-status groups was followed by a period of declining fiscal institutions. I use a novel historical dataset spanning 43 districts in the provinces of Madras and Bombay between 1914--1925 and qualitative evidence from legislative proceedings in the two provinces, and find that tax institutions declined in the districts with higher levels of status inequality, as opposed to inequality in wealth. This decline was more pronounced in the reform years, as upper-status groups anticipating the ascendance of lower-status groups into politics hollowed out tax institutions. Next, I examine a case of political mobilization in contemporary India and demonstrate that an announcement by the Government of India in 1990 to implement affirmative action for lower-status groups was followed by a rise in the right-wing vote share for the Bharatiya Janata Party after 1990. Using survey data and electoral data, I finds that both wealthy and poor upper-status Indians voted for the right-wing after 1990 in places where there was greater status inequality in 1931 -- a pattern that did not exist in previous elections. These findings provide evidence for the claim that when upper-status groups face threats to their social standing, cross-class solidarities emerge in support of anti-redistribution parties.
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Branigan, Elizabeth. "'When four braids come together' : gender, identity, activism and inequality in Vallur Village, Andhra Pradesh, India." Phd thesis, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/150302.
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Lamanna, Francesca. "Development and Gender Inequality." Doctoral thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0006-AFD1-A.
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Mohanty, Alakananda Homedes Nuria Beasley R. Palmer. "The impact of 1995--1996 health sector reforms in the effectiveness of malaria control program in the state of Orissa, India." 2008. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:1457433.
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"Do Battered Women in Rural India Have Access to Freedom?" Master's thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2286/R.I.38591.
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abstract: This thesis reviews options available to women in rural India and whether these opportunities grant them freedom. Initially, I distinguish the term freedom from autonomy, recognizing the flaws in the theory of autonomy. I identify freedom as a human's ability to make choices without external coercion. This differs from the concept of autonomy because autonomy does not recognize culture as a form of coercion; autonomy also neglects to consider the possibility of a person making a decision that affects his or her life negatively. These concepts tie into battered women in rural India because of the pressure they receive from cultural forces to make decisions reflecting practiced gender norms. Through case study research, I found that battered women in India lack access to freedom, being unable to access their freedom because of the constant threat of violence and/or ostracism. I drew this conclusion after reviewing opportunities of financial freedom through micro-credit loans, land-owning, and women’s employment. I reflect on freedom of mobility, and examine women’s threat of violence in both the public and private sectors. Lastly, I reviewed women’s political freedom in rural India, reviewing laws that were passed to ensure women’s equality. Women in India are already in a vulnerable position because of existing gender norms that require women to perform tasks for the benefit of the men in her life. A woman under the threat of domestic violence is twice as vulnerable because of her positionality as a woman in her culture, as well as a wife in her marriage. She is bound by gender norms in society, as well as her expected marital duties as a wife. Being unable to escape the threat of violence in both her private and public spheres, a woman experiencing domestic violence has virtually no access to freedom. I suggest that state and community-level empowerment is necessary before individual-level empowerment is effective and culturally accepted.Dissertation/Thesis
Masters Thesis Social Justice and Human Rights 2016
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Sarmento, Teresa Maria Tavares Morais. "Intergenerational transmission of education : evidence from India." Master's thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.14/25449.
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India is one of the fastest growing economies in the world presenting at the same time significant levels of inequality, in particular in terms of education. Arguably, one of the main issues regarding India´s potential economic development and growth is the lack of skilled labour force. This thesis tackles this constraint in growth by studying how education is transmitted between generations in India. Census data from 1983 to 2009 is utilised to provide empirical evidence to both intergenerational education transmission, as well as to potential mechanisms behind the estimated transmission. Empirical evidence provides three results. Firstly, intergenerational mobility in India has increased, due to an increase in the educational attainment of children of low-educated parents. Secondly, the gender gap is closing in terms of mobility. Thirdly, positive association between increasing mobility and economic performance and education policy.A Índia é uma das economias com mais rápido crescimento económico do mundo, apresentando, ao mesmo tempo, significantes níveis de desigualdade. Uma das principais particularidades à cerca do potencial de desenvolvimento económico e crescimento da Índia é a falta de força de trabalho qualificada. Esta tese aborda a restrição no crescimento económico através da análise da transmissão de educação entre gerações na Índia. Neste trabalho, são utilizados dados de censos entre 1983 e 2009 de modo a obter evidência empírica sobre a transmissão da educação intergeracional, bem como sobre possíveis mecanismos na origem da mobilidade estimada. As provas empíricas permitem inferir 3 conclusões. Em primeiro lugar, o aumento na mobilidade intergeracional na Índia deveu-se a um aumento no nível educacional de crianças filhas de pais com reduzido nível educacional. Em segundo, as diferenças de mobilidade entre géneros vão diminuindo ao longo dos anos até ao seu desaparecimento. E, finalmente, em terceiro lugar, demonstrou-se uma associação entre o aumento da mobilidade e o desempenho económico e a política educacional.
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Dutta, Sujit Kumar. "Development and the structure of social inequality in rural India: A sociological study based on Three villages of Rohtas District, Bihar." Thesis, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/2009/6386.
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