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Jesmin, Syeda Sarah Cready Cynthia M. "Income inequality and racial/ethnic infant mortality in the United States." [Denton, Tex.] : University of North Texas, 2008. http://digital.library.unt.edu/permalink/meta-dc-9770.
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Jesmin, Syeda Sarah. "Income Inequality and Racial/Ethnic Infant Mortality in the United States." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2008. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc9770/.
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The objective of this study was to examine if intra-racial income inequality contributes to higher infant mortality rates (IMRs) for African-Americans. The conceptual framework for this study is derived from Richard Wilkinson's psychosocial environment interpretation of the income inequality and health link. The hypotheses examined were that race/ethnicity-specific IMRs are influenced by intra-race/ethnicity income inequality, and that these effects of income inequality on health are mediated by level of social mistrust and/or risk profile of the mother. Using state-level data from several sources, the 2000 National Center for Health Statistics Linked Birth Infant Death database, 2000 U.S. Census, and 2000 General Social Survey, a number of regression equations were estimated. Results indicated that the level of intra-racial/ethnic income inequality is a significant predictor of non-Hispanic Black IMRs, but not the IMRs of non-Hispanic Whites or Hispanics. Additionally, among Blacks, the effect of their intra-racial income inequality on their IMRs was found to be mediated by the risk profile of the mother, namely, the increased likelihood of smoking and/or drinking and/or less prenatal care by Black women during pregnancy. Implications of the findings are discussed.
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Sosnaud, Benjamin Curran. "Life Chances: Infant Mortality, Institutions, and Inequality in the United States." Thesis, Harvard University, 2015. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:17465313.
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The dissertation explores variation in socio-demographic inequalities in infant mortality in the U.S. with three empirical chapters.
The first empirical chapter focuses on inequalities in the likelihood of infant mortality by maternal education. Drawing on vital statistics records, I begin by assessing variation in these disparities across states. In some states, infants born to mothers with less than twelve years of schooling are more than twice as likely to die as infants of mothers with four years of college or more. I then examine how variation in the magnitude of these inequalities is associated with key medical system institutions. I find that more widespread availability of neonatal intensive care is associated with reduced inequality. In contrast, greater supply of primary care is linked to slightly larger differences in infant mortality between mothers with low and high education.
In the second empirical chapter, I explore racial disparities in neonatal mortality by stratifying these gaps based on two generating mechanisms: 1) disparities due to differences in the distribution of birth weights, and 2) those due to differences in birth weight-specific mortality. For each state, I then calculate the relative contribution these mechanisms to disparities in neonatal mortality between whites and blacks. Two patterns emerge. In some states, racial disparities in neonatal mortality are entirely a product of differences in health at birth. In other states, differential receipt of medical care contributes to disparities in very low birth weight mortality between white and black neonates.
The third empirical chapter evaluates the relationship between local public health expenditures and socioeconomic inequalities in infant mortality. Drawing on local government expenditure data in a sample of large municipalities, I explore the extent to which health and hospital spending are associated with inequalities in county infant mortality rates between mothers with low and high levels of educational attainment. For white mothers, I find that hospital expenditures are negatively associated with educational inequalities in infant mortality, but that other health expenditures are positively associated with inequality. In contrast, local public health expenditures are not significant predictors of educational inequalities in infant mortality rates for black mothers.<br>Sociology
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Klotz, Angie. "Income inequality, racial composition and the infant mortality rates of U.S. counties." Cincinnati, Ohio : University of Cincinnati, 2005. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?acc%5Fnum=ucin1115693615.
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KLOTZ, ANGIE. "INCOME INEQUALITY, RACIAL COMPOSITION AND THE INFANT MORTALITY RATES OF US COUNTIES." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1115693615.
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Poerwanto, Siswo. "The inequality in infant mortality in Indonesia : evidence-based information and its policy implications." University of Western Australia. School of Population Health, 2004. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2003.0039.
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[Truncated abstract] The aims of the study were twofold; firstly, to describe the inequality in infant mortality in Indonesia namely, to look at the extent and magnitude of the problem in terms of the estimated number of infant deaths, the differentials in infant mortality rates, the probability of infant deaths across provinces, urban and rural areas, and across regions of Indonesia. Secondly, to examine the effect of family welfare status and maternal educational levels on the probability of infant deaths. The study design was that of a population-based multistage stratified survey of the 1997 Indonesian Demographic and Health Survey. Results of the study were obtained from a sample of 28,810 reproductive women aged 15 to 49 years who belonged to 34,255 households. A binary outcome variable was selected, namely, whether or not each of the live born infant(s) from the interviewed women was alive or dead prior to reaching one year of age. Of interest were the variables related to socio-economic status, measured by Family Welfare Status Index and maternal educational levels. The following risk factors were also investigated: current contraceptive methods; birth intervals; maternal age at first birth; marital duration; infants’ size perceived by the mothers; infants’ birth weight; marital status; prenatal care by health personnel; antenatal TT immunization; place of delivery; and religion. Geographical strata (province) and residence (urban and rural areas) were also considered. Both descriptive and multivariate analyses were undertaken. Descriptive analysis was aimed at obtaining non-biased estimates of the infant mortality rates at the appropriate levels of aggregation. Multivariate analysis involved a logistic regression model using the Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) model-fitting technique. The procedure, a multilog-cumlogit , uses the Taylor Series Linearization methods to compute modelbased variance, and which adjusts for the complex sampling design. Results of descriptive analysis indicate that, indeed, there are inequalities in infant mortality across administrative divisions of the country, represented by provinces and regions, as well as across residential areas, namely urban and rural areas. Also, the results suggested that there is socio-economic inequality in infant mortality, as indicated by a dose-response effect across strata of family welfare and maternal educational levels, both individually and interactively. These inequalities varied by residence (urban and rural), provinces and regions (Java Bali, Outer Java Bali I and Outer Java Bali II). Furthermore, the probability of infant mortality was significantly greater among highrisk mothers, characterized by a number of risk factors used in the study
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Grayson, Keoka Yonette. "Essays on Income Inequality and Health During the Great Depression." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/242473.
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The Great Recession has brought income inequality to the forefront of the American psyche. Parallels have been made between the Great Depression and the Great Recession, and as such, economic history can act as a powerful analytical tool in directing policy. The first essay in Income Inequality during the Great Depression is a qualitative analysis of income transitions from 1929 to 1933 using 33 representative cities as surveyed by the Civil Works Administration. The second essay investigates the welfare effects of income inequality on infant mortality during the Depression. And the third essay on noninfant mortality gives context to the analysis of infant mortality and stillbirths.
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Ferreira, Carlos Eugenio de Carvalho. "Mortalidade infantil e desigualdade social em São Paulo." Universidade de São Paulo, 1990. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/6/6132/tde-08012018-122624/.
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A questão da mortalidade Infantil continua sendo um dos mais graves problemas sociais. A demonstração do Interesse por esse tipo de estudo não se limita ao âmbito do debate acadêmico, está presente no cotidiano daqueles que atuam no Interior das intituições governamentais voltadas para o planejamento e para a avaliação de prioridades no conjunto das políticas públicas. Embora os progressos na área de stlúde tenham contribuído pera uma redução importante nos riscos de morte de crianças menores de um ano em São Paulo, sua incidência ainda continua elevada em relação aos países que alcançaram níveis mais favoráveis. Além disso, o processo desigual da redução da mortalidade, que determina um avanço mais rápido em alguns setores da sociedade e um maior atraso em outros, reproduz a existência de importantes diferenciais sócio-econômicos da mortalidade infantil. A inclusão de uma histórla de nascimentos na Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios de 1984 propiciou a análise das probabilidades de morte infantil definidas no tempo e detalhadas por idade, segundo um conjunto de variáveis sócio-econômicas e demográficas. Este trabalho tem por base empírica este conjunto de informações e representa um esforço no sentido de analisar e discutir aspectos significativos dos padrões e diferenciais de mortalidade infantil, estimados diretamente a partir da história de nascimentos. Com isto, avençamos na compreensão da influência de fatores sócio-econômicos e demográficos nos níveis e tendências da mortalidade Infantil no Estado de São Paulo. A análise foi dividida em três capítulos principais: a influência de fatores sócio-econômicos sobre a mortalidade infantil, a influência de fatores demográficos e os efeitos da queda da fecundidade sobre a mortalidade infanlil em São Paulo. Primeiramente, são analisados os efeitos da instrução materna e da renda familiar. Em seguida, são abordados os efeitos do saneamento básico através da análise do tipo de abastecimento de água, com ou sem cananalização interna e do tipo de esgotamento sanitário controlando-se o uso da instalação sanitária. A partir daí, desenvolve-se uma análise da innuência simultânea da instrução, renda e saneamento. A variável cor materna é analisada individualmente e em conjunto com as demais variáveis sócio-econômicas. Por último, exploram-se as informações sobre aleitamento materno, procurando-se analisar as mudanças de frequência e a influência sobre a mortalidade infantil. O tema seguinte aborda a influência das variáveis demográficas: idade materna, ordem de nascimento, intervalo intergenésico e sexo. As variáveis são analisadas isoladamente e, em seguida, reunidas em um modelo multivariado para a análise simultânea dos efeitos. Finalmente, são analisados os efeitos recentes da queda da fecundidade sobre a mortalidade infantil, discutindo-se as tendências temporais da estrutura dos nascimentos segundo a ordem de nascimento, idade da mãe e intervalo intergenésico e suas influências sobre a mortalidade infantil. Os resultados obtidos salientam os efeitos diferenciados de algumas destas variáveis sobre o fenômeno estudado.<br>Infant mortality has remained as one of the most dramatic social problems and, therefore, has emerged as a rising point of analysis not only in the ambit of intrinsec academia interest but also as a concern for the govemment\'s future development goals. In fact, mortality studies have been more and more demanded by govemmental institutions which deal with planning and evaluation of the priorities in terms of pubfic policies to be put into effect. Despite some improvement in health, which has lead to a reduction in the risk of infant deaths in São Paulo, the levet of infant mortallity is still considerably higher than that estimated for developed countries. Moreover, the inequality of the process of mortality decline, which determines a more dramatic pace of improvement in some sectors than in others; reflects the existence of important socioeconomic differentials in infant mortality. The inclusion of a birth history in the 1984 National Household Survey (PNAD-84) gives rise to a possibility of analysing probabilities of infant deaths defined in a time scale and detailed by age, according to a set of socioeconomic and demographic variables. This study is undertaken on the basis of these empirical information, and represents an effort to discuss some significant aspects of patterns and differentials of infant mortality directly estimated from birth histories. With this, we bring forward the comprehension of the influence of socioeconomic and demographic factors on the levels and trends of infanl mortality in the State of Sao Paulo. The analysis of the determinants of infant mortalily is divided in three chapters. The first is concerned with socio-economic factors. The efects of maternal education and family income are studied. Subsequently the analysis turns to a discussion of the effects of basic sanitation, considering the sources of water supply - houses with or without piped water - and the kind of sewerage disposal. Education, income and sanitation are incorporated next in the anlysis, in order to obtain a better understanding of their simultaneous effects on infant mortality. The effect of mother\'s color studied both in itself and in conjunction with the other socio-economic variables. Information on breastfeeding is also included with the aim of analysing the pattern of breastfeeding behavior and its influence on infant mortality. The second chapter deals with the following demographic variables: maternal age, birth order, birth interval and sex of infant. These variables are first considered separately and then included in a multivariate model in order to understand their simultaneous effects on infant mortality. Finally, the third chapter studies the effects of fertility decline on infant mortality. The trends in birth composition according to birth order, mother\'s age and birth interval and their influence on infant mortality are analysed. The results shows that some of the studied variables have a diferentiated effect on infant mortalily.
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Somov, Margarita Yuri. "AN ECONOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF INFANT MORTALITY, POLLUTION, AND INCOME IN THE U.S. COUNTIES." UKnowledge, 2004. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_theses/415.
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The concept of economic development has broadened to include environmental quality and population health. Interactions between income and pollution, income and health, and pollution and health have been studied separately by researchers from various disciplines. This study attempts to unify several different research strands and analyze simultaneous interactions between population health, measured by the infant mortality rate, pollution, and income in one endogenous system. Socioeconomic, racial, and rural urban disparities in infant mortality, pollution, and income are analyzed. The simultaneous equation system, estimated using the two-stage least squares method, tests whether pollution effects on infant mortality are outweighed by income effects. The study finds that income is a stronger determinant of infant mortality than pollution. Evidence for the environmental Kuznets curve is ambiguous. Disparities in infant mortality, pollution, and income are correlated with counties rural-urban status, income inequality, and ethnic diversity. Regional patterns identify wide geographical differences in levels of pollution, income, and infant mortality. The Southeast region stands out as a region with the highest infant mortality rate, relatively high levels of air pollution and chemical releases, and low per capita incomes.
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Larsson, Anders. "Determinants of population health : A panel data study on 24 countries." Thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Economics, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-7650.
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<p>This study aim at investigating whether income inequality ceteris paribus is a determinant of population health measured by infant mortality rate and average expected lifetime. Earlier research has found results pointing in different directions but the income inequality hypothesis suggests that income inequality alone is something bad for the population. The study uses data on income distribution from the Luxembourg Income Study (LIS) and the World Income Inequality Database (WIID). Data on economic development and health indicators comes from the OECD database. An econometric model which applies country fixed effects is specified and the results indicates no effect from income inequality on infant mortality rate but some indications of a negative effect on average expected lifetime.</p>
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Hernandez, Alessandra Rivero. "Tendência das taxas de mortalidade infantil e de seus fatores de risco um estudo de série temporal no sul do Brasil." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/30975.
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Nas últimas décadas, tem-se observado uma redução expressiva das taxas de mortalidade infantil no Brasil e no mundo. Vários fatores contribuíram para essa redução, tais como melhoria das condições socioeconômicas e assistenciais. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar as tendências seculares das taxas de mortalidade infantil e avaliar os fatores que contribuíram para a sua modificação ao longo de uma série temporal em Porto Alegre, uma cidade desenvolvida de porte médio, que é a capital do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Este é um estudo baseado nas informações do registro de nascidos vivos e dos óbitos infantis no período de 1996 a 2008 obtidos, respectivamente, pelo Sistema de Informações de Nascidos Vivos (SINASC) e do Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade (SIM). Foi analisada a tendência temporal do número de nascimentos e das taxas de mortalidade infantil, neonatal e pós-neonatal, geral e de acordo com as variáveis presentes no SINASC (escolaridade materna; idade materna; número de filhos vivos e de filhos mortos; número de consultas de pré-natal; tipo de parto; tipo de hospital; idade gestacional; peso de nascimento e sexo do recém-nascido). O percentual de mudança anual, com intervalo de confiança de 95%, foi calculado mediante regressão linear, utilizando o logaritmo das taxas de mortalidade. Foi utilizada regressão sequencial de Poisson para estimar a influência da condição socioeconômica, das variáveis assistenciais, das variáveis maternas e das variáveis do recém-nascido nas tendências das taxas de mortalidade infantil, neonatal e pós-neonatal no período. Durante o período analisado, ocorreram 265.242 nascimentos. As taxas de mortalidade infantil, neonatal e pós-neonatal apresentaram uma tendência de diminuição significativa, respectivamente de 15,8/1.000 nascidos vivos em 1996 para 9,1/1.000 nascidos vivos em 2008 (3,7% ao ano; P<0, 001), de 8,7 para 5,9 (3,5% ao ano; P<0,001) e de 7,1 para 3,0 (4,1% ao ano; P<0,001). A redução da taxa de mortalidade infantil para os nascidos de mães com menos de oito anos de escolaridade ocorreu em função da redução da taxa de mortalidade neonatal (2,5% ao ano; P=0,026) e para os nascidos de mães com oito a onze anos de escolaridade, em função da redução da taxa de mortalidade pósneonatal (3,3% ao ano; P=0,004). Entre os nascidos de mães com doze anos ou mais anos de escolaridade, não houve alterações significativas das taxas de mortalidade infantil. As modificações nas variáveis maternas (biológicas e sociais) apresentaram maior impacto para a tendência de redução das taxas de mortalidade no período, seguidas das assistenciais (RR=0,979; IC95%=0,969 a 0,989; P<0,001). O aumento do nível de escolaridade materna foi o fator com maior efeito para o declínio das taxas de mortalidade infantil (RR=0,981; IC95%=0,971 a 0,990; P<0,001). Por outro lado, as variáveis dos recém-nascidos, principalmente devido à tendência de aumento das taxas de baixo peso ao nascer, apresentaram um efeito negativo, desacelerando a tendência de redução da mortalidade em Porto Alegre (RR=0,955; IC95%=0,946 a 0,963; P<0,001).<br>In recent decades, there has been a significant reduction of infant mortality rates in Brazil and worldwide. Several factors contributed to this reduction such as improved socioeconomic conditions and health care. The aim of this study was to investigate the secular trends of infant mortality rates and evaluate the factors that contributed to its change over time series in Porto Alegre, a medium-sized developed town which is the capital of Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. This is a study based on information from the registry of births and infant deaths in the period from 1996 to 2008 which were obtained, respectively, from the Information System Live Births (SINASC) and Mortality Information System (SIM). It was analyzed the temporal trend in the number of births and infant, neonatal and post-neonatal mortality rates, overall and according to variables in SINASC (maternal education, maternal age, number of live births and dead, number of prenatal visits, type of delivery, type of hospital, gestational age, birth weight and sex of the newborn). The percentage of annual change, with an confidence interval of 95% was calculated by linear regression using the logarithm of mortality rates. Sequential Poisson regression was used to estimate the influence of socioeconomic status, healthcare variables, maternal variables and variables of the live births in the trend rates of infant, neonatal and post-neonatal mortality. During the period analyzed, there were 265,242 births. The rates of infant, neonatal and post neonatal mortality showed a trend of significant decrease, respectively from 15.8/1,000 live births in 1996 to 9.1/1,000 live births in 2008 (3.7% per year, P<0.001), from 8.7 to 5.9 (3.5% per year, P<0.001) and from 7.1 to 3.0 (4.1% per year, P<0.001). Reducing the infant mortality rate for live births to mothers with less than eight years of schooling occurred due to the reduction of neonatal mortality rate (2.5% per year, P=0.026) and for live births to mothers with eight to eleven years of schooling, due to the reduction of post-neonatal mortality (3.3% per year, P=0.004). Among live births of mothers with twelve or more years of schooling there was no significant change in infant mortality rates. The changes in the maternal variables (biological and social) had greater impact on the declining trend in mortality rates in the period, followed by health care variables (RR=0.979; 95%CI=0.969 to 0.989; P<0.001). The increased level of maternal education was the factor with greatest effect for the decline in infant mortality rates (RR=0.981; 95%CI=0.971 to 0.990; P<0.001). On the other hand, the variables of live births, mainly due to the trend of increased of low birth weight rates, had a negative effect, slowing the trend of reducing mortality in Porto Alegre (RR=0.955; 95%CI=0.946 to 0.963; P<0.001).
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Nkale, Bougha Obouna Estelle. "Pauvreté, santé et genre au Gabon." Thesis, Bordeaux 4, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BOR40021/document.
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Le Gabon affiche, paradoxalement à son niveau de PIB par tête élevé, des indicateurs de santépauvres. Fondée sur les données de l’enquête démographique et de santé du Gabon de 2000, laprésente étude a pour objectif d’examiner la relation entre la pauvreté et la santé. Premièrement,l’étude montre que le niveau de mortalité des enfants est préoccupant, et que la pauvreté nonmonétaire en termes d’actifs est associée à cette mortalité. Deuxièmement, les niveaux de retard decroissance et d’insuffisance pondérale des enfants posent problème. A cet égard, on observe que leretard de croissance représente le premier problème nutritionnel. D’ailleurs, les analyses révèlentl’existence d’une relation claire entre la pauvreté non monétaire et le retard de croissance. Par contre,l’impact de la pauvreté non monétaire sur l’insuffisance pondérale dépend du modèle économétriqueutilisé. Troisièmement, le test de Chow pour la mortalité et la malnutrition n’est pas significatif,montrant qu’une analyse économétrique de la relation entre la pauvreté et la santé selon de genre n’estpas justifiée. En d’autres termes, les ménages dirigés par une femme et ceux dirigés par un homme nese comportent pas différemment en matière de soins de santé. Quatrièmement, l’analyse de l’inégalitésocio-économique de la mortalité et celle de la malnutrition suggère quelques commentaires. Toutd’abord, cette inégalité est très forte. Ensuite, alors que l’inégalité de la mortalité est plus élevée enmilieu rural, l’inégalité de la malnutrition est plus prononcée en milieu urbain. Enfin, les disparités deniveau de vie ont un rôle secondaire quant à l’explication du niveau de cette inégalité<br>Gabon displays, paradoxically to his high level of GDP per capita, poor health indicators. Based on thedata of the Demographic and Health Survey of Gabon of 2000, the present study had as objective toexamine the relation between poverty and health. Firstly, the study shows that the level of childmortality is worrying, and that the non-monetary poverty in terms of assets is associated with thismortality. Secondly, the levels of child stunting and underweight are problems. In this respect, oneobserves that stunting represents the first nutritional problem. Moreover, the analyses reveal theexistence of a net relationship between non monetary poverty and malnutrition in terms of stunting.On the other hand; the impact of non monetary poverty on the malnutrition in terms of underweightdepends on the econometric model used. Thirdly, the chow test for mortality and malnutrition are notsignificant, showing that an econometric analysis of the relation between poverty and health by genderis not justified. In other words, households headed by a woman and those headed by a man not behavedifferently as regards health care. Fourthly, the study of the socioeconomic inequality of mortality andthose of malnutrition suggests some comments. First of all, this inequality is very strong. Then, whilethe inequality in mortality is stronger in rural area, the inequality in malnutrition is more pronouncedin cities. Lastly, the welfare disparities of the households have a secondary role as for the explanationof the level of this inequality
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Padilla, Cindy. "Inégalités sociales de santé et expositions environnementales. Une analyse spatio-temporelle du risque de mortalité infantile et néonatale dans quatre agglomérations françaises." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LORR0192/document.
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L'existence des inégalités sociale de santé (ISS) est solidement établie en France. La mortalité infantile et néonatale sont reconnues comme des indicateurs de l'état de santé d'une population. En dépit de nombreux facteurs de risques déjà identifiés, une part des ISS demeurent inexpliquées ; les nuisances environnementales sont suspectées. L'objectif de la thèse est d'analyser par une approche spatio-temporelle la contribution de l'exposition au dioxyde d'azote aux inégalités sociales de mortalité infantile et néonatale en France 2000-2009. L'étude est épidémiologique de type écologique dans les agglomérations de Lille, Paris, Lyon, et Marseille. L'unité géographique est l'IRIS. Les cas recueillis dans les mairies ont été géocodés en utilisant l'adresse de résidence des parents. Les données socioéconomiques estimées à partir des recensements de 1999, 2006 ont été utilisées dans un indice composite définissant la défaveur socioéconomique globale. Les concentrations moyennes de dioxyde d'azote ont été modélisées par les réseaux de surveillance de la qualité de l'air. Des modèles statistiques additifs généralisés ont permis de prendre en compte l'autocorrélation spatiale et de générer des cartes à l'aide de lissage sur la longitude et la latitude tout en ajustant sur les variables d'intérêt. A l'aide d'une approche innovante, les résultats ont démontré l'existence de zones d'inégalités socio-spatiales, environnementale ou le cumul d'inégalités de mortalité infantile et néonatale. Ces résultats sont ville-spécifique, ils varient selon la période d'étude et l'évènement sanitaire étudié démontrant ainsi la difficulté de généraliser ces observations à l'échelle nationale<br>In France, existence of social health inequalities (SHI) has well established. Infant and neonatal mortality are recognized as indicators of the health status of a population. In spite of numerous risk factors already identified, a part of these inequalities remain unexplained, environmental nuisances are suspected. The thesis objectives were to analyze by a spatial and temporal approach, the contribution of exposure to nitrogen dioxide to social inequalities in infant and neonatal mortality in France between 2000 and 2009. We conducted an ecological type epidemiological study using the French census block as the geographical unit in the metropolitan areas of Lille, Paris, Lyon, and Marseille. All cases collected in the cities hall were geocoded using address of parent's residence. Socioeconomic data estimated from the 1999, 2006 national census were used in a composite index which encompasses multiple dimensions to analyze global deprivation. Average nitrogen dioxide concentrations were modeled by the air quality monitoring networks. Generalized additive models allowed to take into account spatial autocorrelation and generate maps using smoothing on longitude and latitude while adjusting for covariates of interest. Using an innovative approach, results highlight the existence of socio-spatial, environmental or cumulate inequalities in infant and neonatal mortality. These results are city-specific, they vary according to the period and the health event demonstrating the difficulty to generalize these observations at the national level
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Jayachandra, Vaishnavi. "Factors affecting infant mortality." Thesis, California State University, Long Beach, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1585806.
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<p> Infant mortality rate has long been an important factor when measuring a country's overall health status. The lower the infant mortality rate the better the country's health status. This study examines the variation of infant mortality in Hispanic/Latinos, Black/African Americans, and Medicaid beneficiaries in the United States. Secondary data was drawn from the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey for the year 2011-2012. Results of the study did not reveal or support the demographic or socioeconomic factors that influence the outcome of infant mortality. Future research should include data from the neo-natal intensive care unit, and not just the emergency department, where infant mortality is better recorded.</p>
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Peachy, Latawnya D. "Fetal infant mortality review the next step in addressing infant mortality in Tarrant County /." online resource, 2008. http://digitalcommons.hsc.unt.edu/theses/1/.
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Wolfart, Gracieli Aparecida. "Saneamento básico como fator de desenvolvimento: um estudo da mortalidade infantil e da infância no Estado do Paraná." Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Parana, 2014. http://tede.unioeste.br:8080/tede/handle/tede/2165.
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Previous issue date: 2014-07-27<br>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior<br>The development can be analyzed under different theories. Among them stands out to Amartya Sen, which states that for a region should be developed to expand the capabilities, ie, increase the freedom of choice of individuals. Based on this concept, the universalization of basic sanitation is part of the basic capacities of human beings, which have a direct impact on their epidemiological context. Thus, this work was to analyze the impact of sanitation on mortality of children under one year and the mortality of children under five years, with the unit of analysis the municipalities of the state of Paraná, in census years 2000 and 2010, using the model panel data. Upon receipt of this econometric model and references the dependent variables related to child mortality, as well as independent variables sanitation, socioeconomic and demographic data were selected. The results showed that in Paraná, in general, public policies able to reduce the rates of infant and child mortality under five, so that the state currently has rates below minimum standards listed by the United Nations (UN). The main factors contributing to this decrease were the expansion of water supply services, reducing the female illiteracy rate, the role of the family health program, the greater the income distribution and the degree of urbanization. Contradictory to the panorama in the literature, it was found that the variable of sewage was not significant to explain the reduction of infant mortality and childhood, since the coverage of these services is still precarious in most municipalities. Currently about half of the cities have no sewage collection systems appropriately. Despite reductions in mortality in children in the state in recent years, this decrease occurred unevenly among municipalities, remaining higher rates in the less urban areas, where access to sanitation systems is more complex.<br>O desenvolvimento pode ser analisado sob diferentes teorias. Dentre elas destaca-se a de Amartya Sen, o qual preconiza que para uma região se desenvolver deve expandir as capacidades, ou seja, aumentar as liberdades de escolha dos indivíduos. Partindo desse conceito, a universalização do saneamento básico faz parte das capacidades elementares do ser humano, as quais repercutem diretamente no seu quadro epidemiológico. Neste sentido, este trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de analisar o impacto do saneamento básico na mortalidade de crianças menores de um ano e na mortalidade de crianças menores de cinco anos, tendo como unidade de análise os municípios que integram o Estado do Paraná, no período censitário de 2000 e 2010, através do modelo de dados em painel. De posse deste modelo econométrico e das referências foram selecionadas as variáveis dependentes referentes à mortalidade de crianças assim como as variáveis independentes de saneamento básico, dados socioeconômicos e demográficos. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que no Paraná, de forma geral, as políticas públicas conseguiram reduzir os índices de mortalidade de crianças, de tal forma que, o Estado atualmente apresenta indicadores abaixo dos padrões mínimos elencados pela Organização das Nações Unidas (ONU). Os principais fatores que contribuíram para esta redução foram a ampliação dos serviços de abastecimento de água, a redução da taxa de analfabetismo feminina, a atuação do programa saúde da família, a maior distribuição da renda e o grau de urbanização. Contraditoriamente ao panorama encontrado na literatura, constatou-se que a variável de esgotamento sanitário não foi significativa para explicar a redução da mortalidade infantil e da infância, uma vez que a cobertura destes serviços ainda é precária na maior parte dos municípios. Apesar das reduções da mortalidade de crianças nos últimos anos, esta diminuição aconteceu de forma desigual entre os municípios, permanecendo índices mais elevados nas áreas menos urbanizadas, onde o acesso aos sistemas de saneamento é mais complexo.
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Seckin, Nutiye. "Determinants Of Infant Mortality In Turkey." Master's thesis, METU, 2009. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12611069/index.pdf.
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Infant mortality rate is used as an indicator of a nation&rsquo<br>s economic welfare. Despite the tremendous reduction since 1900s infant mortality rate is still high for developing countries. Infant mortality is reduced from 67 to 21 per 1000 live births in 17 years from 1990 to 2007 in Turkey. However, IMR in Turkey is still much higher than the rates in developing countries which is reported as 5 in 2007. In this thesis, I examine regional, household and individual level characteristics that are associated with infant mortality. For this purpose survival analysis is used in this analysis. The data come from 2003-2004 Turkey Demographic and Health Survey that includes detailed information of 8,075 ever married women between the ages 15-49. 7,360 mothers of these women gave birth to 22,443 children. The results of the logistic regression show that intervals between the births of the infants are associated with infant mortality at lower levels of wealth index. Children from poorer families with preceding birth interval shorter than 14 months or children whose mothers experience a subsequent birth fare badly. Breastfeeding is important for the survival chance of the infants under the age 3 months. Place of delivery and source of water the family uses are also found to be correlated with infant mortality risk. Curvilinear relation between maternal age at birth and infant mortality risk is observed, indicating higher risk for teenage mothers and mothers having children at older ages.
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Iyer, Jayashree Srinivasan. "Determinants of infant mortality in India." Thesis, McGill University, 1992. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=56956.
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"Infant Mortality Rate" (IMR), is an important socio-economic indicator which measures an important dimension of the well-being of any society. For the developing and less developed countries of the world, Infant Mortality Rates are much higher than those in the developed countries. This research aims to study IMR in India, a country which achieved considerable growth in industrial and agricultural sectors during the post-independence era, but which still has a relatively high level of IMR. Different formulations for measuring IMR are given and work done by different searchers in this area are reviewed in this study. Indicators of the variables affecting IMR are chosen, a time series regression model is estimated by ordinary least squares, and the results discussed. A cross-section analysis of the states in India is also attempted. The results of these analyses, concur quite well with other studies done for countries in similar stages of economic development.
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Majombozi, Ziyanda. "'Luring the infant into life' : exploring infant mortality and infant-feeding in Khayelitsha, Cape Town." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/20068.
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The ethnographic data presented in this dissertation is drawn from 20 weeks of informal interviews, participant observation, and other creative research methods such as the use of social media platforms like Facebook and WhatsApp, WhatsApp interviews, focus groups and pictures. Drawing on concepts of managing risk, this dissertation demonstrates that in a world where life is precarious due to illnesses, poverty and other social ills that reflect the political economy of the different spaces, child care is about sustaining the life of an infant. This paper explores the different ways that the state (represented through the National Department of Health) and mothers imagine themselves to be sustaining infant life. It further explores the complexities that arise when the state, external health institutions as well as the mother together with her family and friends imagine the process of sustaining infant life differently. This paper argues that infant feeding choices reflect the different discourses that surround 'sustaining life' and 'managing risk'. It aims to show that the introduction of exclusive breastfeeding policies is a manifestation of the state's ideas on how to sustain infant life. In contrast, the introduction of medicine and complimentary feeds reflect the ideas mothers have for sustaining the lives of their infants. This paper suggests that, although exclusive breastfeeding is important, there are different ways to sustain infant life that are not within the biomedical framework. Alas, these are often dismissed as barriers to exclusive breastfeeding and isolated from other tools used to sustain infant life and to address infant mortality.
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O'Donoghue, Timothy F. "Urbanization and infant mortality : an ecological analysis /." The Ohio State University, 1991. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487757723994641.
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Storer, Lisa Clair Dawn. "The possible significance of cytomegalovirus in infant mortality." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.247228.
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Mohamed, Wan Norsiah. "The determinants of infant mortality in Peninsular Malaysia." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.295497.
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Ndlovu, Rodwell Sibusiso. "Factors influencing infant and child mortality in Zimbabwe." University of the Western Cape, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6788.
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Magister Philosophiae - MPhil<br>According to a 2010 report by the United Nations, mortality rates among children under the age of five remain extremely high in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa in which Zimbabwe is one of them. Child mortality in Zimbabwe is found to be associated with the specific causes with differing factors. This thesis analyses main causes of child mortality in Zimbabwe with selected socioeconomic, bio-demographic, maternal fertility behaviour, sexual reproductive health and services delivery factors in the study area, and Zimbabwe’s progress towards reaching MDG 4&5, which is to improve maternal health and reduce child mortality.
The study used secondary data from the Demographic and Health Survey Zimbabwe of 2010-11, which is a nationally representative sample of all deaths based on household interviews to assess the impact of socioeconomic factors, health care accessibility and HIV/AIDS on infant and child mortality. This is a theoretical and descriptive study which uses odds and hazard rates of analysis and also used bio-demographic variables to understand the problem by exploring the data to obtain the most plausible estimates of infant and child mortality in the past decades.
The findings, to a great extent showed that, socioeconomic factors have a huge contribution to infant and child mortality rates in Zimbabwe. Preceding birth interval, family size, birth type, breastfeeding status, source of drinking water, mother education, mother income, area of residence, and father education have significant effect at univariate level, whereas, area of residence, mother education and father education were not significant at multivariate level.
The finding from the study revealed that mother’s educational level is not a determinant factor of infant and child mortality in Zimbabwe unlike other studies. However, awareness about the influencing factors of infant and child mortality is vital in order to control them, so also is enlightenment on the need of birth control and family size and benefit of breastfeeding. Improvement on the socioeconomic status and empowerment of citizens most especially women will help to reduce infant and child mortality.
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au, Lberes@bigpond net, and Linda Beresford. "Baby Graves: Infant Mortality in Merthyr Tydfil 1865-1908." Murdoch University, 2006. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20061129.125515.
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The thesis examines the problem of infant mortality in Merthyr Tydfil 1865-
1908. In particular it investigates why Merthyr Tydfil, an iron, steel and coal producing
town in south Wales, experienced high infant mortality rates throughout the nineteenth
century which rose by the end of the century despite sixty years of public health
reforms. The historiography of infant mortality in nineteenth-century Britain includes
few Welsh studies although the south Wales Coalfield played an important part in
industrial and demographic change in Britain during the second half of the nineteenth
century. The thesis argues that conditions of industrial development shaped the social,
economic and public health experience in Merthyr, ensnaring its citizens in social
disadvantage, reflected in the largely unacknowledged human toll among mothers and
babies in that process.
The thesis analyses the causes of over 17, 000 infant deaths in Merthyr Tydfil
from the primary evidence of an unusually complete series of Medical Officer of Health
Reports to identify the principal attributed causes of infant death and explain their
social origins and context. The thesis examines the work of Dr. Thomas Jones Dyke,
MOH from 1865-1900, who was the author of most of these reports, and assesses his
career in public health, but suggests that there were limits to his capacity to address the
problem of infant mortality. The analysis showed convulsions, tuberculosis, measles
and whooping cough, lung diseases, diarrhoea, nutritional causes of death and infant
deaths from antenatal causes of maternal origin to be those which drove up infant
mortality rates in Merthyr from the 1880s. From 1902 antenatal causes of infant death,
independent of the sanitary environment, and directly linked to the health of mothers,
were the only ones still rising.
Public health reforms were unable to address the social factors which
engendered poverty and ill-health. Large families dependent mainly on male
breadwinners had little margin of economic safety. Industrial conflicts in Merthyr
revealed the inability of the Poor Law to address the problems of mass destitution in an
urban setting. Women experienced few employment opportunities, married early and
undertook heavy domestic labour reflected in early death rates for women and high
perinatal infant death rates due to the poor health and socio-economic status of mothers.
The training of midwives from 1902, with the potential to save many infant lives and to
advocate for working-class mothers, failed to do so in Merthyr by 1908.
Although specifically addressing the issues of infant mortality in nineteenthcentury
Britain, the issues raised are of contemporary relevance since infant deaths
reflect many social dynamics of inequality through which infant lives are inevitably
sacrificed.
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Beresford, Linda. "Baby graves: infant mortality in Merthyr Tydfil 1865-1908." Beresford, Linda (2006) Baby graves: infant mortality in Merthyr Tydfil 1865-1908. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2006. http://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/324/.
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The thesis examines the problem of infant mortality in Merthyr Tydfil 1865-1908. In particular it investigates why Merthyr Tydfil, an iron, steel and coal producing town in south Wales, experienced high infant mortality rates throughout the nineteenth century which rose by the end of the century despite sixty years of public health reforms. The historiography of infant mortality in nineteenth-century Britain includes few Welsh studies although the south Wales Coalfield played an important part in industrial and demographic change in Britain during the second half of the nineteenth century. The thesis argues that conditions of industrial development shaped the social, economic and public health experience in Merthyr, ensnaring its citizens in social disadvantage, reflected in the largely unacknowledged human toll among mothers and babies in that process.
The thesis analyses the causes of over 17, 000 infant deaths in Merthyr Tydfil from the primary evidence of an unusually complete series of Medical Officer of Health Reports to identify the principal attributed causes of infant death and explain their social origins and context. The thesis examines the work of Dr. Thomas Jones Dyke, MOH from 1865-1900, who was the author of most of these reports, and assesses his career in public health, but suggests that there were limits to his capacity to address the problem of infant mortality. The analysis showed convulsions, tuberculosis, measles and whooping cough, lung diseases, diarrhoea, nutritional causes of death and infant deaths from antenatal causes of maternal origin to be those which drove up infant mortality rates in Merthyr from the 1880s. From 1902 antenatal causes of infant death, independent of the sanitary environment, and directly linked to the health of mothers, were the only ones still rising.
Public health reforms were unable to address the social factors which engendered poverty and ill-health. Large families dependent mainly on male breadwinners had little margin of economic safety. Industrial conflicts in Merthyr revealed the inability of the Poor Law to address the problems of mass destitution in an urban setting. Women experienced few employment opportunities, married early and undertook heavy domestic labour reflected in early death rates for women and high perinatal infant death rates due to the poor health and socio-economic status of mothers. The training of midwives from 1902, with the potential to save many infant lives and to advocate for working-class mothers, failed to do so in Merthyr by 1908.
Although specifically addressing the issues of infant mortality in nineteenthcentury Britain, the issues raised are of contemporary relevance since infant deaths reflect many social dynamics of inequality through which infant lives are inevitably sacrificed.
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Mercier, Michael E. "Infant mortality in Ottawa, 1901, an historical-geographic perspective." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ26933.pdf.
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Hall, Eric William. "Aspects of infant mortality in Ipswich, Suffolk 1871-1930." Thesis, Open University, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.511300.
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Curtis, Sian Louise. "Death clustering, birth spacing and infant mortality in Brazil." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.315429.
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Mercier, Michael E. (Michael Ernest) 1970 Carleton University Dissertation Geography. "Infant mortality in Ottawa, 1901; an historical-geographic perspective." Ottawa.:, 1997.
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Penjor, Yothin Sawangdee. "Influence of mother's education on infant mortality in Bangladesh /." Abstract, 2006. http://mulinet3.li.mahidol.ac.th/thesis/2549/cd392/4838753.pdf.
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Pierce, Hayley Marie. "Reducing Infant Mortality to Reach Millennium Development Goal 4." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2014. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/4073.
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The World Health Organization (WHO) found that 6.6 million children under five died in 2012 (WHO 2013). Almost half of all of these child deaths take place in the first month of life, and 75% of all under five deaths occur within the child's first year of life (WHO 2013). The aim of this study is to compare the most influential factors that decrease infant and neonatal mortality in order to find where policy makers, governments, and international organizations need to focus their efforts in order to get all countries on track for Millennium Development Goal 4 to reduce child mortality. Mosley and Chen (1984) suggest that infant mortality should be studied more as a process with multifactorial origins opposed to an acute, single phenomenon. To study the multifaceted nature of infant mortality they suggest grouping select variables into broad categories. This paper uses this model to test the contribution of the following four types of factors: 1) healthcare system 2) social determinants 3) reproductive behavior and 4) national context in order to understand which category impacts infant mortality most significantly. This study utilizes the Demographic and Health Surveys and was estimated using a discrete time hazard model. Results suggest that social determinants reduce infant mortality most significantly over the other three factors and that maternal education is the key to reaching Millennium Development Goal 4. This research suggests that healthcare interventions, although important, are not a substitute for mother's education. The combination of prenatal care and maternal education will ensure the safest first year for a child.
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Lemani, Clara. "Modelling covariates of infant and child mortality in Malawi." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/5895.
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Includes abstract.<br>Includes bibliographical references.<br>Mortality of children under the age of five has been the main target of public health policies (Gakusi and Garenne 2006). There has been a significant decline in under-five mortality in the twentieth century in almost all countries regardless of initial levels and socio-economic factors, although the rate of decline has been different in different regions (UNIGME 2012). Malawi, a country in the sub-Saharan region, is characterised by high infant and child mortality. Using data from 2010 Malawi Demographic and Health Survey, infant mortality in Malawi was estimated at 66 deaths per 1000 births while child mortality was at 50 deaths per 1000 births (NSO and ORC Macro 2011). Studies have been conducted to identify covariates of infant and child mortality in Malawi but none of these used recent data and none has included HIV/AIDS as a risk factor (Baker 1999; Bolstad and Manda 2001; Kalipeni 1992; Manda 1999). This study aims at examining bio-demographic, socio-economic and environmental factors associated with infant and child mortality in Malawi. Malawi Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) data for 2004 and 2010 are used.
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Wencak, Jason P. "Excess Fertility and Infant Mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1371811539.
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Morkusová, Andrea. "Determinants of infant mortality level in chosen African countries." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-193092.
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The aim of the diploma thesis is to analyse which determinants have an impact on infant mortality in West and East Africa for a year 2012 based on correlation and regression analysis. Representative countries Ghana, Nigeria and Senegal for West Africa and Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda for East Africa, were chosen. From the gained results and information, recommendation for possible better future development of infant mortality is concluded as the outcome of the diploma thesis aim. On base of data analysis, one variable, which influences a development of infant mortality, was not identified, but it can be assumed that a complex of variables affects the infant mortality. In this line with final findings, current strategy of development aid is focused primarily on local activities more than just on financial help.
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Whitworth, Alison Kathryn. "Short birth intervals and infant health in India." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.364723.
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McIntosh, Tania. "A price must be paid for motherhood : the experience of maternity in Sheffield, 1879-1939." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1997. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/6000/.
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This study considers the reproductive experiences of women in Sheffield between 1870 and 1939, encompassing the development of concepts of maternal and infant welfare, and debates over birth control and abortion. It focuses on the impact of state and voluntary enterprise, on the development of health professions and hospitals, and on the position of mothers. The study shows that high infant mortality was caused primarily by poor sanitation. Unlike other areas, Sheffield had low rates of both maternal employment and bottle feeding, suggesting that these were not significant factors. The decline in infant mortality was due to a combination of factors; the removal of privy middens and slum areas, and the development of welfare clinics and health visiting services. High maternal mortality was prevalent mainly in areas of skilled working class employment; not middle class areas as in other cities. There was no inverse correlation between infant and maternal mortality in Sheffield. Maternal mortality was caused by high rates of sepsis following illegal abortion. The reduction in mortality was due to a cyclical decline in the virulence of the causative bacteria, and the application of sulphonamide drugs to control it. The development of antenatal and birth control clinics had little impact. Despite early action to train midwives in Sheffield, midwifery remained a largely part time, low status occupation throughout the period. The hospitalisation of normal childbirth occurred early in Sheffield, and demand for beds outstripped supply, demonstrating that women were able to shape the development of services. Local authority and voluntary groups generally co-operated in the delivery of services, which were developed along pragmatic lines with little reference to debates about eugenics or national deterioration. The growth of welfare schemes was circumscribed by the available resources. Central government provided enabling legislation, but schemes were planned and implemented at the local level.
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Peralta, Christine Noelle. "Handmaids of medicine : Filipino nurses' liminality in infant mortality campaigns." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/38160.
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In the 1920s, Philippine infant mortality campaigns called into question Filipino women’s capacity to care as both mothers and nurses. Therefore the campaign required a two-step process of first remodeling elite Filipino women as nurses who would then transfer their knowledge to mothers. In order to address the needs of the people, nurse education needed to be remodeled. Therefore, the colonial government partnered with the Rockefeller Foundation (RF) to remodel Philippine nursing through an experimental system that emphasized university training and specialization in public health. Even though the Foundation wanted to prove the universality of this system it was inevitably hampered by local conditions in the Philippines. It would take two decades for a university nurse training system to finally take shape. Although it took years for the university system to be established offshoots of the original program did take root, particularly the RF fellowship program that sponsored Filipino nurses to temporarily migrate to the U.S. to study abroad.
By examining a variety of sources, including RF records, letters, newspapers, dissertations and conference transcripts, this paper considers the role Filipino student nurses played in infant mortality campaigns. Filipino nurses sought U.S. training, in order to have their medical authority recognized, but in seeking recognition within a system that saw Filipino nurses as inherently inferior due to their race, gender, and profession meant that their authority would perpetually be called into question. For Filipino nurses that took part in the colonial medical project they occupied a liminal space that both simultaneously validated and invalidated their knowledge. The dilemma of recognition was an issue that all Filipino migrants in the U.S. faced which created a constant state of surveillance within the community abroad. While some crumbled under the pressure of constant policing other Filipinos used it challenge the U.S. colonial project. At infant mortality health conferences, Filipino medical practitioners asserted their own medical authority. Even though these conferences were the same sites where both colonial and native medical practitioners invalidated nurse knowledge, nurses used it to legitimize native authority and the medical authority of women.
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Ahmad, A. "A study on social determinants of infant mortality in Malaysia." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2011. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/43408/.
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1.1 Background There is a large body of empirical evidence to suggest that social conditions are one of the major determinants of population health. These are defined as the ‘Social determinants of Health (SDH)’. SDH refers to the specific pathways by which social forces affect health. Developing a better understanding of the social determinants of health is critical in order to ameliorate the social determinants associated with poor health and to reduce the health disparities within the population. 1.2 Aim To examine the relationship between social determinants and infant mortality in Malaysia 1.3 Methods This study comprises an ecological (area-based) population health survey involving all 135 administrative districts of Malaysia. A literature review was undertaken in order to develop a model that hypothesises the main social determinants of infant mortality in Malaysia. In order to test the model, secondary data comprises of social determinants and infant mortality rate data from a range of sources were collected and analysed. Statistical analysis of the data using general linear model including correlations, factor analysis and multiple regression were undertaken in order to examine the collective influence of a range of social determinants on variations observed in infant mortality. Determinants of infant mortality in Malaysia tested in this study include GDP per capita, poverty rate, mean income of bottom 40% income earner, Gini coefficient, ratio of top 20% income: to bottom 40% income, doctors density ratio, hospital bed per population ratio, car ownership per population, computer ownership per population, urbanization rate, percentage living in single housing and flats, women education and social development index. 1.4 Results Although simple regression revealed significant relation between IMR with fifteen predictors, further analysis using multiple regressions failed to demonstrate any significant linear relationship except cars per population ratio which may reflect accessibility to food and services. This phenomenon may be due to problem of multicolinearity among variables. Factor analysis was done to identify similar items and new variables were created based on the identified factors. With the new group of variables, social development index explained 18%, income distribution explained 10.6% and health service provision explained 3.8 % of the variability observed in IMR. However, with multiple regressions, only social development index remained significant at p<0.05 level. Collectively, the variables were able to explain only 23% of the variability in IMR using multiple linear regressions analysis. 1.5 Conclusion This study managed to inform us regarding the important social determinants that can be altered with policy change in order to improve child survival in a developing country undergoing its health and economic transitions.
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Pandey, Jhabindra Prasad Panee Vong-ek. "Determinants of early breastfeeding practices affecting infant mortality in Nepal /." Abstract, 2006. http://mulinet3.li.mahidol.ac.th/thesis/2549/cd392/4838762.pdf.
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Nyide, Thabisile. "Health care services and infant mortality in South Africa Bantusans." DigitalCommons@Robert W. Woodruff Library, Atlanta University Center, 1988. http://digitalcommons.auctr.edu/dissertations/3877.
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The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of a culturally responsive pedagogy in improving African American middle grades students’ achievement in attitude toward mathematics. Subjects were selected from two intact mathematics classes. Student gains between pre-test and post-test scores on the Quasar Cognitive Assessment Instrument and the Quasar Mathematics Attitude survey were analyzed using a two-tailed t-statistic. The non-equivalent pre-test post-test control group design was used to test group differences between the control group and treatment group. This study found that there was no significant difference between the pre-test and post-test scores of the treatment group and control group on the Quasar Cognitive Assessment Instrument. There was a significant difference found between the groups in attitude toward mathematics. The treatment group did show the more improved attitudes toward mathematics than did the control group. This study concluded that for this middle school urban group of African American students’ the use of culturally responsive pedagogy enabled students to achieve gains at a level comparable to their counterparts whom received traditional instruction. The findings of this study support culturally responsive pedagogy as an instructional method which has the potential to increase mathematics achievement and foster potential attitudes of middle grades African American students in urban school settings.
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Farooq, Romana. "Understanding the bereavement experiences of Pakistani women following infant mortality." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2015. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/10414/.
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Introduction: The death of an infant is a source of profound grief (Boyle, 1997). Reactions to and adjustments following the loss are often connected with the social, cultural and political position of the mother (Boone, 1985). West African, Caribbean, Pakistani and Bangladeshi women, have been reported to experience the highest rate of infant mortality in the UK (ONS, 2014b). Dominant narratives of infant mortality revolve around genetic and individual lifestyle factors (Bundey, Alam, Kaur, Mir, & Lancashire, 1991; Parslow et al., 2009), with little exploration of the impact of this narrative on grieving minority women. In addition existing models of grief highlight a linear process involving dynamic progression through phases (Kubler-Ross & Kessler, 2005) or more recently the concept of ‘continuing bonds’ has emerged (Klass, Silverman, & Nickman, 2014). However little is known about the bereavement experience of Pakistani women, despite them experiencing the highest rates of infant mortality. Method: Seven bereaved Pakistani women were interviewed about their experiences of infant mortality, using the Biographic Narrative Interview Method. Drawing on feminist and social critical narrative inquiry. the focus was on exploring how Pakistani women make sense of the loss and how their experiences and meaning-making are linked to social, cultural and political structures and discourses. The data was analysed using Framework Analysis. In addition, individual narrative portraits were developed for each woman. Results: Six main narratives were identified from the group analysis. Pakistani women’s experience of infant mortality involved the telling of ‘uncertain’, ‘powerless’, ‘grief’ and ‘transformative’ narratives. Women demonstrated the interconnection between power, uncertainty, grief and transformation. Feeling powerless and uncertain exacerbated their grief whereas feeling empowered and supported to bring about change helped their grief to heal. Women also demonstrated that ‘sense-making’ was a key part of their bereavement experience, which was influenced by stories of blame, times when women noticed inconsistencies and their religion. Pakistani women’s bereavement experience was timeless and linked to their racial and religious position. Finally ‘meeting our needs’ included reflecting on the care that they received and how services could better meet their needs, particularly around the provision of psychological support, chaplaincy, specialist language support and BME women’s involvement in decision making bodies in services. Discussion: The research highlights how Pakistani women challenge the master narratives of pregnancy and infant mortality. Their experiences of loss and bereavement can be similar as well as different from dominant discourses of loss, as well as more complex and uncertain than some traditional Western models of grief. The study highlights the importance of considering the racial, gendered and religious position of minority women as they navigate health services following infant mortality. The research also indicates the importance of culturally sensitive psychological support post bereavement.
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Ahonsi, Babatunde A. "Factors affecting infant and child mortality in Ondo State, Nigeria." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1993. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/1358/.
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Following the logic of the proximate determinants framework for child survival analysis, the study shows how the main socioeconomic inequalities in neonatal, post-neonatal, and child mortality observed in 1981-86 Ondo State were produced. Unlike most previous studies of early childhood mortality factors in Nigeria, the study explicitly investigates the linking mechanisms between key socio-economic factors and child survival. Local area infrastructural development is shown to be the main socioeconomic factor in neonatal mortality while household disposable income status along with local area infrastructural development showed the strongest impacts upon post-neonatal mortality. Household disposable income status emerged as the main socioeconomic factor affecting mortality during ages 1-4, with maternal education showing no strong effects even in this age segment where its impact may be expected to be most strongly felt. The integrated analysis demonstrates that much of the observed infant mortality advantage of residence in more developed local areas is due to easier physical and real access to modern health services and that most of the child mortality benefits conveyed by high household income status derive primarily from better home sanitary conditions and secondarily from better quality of curative and home care for very ill children.
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Bjornstrom, Eileen Elizabeth Spitznas. "Local inequality and health the neighborhood context of economic and health disparities /." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view.cgi?acc%5Fnum=osu1246394529.
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Linton, Anna. "'BestaÌŠndiger Trost Wider die schrecklichen Hiobs=Posten' : German Lutheran occasional verse for bereaved parents in the seventeenth century." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.249837.
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Marlow, N. "Death and later disability in children of low birth weight." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.354846.
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Hu, Weimin. "Etiological and ecological perspectives on geographical variations in infant mortality in British Columbia." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape8/PQDD_0007/NQ41359.pdf.
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Nuru-Jeter, Amani M. "Income inequality and mortality the role of race and residential segregation /." Available to US Hopkins community, 2003. http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/dlnow/3080737.
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Seaman, Rosie. "Total mortality inequality in Scotland : the case for measuring lifespan variation." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2017. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/8318/.
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Lifespan variation captures variation in age at death within a population as opposed to the inequality in average health that exists between populations. Higher lifespan variation equates to greater total inequality and is negatively correlated with life expectancy. Lifespan variation has not previously been measured for Scotland, where life expectancy and mortality rates are the worst in Western Europe. Routinely measuring lifespan variation in Scotland contributes to understanding the extent, and changing nature, of mortality inequalities. Lifespan variation estimates were calculated using data from the Human Mortality Database and from Census population estimates, vital events data and the Carstairs Score. Analyses included joinpoint regression, Age-specific decomposition, Monte Carlo simulation, slope index of inequality, relative index of inequality, and Age-cause specific decomposition. Males in Scotland experience the highest level of lifespan variation in Western Europe, increasing since the 1980s: the longest sustained increasing trend found in Western Europe. Increasing mortality rates across working adult ages account for Scotland’s diverging trend. This age pattern of mortality was not evident in England and Wales. Lifespan variation for males in the most deprived quintile was higher in 2011 than in 1981 and the socioeconomic gradient steepened. Premature deaths from external causes of death accounted for an increasing proportion of lifespan variation inequalities. Without tackling the root causes of social inequality Scotland may struggle to reduce total inequality and improve its lifespan variation ranking within Western Europe.
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Kan, Lisa. "Identification of risk groups : study of infant mortality in Sri Lanka." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/27971.
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Multivariate statistical methods, including recent computing-intensive techniques, are explained and applied in a medical sociology context to study infant death in relation to socioeconomic risk factors of households in Sri Lankan villages.
The data analyzed were collected by a team of social scientists who interviewed households in Sri Lanka during 1980-81. Researchers would like to identify characteristics (risk factors) distinguishing those households at relatively high or low risk of experiencing an infant death. Furthermore, they would like to model temporal and structural relationships among important risk factors.
Similar statistical issues and analyses are relevant to many sociological and epidemiological studies. Results from such studies may be useful to health promotion or preventive medicine program planning.
With respect to an outcome such as infant death, risk groups and discriminating factors or variables can be identified using a variety of statistical discriminant methods, including Fisher's parametric (normal) linear discriminant, logistic linear discrimination, and recursive partitioning (CART). The usefulness of a particular discriminant methodology may depend on distributional properties of the data (whether the variables are dichotomous, ordinal, normal, etc.,) and also on the context and objectives of the analysis. There are at least three conceptual approaches to statistical studies of risk factors. An epidemiological perspective uses the notion of relative risk. A second approach, generally referred to as classification or discriminant analysis, is to predict a dichotomous outcome, or class membership. A third approach is to estimate the probability of each outcome, or of belonging to each class. These three approaches are discussed and compared; and appropriate methods are applied to the Sri Lankan household data.
Path analysis is a standard method used to investigate causal relationships among variables in the social sciences. However, the normal multiple regression assumptions under which this method is developed are very restrictive. In this thesis, limitations of path analysis are explored, and alternative loglinear techniques are considered.<br>Science, Faculty of<br>Statistics, Department of<br>Graduate
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King, Margaret. "The behavioural and emotional reaction of the Romans to infant mortality." Thesis, Online version, 1997. http://bibpurl.oclc.org/web/22511.
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