Relevant bibliographies by topics / Inelastic Electron Tunnelling Spectroscopy

Academic literature on the topic 'Inelastic Electron Tunnelling Spectroscopy'

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Published: 11 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Inelastic Electron Tunnelling Spectroscopy"

1

Adkins, C. J., and W. A. Phillips. "Inelastic electron tunnelling spectroscopy." Journal of Physics C: Solid State Physics 18, no. 7 (March 10, 1985): 1313–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3719/18/7/003.

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Edgar, A., and A. Zyskowski. "A versatile system for inelastic electron tunnelling spectroscopy." Journal of Physics E: Scientific Instruments 18, no. 10 (October 1985): 863–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3735/18/10/014.

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Miglio, L., and G. Benedek. "Surface Phonons and Inelastic Electron Tunnelling Spectroscopy of GaSe." Europhysics Letters (EPL) 3, no. 5 (March 1, 1987): 619–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1209/0295-5075/3/5/016.

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Sleigh, AK, CJ Adkins, and WA Phillips. "Study of adsorbed molecular species by inelastic electron tunnelling spectroscopy." Vacuum 38, no. 4-5 (January 1988): 301–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0042-207x(88)90065-6.

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Adkins, C. J., and A. K. Sleigh. "Frequency shifts in inelastic electron tunnelling spectroscopy of adsorbed species." Journal of Physics C: Solid State Physics 20, no. 27 (September 30, 1987): 4307–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3719/20/27/010.

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Edgar, A. "An improved active bridge circuit for inelastic electron tunnelling spectroscopy." Journal of Physics E: Scientific Instruments 20, no. 3 (March 1987): 340–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3735/20/3/023.

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Comyn, J., A. J. Kinloch, C. C. Horley, R. R. Mallik, D. P. Oxley, R. G. Pritchard, S. Reynolds, and C. R. Werrett. "The application of inelastic electron tunnelling spectroscopy to adhesive bonding." International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives 5, no. 2 (April 1985): 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0143-7496(85)90016-8.

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Gagliardi, Alessio, Giuseppe Romano, Alessandro Pecchia, Aldo Di Carlo, Thomas Frauenheim, and Thomas A. Niehaus. "Electron–phonon scattering in molecular electronics: from inelastic electron tunnelling spectroscopy to heating effects." New Journal of Physics 10, no. 6 (June 30, 2008): 065020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/10/6/065020.

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9

Sharma, M., S. Y. Bae, and S. X. Wang. "Inelastic electron tunnelling spectroscopy of magnetic tunnel junctions with AlN and AlON barriers." Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 272-276 (May 2004): 1952–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2003.12.1195.

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Petit, C., G. Salace, and D. Vuillaume. "Inelastic electron tunnelling spectroscopy in N-MOS junctions with ultra-thin gate oxide." Solid-State Electronics 47, no. 10 (October 2003): 1663–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0038-1101(03)00179-5.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Inelastic Electron Tunnelling Spectroscopy"

1

Sleigh, Anne Katherine. "Inelastic electron tunnelling spectroscopy of adsorbed molecules." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.346406.

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Taylor, M. E. "Substrate and electrode effects in inelastic electron tunnelling spectroscopy." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.235265.

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Inelastic Electron Tunnelling Spectroscopy is a powerful and versatile technique for obtaining vibrational densities of states of amorphous materials and adsorbed molecules. The experimental device, or tunnel junction, consists of two metal electrodes separated by a thin (2nm) layer of the material under study. This thesis looks at features in the tunnelling spectrum due to electrode phonons, and also at the effects of substrate roughness on the spectrum. Two coupled linear chains are used to model the vibrational behaviour of joined lattices in order to consider the penetration of phonons of one material into the other; penetration does not occur unless the two chains have very similar properties. Work with Al-I-Al-Pb tunnel junctions confirms the model results, as no sign is seen of lead phonon peaks in the tunnelling spectrum. However, other workers have seen lead peaks in Al-I-Ag-Pb junctions, and invoked phonon penetration in explanation. Microscopic examination of similarly prepared silver films reveals that they are pinholed; and this, it is argued, gives rise to the lead peaks. Results are presented on the magnitudes of electrode phonon structure in tunnelling spectra, and models for the occurrence of these features are reviewed. It is argued, from comparison of the experimental data with bulk self energies from superconducting tunnelling, that the electron-phonon coupling responsible is characteristic of the bulk metal; interaction does not take place in the barrier. This is consistent with the linear chain model. The effects of roughening tunnel junctions with calcium fluoride substrates are studied. Little change is noted with undoped junctions, but investigation of formate-doped junctions confirms the loss in dopant peak intensity seen by other workers and some variation is noticed in the rate of loss of intensity between C-H and CO2 modes. The mechanism which best explains these observations is that roughening encourages penetration of the organic layer by atoms of the top electrode metal.
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Kibble-Wilson, H. A. B. "Inelastic electron tunnelling spectroscopy of glasses and clusters." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.377226.

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Hamidizadeh, Yasaman. "Inelastic electron tunnelling spectroscopy using nanoscale tunnel junctions." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/26225.

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Inelastic Electron Tunnelling Spectroscopy (IETS) [1-5] provides a means to characterise the phonon spectrum of a molecule by measuring the phonon-assisted tunnelling current through a potential barrier impregnated with target molecules. Traditionally, this technique has used Metal - Insulator - Metal (MIM) junctions, and the molecules of interest are adsorbed on to the insulator during junction fabrication. At low applied voltage V, tunnelling through the barrier is elastic. However, inelastic tunnelling caused by electron interaction with vibrational states in the adsorbed molecules can create additional conduction channels, occurring when V reaches a value of hω/e, where ω is a molecular vibrational mode. These lead to peaks in the d^2 I / dV^2 vs. V characteristics for each additional channel, giving a spectrum of the molecular vibration modes. As energy separations in the vibrational spectrum are relatively small compared to the electronic spectrum, the full vibrational spectrum is measured only at T < 30K. However, it may be possible to measure part of the spectrum even at room temperature, raising the possibility of a molecular detector. This project is concerned with fabricating nanoscale tunnel junctions based on Si nanowires (NWs) made by electron-beam lithography (EBL), for the purpose of IETS measurements, at 300K. A Si/SiO2 tunnel barrier/Al structure is used, where the Al NW crosses an oxidised Si NW. This allows the fabrication of tunnel junctions down to 50nm x 120nm in area and tunnelling occurs across a 10nm thick SiO2 layer. The reduction in device dimensions to the nanoscale may increase the sensitivity of the device to molecules adsorbed on the tunnel junction. Furthermore, the use of Silicon on insulator (SOI) material allows modulation of the tunnel junction using the back gate formed by the SOI substrate, control the Fermi energy and electron concentration in the NW, and hence the IETS characteristics of the device. In principle, an IETS sensor may be possible using such a configuration. In principle, a switchable IETS measurements are performed at 300K for ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH), acetic acid (CH3COOH), and propionic acid (C3H6O2) molecules. The I-V , dI/dV - V , and d2^I/dV^2-V characteristics of the tunnel junction are measured before and after the adsorption of molecules on the junction using vapour treatment or immersion. Peaks can be observed in the d^2I/dV^2-V characteristics in all the cases following molecules adsorption. These peaks may be attributed to vibrational modes of N-H and C-H bonds. Simulation of IETS characteristics modelled based on a combination of elastic, inelastic tunnelling and Schottky barriers at the Si / SiO2 / Al interface in the device. A comparison has been made between the simulation results and experimental measurements which showed very good agreement. This device modelling can be used to predict experimental characteristics and allow thermal broadening of the IETS peaks to be investigated.
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Werrett, C. R. "Inelastic Electron Tunnelling Spectroscopy (IETS) of saline coupling agents." Thesis, De Montfort University, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.377709.

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Mallik, Robert Ronnan. "An investigation of polymeric adsorption on aluminium oxide by inelastic electron tunnelling spectroscopy." Thesis, De Montfort University, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/2086/4251.

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Lewis, David Malcolm. "A study of some molecular interactions on alumina surfaces by inelastic electron tunnelling spectroscopy." Thesis, City, University of London, 1985. http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/19019/.

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Further developments have been carried out to improve the resolution and sensitivity of the spectrometer by introducing a dual phase lock-in amplifier and using new software to enhance the flexibility of the computer interfaced with the spectrometer. The spectrometer has been utilised to study a variety of molecular orientations on an alumina substrate. These have included an investigation to distinguish optical and geometrical isomers together with some alkynes in order to explore the validity of the previously proposed Selection Rule. The new observation that the triple bond is detected even when parallel to the substrate surface is reported. An attempt to study the polymerisation of ethylene on an alumina substrate has been carried out and some evidence is presented to support an increase in polymerisation with time. It has been shown that formic acid is produced 'in situ' within an aluminium-aluminium oxide-lead tunnelling junction from atmospheric carbon dioxide and water. A mechanism to account for this reaction is proposed. Junction structure has been studied particularly by utilising a modified crystal oscillator thickness monitor to investigate the influence of electrode and insulating oxide thickness both on junction electrical integrity and the mechanism of doping completed tunnelling junctions.
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Spencer, Jonathan Edmund Downing. "A study of organotitanium coupling agents for adhesion promotion and of chemical reactions on alumina surfaces by inelastic electron tunnelling spectroscopy." Thesis, City University London, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.254964.

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Speakman, Alison. "Studies of tunnelling barriers." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.239086.

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Chandler, Simon John. "Electron tunnelling study of high-temperature superconductors." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1994. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/270328.

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This dissertation describes work carried out between June 1987 and October 1991, in the Low Temperature Physics Group at the Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge. The aim of this work was to use electron tunnelling spectroscopy to measure the density of excitation states of the recently discovered high-temperature superconductors. Tunnelling is the most sensitive method for measuring a superconductor’s energy gap, and historically has provided important evidence for the microscopic mechanism of superconductivity in conventional metals. It was hoped that electron tunnelling would prove equally successful in revealing the mechanism of superconductivity in these new materials. Preliminary experiments showed that a thick, degraded surface layer prevented preparation of high-quality tunnel junctions by conventional evaporation techniques. For this reason, apparatus for the formation and fine control of low-temperature point-contact junctions was constructed, together with new measurement electronics and a computer-controlled data-acquisition system. To test this apparatus, point-contact junctions were formed on conventional superconductors. By increasing pressure of the tip on the sample the junction could be moved from the tunnelling to the metallic regime. Point-contact measurements were then made on a number of ceramic, single-crystal and thin-film high-temperature superconducting materials; some not previously investigated by tunnelling. Although ‘gap-like’ structure was occasionally observed, anomalous features (e.g., voltage-dependent background, broadening, large zero-bias conductance) were always present and usually dominated the tunnelling characteristics. These complicate estimation of the energy gap and preclude measurement of more subtle properties such as gap anisotropy or the effective phonon spectrum, α2F. The origins of these non-ideal features have been much debated in the literature and are reviewed in this dissertation. In the case of thin films deposited by laser ablation the tunnelling characteristics were dominated by single-electron tunnelling effects (Coulomb gap and staircase structure). The results suggest that the surface region consists of numerous, isolated normal metal particles.
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Books on the topic "Inelastic Electron Tunnelling Spectroscopy"

1

Werrett, Clive Russell. Inelastic electron tunnelling spectroscopy (IETS) of silane coupling agents. Leicester: Leicester Polytechnic, 1987.

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2

Mallik, Robert Ronnan. An investigation of polymeric adsorption on aluminium oxide by inelastic electron tunnelling spectroscopy. Leicester: Leicester Polytechnic, 1985.

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3

Line, Michael John. A study of the adsorption of some polymers and langmuir blodgett film systems by inelastic electron tunnelling spectroscopy. Leicester: De Montfort, 1994.

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4

Yang, Yaw-wen. Inelastic atom surface scattering: LiF (001), Si (001) surface phonons. 1988.

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5

Yang, Jinlong, and Qunxiang Li. Theoretical simulations of scanning tunnelling microscope images and spectra of nanostructures. Edited by A. V. Narlikar and Y. Y. Fu. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199533046.013.15.

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This article presents theoretical simulations of scanning tunnelling microscope (STM) images and spectra of nanostructures. It begins with an overview of the theories of STM and scanning tunnelling spectroscopy (STS), focusing on four main approaches: the perturbation or Bardeen approach, the Tersoff–Hamann approach and its extension, the scattering theory or Landauer–Bütticker approach, and the non-equilibrium Green's function or Keldysh approach. It then considers conventional STM and STS experimental investigations of various systems including clean surfaces, ad-atoms, single molecules, self-assembled monolayers, and nanostructures. It also discusses STM activities that go beyond conventional STM images and STS, such as functionalized STM tip, inelastic spectroscopy identification, manipulation, molecular electronics and molecular machines.
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Graupner, R., and F. Hauke. Functionalization of single-walled carbon nanotubes: Chemistry and characterization. Edited by A. V. Narlikar and Y. Y. Fu. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199533046.013.16.

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This article examines the chemical functionalization and structural alteration of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs). It describes the covalent functionalization of the SWCNT framework that is the covalent attachment of functional entities onto the CNT scaffold. In particular, it considers the chemical modification and reactivity of SWCNTs in the context of the reactivity of graphite and fullerenes. It also discusses the defect and sidewall functionalization of SWCNTs, along with various techniques used in the characterization ofSWCNTs upon functionalization, namely: thermogravimetric analysis, spectroscopic techniques such as UV-Vis-NIR spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy, and microscopic techniques like transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy and scanning tunnelling microscopy.
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Collins, Philip G. Defects and disorder in carbon nanotubes. Edited by A. V. Narlikar and Y. Y. Fu. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199533053.013.2.

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This article examines the physical consequences of defects and disorder in carbon nanotubes (CNTs). It begins with a pedagogical categorization of the types of defects and disorder found in CNTs, including lattice vacancies and bond rotations, and goes on to discuss considers two primary sources of disorder: the environment surrounding a CNT and the substrate supporting it. It then considers various experimental methods for locating defects in CNTs, including atomic-resolution scanning tunnelling microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, electrochemical and chemoselective labelling, optical spectroscopy, and electrical conductance. The article concludes with a review of the long-range consequences of defects and disorder on the physical properties of CNTs such as chemical reactivity, electrical transport, and mechanical effects.
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Vang, R. T., S. Wendt, and F. Besenbacher. Nanocatalysis. Edited by A. V. Narlikar and Y. Y. Fu. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199533060.013.12.

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This article discusses nanocatalysis and especially the interrelation between the structure, composition and properties of catalysts. It begins with a review of techniques that have been developed and employed for surface characterization, which can be divided intothree main areas: spectroscopy, diffraction, and microscopy. After describing the nanocharacterization tools, the article considers the theoretical underpinnings of catalysts and catalytic processes. It also examines how detailed atomic-scale insight into elementary surface processes relevant to catalysis can be obtained mainly by means of high-resolution scanning tunnelling microscope studies on single-crystal surfaces. More specifically, it explores the surface structure, adsorption, dissociation and diffusion, and surface chemical reactions of catalysts. The article also looks at the design of new catalysts from first principles and concludes with an assessment of nanocatalysts and transmission electron microscope studies of nanoclusters on high surface area supports.
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Book chapters on the topic "Inelastic Electron Tunnelling Spectroscopy"

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Levi, A. F. J., and M. C. Payne. "Phonon Structure of Amorphous Germanium by Inelastic Electron Tunnelling Spectroscopy." In Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on the Physics of Semiconductors, 913–16. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-7682-2_204.

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Comyn, J., C. C. Horley, R. G. Pritchard, and R. R. Mallik. "Ester Polymers and their Interaction with Alumina Studied by Inelastic Electron Tunnelling Spectroscopy." In Adhesion 11, 38–55. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3433-7_3.

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Hansma, Paul K. "Inelastic Electron Tunneling Spectroscopy." In Vibrational Spectroscopy of Molecules on Surfaces, 135–81. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-8759-6_4.

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Shiotari, Akitoshi. "Inelastic Electron Tunneling Spectroscopy." In Compendium of Surface and Interface Analysis, 283–88. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-6156-1_46.

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Fultz, Brent, and James Howe. "Inelastic Electron Scattering and Spectroscopy." In Transmission Electron Microscopy and Diffractometry of Materials, 181–236. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-29761-8_5.

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Fultz, Brent, and James M. Howe. "Inelastic Electron Scattering and Spectroscopy." In Transmission Electron Microscopy and Diffractometry of Materials, 167–224. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-04516-9_4.

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Fultz, Brent, and James M. Howe. "Inelastic Electron Scattering and Spectroscopy." In Transmission Electron Microscopy and Diffractometry of Materials, 167–224. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-04901-3_4.

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Egerton, R. F. "Plasmon Energies and Inelastic Mean Free Paths." In Electron Energy-Loss Spectroscopy in the Electron Microscope, 419–22. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-9583-4_8.

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Heiblum, M. "Ballistic Transport and Electron Spectroscopy in Tunnelling Hot Electron Transfer Amplifiers (THETA)." In High-Speed Electronics, 11–18. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-82979-6_2.

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Pascual, José Ignacio, and Nicolás Lorente. "Inelastic Electron Tunneling Microscopy and Spectroscopy of Single Molecules by STM." In Scanning Probe Microscopies Beyond Imaging, 77–97. Weinheim, FRG: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/3527608516.ch4.

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Conference papers on the topic "Inelastic Electron Tunnelling Spectroscopy"

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Ma, T. P. "Inelastic Electron Tunnelling Spectroscopy (IETS) of High-k Dielectrics." In CHARACTERIZATION AND METROLOGY FOR ULSI TECHNOLOGY 2005. AIP, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2062941.

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Sharma, Amitabh, Kaushlendra Prasad Singh, and Umesh Prasad Verma. "How much IETS (indirect inelastic electron tunnelling spectroscopy) is effective to detect molecular temperature of extraterrestrial sources?" In 3RD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CONDENSED MATTER AND APPLIED PHYSICS (ICC-2019). AIP Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0002277.

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Heiblum, M. "Ballistic Transport and Hot Electron Spectroscopy in Tunnelling Hot Electron Transfer Amplifier (Theta)." In Picosecond Electronics and Optoelectronics. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/peo.1987.thc1.

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An important aspect of obtaining the fastest electronic devices is minimizing the transit time of charge carriers from input to output. The shortest times can be achieved by having the carriers move at the highest velocity allowed by the band structure of the solid crystal. In present high speed devices collisions redirect and slow down the moving carriers. To avoid this electron scattering, transit regions have to be short enough to make collisions less probable. Such "ballistic transport" of fast carriers (hot carriers) moving at their maximum possible velocity, should in principle allow the fastest device operation.
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Wang, Wenyong, and Curt Richter. "Inelastic Electron Tunneling Spectroscopy of Molecular Magnetic Tunnel Junctions." In 2006 64th Device Research Conference. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/drc.2006.305074.

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Yoon, Heayoung, Lintao Cai, Masato Maitani, David L. Allara, and Theresa S. Mayer. "In-Situ Inelastic Electron Tunneling Spectroscopy of Bistable Molecular Junction Devices." In 2007 65th Annual Device Research Conference. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/drc.2007.4373688.

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Wang, Wenyong, Curt A. Richter, David G. Seiler, Alain C. Diebold, Robert McDonald, C. Michael Garner, Dan Herr, Rajinder P. Khosla, and Erik M. Secula. "Spin-polarized Inelastic Electron Tunneling Spectroscopy of Molecular Magnetic Tunnel Junctions." In CHARACTERIZATION AND METROLOGY FOR NANOELECTRONICS: 2007 International Conference on Frontiers of Characterization and Metrology. AIP, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2799421.

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KHOTKEVICH, V. V., and A. V. KHOTKEVICH. "INELASTIC AND ELASTIC POINT-CONTACT SPECTROSCOPY OF ELECTRON-PHONON INTERACTION IN SUPERCONDUCTORS EXPERIMENT." In Proceedings of the First Regional Conference. World Scientific Publishing Company, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812793676_0045.

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Miyakoshi, T., Y. Ando, M. Oogane, T. Miyazaki, H. Kubota, A. Fukushima, T. Nagahama, and S. Yuasa. "Inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy in magnetic tunnel junctions with MgO(001) tunnel barrier." In INTERMAG Asia 2005: Digest of the IEEE International Magnetics Conference. IEEE, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/intmag.2005.1463665.

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Roso, Luis, Pablo Moreno, Luis Plaja, and Victor Malyshev. "Harmonic Spectrum Cutoff and Classical Dynamics of Free Electrons." In High Resolution Fourier Transform Spectroscopy. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/hrfts.1994.tha6.

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One of the most peculiar fetures of the harmonic spectra resulting from the interaction of an intense laser with a diluted gas, is the presence of a plateau at high harmonic intensities followed by an abrupt cutoff. In the tunnelling limit, the electron wavefunction overlaps with continuum states and therefore part of the wavefunction is not bound. It has been shown recently [1, 2] that this unbounded part of the wavefunction absorbs energy from the field during part of the cycle, and can release it, in the form of harmonic radiation when rescatering with the nucleus.
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Johnston, Roger G., Stephen P. Edmondson, Shermila B. Singham, and Gary C. Salzman. "Biophysical Applications of the XUV Free Electron Laser." In Free-Electron Laser Applications in the Ultraviolet. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/fel.1988.fa3.

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There are a number of research techniques in use or under development in the Life Sciences Division at Los Alamos that would greatly benefit from the availability of a XUV Free Electron laser. These techniques include: (1) ultrasensitive LD, CD, and absorption spectroscopy of molecules of biological interest, (2) elastic and inelastic measurements of the Mueller scattering matrix for biological macromolecules and particles, and (3) flow cytometry.
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