Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Inégalités liées au genre'
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Flores, Pierre. "Inégalités liées au genre et à l’origine sociale en contexte scolaire : études intersectionnelles." Thesis, Nantes, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020NANT2024.
This thesis follows an intersectional approach in the analysis of the two main biases encountered in academic success and in the educational and vocational guidance of students: gender and social origin. It demonstrates the value of an intersectional approach in education and allows us to identify intersectional profiles. For this purpose, three studies were carried out with 8,797, 657 and 262 participants respectively. Study I examines the factors that may explain success during the 1st year of university. The intersection of gender and social origin makes it possible to compare additive and intersectional approaches. Study II examines representations of occupations according to gender and social prestige and develops the material for Study III. The latter discusses the differences in judgments about vocational guidance according to the intersection of social origin and gender. This work reveals that social origin reduces the chances of success of the 1st year of university for less advantaged girls, whereas this finding is not observed for boys. However, Study II reveals a gap between male occupations with high and low levels of prestige. This result is not found for female occupations. Finally, disadvantaged students are more harshly criticized if they are boys rather than girls, while such discrimination is not observed among socially advantaged students. These three studies demonstrate the value of the intersectional approach for re-examining priority issues in education. The intersection of gender and social origin suggests that these two variables should always be treated together to account for their effects
Legleye, Stéphane. "Inégalités de genre et inégalités sociales dans les usages de drogues en France." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00716697.
Lemoine, Adèle. "Parenthood, norms and public policies : Three essays in gender economics." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris sciences et lettres, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UPSLD037.
Throughout the 20th century, women’s role in the Western economy underwent profound changes. However, significantgender gaps persist nowadays on the labour market and even more in the domestic sphere. This thesis sheds lighton these inequalities with three empirical analyses. The first chapter shows that parenthood emphasizes the unequaldivision of tasks at the couple level in Germany. After the first birth, women reallocate market working time to unpaidtasks while the allocation of fathers’ time remains virtually unchanged. Beyond entry into parenthood, the number ofchildren also intensifies these pre-existing gaps. By exploring the effect of parenthood on parental well-being, this chaptershows that women report a lower drop in satisfaction with unpaid tasks than men after the first birth, even though theybear the major load of domestic work. This result thus illustrates a deep ingraining of gender norms at the couple level.The second chapter evaluates the effect of pre-school enrollment on maternal labour supply in a comparative perspectivebetween European countries. The results of this analysis show that early education programs represent an effectiveleverage for mothers’ labour force in countries where gender norms are more conservative as well as in countries wherethe share of public expenditure allocated to early childcare provision is lower. The third chapter focuses on the intergenerational transmission of gender norms and its long-term implication in cognitive health gaps between women andmen. Among individuals aged at least 50 in Europe, the transmission of traditional gender norms negatively affects thecognitive functioning of women relatively to men. This result is at least partially explained by differences in professionaltrajectories over the life course. The results put forward in this thesis support the need for public intervention in reducingthese inequalities, both through the provision of accessible and affordable childcare in order to eliminate the contributionof parenthood to gender inequalities and through the evolution of gender norms which still prevent the convergence ofwomen and men in the economic landscape
Fougères, Pierre. "Inégalités fonctionnelles liées aux formes de Dirichlet : de l'isopérimétrie aux inégalités de Sobolev." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2002. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00002624.
Kama, Joseph. "Influence du genre sur les situations liées au management de projet." Thesis, Tours, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOUR1002/document.
If in literature, very few researches have analyzed the gender aspects in the projects, it should be noted that most of them have measured gender equated with gender as in many work in the permanent organization. However, the study of the project under gender vision has several interests. In fact, nowadays, the project transmits so far from its starting point. Its management practices have so developed that women are more and more found in projects managerial approach (Neuhauser, 2007). Can we say that organizational culture does not deal more with the project ? Does the project encourage the development of new managerial skills? In any case, in this thesis, we deal with gender issue and we would like to answer to the following question : what is gender influence on project management situations ? In this research, our goal is to find complex, risked or improvisational possible managerial situations and analyze gender effects when actors involved in projects are obliged to cope with such situations
Lavaine, Emmanuelle. "Les Inégalités sociales de santé liées aux effets de la pollution sur la santé." Thesis, Paris 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA010047/document.
Many pollutants are declining throughout the industrialized world. However, exposure to air pollution, even at the levels commonly achieved nowadays in European countries, still leads to adverse health effects. In this context, there has been increasing global concern over the public health impacts attributed to environmental pollution. The thesis aims to examine health impacts linked to environmental pollution by sheding light on their macroeconomic consequences. The first objective of the thesis is to explore empirically the relations between socio-economic status, environmental exposures and health outcomes. Through econometric analysis, we study the total mortality rate in relation to socioeconomic status and air pollution for the French department, and the effect of energy production on new born health using a recent strike that affected oil refineries in France as a natural experiment. Finally, the last part of the thesis tries to draw inferences about individuals' valuations of risk by combining estimates of the effect of air pollution on bath property values and hospital respiratory admissions for respiratory causes
Lassel, Djaouida. "Les associations de femmes face aux inégalités de genre en Algérie." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0292.
This dissertation focuses on the action of two types of women's associations, presented in four rural and urban areas of Algeria: Algiers, Oran, and Tipaza, whose creation is between 1991 and 2002. Their history is closely linked to the dynamics of Algerian social and political movements during this period.This research is part of a feminist perspective and is distinguished by the mobilization of the concept of empowerment introduced by William Ninacks.Through the semi-directive interviews and additional information gathered during the participant observation, methodology used for the first time to study women's associations in Algeria, two types of associations were Examined. The first includes two associations for women victims of violence. They also exert pressure on the three powers : political, legislative, and legal, to change family laws and those relating to violence against women. The second type of association studied supports rural and artisanal women.Five associations have been observed. This thesis contributes to the knowledge of the many challenges they face in the establishment of practices and actions enabling rural and urban women in situations of violence, need, and exclusion to establish themselves as actresses to act together in order to change their social and economic status
Bouchard, Caroline. "Fondements des différences liées au genre dans la prosocialité des enfants en maternelle." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/45020.
Berchet, Caroline. "Santé, recours aux soins et capital social : une analyse micro-économétrique des inégalités liées à l'immigration." Thesis, Paris 9, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA090050.
The objective of this research is the study of health and health care use inequalities between immigrant and native populations. A special attention is focused on the role played by social capital, which supposes an influence of social networks or social interactions on health and health care utilisation. In using a micro-econometric framework, our analysis is based on three topics: (i) the emphasis of health or health care use inequalities related to immigration, (ii) the understanding of the contributory factors that generate inequalities, and (iii) the evaluation of the causal impact of social capital on immigrant health and health care use. From a public policy perspective, the analysis of the determinants of health inequalities shows that several types of action could be envisaged. Given the protective role played by social capital on health status, the development of specific neighbourhood actions would seem relevant in improving immigrants’ social inclusion and social support. The prominent role of complementary health care coverage also gives evidence of the need to simplify access to Sate Medical Assistance and mean-tested health insurance so as to favour health prevention and access to health care for immigrants
Ly, Son Thierry. "Contextes éducatifs et inégalités scolaires." Thesis, Paris, Ecole normale supérieure, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ENSU0016/document.
Educational inequalities result not only from individual but also environmental factors.School institutions themselves create a large diversity of contexts, whose causes and effects have raised a deep interest in social sciences. In contrast to family factors, schooling conditions (schools, classes, tracks and majors, teachers, etc.) stem from administrative rules that are controlled by public authorities. As such, understanding their role in students' outcomes may help designing efficient policy levers for mitigating school inequalities. Using very unique datasets, I implement natural experiment approaches to shed new light on debates regarding the role of educational contexts on students' achievement and school inequalities, and to formulate insightful policy recommendations. Three independent research papers are contained in this thesis. The first paper investigates the link between how male-dominated a field is, and gender bias against women in this field. Contrary to expectations, I show that evaluation is biased in favor of females in more male-dominated subjects (e.g. math, philosophy) and in favor of males in more female-dominated subjects (e.g. literature, biology). The second paper examines the effect of classmates' characteristics on students' achievement in high school, and reveals the importance of keeping some peers during school transitions. The last paper evaluates the effects of new public school openings and emphasizes the role of public school proximity in the choice between the private and the public sector, a major driving force behind the large inequalities of schooling conditions
Darthoux-Vaeze, Catherine. "Différences liées au genre dans les troubles de l'humeur : étude personnelle de 51 cas." Bordeaux 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998BOR23061.
Marchand, Hélène. "Violence, inégalités de genre et vulnérabilité des femmes au VIH/Sida en Haïti." Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/28299/28299.pdf.
Saint-Pol, Thibaut de. "Corpulence et genre en Europe : le poids des inégalités d'apparence et de santé." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008IEPP0023.
This sociology thesis apprehends the body through weight, and more precisely, through the body mass index (BMI), which allows to appreciate the complexity of the connection between the weight of individuals and the social characteristics which distinguish them. The study of weight and body shape, which are socially determined, is a way of shedding light on the stakes that the body incarnates and conceals. This is done by making use of data from nine major quantitative surveys. This research shows the importance of gender in the apprehension of weight differences. Differences between social classes are stronger for women. The relation of women to their bodies and to thinness is more constrained than that of men, body shape reflecting mainly beauty for women and force for men. For the latter, under-weight, devalued, plays a symmetrical role to overweight for women. The study of the French situation within a European framework shows its singularity. The increasing prevalence of obesity is associated with an increase in social inequalities which particularly affects women. Besides, the link between obesity and poverty, in France, is stronger among them. But whatever their sex, obese people suffer from the consequences of their weight both in terms of health, work integration and self-perception. Women are more sensitive to the aesthetic dimension and men to the medical dimension, but these two aspects mix. Health inequalities are associated with inequalities in appearance and are both produced by and producing economic and social inequalities
Bernard, François-Olivier. "Prises de conscience liées à la socialisation de genre d'intervenants masculins auprès d'hommes aux comportements violents." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27872/27872.pdf.
Ferrant, Gaëlle. "Inégalités de genre dans les pays en voie de développement et dans l'utilisation du temps." Paris 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA010028.
Becquet, Valentine. "Des inégalités de genre à la sélection sexuelle prénatale : la masculinité des naissances au Viêt Nam." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCB174.
From Albania to China, several countries in the world experience unbalanced Sex Ratio at Birth. In Vietnam, the phenomenon is very recent (2006), but rapidly increasing. Currently, the national sex ratio at birth is 112 boys for 100 girls, and exceeds 120 in several provinces. The rising proportion of male births is directly linked to prenatal sex selection, that is abortion of female fetuses. It results from the combination of three factors (Guilmoto, 2009): expanding access to ultrasonography and abortion in both urban and rural areas (supply factor), low fertility level increasing the risk of remaining « sonless » (squeeze factor) and preference for sons (demand factor). However, important regional disparities exist, partly associated with differences in fertility and prosperity levels. But discrepancies in son preference appear to be the main factor. Northern Vietnam presents a very strong preference for sons, linked to a patriarchal descent system, where the birth of a son legitimizes women's status within their family and the society. However, mixed offspring is privileged in the South, since cultural mixing of bilateral Khmer and matrilineal Cham people, with Kinh population traditionally patrilineal, developed through centuries. Moreover, the Doi Moi economic reforms in the 80's lead the State to withdraw from collective social structures and yielded a resurgence of ritual and familial traditions, which reinforced the patriarcal aspect of society; however the split of the country for several decades during the 20th century makes it less noticeable in the South. This thesis combines statistical analysis of the 2009 census data and the 2014 intercensal survey, and a sociological study of different gender roles within couples and families, based on three qualitatives surveys conducted in Northern and Southern Vietnam. It describes regional variations of gender preference, and compares the distinct effects of several characteristics (including rural/urban areas, level of education, socio-economic status, ethnicity, sex composition of offspring) on fertility behaviors
Szopos, Marcela Gabriela. "Sur quelques questions de géométrie différentielle liées à la théorie des corps et des fils élastiques." Paris 6, 2005. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00009754.
Lafourcade, Bernadette. "Traitement des contraintes formelles liées au genre et au medium de production par des scripteurs novices : étude didactique." Thesis, Paris Est, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PEST0059/document.
This study which deals with the writing process as a system of formal exigencies, aims at analysing those relative to genre and those relative to the means of production. Taking Bakhtin's approach to the notion of genre along with the findings from psycholinguistic studies of written production, using genetic critic methodology, it was observed in three experiments - two of then carried out in 2003-2004 and 2004-2005 amonf "novice" writers and another among trainee primary teatchers ("expert" writers) - how first year pupils deal with these two formal exigencies. Their task was to produce hand written or word processed texts first from the "incipit", then from the "excipit" content of a novel with vague or contradictory indications of genre, in order to allow the researcher to evaluate, on the one hand, how effectively they aprrehend characteristics pertaining to genre and, on the other, whether the means of production have an impact on macrostructural cohesion and "quality" of the series of texts produced. The results question which type of writing activities should be put into practice in high schools to effectively help adolescents, especially in introducing them to writing the type of texts or metatexts which they will have to produce for their baccalaureat French language exam (EAF). Although not an exaustive study these findings have nonetheless confirmed some of the research results of linguists, psycholinguists, geneticists and researchers on Composition Theory and, most significantly, have shown how there results can be useful in analysing the texts of learner writers
Giguère, Jacinthe. "Le style parental et les différences liées au genre chez les adolescents dépressifs, à troubles extériorisés et délinquants." Thèse, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 2000. http://depot-e.uqtr.ca/3162/1/000669016.pdf.
SZOPOS, Marcela. "Sur quelques questions de géométrie différentielle liées à la théorie des corps et des fils élastiques." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00009754.
Boni-Le, Goff Isabel. "Le sexe de l'expert : régimes de genre et dynamique des inégalités dans l'espace du conseil en management." Phd thesis, Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales (EHESS), 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00877764.
Arsalane-Leroy, Geneviève. "Les jeunes adolescents présentant des troubles de conduites, contribution des variables sociales et familiales et, différences liées au genre." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape11/PQDD_0021/MQ46767.pdf.
Arsalane-Leroy, Genevieve. "Les jeunes adolescents présentant des troubles des conduites contribution des variables sociales et familiales et, différences liées au genre." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 1998. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/457.
Ganault, Jeanne. "L'autonomie temporelle et ses usages : un révélateur des inégalités sociales devant le temps." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Institut polytechnique de Paris, 2022. https://theses.hal.science/tel-03898523.
Differences in how working people use their time depending on their social characteristics (namely, class and gender), are well documented. What remains unclear is how much autonomy they have to spend their time as they see fit, and how their autonomy might change their relationship to time. This work aims at redefining time autonomy in paid work as a multidimensional construct, and reintroducing it into time use analysis for the wage-earner population. Using both quantitative data from the French Time Use Survey and Working Conditions Surveys, and qualitative interviews, I look into how time autonomy shapes the way people spend their time, and the way they think about time. I define time autonomy as the range of freedoms workers get (or lack) in shaping their work time, and I identify eight types of temporal autonomy, from "'absolute' constraints" to "'absolute' autonomy", that reveal inequalities in terms of social class, gender and work context. These types of autonomy are associated with different paid and unpaid work schedules : more autonomous men are more likely to work and value long hours in paid work, and more autonomous women are more likely to dedicate more time to unpaid work. The gender-segregated nature of autonomous workers' schedules is in part explained by an anticipatory selection of (some) women in autonomous occupations. This selection is not available to everyone : workers who are more constrained in their daily schedules are also more likely to have had limited options throughout their life course, yet I find they are less likely to express any desire to change their situation in the present or in the future, as they attempt to "make autonomy of necessity"
Ross, Marie-Ève. "C'est une fille! : inégalités de genre et stratégies d'adaptation des femmes d'un quartier du Nord de New Delhi." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27184.
This thesis is about the representation of women in New Delhi and their perceptions of themselves, as women and girls in Indian society. More specifically, the women interviewed talk about the image of "woman" in India, their positions and their roles in the family, as daughters, as wives and as mothers, but also studying the relations with others (women and men). With the aim to illuminate the phenomenon of sexual selection of the unborn child and discrimination based on gender, gender relations that can be affected by the practices and customs were analyzed. Specifically, it is through their discourse and their experiences that have enabled us to illustrate that women are agents of change and have the power to act on their lives.
Crepin, Laure. "Les conséquences résidentielles des séparations conjugales : articuler les inégalités de classe et de genre dans la France contemporaine." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 8, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022PA080024.
Since the early 2000s, real estate prices have been rising faster than incomes, especially in large French cities. Waiting times for social housing are getting longer and longer. In this context, the purpose of this thesis is to study the residential trajectories of people who have broken up a cohabiting union in metropolitan France using quantitative (Enquête Logement (Housing surveys) 2002, 2006 and 2013 (INSEE); Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (Eurostat) (2004 - 2015); "Mon Quartier, Mes Voisins" (INED - CNRS Centre Max Weber, 2018)), and qualitative methods (34 interviews). We first study what the context of separations produces in terms of social and residential trajectories. Breakups can contribute to "downgrading trajectories during the life cycle" for those who experience professional, family and residential destabilization at the same time. These are linked to massive "downward residential trajectories" due to the context of separations (emergency relocation, decline in economic resources). We then show that marital breakdowns contribute to the growth of housing inequalities, inequalities by class and gender. The resources of the entourage tend to increase rather than reduce these inequalities. At the crossroads between the sociology of gender and social classes, the sociology of housing and the sociology of the family, this thesis, which combines quantitative and qualitative materials in equal measure, contributes to questioning the place of housing in the dynamics of social stratification
Sadr, Mohammad. "Les particularités liées à la sexualité : conception du médecin Rāzī (IXe-Xe)." Thesis, Université de Paris (2019-....), 2019. https://theses.md.univ-paris-diderot.fr/SADR_Mohammad_va.pdf.
Among ancient Greek and Islamic period physicians there are several theories regarding the determinants of sex of the fetus. Hippocrates, Aristotle and Galen each proposed different theories for the sex determination of male or female embryos.In these theories, various factors such as strength and dominancy of male or female semen to each other, external factors like heat and cold, the location of the fetus in the uterus, the kind of winds blowing in that area and have been mentioned.In the current research, views of ancient Greek physicians on this subject will be discussed based on the transmission of their writings to the current time or translations or citations of their works in medical texts of the Islamic period such as Firdaws al-hikma fi Ṭibb and al-Ḥāwī fi Ṭibb. Afterwards Razi’s (IXe-Xe) view will be analyzed according to his independent treatise titled al-ubnah, the theories mentioned in al-Ḥāwī fi Ṭibb, and then it will be compared with the opinions of ancient Greek physicians. Rāzī, based on his point of view on the sex determination of the fetus, has explained sexual disorders like attraction between men. In this research, such attraction and his treatments proposed will be discussed
Sylla, Ndongo Samba. "Les inégalités de genre sur les marchés du travail des pays en développement : le cas du Sénégal (1992-2002)." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009VERS036S.
This research focuses on gender inequality in Senegalese labour market during the 90’s (1992-2002). By this expression, we mean inequality between men and women (i) in access to paid employment; (ii) employment opportunities (employment segregation); (iii) working conditions and (iv) earnings. Taking into account the specificities of the labour markets of the underdeveloped countries is a precondition for all study on economic inequality between men and women. This proposition is our starting hypothesis. Actually, compared to developed countries labour markets, those of developing countries are characterized by the greater heterogeneity of their employment relations. The unequal distribution of men and women across different statuses and institutional sectors is one of the most important facet of gender inequality in this type of context. It implies a segmentation of employment and earnings based on gender. Due to the discriminations they face, their lower access to factors of production and education, Senegalese women still have a low economic status compared to men : they have less access to paid employment; their employment opportunities tend to be limited to a reduced number of sectors and professions; in terms of working conditions, they face a great precariousness as shown by their overexposure to jobs provided by the informal economy; in terms of earnings, they are less paid than men even in the circumstances where their level of education is more important. In order to promote economic equality between sexes, this study advocates a renewed investment on female education and a greater statistical effort on gender issues
Tsafack, Temah Chrystelle. "Le rôle des inégalités de revenu et de genre dans l'évolution de l'épidémie du VIH/Sida en Afrique sub-saharienne." Phd thesis, Université d'Auvergne - Clermont-Ferrand I, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00281162.
Moumen, Wided. "Inégalités et dynamiques de genre dans l'agriculture irriguée : cas des six périmètres publics irrigués de Nadhour (governorat de Zaghouan-Tunisie)." Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013TOU20145.
Policies concerning the irrigated perimeters in Tunisia developed gardually from a model privileging centralized management, first and foremost centered on the increase in the offer of water, to a more decentralized and participative model, based on a better control of famer's use of water. The thesis aims to analyze the changes observed in the irrigated perimeters of the Nadour region in the northern Tunisia resulting from new governance and in the context of the of a more feminized agriculture. The thesis also aims to highlight the impact within irrigant organizations and farms, on dynamics on the inequalities between actors of irrigated systems and particularly between men and women. The main observation and stemming from the research carried out at a national and local scale within the framework of a multi – disciplinary approach are as followThe process of decentralization in the management of the perimeters seems incompleted and not mastered by the irrigants organizations who weren't ask to participate to the definition of the perimeters' governance. In parallel, State run supervision institutions remain powerful.There are growing inequalities among famers in the irrigated perimeters. A minority of owners having stonger capacities has offensive strategies and manages to benefit from the opportunities offered by the irrigated systems. A majority of small and average farm owners has difficulties of coping with the requirement of these same systems. Thus some of them consider giving up irrigated agriculture. Indeed the difficulties of smal and average farms are partly due of the maladjustment of the productivist agricultural policies carried out since independance as well as to the dysfunction of the irrigated perimeters' governance.Although, women play a growing role in the irrigated role in the agricultural production, in the men-run irrigant organizations they are excluded from the decision making process. Womens' experience and know-how in irrigated agriculture are taken little into account in this typical patriarchal milieu. Thus women's low involvement weakens the capacities of the irrigant organizations taking part in the governance of the irrigated perimeters. However, due to higher participation in agricultural production et extra-agricultural incomes, women's economical support to their family living expenses in increasing. By joining informal women organizations they acquire new competences and claim regular access to water and the possibility to take part in the irrigant organizations'decision-making process
Mahdjoub-Assaad, Sarah. "Les nuisances liées au trafic routier (bruit, pollution de l’air et insécurité) : de la gêne à la perception du risque sanitaire sous l’angle des inégalités sociales." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE1252/document.
An important factor supporting urban growth, and the viability of the urban centers, is transportation but road transport is still a common important source of traffic accidents, noise, and air which have heavy consequences on public health such as annoyance. The main objective of our thesis was to identify the determinants of each kind of trafficrelated annoyance (sociodemographic, socioeconomic, daily mobilty). The secondary objective was to identify the determinants of health risk perception and the feelings of health effects on his own health. Then, tow cross-sectional studies have been conducted in the general population, in the Rhône Department, in France. The main finding of our study is that the socioeconomic level doesn’t play a rule neither in the expression of annoyance nor in the health risk perception. However, active travel modes and public transport users are highly annoyed by traffic air pollution and road-traffic noise more than motorized users. Moreover, annoyance related to air pollution seemed to influence the feeling of health effects of noise and air pollution. Our results should be useful for urban policies. Create a friendly environment by reducing the use of cars, promoting non-motorized or “active” travel mode use (walking, cycling), to improve public transport and to promote the use of public transport, avoiding to add noisy road infrastructure near population centers, to develop facilities for pedestrians and for cyclists - all of these measures are needed to reduce road-traffic nuisances and the feeling of annoyance
Moguerou, Laure. "Vouloir et pouvoir scolariser ses enfants : pratiques éducatives à Dakar (Sénégal) sous le prisme des inégalités sociales, familiales et de genre." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006IEPP0040.
The evolutions of primary schooling in Dakar between 1990 and 2000 show that access to school and schooling paths depend more and more of parents decisions. Because school is compulsory only "within the means of the State", it relies on parents to put and keep their children in school. Stagnation of primary schooling in Dakar could be the sign of a partial reject of school by families. But then, how interpret the catch up of girls schooling rate ? The schooling strategies show that most people have trouble engaging in long term schooling and that they develop different expectations towards school based on the believed or real benefits of school certification. The fact that the schooling rate of girls is catching up on the one of boys reflects the improvement of girls' paths as well as the partial avoidance of school by boys. Boys seem to be even more tempted to quit the school system that their vision of social roles follow tradition and that school does not keep its promises anymore. Girls are staying longer, yet it is in the impatient wait of marriage. Finally, the school system in Dakar is opening to girls, but mainly because it is not anymore the sacred way of social success for boys, and not because of a reject of traditional gender roles
Aelenei, Maria-Cristina. "Inégalités de genre dans le système éducatif : une hypothèse de décalage culturel sur deux dimensions, la désirabilité sociale et l’utilité sociale." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015CLF20008.
The aim of the present research program is to propose an explicative integrative model in order to concomitantly address the girls’ superiority in school as well as their less successful career in higher education.We propose that the educative system, as a social system, has its own culture to which the students have to adapt and in which they have to succeed. We hypothesize that the axiological profile of a student more likely to be positively evaluated in school is framed in terms of self-transcendence values (i.e., indulgence, cooperation, helping), creating a cultural mismatch for boys, whereas the axiological profile of a student more likely to be positively evaluated in higher education is based on self – enhancement values (i.e., ambition, competitiveness, dominance), creating a cultural mismatch for girls. This positive evaluation is considered on two underlying dimensions: social desirability (i.e., perceived likability) and social utility (i.e., perceived chances of succeeding in a social system).Study 1 demonstrates that teachers consider the self – transcendence values as being both useful and desirable in school, whereas they assign to self – enhancement values high social utility in the society context. Study 2 and 3 corroborate that the values associated with the school - context are more self – transcendence values and less self – enhancement values. Moreover, they suggest that boys experiment less identity coherence in transitioning from home to school. Finally, study 4 documents a positive relation between self – transcendence values endorsement and school achievement, specifically for boys.Study 5 illustrates that students consider self – transcendence values as underlying a positive evaluation in higher education in terms of social desirability, but negative in terms of perceived chances of succeeding (i.e., social utility). Similarly, they assign a positive evaluation to self – enhancement values in terms of social utility, but a negative one in terms of social desirability. Study 6 reveals that women are more likely than men to endorse self-transcendence values, whereas men are more likely than women to endorse self-enhancement values thereby implying a misfit for women in terms of social utility. Finally, studies 7 and 8 provide evidence that depicting self-enhancement values (versus self-transcendence values) as useful for succeeding (i.e., social utility) undermine female students’, but not male students’ expected sense of belonging, anticipated self-efficacy, and ultimately the academic choices
Fauveau, Aurélia. "L'intégration des inégalités de genre dans la politique des ONG humanitaires et des organisations internationales : étude de cas de deux ONG." Nice, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005NICE0039.
Fighting the gender gap is one of the biggest international goals to eradicate poverty and attain development. Indeed, economical literature found significant links between the gender gap on the one hand, and growth and development goals on the other hand. Furthermore the UN made an international frame to promote women: gender equality became one of its first priorities. All this explains that International Organisations, and first of all the World Bank, redefine their international politics toward women since the mid nineties. Humanitarian NGOs which cannot be ignored on the international scene, participate in fighting poverty and inequalities too. Because they are especially efficient in their action, we question ourselves about their position in fighting the gender gap : -Did NGOs understand the impact of the gender gap on poverty and the importance of integrating women into development?-Do NGOs integrate the gender dimension into their actions in order to reduce the gender gap and then offer additional tools to development and growth?
Varet, Florent. "Comportements à risques et infractionnistes chez les automobilistes : relations entre valeurs, normes sociales et différences liées au sexe, au genre et à l'âge." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AIXM0266.
Men and young drivers are more often involved in serious and fatal road accidents than women and older drivers. According to the literature, risky and offending behaviours (ROBs) at the wheel could be motivated by the search for a sense of belonging and social status, but also by the affirmation of values relating to competence, power and masculinity. Few studies have proposed to directly test the mediating role of these values and normativity in gender and age differences affecting ROBs. Our work proposes to explore the role of adherence to certain values in the occurrence of ROBs at wheel; (b) to test the mediating role of these values in gender and age differences; (c) to verify the normativity of these behaviours according to gender and age. Six studies were carried out. The main results indicate that (a) adherence to values centred toward the pursuit of a high social status is particularly associated with ROBs; (b) these values partially mediate the observed gender and age differences; (c) ROBs related to speed are more socially valued by men and young drivers, but this phenomenon is not supported by the same motivations for these two populations. The theoretical implications of its results are discussed in terms of empirical relationships between the different models used. Applied perspectives for behaviour change in the field of road safety are also discussed
Nziengui, Mamboundou Pierre. "Analyse de l'impact des réformes économiques sur les inégalités de genre et la pauvreté en Afrique : Application au Burkina Faso et au Sénégal." Thesis, Normandie, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020NORMLH27.
The fight against gender inequalities and poverty is a central issue for policy makers in Burkina Faso and Senegal.Indeed, we observe high gender inequality level in both countries (in formal labour market and in household work) andhigh poverty level, which affects 40.1% of the population in Burkina Faso and 38% in Senegal (World Bank 2020). It iswhy economic development plan have drawn up based on specific reforms in each country. In Burkina Faso, thechallenge is to increase the public resources allocated to development, which leads to a reform of VAT and oil subsidies.We analyse the effects of these policies on gender inequalities, poverty and food security. In Senegal, the transformationof the economy has been already started, with a particular interest for agriculture sector. We are interested in the effectsof this transformation on gender inequalities and poverty. Using computable general equilibrium models, the results ofthis thesis show that the reforms envisaged in Burkina Faso have negative effects on gender and poverty. In Senegal, thetransformation of the agricultural sector leads to a decrease in gender inequalities and poverty
Verniers, Catherine. "Étude d'un stéréotype de genre de réussite scolaire dans une perspective de justification du système social." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014CLF20018.
In spite of continuous academic improvement, female students are still underrepresented in the fields of science and research. Our aim is to explore this contemporary paradox from a system justification perspective (Jost & Banaji, 1994). Specifically, we suggest that a gender stereotype on academic achievement exists, and that its content serves to justify and maintain unfavourable academic paths for women. We test this general assumption in eight studies organized into three lines of research. The first line is intended to document the content of a gender stereotype on academic achievement. The second one focuses on the role of the gender stereotype on academic achievement in the perpetuation of gender inequalities in academic paths. The third one is devoted to testing the justifying function of the gender stereotype on academic achievement, when the gender system is threatened. Taken together, results show that students are aware of the shared belief that girls who succeed in school are less assertive, but more compliant, intelligent and hardworking than boys who succeed in school. Girls' intelligence is nevertheless described as less malleable than boys' intelligence. Results indicate that the caracteristics deemed to predict success in the most prestigious fields of education are ascribed to male students more than to female students, confirming that the gender stereotype on academic achievement could serve to rationalize and perpetuate the gender gap in higher education. Finally, we emphasize that future research should articulate individual, situational, positional and ideological levels of explanation to fully account for the processes underlying the maintenance of the gender hierarchy in the academic domain
Paquet, Sylvain. "Différences de soins liées au sexe chez les personnes diabétiques de type 2 de la cohorte Constances." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UPASR040.
Type 2 diabetics have a higher relative risk of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality than non-diabetics. While type 2 diabetic women have a higher relative risk of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality than type 2 diabetic men, differences in the care received between diabetic women and men have been highlighted to the disadvantage of women. These differences may concern follow-up procedures such as biological monitoring and screening for complications, preventive care such as flu vaccination, or the achievement of therapeutic goals. The reasons for these gender differences are complex and still insufficiently understood. The aim of this thesis work is to study different aspects of care delivered to type 2 diabetics from the angle of gender differences, along 3 axes: 1) cardiovascular risk factors, 2) follow-up procedures, 3) preventive vaccination care. This study was based on the Constances cohort. Inclusion took place mainly between 2012 and 2019. At inclusion, participants completed self-questionnaires on their health and lifestyle. They then underwent a medical examination during which a physician completed a medical questionnaire. Anthropometric measurements and a biological check-up were also carried out. Reimbursement data from the SNDS were matched to the individual data. The study population consisted of 2541 pharmacologically treated type 2 diabetics. We showed that diabetic women did not use fewer statins than men (OR= 0.82 [0.66-1.02], p=0.08). On the other hand, women with high cardiovascular risk had fewer statins than their male counterparts (OR=0.72 [0.56-0.92], p=0.01), with no gender difference in terms of the potency of statins delivered (OR=0.84 [0.62-1.13], p=0.26). At identical cardiovascular risk and equivalent statin potency, women had LDL-C levels 0.10-0.11g/l higher than men. With regard to antihypertensive treatment, women had significantly less RAS inhibitor therapy than men (OR=0.39 [0.27-0.56], p<0.001). The same difference was observed for monotherapy (OR=0.49 [0.29-0.83], p<0.001) and dual antihypertensive therapy (OR=0.29 [0.15-0.56], p<0.001). This result indicates a delay in the initiation of RAS inhibitors in women, despite the fact that this treatment is recommended as first-line therapy for hypertension in diabetics. With regard to care procedures, we observed no difference between women and men in the performance of follow-up biological examinations (3 or more annual HbA1c assays (OR=0.92 [0.69-1.23], p=0.58); an annual lipid panel (OR=1.2 [0.82-1.74], p=0.34); an annual creatinine level assay (OR=0.89 [0.58-1.36], p=0.60). The same was true for biannual screening for macro-vascular complications by a cardiologist (OR=0.95 [0.71-1.78], p=0.74) or for micro-vascular complications by an ophthalmologist (OR=0.92 [0.7-1.22], p=0.58). For influenza vaccination, diabetic women were at greater overall risk of not taking up influenza vaccination than men (OR=0.77 [0.66-0.90], p<0.001), as were those under 65 (OR=0.72 [0.60-0.86], p<0.001). All in all, we have highlighted the disparities in care received between women and men with type 2 diabetes. These results underline the importance of rethinking approaches to diabetes management to better take into account the specificities of each gender in order to have equitable practices to achieve equal outcomes between women and men with type 2 diabetes
Cousteaux, Anne-Sophie. "Le masculin et le féminin au prisme de la santé et de ses inégalités sociales." Phd thesis, Institut d'études politiques de paris - Sciences Po, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00661611.
Compère, Laurie. "À la recherche des liens entre mémoire et identité : études comportementales et en neuroimagerie fonctionnelle des différences liées au sexe et à l'identité de genre en mémoire autobiographique." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCB222.
There is a bidirectional link between identity and memory because autobiographical memory contains all the information that allows an individual to define oneself. However an important matter about our identity is to be defined as a man or a woman. In addition, from a cognitive point of view, men and women show differencies in their performance in some tasks including autobiographical memory tasks. In this thesis, we wanted to investigate the differences between men and women in episodic and semantic autobiographical memory with behavioural and functional neuroimaging methods and their links with identity so as to determine if these differences are rather due to biological factors inherent to sex or to social factors inherent to gender identity. Our results converge on the idea that gender identity is more crucial than membership to one sex in the construction of memories
Faure, Emmanuelle. "Entre effets de genre et effets de lieux : géographies du dépistage du cancer colorectal à Boulogne-Billancourt et Gennevilliers (92)." Thesis, Paris 10, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA100164/document.
To which extent does the concept of gender can be a strategic concept to understand links between health and territorial dynamics? The following study aims to investigate this topic by analyzing the attendance at colorectal cancer screening sessions and its promotion in the Hauts-de-Seine (Paris region). We draw a comparison between the towns of Boulogne-Billancourt and Gennevilliers, and two of their popular districts, based on quantitative (attendance rates to screening sessions) and qualitative data (observations, semi-directive interviews). Among the findings, it appears that spatial and gendered disparities regarding colorectal cancer screening vary depending on the places studied and do not reflect the unequal distribution of social classes. The analysis of health-seeking behaviors to a general practitioner – a key actor of this screening program – highlights spatial representations and practices which are specific to the contexts in Boulogne-Billancourt and in Gennevilliers, as well as to women and men. The study of the promotion of colorectal cancer screening also enables us to better understand the ways these towns and districts are developed and organized (type and network of political, professional and associative stakeholders). In addition, the study stresses on the necessity to take gender into account when it comes to the analysis of local implementations of a national public health policy. Lastly, professional backgrounds, dominant social norms and spatial dynamics are an integral part of general practitioner’s representations and practices
Bauwin, Mathilde. "Microfinance and Gender Issues : reducing or Reproducing Inequalities ? Achievements and Challenges in the Tunisian Case." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PSLED048/document.
Microfinance aims at facilitating access to financial services for vulnerable people excluded from the traditional banking system. In that regard, it appears as a key tool to reduce inequalities, especially between men and women, to access credit. However, on the basis of a case study about the main Tunisian microfinance institution, this research work shows that when considering the loan conditions granted, the objective of inequality reduction is not fully achieved. If the institution indeed favors women in terms of access to credit, and despite the lesser risk female clients represent for the institution, women still receive lower loan amounts than men all along their credit history. The most ambitious women are in particular the most rationed ones. Putting the analyses on microdata, experimental data and impact assessment of a training on loan officers into perspective suggests that gender inequalities existing in Tunisia and among clients contribute to create gender-based stereotypes among loan officers. Since current granting procedures leave some room for subjectivity, some inequalities are reproduced instead of reduced
Wayack, Pambè Madeleine. "Genre, sexe du chef de ménage et scolarisation des enfants à Ouagadougou." Thesis, Paris 10, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA100186.
This thesis examines the mediating role of gender in the demand for child education in Ouagadougou. It specifically addresses the influence of women in the modification of educational inequalities within households. The research utilizes census data from 2006, data from a quantitative study on the involvement of fathers and mothers in education, and semi-structures interviews with female heads of household conducted in 2009, to elaborate on results often observed in sub-Saharan Africa that children are often better educated in female-headed households. The analysis deals primarily with sociological priorities of the status of the “female head of household” and examines the element that legitimizes them as a distinct category from male heads of household, creating a cohesive group. The study focuses then on the relationship between demand for schooling and the sex of the head of household as well as, the sex of children in relation to family status. The results demonstrate that regardless the status of the head of household, particular family configurations with structures headed by women provide a conducive environment for the education of children, especially for boys. A complex and ambiguous finding also emerged in regards to the schools of these households, which proved to be more harmful to the education of some girls as a result of unequal gender relations in society exacerbated by the need for domestic labor in urban families. This thesis sheds light on the potential for census data to provide a gender-based approach to family education strategies in urban Burkina Faso
Suarez, Robles Pablo. "Gender disparities in Africa’s labour markets : An analysis of survey data from Ethiopia and Tanzania." Thesis, Paris Est, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PEST0057/document.
The main objective of this thesis is to contribute to our better understanding of the main factors behind large and persistent gender disparities in Africa's labour markets. This work looks at three key dimensions of labour market gender inequality in Africa: (i) the gender wage gap, (ii) gender inequalities in allocating time to market and household work, and (iii) the gender-differentiated income effect of informality. Chapter 2 shows that, in Ethiopia, progress towards gender equity in education is important to improve women's wages but not enough to close most of the gender wage differential. Other interventions would be needed as, for instance, information campaigns and other awareness-raising efforts in support of the anti-discriminatory provisions of Ethiopia's own constitution and legislation, to compensate for the adverse impact of unobservable factors (discriminatory practices, social and cultural norms…), that directly contribute to the gender wage gap and indirectly, through job selection. Chapter 3 highlights the coexistence of two phenomena in Ethiopia, a strong gender-based division of labour and a double work burden on women. The country would benefit from pursuing and intensifying its efforts to ensure better access to education at all levels for women, and from providing better information and enforcement of the law in support of women's economic and social well-being, as it would help changing mentalities and attitudes that impede women to take full advantage of their abilities and that keep them subordinated to men. Finally, in Chapter 4 we observe that, in Tanzania, women face a significantly higher informal employment wage penalty than men. To explain this result, we conjecture that the exclusion hypothesis, according to which individuals are denied access to formal jobs due to the disproportionate constraints they face (burden of household responsibilities, lack of adequate infrastructure…), is more acute among women.JEL classification : J16, J22, J24, J31, J42, J71
Moulin, Stéphane. "Réexamen des inégalités entre hommes et femmes sur le marché du travail : des philosophies politiques aux évaluations empiriques." Phd thesis, Université de la Méditerranée - Aix-Marseille II, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00095542.
Nous soutenons qu'il n'est pas possible de donner une définition non ambiguë de la discrimination sur le marché du travail sans rentrer dans des questions de philosophie politique de la justice. Chaque philosophie politique implique une conception différente de la discrimination et impose des contraintes sur la méthodologie empirique de mesure des inégalités. Une conception pluraliste de la discrimination conduit ainsi à critiquer la conception consensuelle de l'égalité des chances, la théorie marginale de la juste distribution ainsi que la « bonne » pratique de mesure de la discrimination.
Nous présentons d'abord une grille d'analyse pluraliste de la discrimination entre les sexes articulant philosophies politiques de la justice sexuée, théories économiques de la discrimination, et méthodologies statistiques de mesure de l'inégalité de traitement sur le marché du travail. Nous proposons ensuite des mesures économétriques des barrières discriminatoires à l'accès à l'emploi, au temps plein et aux responsabilités hiérarchiques. Ces mesures nous permettent enfin de revenir sur l'identification et l'évaluation de la ségrégation verticale, de la discrimination salariale, et de la discrimination positive dans les politiques de l'emploi.
Schieber, Anne-Cécile. "Étude de la relation patient-médecin généraliste : quel éclairage sur les inégalités sociales de santé ? : analyse des données épidémiologiques et des productions interdisciplinaires issues du projet INTERMEDE." Toulouse 3, 2014. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2418/.
The work produced in this dissertation aims to understand mechanisms' communication at play during the interaction between a patient and his - or her - general practitioner (GP) which could contribute to social inequalities in health. It uses the qualitative and quantitative data of the project INTERMEDE. The epidemiological analysis reveal the influence of the gender concordance/discordance between patients and GPs on their disagreement on the advice given during the consultation, and the role played by a social distance perceived by the physician on their disagreement on patients' perceived health status. The interdisciplinary analysis have been conducted within an innovate methodology inspired from the Delphi technique. It led to a core of shared knowledge, revealing the convergence of different disciplinary approaches
Wilpert, Marie-Dominique. "L'objet maternel dans le champ des institutions de la petite enfance : une lutte de représentations autour de la place de la mère." Thesis, Paris 10, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA100190/document.
The aim of this research is to bring to light a struggle of representations concerning the place of the mother in the infancy professional sector. The first representation stands for a completely devoted mother, who then assumes the exclusive responsibility for her baby. The second representation figures both a hard-worker-citizen mother who shares her educational responsibility with the father and a social third party. The author pays particular attention to display this struggle as not being only present among professionals but also filling, between the lines, some speeches legitimated in the sector as a “knowledge”. As well as it underlies health centers plans of action for families in trouble. Nowadays, the second representation seems coherent with the social reality of work and with a democratic project, speaking in terms of sexual equality, of qualitative care of youngsters in our society and fight against social disparities. Nonetheless, it can’t be said today that this representation gained a real political legitimity nor theorical references which could hang enough together the two elements at stake: democratic equality between men and women as citizens and psychic health of the infants and their family. The author aims at going beyond some theorical and ideological theories in order to build up a political theory of infant education that could contribute to contest the legitimity of a social order which considers the female citizen as sole responsible for infants. Moreover, this insidious assignment reinforces, depending on social origin, some flagrant disparities in the way of parenting and exercising their citizenship
Prelipceanu, Raluca. "A gendered approach to labour mobility : migration and social norms. Evidence from Romania." Phd thesis, Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - Paris I, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00739076.
Verjus, Anne. "La citoyenneté politique au prisme du genre. Droits et représentation des individus entre famille et classe de sexe (XVIIIème-XXIème siècles)." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Paris - ENS Paris, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00998659.
Perronnet, Clémence. "La culture scientifique des enfants en milieux populaires : étude de cas sur la construction sociale du goût, des pratiques et des représentations des sciences." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSEN076/document.
This thesis examines the way working class children’s practices and representations of science areconstructed. It aims to renew the approach of persistent inequalities in access to science pathwaysand careers, in which women and people from the working class and/or ethno-racial minoritiesremain largely underrepresented. In order to question power relationships underlying access toscience in a new way, this research considers science not only as a body of knowledge and aprofessional eld, but also as a culture. Evidence for this study comes from longitudinal interviewsconducted with about 50 children (two interviews, in the 4th and 6th grade) and with parents,teachers, and science mediators. The analysis also relies on the detailed ethnographic study (4years of observation in classrooms) of an educational project aimed at promoting equality inscience which involved part of our sample, thus questioning the effects of this type of program.The thesis establishes that the social construct of gendered, classed and racialised patterns ofattitudes to science is the result of science-related cultural practices developed during childhood.On the one hand, several instances of cultural socialization (family, siblings, peers, school)combine to favor or hinder the development of children’s science hobbies. On the other hand, thescientific culture that children from the working class consume and practice leads them to constructrepresentations of science as other, and devoid of identificatory possibilities. This discourages girlsand boys from formulating science aspirations