Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Inégalité sociale – Méditerranée (région)'
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Daymon, Caroline. "Croissance, inégalité et pauvreté en économie ouverte : une application aux pays de la région MENA." Aix-Marseille 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AIX24015.
Full textThe first part of this thesis (Chapter 1 and 2) is the theoretical and methodological basis. The first contribution of this thesis is to highlight the most efficient indicators of poverty and inequality, and decomposition dynamics of poverty (Chapter1). The EHII database is selected and is extended in this thesis. The second chapter tests the main theories of the growth-distribution relationship. It appears that MENA countries are still too far from the turning point of Kuznets to hope that growth alone is reducing poverty, thereby highlighting the need to promote the “inequality effect” in these countries. In the second part of this thesis (Chapter 3 et 4) the emphasis is on the need to fight against injustice in the MENA and report the problem of intergenerational persistence of inequality. An empirical test applied to MENA highlights the importance of quality of education and of governance in those countries (Chapter 3). We also verify empirically the existence of inequality traps at the international level (Chapter 4). These first four chapters, and recommendations to which they lead are put into perspective through the study of the impact of openness on the wage and income distribution (Chapter 5), and a partial specialization of countries Mediterranean in the particular sector of textile and clothing industry. It assesses its impact on the ability of countries to have a pro-poor growth (Chapter 6)
Gripsiou, Argyro. "La polarisation socio-économique interne des quartiers urbains des grandes métropoles de la façade méditerranéenne française." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bordeaux, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024BORD0157.
Full textAs a privileged space for the manifestation of social inequalities, the city is often divided into neighborhoods that vary significantly in terms of the socio-economic resources of their inhabitants. This division of urban space based on these resources is sometimes described as a form of social segregation within the city. This socio-spatial segregation is frequently described in social science literature through the measurement of differences between neighborhoods. Without denying this urban reality, this thesis focuses on i sub-municipal divisions (here understood as IRIS units) where significant income disparities among residents are observed. This phenomenon, described here as the internal socio-economic polarization of these IRIS units, is measured using two indexes (indexes of wealth and poverty) constructed from available income deciles per consumption unit. Initially, we identify the IRIS units most affected by this internal socio-economic polarization in 14 French provincial metropolitan areas. A principal component analysis at the IRIS level allows for dentifying the housing and population characteristics associated with the internal socio-economic polarization of the IRIS units. Subsequently, this research concentrates on the three metropolitan areas of the French Mediterranean coast — Montpellier, Marseille, and Nice — whose diversity allows for a better examination of the local specificities of internal socio-economic polarization. We also attempt to understand the recent trends in these "polarized" neighborhoods in terms of income distribution and formulate hypotheses regarding the origins of the strong internal socio-economic polarization in these neighborhoods (early stages of gentrification, ongoing or incomplete gentrification; pauperization; sustainable cohabitation)
Gaysset, Isabelle. "Croissance par l'innovation et emploi dans les pays du Sud de la Méditerranée " une application à l'emploi des jeunes"." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulon, 2015. http://bu.univ-tln.fr/userfiles/file/intranet/travuniv/theses/eco_gestion/2015/2015_Gaysset_Isabelle.pdf.
Full textCountries in the MENA region have been recently characterized by a common feature mainly the upsurge in the unemployment of young graduates. This is due to the dynamics and quality of economic growth, a chronic democracy deficiency, and socio-economic imbalances that threaten the stability and development wihtin the region. The PM must alter their current growth framework into a total factor productivity model, whereby innovation continuously improves, allowing for an endogenous growth regime based on technology progress to take over. After a general introduction, Chapter (II) highlightst the PM’s innovation systems and their effects on employment generation in a principal component analysis, and a panel study of the determinants of economic growth. In chapter (III) and (IV), the effects of the knowledge economy on youth employment are carefully studied though a time series analysis for the MENA region as a panel on one hand and for Tunisia a single case study on the other. Chapter (V) gives the mains conclusions of the study
Gaysset, Isabelle. "Croissance par l'innovation et emploi dans les pays du Sud de la Méditerranée " une application à l'emploi des jeunes"." Thesis, Toulon, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOUL2011.
Full textCountries in the MENA region have been recently characterized by a common feature mainly the upsurge in the unemployment of young graduates. This is due to the dynamics and quality of economic growth, a chronic democracy deficiency, and socio-economic imbalances that threaten the stability and development wihtin the region. The PM must alter their current growth framework into a total factor productivity model, whereby innovation continuously improves, allowing for an endogenous growth regime based on technology progress to take over. After a general introduction, Chapter (II) highlightst the PM’s innovation systems and their effects on employment generation in a principal component analysis, and a panel study of the determinants of economic growth. In chapter (III) and (IV), the effects of the knowledge economy on youth employment are carefully studied though a time series analysis for the MENA region as a panel on one hand and for Tunisia a single case study on the other. Chapter (V) gives the mains conclusions of the study
Berguiga, Imène. "La microfinance entre performance sociale et performance financière : une application à la région MENA." Thesis, Paris Est, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PEST3002.
Full textMicrofinance is a means of the struggle against poverty in developing countries through financing activities that generate incomes for poor households. The issue regarding the best way to provide financial services to the poor has fuelled intensive debates between two different schools of thought: institutionalists and welfarists. This opposition faces two requirements of microfinance: Targeting the poorest among the poor, which refers to the social performance and enhancing the profitability of the institution (financial performance). Is there a trade-off between these two performances or can they combine? The state of research upon this issue suggests that these two requirements are compatible and may even be complementary.Following a cross-section factor analysis, we examine the relationship between social performance and financial performance on a sample of 52 MFIs in 9 selected countries of the MENA region: Most MFIs in Egypt are both socially and financially successful, whereas those in Yemen are socially successful and those in Jordan are financially successful. The determinants of these performances vary according to the status (NGO vs. non NGO), maturity, credit methodology (collective vs. individual), the level of information disclosure, geographical location (countries) and regulations of MFIs.An econometric panel study (1998-2008) examines the unequivocal causality and causal interaction between social performance and financial performance. The regression results show that social performance has a negative impact on financial performance and conversely, and the causal interaction between these two types of performances remains unclear in the long run. The results also show that the main determinants of these two performances depend on the life cycle of MFIs, the relationship between age and performance is not linear, the regulation of MFIs depends not only on their countries but also on their institutional status, macroeconomic effects are important in achieving performances, mature MFIs seek to ensure good repayment rates instead of increasing portfolio yield
Bghiel, Yahyaoui Ihab. "Les inégalités de développement régionales dans les pays en voie de développement : cas de la région tangeroise au Maroc : analyse des causes historiques, géographiques, politiques, socioculturelles et économiques : perspectives de développement." Paris 3, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA030032.
Full textLebel, Alexandre. "Une approche intégrée pour la définition d'unités de voisinage dans le contexte d'une étude sur les inégalités sociales de la santé dans la région de Québec." Thesis, Université Laval, 2005. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2005/22503/22503.pdf.
Full textGarreton, Matias. "Inégalités de mobilité dans le Grand Santiago et la région Ile-de-France : politiques de logement, des transports et gouvernance métropolitaine." Thesis, Paris Est, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PEST1178/document.
Full textOur era is characterized by unprecedented global challenges that require a critical review and a reformulation of the principles of social and economic organization, particularly in the field of urban planning. The concentration of population in major conurbations, their growing segregation and their ecological footprint, stress the importance of adapting metropolitan institutions. Within this large field of research, this thesis focuses on the problem of inequalities of residential location and daily travel, and on the limits of public action to address these challenges. Thus, we develop the hypothesis that the accumulation of residential and travel handicaps constitute a form of social injustice that could be objectified by quantitative measures at a mesosocial level. The ethical corollary of this observation in terms of public action leads us to propose a complementary hypothesis. Indeed, mitigation of urban inequalities would require institutions having the capacity to coordinate various sectoral policies, with territorial coherence and in response to social demands. These two hypotheses are articulated in a dialectical argument that develops operative concepts and methodologies for the study of the right to the city, which we conceive as a synthesis of socio-economic and political empowerment. In particular, urban mobility is defined in this work as the interweaving practices of residential location and daily travel at the household level. This set of capabilities is necessary for the blooming of citizens, but the unjust connotation of differences measured by this kind statistics is difficult to demonstrate. Thus, the main objective of this thesis is the development and application of a methodology for quantitative analysis at the metropolitan level, capable to assert if there is or not an unfair limitation of urban mobility for a certain social group. With this purpose, we analyze four complementary indicators, each measuring a different dimension of space-time tradeoffs at household level. This are: the daily use of time, travel and housing efforts, accessibility to jobs and other destinations, and utility of urban mobility. In sum, simultaneous disadvantages among these measures would suggest that some social groups are deprived of adjustment mechanisms that would allow them to benefit from urban resources, what we qualify as being unfair. In particular, we show that the effect of social policies in Ile-de-France seems to be antagonized by the extension of its urban area, attaining levels of socio-spatial inequalities close to those observed in Greater Santiago, where redistributive mechanisms are extremely weak. This convergence emphasizes the importance of analyzing the limits of metropolitan governance systems to resolve such inequities. This issue is addressed by the observation of two recent public controversies, the implementation of Transantiago and the debates around the Grand Paris, and by the study of the evolution of planning instruments. This institutional analysis is based on a synthesis of the rules and resources of public action, and on interviews with experts and authorities. In both study cases and by different mechanisms, there would be failures of representation for vulnerable groups in the arenas of metropolitan governance, thus contributing to the widening socio-spatial inequalities. Finally, guaranteeing the right to the city in the Greater Santiago and the Ile -de- France would require complementary technical and policy innovations. These could be implemented in a mesosocial level, aiming for the improvement of urban mobility and political representation of vulnerable households, according to the specificities of each sub-metropolitan territory
Thuillier, Guy. "Les quartiers enclos : une mutation de l'urbanité ? : le cas de la région métropolitaine de Buenos Aires, Argentine." Toulouse 2, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002TOU20082.
Full textIn the 1990 decade, the Buenos Aires Metropolitan Area experienced a boom of gated communities, with very little public control and planification. This phenomenon, which implies a mutation of the city's urbanity, defined as the relationship between the city and its dwellers, must be understood in the frame of the social, economical, and urban evolutions of Buenos Aires. The consequences of globalization, deepened social inequalities, and the influence of the North-American suburban model, modified the traditional metropolitan structuration of the city. Complex and fragmented suburban spaces appear through this process in the great periphery of the agglomeration, redefining people's attitudes toward the metropolis, through their uses and representations of the city. These mutations affects both the residents of gated communities and those of the public city, as well as the relationships between both groups
Caligaris, Thierry Roger. "Les paradoxes de la province malgache d'Antsiranana : potentialités et réalités." Phd thesis, Université de la Réunion, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01068265.
Full textFleury, Nicolas. "Mobilité intergénérationnelle et qualifications dans les zones de reconversion d’industries traditionnelles : le cas de la Région Nord-Pas de Calais." Thesis, Lille 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LIL12011/document.
Full textFrom the case of the Nord-Pas de Calais region, the thesis analyzes the impact of membership to areas that experience (or have experienced) severe restructuring on the intergenerational dynamics of human capital. The first part of the thesis presents the main developments characterizing the Nord-Pas de Calais region in terms of inequalities, qualification and intergenerational mobility, while emphasizing the strong industrial restructuring experienced by this region. A second part presents a literature survey on intergenerational transmission of human capital and persistent inequalities, on specific human capital and on their link with industrial restructuring. The inadaptability of traditional explanations for poverty traps in the region the Nord-Pas de Calais of Calais region leads to focus on the strong regional specificity: the weight of restructuring. To analyze the impact of industrial restructuring on intergenerational mobility, the third part of the thesis proposes a model of intergenerational transmission of human capital. In this model, individuals can choose between specific or general education. We show that restructuring entails a movement of certain individuals from the industrial sector toward the sector of services and a release of the conditions to fall in the under-education trap. In the fourth part, we empirically test the impact of industrial restructuring on intergenerational mobility for France as a whole. For that purpose, we use two successive empirical strategies. Econometric estimations show a negative impact of restructuring on the accumulation of human capital. This impact is concentrated on individuals whose parents are blue collars or low-skilled workers
Benkouider, Khadidja. "L'attractivité du territoire de la ville nouvelle de Boughezoul au prisme des théories d'Amartya Sen et de l'analyse des relations sociales entre les femmes et les hommes (gender studies)." Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCC061.
Full textThe Amartya Sen's capabilities approach, coupled with the gender approach, offer new opportunities to participate in the success of territorial development redefined in a new framework and territorial attractiveness in particular. This question is studied for the territory of the New Town in Algeria, she is the focus of the thesis. In this context, the author attempts to show how these two approaches, which open interpretations in many areas, and also help to address other, the relationship of territorial development with human resources and their articulation when caught Overall, in the light of the prism of globalization and in particular to sit this vision on the use of methodologies and instruments adapted for development of the attractiveness of the territories. This test is operated in the territory of the City of New Boughzoul. Thus the research that is conducted on the new town of Boughzoul is to concretely articulate individual, environmental and societal factors to analyze real possibilities, not just format, individuals and territories in their promotion objectives individual or collective development while stressing that institutional or organizational factors of public policies, sectoral or regional, carried out in Algeria are a powerful tool and asset for the development of capabilities to engage in the construction of the region's attractiveness, the New Town Boughzoul, as a pilot project, which can be extended to other territories of Algeria
Gueymard, Sandrine. "Inégalités environnementales en région Ile-de-France : répartition socio-spatiale des ressources, des handicaps et satisfaction environnementale des habitants." Thesis, Paris Est, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PEST3013.
Full textStill little investigated until now, the issue of environmental inequalities is a subject of growing interest in France. Among numerous definitions and a few evaluation attempts, one understanding seems to be more common. It refers to social inequalities in regard of both the access to environmental resources and the exposure to nuisances, risks and pollution. This thesis’ purpose was to explore the relations between the physical characteristics of the environment and the socio-economic characteristics of the individuals and the territories on the scale of the Paris metropolitan area. Two multi-criteria typologies were carried out on the scale of the 1300 cities belonging to the Paris metropolitan area, based on usual statistical indicators – both social and environmental. The crossing of these typologies confirmed the existence of an overall match between the environmental and social characteristics of the cities. This appeared to be true both on the regional scale and on a smaller scale, the departments of Paris’ inner suburbs. Our results revealed connections that are more or less distinct depending on the examined environmental factors and particularly on the very nature of these factors, i.e. whether they encompass environmental amenities or desamenities. The empirical research in form of questionnaires and distributed among inhabitants of 6 cities of the Paris metropolitan area (600 people) completed this first approach. The survey, focusing on the personal environmental experience of the inhabitants, initially reaffirmed the importance of environmental quality as selection criteria and residential arbitration for the households. Among the examined variables, two explanatory registers appeared especially structurant of the recorded differences in satisfaction: (i) the residential anchorage and the emotional relation taking place in the living space ; (ii) the trust individuals grant to means of collective action to convey their environmental expectations. Therefore, the analysis of the determinants of environmental satisfaction unveiled that satisfaction would be be less directly related to neither sole socio-economic variables or “objective” environmental data than to the individuals’ differentiated capacities and aptitudes to control their environment and act upon it. Hence, the information collected on site driven by the population’s feeling questions the empirical measurement of environmental inequalities as well as the framework of analysis for such unequal situations– at this stage still an ongoing discussion
Dos, Santos Lauriane. "Faire justice aux marges : une ethnographie à bord des "tribunaux spéciaux itinérants" du Brésil (État de l'Amapá, région amazonienne)." Thesis, Paris, EHESS, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019EHES0164.
Full textThe thesis looks back at the establishment of the “special circuit courts” (juizados especiais itinerantes) in contemporary Brazil (from 1996 to now). Those are mobile courts that are specialized in “small dispute” settlement and the so-called "small claims" of the citizens – implying family, neighborhood or even land issues. They are aimed to ensure a presence of the judicial institution of the State in the spaces that are the most distant from it: both in a geographical and in a socio-cultural way. They have been created after the autocratic period, during the process of re-democratization of the regime, in order to allow a broader access to State justice for the poorest and the most marginalized parts of society, by providing them new free legal servicesThis research follows the path of one of the first courts of this type to be set up across the country. In the state of Amapá (region of Amazon), near French Guiana and Suriname, every two months, judges and conciliators of justice leave their offices in the city center to undertake journeys of several days or even weeks, sailing on the Amazon to the most remote villages and hamlets in their constituency. Once arrived in those localities, they settle the conflicts the inhabitants may have, by delivering what they define as a fast, effective and conciliatory justice. The thesis is based on a five-years field research in this Amazonian part of Brazil. By reading (the archives), by listening (during interviews) and by observing daily (through ethnography) the agents of justice, one can analyze in very concrete terms the judicial work they implement in the spaces they visit. At the hearing, as during the ordinary interactions between agents of justice and litigants, it is not only the access to law and justice which is provided as a resource to the inhabitants : it is also a legal shaping of lives and a moral adjustment of local social behaviors that takes place.Then the analyzes emphasize on the representations as on the practices of the judicial agents, by using both a diverse and qualitative data base. It shows how the judicial institution grasps the local daily lives in the visited villages. By intervening in the adjustment of relationships, both with oneself and with others, and by redefining locally the ways of being and living, the judicial institution then reveals itself and its central function in the social and moral and political regulation of society, provided that it is itself structured by social relations that go beyond it, and that it also reproduces in some way
Le, Corre Thibault. "Paris à tous prix : analyse des inégalités par une géographie de l'investissement sur le marché immobilier résidentiel en Île-de-France." Thesis, Paris 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA01H073.
Full textIn recent years, property ownership emerged as a central feature for asset accumulation and increasing social inequalities in advanced capitalist economics, especially in metropolitan areas. The Greater Paris is one emblematic case of these processes which contribute to the increase of socio-spatial differentiation. However, neither the role of the real estate market in the production of inequalities nor the spatiality of this phenomenon has been thoroughly studied. This thesis seeks to evaluate the modalities and channels through which the housing market produces inequalities. For this purpose, it introduces the concept of market regimes, both for categorizing homogeneous products of real estate investments and foregrounding an empirical geography of the market. Furthermore, the thesis suggests a theoretical framework for understanding how these inequalities are inherent to the functioning of the market. Real estate transactions for the Greater Paris metropolitan area, recorded between 1996 and 2012 and sourced from a notarial database, constitute the main material of investigation. Spatial analysis, multivariate statistics and mapping reveal how the geography of the housing market unfolds through different market regimes that have their own logic of price formation. Results highlight three forms of inequality produced by the market. The first one is spatial and understood as the production of unequal areas of accumulation, which depend on the logics of real estate investment and rent capture. The second form is social : unequal spatial accumulation contributes to the reproduction and reinforcement of social stratification. The third one is socio-spatial : the housing market strengthens the social division of space and, in some cases, encourages the spatial exclusion of working-class groups. Building on its theoretical framework and borrowing from the field of economic sociology, the thesis suggests some explanatory hypotheses based on the notion of qualification. This notion enables to interpret investment dynamics under the lenses of the strategies and practices of intermediate actors, who aim at matching supply with demand. This matching, which operates through the categorization of assets, sellers and buyers, defines ahead of the actual transaction, investment products. This process of qualification is based on the filtering and stratification of buyers by the credit system, and on performative, professional judgments and opinions structured on the internal differentiations of the metropolitan area
Jourdan, Silvère. "Du processus de métropolisation à celui de la gentrification, l’exemple de deux villes nord-méditerranéennes : Barcelone et Marseille." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM3081/document.
Full textEconomic and social changes of old industrial societies have contributed to the transformation of the downtown of many cities. The centripetal flow of capital and population has initiated and intensified in recent decades. The suburbs of cities, initially so attractive, seems to decline for a new type of population who prefers the downtown way of life. This is gentrification. Barcelona, and most recently Marseille, have not escaped this dynamic. Firstly, based on interdisciplinary works, this thesis proposes to record the definition of the process and to grasp the steps and procedures in the field. However, this study leads us to understand the gentrification as an aspect of metropolization, in its economic, urban, social, political and cultural dimensions. Since the 1990s, what have the changes been, that allow us to affirm that "a back to the city" is running? A quantitative approach based on an extensive statistical corpus and the confrontation of these statistical results of the qualitative data, we can answer this question, while revealing an idiosyncratic reality that questions the theory. Finally, the modes and rates of development of a process that is no longer confined to the old and central areas but spreads by capillary action in the inner-suburbs, demonstrates in both north -Mediterranean cities, that there is not one process of gentrification but differentiated processes
Larochelle, Catherine. "Les représentations de l'Orient méditerranéen dans les manuels de lecture québécois (1875-1945)." Mémoire, 2013. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/5398/1/M12887.pdf.
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