Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Inégalité professionnelle'
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Kumlai, Jongkon. "Mobilité et inégalité salariales en Thaïlande." Bordeaux 4, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009BOR40008.
Full textConcerns on the persistence of wage inequality have significantly rise in both political and academic circles. However, most of studies regarding to causes of wage inequality especially focus on a static aspect of the earnings distribution, and tend to ignore the wage dynamic ans structural consideration. This dissertation seeks to clarify the ambiguous relationship between the wage inequality and wage mobility in Thailand's urban labour market. The research's theme extension on inequality towards job dynamic calls for a methodological concern in order to specify the interaction between job structures and wage dynamics. On the conceptual level, the exclusive attention on the individual's characteristics side seems to be less satisfied in research on causes of wage inequality. This is the reason why we adopted the segmentation approach to distinguish the internal market from the external tier. On the empirical level, after having checked for the existing dual labour market using the panel socio-economic data, the next step shows the socioeconomic determinants of barriers to entry into well-paid jobs. The policies against poverty and inequality need to consider this dynamic of wage and job structures
Bonhomme, Stéphane. "Inégalité, mobilité et hétérogénéité sur le marché du travail : contributions empiriques et méthodologiques." Paris 1, 2006. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00163065.
Full textEtesse, Manuel. "Transitions postscolaires et inégalité sociale à Lima : poursuite éducative et insertion professionnelle des jeunes de la génération «Ochentas»." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019USPCB029.
Full textSince the 1990s, Peru has enjoyed sustained economic and social stability, which is the backdrop for a generation born during one of the worst crises in the country's history. This "Ochentas" generation (1980s) grew up during the neoliberal revival, under which the expansion of private education was dazzling and employment grew strongly but also more flexible. In addition, the patriarchal family model tends to evolve into new forms, including the erosion of gender roles and parental authority. In this context, where historical social inequalities persist, young people of the generation studied have gone out of college and faced the first decisive choices for their future, choices framed by specific possibilities and meanings depending on the social milieu they are from. The thesis deals with post-school transitions at the level of education (in higher education) and work trajectories in the city of Lima. It offers an in-depth look at the chronological dimension and the social mechanisms that influence it. On the one hand, it examines the social heterogeneity of transitions, in particular the influence of the family context in the pursuit of studies and professional integration, taking into account its educational, socio-economic, demographic and migratory characteristics. On the other hand, it identifies specificities of the male and female routes at the end of secondary education. Finally, she analyzes the specific influence of access to higher education in the environment of the young person, in the household and the neighborhood of residence. To trace the trajectories and socialization of the Ochentas generation, the work articulates an unprecedented quantitative approach (descriptive and multivariate analyzes) of the 2007 census data with a qualitative approach based on in-depth interviews conducted in 2017. The results show considerable differences in educational and vocational transitions after high school, particularly in terms of inequalities of access to higher education and through the type of study pathways. If several factors are decisive, the parental cultural capital is of first order, which is only marginally studied in the literature concerning the social dynamics in Peru. Similarly, gender relations give shape to these transitions, in particular concerning occupational integration. In addition, the research shows that social segregation in the metropolis, observed at the neighborhood level, is associated with post-school transitions leading to lesser autonomy and independence. Finally, the results obtained show the potential for census data -despite their limitation- compared to survey data
Desde la década de 1990, el Perú tiene una estabilidad económica y social que caracteriza el contexto en el que ha crecido una generación nacida durante una de las peores crisis de su historia. La generación "Ochentas" ha crecido en el contexto de reformas neoliberales, en la cual la expansión de la educación privada ha sido explosiva y el mercado de trabajo se ha expandido y flexibilizado. Por otra parte, el modelo familiar patriarcal ha tendido a evolucionar hacia nuevas formas, en particular con la erosión de los roles tradicionales de género y de la autoridad parental. En ese contexto, en el que perduran desigualdades históricas, los jóvenes de la generación estudiada han vivido su salida de la secundaria, y hacen frente a sus primeras decisiones importantes para su futuro. Estas se ven enmarcadas según las posibilidades y significados específicos según el origen social de cada joven. La tesis trata de las transiciones postescolares en las trayectorias educativa y laboral en Lima, ofreciendo una mirada minuciosa sobre las cronologías y los mecanismos sociales que las influencian. Por un lado, examina la heterogeneidad social de las transiciones, especialmente en cuanto a la influencia del contexto familiar en la continuidad educativa y en la inserción profesional, tomando en cuenta sus características educativas, socioeconómicas, demográficas y migratorias. Por otra parte, identifica las particularidades de las trayectorias y la socialización de los jóvenes de la generación. Finalmente, el trabajo analiza la influencia especifica del acceso a la educación superior en el entorno del joven, a nivel del hogar y del barrio. Para identificar patrones en las transiciones, la investigación articula análisis multivariado con datos del censo 2007, con entrevistas semiestructuradas realizadas en 2017. Los resultados muestran importantes distancias en las transiciones educativas y profesionales a la salida del colegio, especialmente por la desigualdad de acceso a estudios superiores y el tipo de estudios realizados. Si se han identificado asociaciones particulares, el capital cultural de los padres es uno de primer orden, dimensión poco estudiada en la dinámica social contemporánea en el Perú. Asimismo, el género da forma a las trayectorias de los jóvenes, en particular en la dimensión laboral. Por otra parte, el trabajo muestra que la segregación social en la ciudad, observada a nivel barrial, está asociada con transiciones que ofrecen menor autonomía e independencia individual. Finalmente, los resultados obtenidos ilustran el potencial del análisis de datos censales ¿a pesar de sus limitaciones¿ con respecto a datos de encuestas
Rosas, Shady Gerardo David. "Qualité de l'emploi, dynamique sur le marché du travail et inégalité d'opportunités : le cas du Pérou." Paris 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA010080.
Full textRamos, Iduñate Gilberto. "L'école du peuple : sociologie de la formation professionnelle au Mexique." Paris, EHESS, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015EHES0057.
Full textIn « social imaginary », diplomas represent an empowerment tool for popular classes. In disadvantaged areas, confidence in education to achieve upward social mobility is even more consequent, degrees represent the only "way out" of social exclusion, especially for young people. In the context of mass education in Mexico, which educational path young people from underprivileged families choose and for what reasons? What are the local potential employers' representations of these young people and their qualifications ? How does the "exchange value" of the diploma, which tries to articulate the hopes of disadvantaged families and the local expectations of qualification, is constructed socially ? Vocational education offers an interesting angle of analysis on thèse issues. Situated at the intersection of the educational and the working fields, it is one of the most frequented education sectors by students from socio-economically disadvantaged families. By comparing two vocational training institutions with two general education establishments in two mexican cities, we aim to answer these questions. Thus, this research local potential employers' representations of these young people and their qualifications ? How does the "exchange value" of the diploma, which tries to articulate the hopes of disadvantaged families and the local expectations of qualification, is constructed socially ? Vocational education offers an interesting angle of analysis on these issues. Situated at the intersection of the educational and the working fields, it is one of the most frequented education sectors by students from socio-economically disadvantaged families. By comparing two vocational training institutions with two general education establishments in two mexican cities, we aim to answer these questions. Thus, this research interrogates the social construction of school diplomas and attempts to reformulate the possible links between the academic world and the job market by placing them in objective conditions, historically and spatially situated
Rigot, Sylvie Dibon. "L'universitarisation de la formation infirmière : nouveaux savoirs, nouveaux profils d'étudiants et infirmiers." Thesis, Paris 8, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA080043/document.
Full textThe introduction of the university curriculum framework into nursing training has led to a change in the recruitment of students, their training courses and the type of professionals it trains. The majority of successful students come from general high school pathways and a smaller number are retraining. Other students, mostly from technology pathways, have difficulties being accepted onto, following, or finally graduating from the training course. This research has aimed to identify the causes of these differences, and focused on the students’ approach to knowledge. A corpus of data was compiled: written student assessments (integration unit, final year research paper), interviews with students, “newly qualified” nurses and "recruiters". Comparing the analyses of corpus confirms the increase, due to university, in educational inequalities which are identified in secondary school owing to the course content leading up to the different baccalaureates. The existence of this differentiated within the current training programme is largely due to the confrontation between different institution’s teaching practices and the differences in “approach towards” (knowledge, language, writing, but also the profession) that is taken by the students as well as differences linked to their type of social interaction, in or out of school. In this way, the university training syllabus has partially achieved the desired effect through the acquisition of new knowledge and a different way of thinking about the profession. The attitude towards writing remains a major difficulty for some students. It is shown that this situation is not irreversible. Better training of the training staff, as well as clarification of their task, would make it possible to take into consideration the difficulties experienced by some students during their training. However, this measure alone would seem insufficient. Indeed, it is also essential to evoke the evolution of the skills expected by the profession, and subsequently the requirement to train only one kind of health carer profile
Pasquier-Doumer, Laure. "L'inégalité des chances au Pérou : quatre études." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005IEPP0033.
Full textThis thesis deals with the topic of the inequality of opportunities in Peru through four analyses. The first one tries to know if the considerable development of the education system occurred in Peru since the beginning of the 20th century has led to an equalization of opportunities in the access to education. It shows that the inequality of the educational opportunities remained the same all along the 20th century, except for the rural women who have benefited from democratization in the access to education. The second analysis is about the inequality of opportunities in the labour market in Lima. It tests if two individuals having the same occupation at a given time have the same opportunities to progress in their career. It appears that the social origin is determining in the evolution of the career, once its influence on the previous stages of the cycle of life was taken into account. The third analysis concerns with the inequality of opportunities in the access to higher education. It proposes a model explaining the simultaneous and nonexclusive choice to start higher studies and to work, by introducing several intergenerational transmission channels of the inequalities. This model permits to test a public policy aiming at increasing the equality of opportunities in Peru by improving the access to student jobs. Thanks to qualitative interviews, the last analysis tries to understand how the Limeneans' perception of the inequality of opportunities is formed. It analyses the role played by individual mobility in the formation of this perception, by measuring mobility with objective and subjective indicators
Bauduin, Nicolas. "Salaire minimum, dynamiques des qualifications et des inégalités." Lille 1, 2005. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/RESTREINT/Th_Num/2005/50374-2005-17.pdf.
Full textDirani, Agathe. "Créativité, insertion professionnelle et parcours de formation : une étude empirique des inégalités de créativité, de leurs effets et leur construction." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017UBFCH007.
Full textCreativity, as a meta-competence mobilized in various fields of action, has sparked work in various social science disciplines. If it received few interest in educational sciences, it nevertheless appears as a particularly interesting capital for whom study the educational trajectories. If the French education system has kept creativity out of his curriculum, he is now wondering about the value of developing the necessary resources for young people to exercise this mode of action. Based on an empirical survey involving 1551 young people who had completed their initial training for less than 10 years, in the context of the low take-up of creativity by educational institutions, this work rises questions about three main points: the shape of the distribution of the creative potential and achievements, the effects associated with this potential on the access to employment, the quality of employment and its mode of development. We emphazised results at three levels. The creative potential presents a strong inter- individual dispersion but is not determined by the social class. This creative potential does not affect access to employment, but it increases path instability, reduces the likelihood of a permanent contract, and promotes the satisfaction of basic needs in a professional context closely related to well-being. Little developed in the school context, creative potential is stimulated above all by the extracurricular activities and the professional environment. The educational activities seem to allow some exposure to the development of creativity, which nevertheless seems to be socially differentiated. Moreover, the opportunities given by the educational system to develop its creativity depend on the characteristics of the educational track, and in particular on the status of the attended schools
Vigoureux, Solène. "Evolution de l’activité professionnelle des femmes pendant la grossesse en France : Enquêtes nationales périnatales de 1972 à 2016." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS185/document.
Full textBackground and objectives: The occupational activity rate of women is steadily increasing since the 1970s, and women are more and more often in employment when they are in childbearing age. The main purpose of this work is to describe and understand the links between occupational activity and pregnancy. First, by comparing employment rates according to whether women are pregnant or belong to the female general population. In a second step, by observing how their occupational group and status is linked to the timing of prenatal leave. Finally, the third part analyzes the impact of the social position, defined by the employment status of women and taking into account their couple status and the employment of the partner, on the antenatal care and perinatal outcomes.Methods and population: The data were extracted from the French National Perinatal Surveys of 1972, 1981, 1995, 1998, 2003, 2010 and 2016 and the Census. A comparison of the employment rate of pregnant women and the general population of women in continental France, by age and level of education, was carried out. A modelization of the employment rate of women during pregnancy was realized according to the socio-demographic characteristics, the survey period from 1972 to 2016, and the birth generation. An analysis of women working during pregnancy in 2010 and 2016 was conducted to determine the time of prenatal leave, according to the medical situation and the social position of women, focused on early leave, before 24 weeks of gestation (WG), and late leave, after 36 WG. For the period 1995 to 2016, prenatal care and perinatal outcomes were analyzed according to the employment status of women, taking into account their couple situation and partner’s employment.Results: As in the general population, rate of occupational activity of pregnant women shown a steadily increasing, between 1972 and 2016, from 53% to 74%. In 2016, 32% of women working during pregnancy leave their job before 24 WG, and 2% after 37 WG. Social inequalities exists around maternity leave: women with the most unfavorable social situations stop early, while self-employed women and those with more favorable social and occupational situations leave late, even after stratification for the medical situation. From 1995 to 2016, the differences in antenatal care and perinatal outcomes according to the social position of pregnant women are always observed despite a reduction.Conclusion: The major changes in the relationship to women's occupational activity in recent decades may change the practices of caregivers for pregnant women. A majority of pregnant women had a paid job and the date of prenatal leave should be discussed in relation to the medical situation but also considering the social and occupational status. Special attention should be given to the most disadvantaged women, either unemployed or without a legal job, or having a precarious occupational situation, since these women have a later initiation of care and more unfavorable perinatal outcomes
Vrillon, Eléonore. "De l'égalité formelle aux usages réels : déterminants et effets du suivi des MOOC dans les trajectoires socio-professionnelles." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018UBFCH014/document.
Full textEducation and vocational training are central institutions in today’s society. They play an important role in guaranteeing people’s social and professional integration. They are also considered strategic pillars of economic growth in “the knowledge society” (CE, 2000). However, despite their basis in democratic values and principles, there are still many inequalities in access and outcomes in both compulsory academic and vocational education. Moreover, because of the increasing flexibility and insecurity of work in the current labor market, a diploma is a necessary, but not sufficient, condition for stable employment. In this context, the rise of Massive Open Online Courses (MOOC) raises questions about their contribution to the educational aims of equality and efficacy. Based on a mixed-methods approach, this thesis addresses the following research problem: To what extent does the formal equality of MOOC give people equal opportunities to use them, succeed in them, and earn tangible and subjective benefits? The analyses are carried out on data collected from 5709 people enrolled in 12 MOOC on the FUN platform, interviewed again one year later (n=1778), and on 32 interviews. Results show that the use of MOOC seems to reproduce social inequalities in educational access. Indeed, the people who enroll already have high levels of human capital and highly stable and qualified employment; furthermore, they are accustomed to professional training and have intense cultural practices. Rather than acting as a new way to access education and training for underserved people, MOOC seem to be a new resource for privileged individuals, and access to them appears to require implicit prerequisites. However, the typology of MOOC uses shows that even for these people, MOOC can be an additional training opportunity. Mainly used for disinterested purposes, such as “edutainment” or cultural interest, they are also real training and educational supports. Nevertheless, these types of uses are not strongly determined. When achievement and certification are used as indicators to assess the success of these social uses, results show no social inequalities in outcomes. However, at least in the short term, participating in a MOOC does not have any tangible impact on professional careers: Rather, their effects are subjective. Considering the “biographical path” of these people (Bourdon, 2010), I find that they use MOOC both to sustain individual and professional identities and to facilitate social transitions. Instead of competing with the role played by diplomas in France, MOOC seem to be a new “halo” of these educational credentials, participating in the development of the need to acquire skills throughout one’s career and reinforcing the trend towards life-long learning
Vivian, Lara. "Essays on hours worked, time allocation and their implications for labour market outcomes." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0707.
Full textEarnings inequality and job polarization have increased in a number of countries during the last decades, raising concerns of fairness and fostering debates on the implications for redistributive policies. This thesis asks two main questions. The first concerns the relevance of hours worked and their dispersion for earnings inequality, while the second question investigates the role of female labour supply in explaining the increase in job polarization. The first chapter uses data for the USA, the UK, Germany, and France and examines how earnings inequality is affected by the dispersion of working hours. The main result of this exercise is that hours dispersion can account for over a third of earnings inequality in some countries and that the relevance of the correlation between wages and working hours has been growing over time. The second chapter builds on the results of the previous one and explores the forces behind the upward trend of the correlation between wages and working hours. We find that greater aggregate output volatility and stricter labour market regulation tend to reduce the elasticity, while a greater trade share in an industry raises it. Finally, the third chapter investigates the relevance of female employment for job polarization in Germany. The analysis focuses on the role of high-skilled females in the evolution of a market for home production substitutes and finds that when top-employed females work more hours, low-skilled women are more likely to be employed
Ganault, Jeanne. "L'autonomie temporelle et ses usages : un révélateur des inégalités sociales devant le temps." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Institut polytechnique de Paris, 2022. https://theses.hal.science/tel-03898523.
Full textDifferences in how working people use their time depending on their social characteristics (namely, class and gender), are well documented. What remains unclear is how much autonomy they have to spend their time as they see fit, and how their autonomy might change their relationship to time. This work aims at redefining time autonomy in paid work as a multidimensional construct, and reintroducing it into time use analysis for the wage-earner population. Using both quantitative data from the French Time Use Survey and Working Conditions Surveys, and qualitative interviews, I look into how time autonomy shapes the way people spend their time, and the way they think about time. I define time autonomy as the range of freedoms workers get (or lack) in shaping their work time, and I identify eight types of temporal autonomy, from "'absolute' constraints" to "'absolute' autonomy", that reveal inequalities in terms of social class, gender and work context. These types of autonomy are associated with different paid and unpaid work schedules : more autonomous men are more likely to work and value long hours in paid work, and more autonomous women are more likely to dedicate more time to unpaid work. The gender-segregated nature of autonomous workers' schedules is in part explained by an anticipatory selection of (some) women in autonomous occupations. This selection is not available to everyone : workers who are more constrained in their daily schedules are also more likely to have had limited options throughout their life course, yet I find they are less likely to express any desire to change their situation in the present or in the future, as they attempt to "make autonomy of necessity"
Primerano, Julie. "Quand les rapports sociaux de classes prennent corps : catégorisations et expériences des « cancers du travail » en Lorraine." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2019. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/ulprive/DDOC_T_2019_0247_PRIMERANO.pdf.
Full textThe professional setting still constitutes a space in which bodily engagement may have deleterious effects. This is particularly true for the most precarious workers. This thesis proposes to explore one of its consequences, that of occupational cancer. Occupational cancer socially relatively invisible socially, we will study its repercussions both on an institutional and on a profane level. The different logics which underlie the categorization are mobilized to found an analysis of the workers’ bodies, their bodily practice and the class relations in which they are engaged. Several levels of analysis are mobilized: a diachronic analysis of the category and the way in which it is elaborated and evolves and a synchronic analysis of the patients suspected, at a given moment, to be suffering from an occupational cancer. This latter also involves; the patient’s entourage (spouse and more broadly the territorial relational networks by which the patients obtain knowledge about the sites on which workers are exposed to toxic substances), associations and trade unions, administrative agents and doctors. My methodology is based on interviews with patients and/or their beneficiaries, administrative agents, doctors, and members of associations and trade-unions. I have also observed medical consultations, meetings of regional decisional bodies for the diagnosis of occupational illness and the open office hours and consultations of associations devoted to the recognition of occupational illness.This thesis is a contribution to the sociology of occupational cancers opened by the pioneering work of Annie Thébaud-Mony during the 1990s (Thébaud-Mony, 1991, 2003, 2006, etc.), and developed by researchers at the GISCOP93 laboratory (in particular: Anne Marchand, 2016 and 2018, Michelle Paiva, 2016, etc.) At the same time it is a contribution to the sociology of "blue-collar workers' bodies". Regarding the first field, I show how the category is reconfigured as it passes through medical, administrative, militant and domestic spaces. Its boundaries are played out in these spaces via the steps in the process of recognition, which include the victim’s claim, an individualization of the carcinogenic risk and the experience of illness. The (ex) worker comes to suffer from a triple injunction to be at once a good worker, a good patient and a good victim. In so far as the second field is concerned, I show how the work passes the boundaries of worker’s skin in a particular manner. The workers studied seem to resist committing their entire body to their work and its sequels, though the experience of illness cannot be seen to enter into a distinct class-inspired grammar. Thus, if the workers' collectives can sometimes serve as a resource, they have difficulty making sense of an experience that becomes individualized as work relationships are transformed and class rhetoric loses its public. However, it is sometimes the category, often operationalized by doctors and the workers’ bodies, that awakens identification to a precarious condition, suggesting a complex interweaving of power relationships with relation to this object
Pinard, Ludovic. "Une étude longitudinale de l’élaboration des projets des alternant-e-s dans deux formations du supérieur court : du renouveau des ambitions à l’anticipation des perspectives." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LORR0158/document.
Full textIn industralised countries the duration of schooling stretches out, and more and more people have a high academic level. In a French context of high rates of unemployment and more particularly among young people, institutions promote the alternation as "the" solution (and more particularly the training through apprenticeship). The alternation would have virtues in terms of professionalisation and insertion in the field of employment by the logic of adequacy training-employment. However the population of the students on work-based training is not a faithful mirror of the composition of the young people in training on the national territory in terms of social mix, sex or origin. Among these young people, some-are choosing a sandwich training of higher education – the objective of which is fast insertion – with different fates : the market of employment or the pursuit of their training. In this context, our research is interested in the elaboration of the project of orientation and professional of the students on work-based training. The objective of this research is to understand the better dynamics of the processes during this period and their impact on the projects, and their realisation at the end of the training. In this context, our work is concretised by qualitative and longitudinal research with a focus on the relations between the environments, the behaviour and the person. The analysis shows that recruitment is a "forced" encounter between companies of different sizes and candidates with different purposes and origins (specialities, training paths, status). This encounter produces different effects throughout the training according to the biography of the individuals without upsetting the gender habitus of the world of work
Lefranc, Arnaud. "Chômage, mobilité et inégalités : étude comparée des marchés du travail français et américain." Paris, EHESS, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000EHES0051.
Full textFoughali, Hana. "L'éclatement du plafond de verre ? Entre maquillage politique et gender patchworking identitaire : visions du monde et vie professionnelle de femmes cadres supérieures et dirigeantes." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris Cité, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UNIP7075.
Full textThis thesis examines the persistence of a professional malaise, symptomatic of a "symbolic glass ceiling", over and above the (hierarchical) "glass ceiling", through the worldviews of female senior managers and executives. Through the potential decoupling between the heteronomous experiences of these women and the managerial practices of the three companies observed, this work also analyses the latent reasons for this persistence, as well as the way in which protest against or adaptation to these situations of malaise, experienced by these women, may manifest themselves within the institutions. This thesis examins three hypotheses: bodily experience, cultural dimension, and self-ceiling (self-restraint). Using a phenomenological approach, sometimes with features resembling a praxeological approach, this research combines several types of material and theoretical approaches cultivated by different disciplines. Notwithstanding the egalitarian enthusiasm put forward by the companies analysed, the results show that the companies seem to focus more on improving their public image than to bring about substantial change. The structure has not really changed "political make-up". In fact, it is the women who have adapted, by adhering to the mobilisation of their subjectivity and accepting a mould of "masculine neutrality". Hierarchically they have appropriated power, but symbolically they continue to be subjected to these standards, notably through a process of "empowerment by proxy". Fuelled by a variety of factors, the persistence of a professional malaise traps female senior managers and executives in a double contingency; a capitalist "steel cage" and a patriarchal "invisible corset". In this professional situation, full of constraints and 'patriarchal shaming' as well as authorisations for sexist behaviour, granted by a "misogynist pass", these women find themselves trapped in a firmly established lifestyle, which they have consciously created, and which conforms to the instrumental reason they so desired. They have no choice but to conform, by resorting to "gender patchworking identity". Four worldviews emerge from this adaptation: Caméléon, Ladyboss, Olympe and Cosette
Questa tesi di dottorato esamina la persistenza di un malessere professionale, sintomatico di un "soffitto di vetro simbolico", al di là del "soffitto di vetro" (gerarchico), attraverso le visioni del mondo delle donne senior manager e dirigenti. Attraverso il potenziale disaccoppiamento tra le esperienze eteronome di queste donne e le pratiche manageriali delle tre aziende osservate, questo lavoro analizza anche le ragioni latenti di questa persistenza, nonché il modo in cui la protesta o l'adattamento a queste situazioni di malessere, vissute da queste donne, possono manifestarsi all'interno delle aziende. Tre ipotesi guidano la spiegazione: l'esperienza corporea, la dimensione culturale e l'autosoffitto (l'auto-limitazione). I risultati mostrano che, nonostante l'entusiasmo egualitario introdotto dalle aziende analizzate, questo sembra servire più a migliorare la loro immagine pubblica che a produrre un cambiamento sostanziale. La struttura non ha realmente cambiato "trucco politico", sono le donne che si sono adattate aderendo alla mobilitazione della loro e accettando uno stampo di "neutralità maschile". Si sono appropriate del potere gerarchico, ma simbolicamente continuano a subirlo, attraverso un processo di "empowerment per procura". Alimentata da una serie di fattori, la persistenza di un malessere professionale intrappola le donne dirigenti e manager in una doppia contingenza: la "gabbia d'acciaio" capitalista e il "corsetto invisibile" patriarcale in questa situazione professionale, piena di vincoli e di "shaming patriarcale" e di autorizzazioni a comportamenti sessisti, concessi dalla struttura attraverso un "pass misogino", queste donne si trovano intrappolate in uno stile di vita saldamente stabilito, che hanno consapevolmente creato e che si conforma alla ragione strumentale che hanno desiderato, non hanno altra scelta che adattarsi, ricorrendo al "gender patchworking d'identità". Da questo adattamento emergono quattro visioni del mondo: Caméléon, Ladyboss, Olympe e Cosette
Plouvier, Sandrine. "Lombalgies, âge et expositions professionnelles." Thesis, Paris 11, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA11T014.
Full textSome biomechanical exposures at work are recognized short term risk factors for low back pain(LBP). However, long term effects, are not well known. In addition, occupational exposures seemto contribute to social inequalities in low back pain, but this contribution is less documented forolder subjects.In many developed countries, governments are now reconsidering retirement policies. In thiscontext, the objective of this work was firstly to provide additional knowledge about the linksbetween physical exposure and LBP among aging workers and retirees, and secondly to assesssocial inequalities in LBP in this age group and the contribution of occupational factors to suchinequalities.Two populations were studied : volunteers from the Gazel cohort and participants to a Frenchnational survey on health (EDS 2002). The same definition for LBP could be used in bothpopulations : LBP which lasted more than 30 days in the previous 12 months.LBP was associated with physical occupational exposures among aging workers and youngretirees in both populations. Results were consistent with the hypothesis of a persistence of effectsonce occupational exposure has ceased, except among the oldest retirees in the EDS 2002.Biomechanical exposures played a major role in social inequalities for LBP among aging workersand young retirees in the GAZEL cohort. Such inequalities were not observed among the retireesaged 60 to 74 years (men and women) from the EDS 2002.The results highlight the importance of past occupational exposures at retirement age
Letellier, Noémie. "Déterminants sociaux et professionnels de la cognition." Thesis, Montpellier, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MONTT044.
Full textCognitive aging is a slow and progressive process influenced by many individual and contextual factors, including working conditions and residential environment characteristics. However, the impact of these environmental exposures on cognition remains largely under-studied. The main objective of this thesis is to study the role of social and occupational determinants on cognition, in the general French population. The implementation in 2012 of the Constances cohort allows us to study this issue on a population aged 45 to 70 years (~70,000 participants) in cross-sectional, while the 3C cohort (9,294 participants) allows us to analyze from a social perspective a population aged over 65 years followed since the 2000s. We have observed in these two different populations, an effect of socio-economic characteristics living environment on cognitive performances and risk of dementia, independently of individual socio-economic level and many other individual characteristics. In Constances, we have shown that cognitive performances is early associated with occupational exposure to chemicals (solvents and formaldehyde), regardless of individual characteristics and working conditions. These results suggest that living environments, socio-economic and/or work environment, have an impact on cognitive performances level and dementia, and can be a source of social health inequalities in cognitive aging
Siakam, Victorine-Jolie. "Le droit des femmes au travail : étude comparée des droits camerounais et français." Thesis, Lille 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIL20014.
Full textThe ability to work and the rights that go with women exercising a professional activity are the result of lengthy legal developments both in France and Cameroon. Despite recognition of this right to work, various constraints persist and give rise to discrimination. Discrimination is sometimes de facto, in which case it is based in retrograde attitudes, and sometimes it is legal, in which case it is manifested in legal shortcomings. The legal tools used to promote women’s rights at work and to fight against all forms of professional discrimination are not completely identical in France and Cameroon. Nevertheless, the gains of one country can be perfectly transposed onto the other
Minassian, Laure. "Des formes scolaires différenciées : unification de l'école ou réseaux de scolarisation ? : l'exemple de l'enseignement professionnel agricole." Paris 8, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA084029.
Full textIn their book "L’école capitaliste en France", Baudelot and Establet put in evidence the existence of two systems of education and showed how they conducted to perpetuate social inequalities. More than 40 years after their works, institutional unification doesn’t cancel them. We study their persistence at the same level of education, for the same degree, through two agricultural training institutions (Maisons Familiales Rurale vs Frères de l’Instruction Chrétienne de Ploërmel) chosen for their contrasts. Agricultural éducation is a case study because it has historically registered pupils in primary- professional or secondary-higher school depending on their social class (Decree 1848). Agricultural training is the teaching that was marked by a division in law. This specificity makes it an ideal place to study the genealogical assumption of permanence of division, although more euphemistic, and inequality they generate. The schooling division is worked from notions of "porosity" and "separation"(Bernstein, 2007) - between the school and what is commonly thought of external of it - in training forms, literacies and discourses that pupils face. Oral and written language productions pupils show dimensions that combine and conduct to inequality. Because of agricultural training summarizes general trends in education system, analyzes we produce are also a proposal for the analysis of other classes to other levels of education
Laffineur, Catherine. "Four Essays on the Effects of Foreign Direct Investment on the French Labor Market." Thesis, Paris 9, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA090015.
Full textThis thesis aims to analyze and identify the effects of outward foreign direct investment (FDI) on the French labor market. The first chapter provides an overview of the recent literature on this topic. The other chapters of the thesis analyze empirically and theoretically the effect of FDI on the labor market. Thank to recent and detailed data on French firms and employees, the thesis looks at several aspects of the labor market. First, the study starts by analyzing the effect of FDI on employment (chapter 2) and then looks at the effects on French hourly gross wages (chapter 3). Chapter 4 identifies one possible channel through which FDI affects the labor market, which is organizational change. Finally, Chapter 5 identifies the impact of organizational change on labor mobility within multinational companies. The results show a selective effect of FDI on employment and wages. Only FDI to low-wage countries affect the labor market and only managers' employment is positively affected by offshoring strategies of their firm. Results also show that employment is the main adjustment variable at the extensive margin, while wage is the main adjustment variable at the intensive margin. Results of chapter 4 and 5 highlight the role of FDI on organizational change within the mother company, which is materialized on the one hand, by a decentralization of authority from the CEO to managers and, on the other hand, by an increase of inhouse labor-mobility of skilled workers
Hege, Robin. "La régulation du marché de l'aide professionnelle à domicile pour les personnes âgées dépendantes." Thesis, Paris 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA01E006/document.
Full textThe professional home-care market for the disabled elderly in France is regulated. The APA partially reimburses the professional home-care demand and the price of some home-care producers are fixed by the regulator. These producers must serve every area on the territory. The departmental councils set up these regulation policies. Their goal is to reduce financial and geographical inequalities in terms of access to home-care inside each department. Our thesis tries to determine if reductions of inequalities inside each department increase inequalities between department. The first chapter uses a departmental survey to check if the decentralization of regulation policies creates a heterogeneity between department. The second chapter aims to estimate the effects of the heterogeneity observed in the previous chapter on the home-care consumption. We use a national survey to estimate the price-elasticity of the professional home-care demand. The third chapter uses firm’s billing data to analyze the distribution function of the public support according to personal income and its impact on consumption. Finally, the fourth chapter presents a theoretical model of a mixed market where two firms compete on a market, one of which has a ubiquity constraint. The model studies the effect of this ubiquity constraint on the quality
Wu, Yen-Chun. "Inégalités d'accès aux soins bucco-dentaires à Taiwan à propos des représentations des professionnels : Analyse et réflexion éthique sur le financement." Paris 5, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA05T042.
Full textBackground: Taiwan's National Health Insurance plan (NHI) - a universal health insurance program, was implemented in 1995. The global budgets policy was implemented in dental service in 1998. Despite more equal access to health care, the disparities still exist among different geographic and socio-economic groups in dental care accessibility. Objective: This research was to show the limits of global budgets policy in NHI for reducing dental access inequalities. It was also to make an discussion on public health policy. Methods: Based on the statistic data of Bureau of NHI from 1998 to 2005. For survey on if global budgets policy would affect the future dentists in choosing future practice locations, 734 dental students from Dental School of National Taiwan University and Taipei Medical University received a questionnaire. Among them, 373 students completed and sent back the questionnaire (responses rate: 51%). For the semi-structured interview, 23 dentists accepted the interview on their experience on global budgets policy. Results: The majority of respondents think the global budgets policy is important for the career of dentist (mean of importance 7. 6/10; medium 8/10), and it's a main factor in choosing a place to practice for many dental students (69%). As for interview, most of interviewers think this policy improved dental accessibility but it may possibly sacrifice quality of dental treatment. Our study also shows the economic factor is just one factor for choosing practice location. Conclusion: Under the NHI, the Taiwanese have more equal access. To general and dental health care. However, social disparities are high, associated with financial and cultural barriers that deserve discussion in ethics
Lafenetre, Pascal. "Contribution à l’étude des inégalités scolaires selon le type d’orientation en classe de seconde : pratiques d’enseignement des mathématiques et habitus professionnel." Thesis, Bordeaux 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR21954/document.
Full textNearly 80% of a class age is to be taken as far as the baccalauréat by the French Educational School System. Yet, this democratization of the system should not hide the persistence of certain inequalities. It seems indeed, that some school inequalities crystallize at school. That’s why this work will aim at showing, at first, that these inequalities increase during the 1st year of high school (our seconde). Moreover, inequalities of access come on top of inequalities of success. Then, it will be demonstrated in that work that teaching methods (different from one school to another), could as well explain the increase of inequalities. The first study will mainly deal with the evolution of the success inequalities in mathematics between general, technical and professional French high schools. It will be demonstrated as well that pupils don’t have the same opportunities according to their initial rank and according to the school they’re in. The second study will deal with the teaching methods and interviews of 10 teachers, from different types of high schools (LP, LT, LG). A quantitative and qualitative analysis of their speech and practices through their interviews and during the class will help characterize their practices according to the place they teach. It will thus help highlighting what could be called a professional habitus
Fabre, Alice. "L'accumulation du capital humain sur le cycle de vie : éducation, formation et inégalités : Une étude dans le cadre du modèle à générations imbriquées." Aix-Marseille 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000AIX24011.
Full textCharbeau, Lidwine. "Inégalités de carrières entre hommes et femmes. Une approche par les conventions d'évaluation. Analyse des trajectoires professionnelles des cadres et ETAM chez un constructeur automobile." Thesis, Paris 10, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA100184.
Full textRather than reducing gender inequality with a problem of choice of incentives or pure discrimination, we propose to examine this phenomenon through the issue of labour quality. The assessment of labour quality is not just a simple coordination of actors around a selection criterion; it mobilizes a collective and consensual representation of “skilled” labourer, i.e. a quality convention. A firm is crossed by a plurality of quality conventions. We hypothesize that mobilization of some of them explains horizontal and vertical segregation (glass ceiling) by gender within organisation. An econometric study of the progression of managers and employees in a car manufacturer is proposed. This study helps us to isolate the determinants of career and assess their impact on the career paths of men and women. A qualitative interview study refines our exploration of evaluation methods and helps us to understand how business processes, apparently neutral, proved ultimately detrimental to women. These findings argue for a more practical purpose of evaluation in the diagnosis of occupational inequality. They also support the strategy of mainstreaming advocated recently by the EU and French government: to improve their efficiency, gender politics should promote forms of regulation closer to business reality
Wiernik, Emmanuel. "Facteurs psychologiques et risque cardio-métabolique : rôle modérateur des inégalités socioprofessionnelles." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLV086/document.
Full textA growing body of studies suggests that the association between psychological factors and cardiometabolic risk might depend upon individual's socio-economic status.Data of Centre d'Investigations Préventives et Cliniques, Paris Prospective Study 3 and CONSTANCES cohort were used to examine the moderating role of occupational status (OS) on the associations between stress or depression and cardiometabolic risk markers.OS was a moderating factor of the association between perceived stress and high blood pressure among women (study No. 1), diabetes(study No. 2) and subclinical atherosclerosis (study No. 3), with increased risk for the individuals of lower OS. Similar pattern of results were observed for the association between depression and 10-year coronary heart disease risk among men (study No. 4).These results highlight the importance to systematically take into account the moderating effect of occupational inequalities when examining the association between psychological factors and cardiometabolic risk in epidemiological studies to better characterize this risk but also in public health policies and clinical practice for a better prevention
Alleaume, Caroline. "Retour au travail et maintien en emploi après un diagnostic de cancer : des trajectoires socialement différenciées." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AIXM0390.
Full textAs survival rates has increased for most cancers, more and more people face decisions about return to work. This rate was found to vary according to individual sociodemographic features, occupational characteristics, and clinical aspects related to the worker’s health status and to the disease. This doctoral research aims 1) to explore the continuation of working life after a cancer diagnosis in a medium-term, identifying factors associated with a deterioration of the professional life, and 2) to study the mechanism of return to work and job retention, focusing on an individual approach. To that end, this research proposes a mixed approach of the subject using quantitative and qualitative data. Our results support those of the literature: individuals considered as the most vulnerable were less likely to still be employed five years after a cancer diagnosis. In addition, this research highlights the interest to consider other indicators to report the continuation of professional life after a cancer diagnosis such as the part of working time reduction, the part of occupational change, and the financial well-being. Furthermore, the individual approach emphases the active role of the patient in the return to work process. Nevertheless, the individual capacity to remain employed may be undermined by the socio-differentiated access to arrangements which are strongly associated with continued employment at middle term. Consequently, this thesis called for personalized support of cancer survivors in order to take into consideration their motivation and to face social inequalities found to be barriers for their continued employment
Marchand, Anne. "Reconnaissance et occultation des cancers professionnels : le droit à réparation à l'épreuve de la pratique (Seine-Saint-Denis)." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLE005.
Full textCancerous pathologies, currently the leadingcause of death in France, are also one of the main causes of social inequalities before death. The importance of occupational factors in the onset of the disease remains largely under-estimated, particularly because very few cancr patients exercise their right to compensation for occupational diseases, a phenomenon officially described as "under-reporting" and "under-recognition". This research, which has benefited from data collected by a program designed to identify and support occupational-cancer patients implemented since 2002 in the French département of Seine-Saint-Denis by the the French "Groupement d'Intérêt Scientifique sur les Cancers d'Origine Professionnelle" (ie GISCOP93, a scientific association for occupational cancers), set out to monitor current and former workers and employees who have been diagnosed with broncho-pulmonary cancer as well as their families, as they go through the process of seeking and obtaining compensation, in order to identify the factors that determine whether they do or do not exercise their rights. This research, based on the data gathered during this phase of ethnographical research, on archival holdings and on observations in a French "Caisse primaire d'assurance maladie" (CPAM, ie local healthcare insurance office), comprises three parts. After describing the research protocol that was implemented, the first part focuses on identifying the conditions required for occupational-cancer patients, to exercise their rights: they need to learn to perceive themselves as "victims" of their occupational history and to find the resources necesary to start the compensation-seeking process. The second part focuses on retracing the history of the medical and legal category of occupational cancer, which was first defined in the early 20th century, and more specifically, on the history of broncho-pulmonary cancers. This part describes the conditions which led to creating the notion of "presumed origin" - a cornerstone of the occupational-harm reparation system - in the case of this specific type of cancer. By retracing the stages of evolution of a table of occupational diseases from the early 1920s to the early 1990s, it illustrates how fragile this last category can be. The third section records what happens when the right to compensation is enforced by the institution in charge of investigating claims, revealing what takes place behind the scènes during the investigation of a claimand the conditions that define whether and when a case of cancer is recognized as an occupational disease
Ango-Obiang, Nadège Noële. "Mondialisation et inégalités (salaires/revenus, emploi) dans les pays du Sud." Lille 1, 2007. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2007/50374-2007-Ango.pdf.
Full textCambois, Emmanuelle. "Calcul d'espérances de vie sans incapacité selon le statut social dans la population masculine française, 1980-1991 : un indicateur de l'évolution des inégalités sociales de santé." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999IEPP0003.
Full textGhazali, Monia. "Impact de l'ouverture commerciale dans les pays en développement sur les inégalités de salaires entre travailleurs qualifiés et non qualifiés : cas de la Tunisie." Paris 9, 2009. https://portail.bu.dauphine.fr/fileviewer/index.php?doc=2009PA090066.
Full textThis work aims to explore the mechanisms linking the Tunisian trade liberalization process to wage inequality between skilled and unskilled workers. The first study performs a preliminary descriptive analysis. Stylised facts on trade liberalization process and skilled-unskilled wage differentials are presented. The analysis reveals a widening of the wage gap after the implementation of trade liberalization reforms in 1986. This trend is particularly noticeable over the second half of the 1980s as well as after 2000, periods exhibiting a significant decline of the rate of trade protection. The second study attempts to identify, using panel data, the nature of the relationship between trade liberalization and wage inequality over the period 1975-2002. Regression results confirm the positive and statistically significant impact of trade openness on relative wages. The third study confirms the existence of a trade-induced technological change that contributes to increase the relative demand for skilled workers, over the period 1998-2002. The fourth study attempts to empirically explore the effects of trade liberalization process in Tunisia on average real wages and wage inequality, via industry rents. Results point out that skilled labour was more able than unskilled labour to capture rents before trade reforms. Therefore, the reduction of rents appears to have reduced wage inequality between skilled and unskilled labour, over the period 1998-2002 in Tunisia
Henry, Emmanuel. "Un scandale improbable : Amiante, d'une maladie professionnelle à une "crise de santé publique"." Phd thesis, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, 2000. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00093189.
Full textLe problème des expositions à l'amiante est un terrain d'observation privilégié puisqu'il est le seul exemple contemporain de crise publique constituée à partir de pathologies principalement professionnelles. Après l'analyse de la façon dont, de 1980 à 1994, sont normalisées les conséquences d'expositions à l'amiante par un double mécanisme de confinement social des souffrances et de localisation des savoirs, ce travail rend compte de l'histoire du développement de la crise publique autour de ce problème sur la période 1994-1996. L'objectif est d'éviter deux types d'explication ayant souvent cours pour analyser l'émergence de crises publiques : l'octroi d'un rôle central au groupe des journalistes présenté comme construisant de manière autonome les discours sur un problème et le recours à une théorie du complot expliquant les périodes de silence et de forte publicité par l'influence occulte de groupes de pression.
Pour éviter ces modèles explicatifs, il faut privilégier l'analyse des interactions régulières entre les journalistes et les groupes sociaux mobilisés ou concernés par un problème, montrer la dépendance du groupe des journalistes vis-à-vis de leurs sources et replacer la question de la publicisation ou de la non-publicisation dans des jeux de connaissance/méconnaissance et d'intérêt/désintérêt impliquant des secteurs très vastes de la société. Enfin, cette thèse réexamine la question de la mise sur agenda et réévalue les conséquences de la publicisation d'un problème sur sa prise en charge par les acteurs politiques et administratifs.
Gao, Fei. "Développement d'indicateur d'accessibilité spatiale permettant l'investigation des inégalités socio-territoriales de santé à l'échelle fine." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017REN1B037/document.
Full textThis paper developed an improved indicator: the Index of Spatial Accessibility (ISA) to measure geographical healthcare accessibility at the census blocks level, and seeks to assess the effect of edge on the accuracy of defining healthcare provider access by comparing healthcare provider accessibility accounting or not for the edge effect, in a real-world application. The indicator of accessibility to health professionals developed aims to highlight spatial disparities measured at a fine geographical scale and to identify area where actions are needed in priority. This work focused first of all on the health professionals involved in the follow-up of the pregnancy: general practitioners, midwives and gynecologists. The main finding is that by combining availability with proximity to services, health needs and mobility, and by calculating at the smallest feasible geographical scale, ISA provides a better measure of accessibility. ISA was conceived so that we could question the access to care for other pathologies and other populations. When we compare the variation of ISA with and without edge effect, we found that (1) mean and standard deviation are slightly below when offer and demand outside are taken in to account, whichever health professionals considered; 2) the variation of ISA is higher for midwives and gynecologists, and for rural areas. In addition, we also conducted a pilot study on the health use of pregnant women, using SNIIRAM data to examine the relationship between use of care and the ISA indicator
Boulahcen, Ali. "La part de l'orientation dans le phénomène social des inégalités devant l'enseignement public au Maroc : une analyse du système éducatif, du processus et des pratiques d'orientation scolaire et professionnelle à la sortie du collège." Toulouse 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995TOU20016.
Full textThe object of this thesis is to analyse the process of orientation in the extremely inequal moroccan public education system. It begins with the study of the way the educational system functions and its politics in schooling and professional orientation at the end of college education. Chapter two presents principles and modalities of the investigation. This is followed by the three cursus - of colleges located either residential estate, or common area, or country zone - of our sample which form part of the cohort of pupils born in 1977 and who arrived in the 9th grade (last year of college) in 1992-1993. The fourth chapter concerns the socio-cultural and socio- pedagogical characteristics of the participants : pupils, teachers and orientation counsellors. The relationship to school activities of these protagonists make up chapter 5. Finally are studied the orientation process according to the cursus and project of the pipils, the teachers conceptions of evaluation, the opinions of the orientation counsellors, the council and the results of the orientation
Roiné, Christophe. "Cécité didactique et discours noosphériens dans les pratiques d'enseignement en SEGPA : une contribution à la question des inégalités." Thesis, Bordeaux 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009BOR21629/document.
Full textSince 50 years, school has deeply changed in discourses and teaching practices. Nevertheless, she doesn’t succeed in changing the access and success inequality of lower-class pupils. We question this “useless change”. This study is about academic discourses. We show that a break happened around the 90’s. The focus on the individuals, their mental mechanisms, their capacities and attitudes signed a new way to name pupils in defeat and the types of regulation recommended in fighting against school inequalities. The notion of “pupil in difficulties” appeared, as well as orders to individualize teaching. A questionnaire and interviews with teachers working in adapted teaching classrooms show that an ideology we call “mentalist” comes over academic discourses and teacher’s minds. The “pupils in difficulties” are characterized by cognitive “specificities” which are supposed to explain their failures. Nevertheless, this “hypothesis of specificities” is wrong considering our studies of results these pupils get in national tests. The study is also about eight mathematics teacher’s practices in adapted teaching classroom. We define two types of teaching very different: a “traditional type” and a “meta-cognitive type”. These two types, apparently so different, are finally very similar considering the conditions of devolution of knowledge to pupils during a mathematic research. These two types take sense in a same dualist Background which makes only the pupils responsible of the mathematics rules comprehension, and totally forgets the didactics conditions. Teachers can’t consider these conditions: we call this fact “didactic blindness”. This blindness could explain school inequalities
Conde, Jean. "Logiques d'utilisation des MOOC en entreprise au prisme des capabilités." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLN054/document.
Full textEncouraged and financed to some extent by European Commission and the French State, MOOCs are flexible courses, open to anyone and they potentially deliver certificates ; as such, they appear to represent an ideal response to the calls for a mutation of lifelong learning that come along with the politics aimed at developing flexicurity in Europe. In France, MOOC platforms bypass the traditional professional training institutions, and by doing so, could be a potential way for individuals to acquire more freedom to chose their professionnal future. Nevertheless, due to poor collective self-regulation, and due to the lack of pedagogical guidance and legal framework, there is a high risk that only the most seelf-regulated individuals benefit from such opportunities. Through the « capabilities » theoretical framework developped by A. Sen, this research aims at identifying the factors that foster or on the contrary impede the empowerment of employees through MOOCs. In that perspective we followed a mixed method approach based on field observation in organizations, semi-structured interviews and surveys. We show that the uses of MOOCs in companies reveal important inegalities among individuals ; moreover, the fact that they are followed in an informal way tend to benefit employers. We propose a typology of uses in MOOCs, based on their ability to empower employees
Boni-Le, Goff Isabel. "Le sexe de l'expert : régimes de genre et dynamique des inégalités dans l'espace du conseil en management." Phd thesis, Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales (EHESS), 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00877764.
Full textMurcia, Marie. "Rôle des facteurs psychosociaux au travail sur les troubles de la santé mentale et leur contribution dans les inégalités sociales de santé mentale." Thesis, Paris 11, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA11T085/document.
Full textPsychosocial work factors are a public health and occupational health issue and are the object of special prevention policies. However, the etiological role of these factors on mental health need to be developed, particularly studies using diagnostic interviews, rarely used in this context. Moreover, the role of these factors in the explanation of social inequalities in mental health is still unknown. The objectives of this PhD thesis are to study the etiological role of psychosocial work factors on mental disorders, measured using a diagnostic interview, and to evaluate the contribution of these factors to social inequalities in mental health.The data from two surveys were used: Samotrace (regional survey based on 6056 employees) and SIP (national survey based on 7709 workers). The main feature for Samotrace was the use of validated questionnaires to measure psychosocial work factors, and for SIP it was the use of a diagnostic instrument to measure depressive and anxiety disorders. Multivariate analyses were conducted, including logistic regression analysis. Interaction tests and the bootstrap method were also used. All analyses were carried out separately for men and women.Low decision latitude, overcommitment and emotional demands were found to be risk factors for depressive and anxiety disorders, for both genders. Other risk factors were observed according to gender or mental health outcome studied (job insecurity, high psychological demands, ethical conflict, low reward). Few social inequalities in mental health were observed except for self-reported health; manual workers being more likely to report poor health. Occupational factors reduced social inequalities in health by 76% and more, according to gender and occupation studied. Among occupational factors, psychosocial work factors played a substantial role, particularly low decision latitude, and to a lesser extent (according to occupation and gender): low social support, low reward, night work, work-life imbalance, physical violence and bullying.Prevention actions focussing on identified risk factors, including emergent psychosocial work factors, should be considered and a better implementation at workplace would be necessary. Improving knowledge on social inequalities of mental health may lead to adequate preventive actions targeting the most exposed social or occupational groups. As our studies were cross-sectional, our results should be confirmed by forthcoming prospective studies
Batty, Maxime. "L'insertion socioprofessionnelle des adultes seniors handicapés dans le milieu ordinaire de travail à La Réunion : état des lieux et perspectives." Thesis, La Réunion, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LARE0036/document.
Full textAt Reunion Island, many job-seekers disabled of more than 50 years old, are victims of prolonged unemployment and sink into the precariousness. This little enviable status which imposes them an economic environment ruined by the crisis and the very selective depiction, predispose them to the marginalization. The existence of physical obstacles, socioeconomic, discriminatory and pejorative representations are particularly harmful, discriminate the occupational integration of this senior public. Deprived of work which is a fundamental element of the identical structuring but also a means unanimously recognized of integration in the social life, he meets in posture of failure, undergoes important psychological disturbances. The depression and the identity crisis which result from the arisen of the handicap amplified by the effects of the prolonged unemployment, cause the emergence of the phenomenon of disintegration. Deeply affected, the individual weakens and does not recognize any more in a society which stigmatizes him and pushes him to the exclusion. Go out of this infernal spiral often causes collateral damage according to accounts given by those who were able to overcome it
Samson, Anne-Laure. "Les revenus des médecins généralistes - trois études microéconométriques." Phd thesis, Université de Nanterre - Paris X, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00351794.
Full textUn premier chapitre étudie l'impact de la régulation de la démographie médicale sur les carrières des médecins généralistes. Nous montrons que les inégalités intergénérationnelles sont considérables et que la régulation démographique influence fortement les honoraires des médecins. Les médecins installés dans les années 1980 subissent les impacts conjoints du baby-boom et d'un numerus clausus élevé : il perçoivent les honoraires les plus faibles. En revanche, la diminution progressive du numerus clausus a amélioré la situation financière des cohortes installées à partir du milieu des années 1990.
Un deuxième chapitre s'intéresse à un phénomène remarquable dans la population des médecins généralistes : l'existence d'une importante minorité de médecins à faibles revenus. On observe que 5 à 7% des médecins généralistes ont des revenus mensuels inférieurs à 1,5 SMIC net. Nous montrons que ces faibles revenus résultent de la plus grande préférence de ces médecins pour le loisir. Cette très faible activité n'est pas le signe d'une dégradation du statut de médecin. Elle reflète plutôt un avantage de la profession de médecin libéral : les médecins peuvent choisir de travailler peu
Un troisième chapitre évalue le positionnement des médecins généralistes en comparant leurs revenus à ceux de salariés situés dans le haut de la hiérarchie salariale : les cadres supérieurs. La comparaison de la valeur des carrières des médecins et des cadres permet de mesurer l'avantage relatif à être médecin. L'analyse montre qu'il existe un très net avantage financier à être médecin généraliste et que cet avantage s'est accru au cours du temps. L'existence d'une rente pour les médecins résulte du concours à l'entrée des études de médecine. Cette rente a évolué positivement avec les restrictions sur le numerus clausus.
Benites-Gambirazio, Eliza. "Working as a real estate agent. Dispositions, matching and the production of market inequalities." Thesis, Paris 3, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PA030012.
Full textThis dissertation examines the work of real estate professionals (brokers and salespersons) on a local housing market. Drawing on two years of ethnographic fieldwork and interviews with real estate agents in a medium city in Arizona, the research highlights how agents’ professional activities contribute to influence transaction outcomes such as pricing, product and neighborhood preferences. Departing from the theoretical framework of market intermediaries, which posits that the exchange of goods is not based upon an automatic price matching between supply and demand, the research explores the formal and informal socialization of agents through a set of norms and rules to behave as market professionals; the use of social relationships to profit-making ends; and the participation of agents in the process of creating symbolic and market value by influencing preferences and prices, generating important implications for social and racial segregation literature Interviews and ethnographic observations serve to analyze the discursive and behavioral aspects of market work, how agents both talk and act on the market to create the conditions for market interactions such as selling and buying a house. The dissertation research investigates first the acquisition of socio-professional dispositions and the ethos of the real estate agent. It objectifies the professional culture in which real estate agents are socialized and the inculcation of professional dispositions; second, it examines the discovery of the client or the relational mechanisms of trust and client capture. It rests on a game of anticipations which must accurately decipher the social and symbolic horizon of clients. Third, the research evidences the matching of supply and demand or the contribution to clients’ preferences, pricing and location of the goods. It analyzes the professional and market practices around the encounters between agents and their clients, and the supply and demand of goods, envisions as social, physical and symbolic products. In observing working practices through multiple interactions, the research sheds light how real estate agents shape access to the territory, inequalities and reproduction mechanisms. At the intersection of cultural, urban and economic sociology, this work sheds light on the dynamics of a market with intermediaries to refine our understanding of housing inequalities
Celse, Jérémy. "Inequalities and destructive decisions : four essays on envy." Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON10067/document.
Full textThroughout this dissertation we aim at identifying envy and investigating its impacts on both individual well-being and behaviour. This dissertation consists of four chapters. The first chapter is devoted to the definition of envy by referring to both researches on philosophy and psychology. We convey that envy can be defined as an emotion triggered by the awareness of a desired attribute enjoyed by another person characterised by a painful sadness including feelings of hostility. In the second chapter, we implement an experiment so as to investigate the impact of envy on individual well-being and behaviour. We capture envy through referring to self-report methods and explore whether envy pushes subjects to reduce their opponent's endowment at a personal cost. We observe that envy is highly present but does not explain why subjects reduce others' income. Inequalities between subjects' endowments measured in relative terms modulate subjects' decisions to reduce others' income. In chapter three, we study how effort affects envy and whether the impact of envy on both individual well-being and behaviour is amplified or weakened by effort. To fulfil our purpose, we implement two different conditions. In one condition endowments are randomly attributed to subjects and in the other condition endowments are allocated according to each subject's performance in a task. We observe that effort does not affect subjects' satisfaction and partially their behaviour : subjects do not reduce more often their opponent's endowment but they cut a higher portion of their opponent's endowment when endowments are attributed according to individual effort. In the final chapter, we focus on a specific category of subjects in which envy is ought to be experienced intensively : subjects practicing sport activities. We observe that sport practice pushes subjects to experience envy and exerts them to engage in reduction decisions
Roupnel-Fuentes, Manuella. "Une rupture totale : le licenciement massif des salariés de Moulinex." Phd thesis, Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales (EHESS), 2007. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00003942.
Full textRigal, Laurent. "Dépistages des cancers gynécologiques en médecine générale - Variabilité des pratiques de soins." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00956912.
Full textZucman, Gabriel. "Trois essais sur la répartition mondiale des fortunes." Paris, EHESS, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013EHES0071.
Full textThis PhD dissertation gathers three essays on the world distribution of wealth. The first chapter, "The Missing Wealth of Nations: Are Europe and the U. S. Net Debtors or net Creditors?" attempts to measure the wealth held by rich individuals in offshore tax havens, using unique Swiss statistics and systematic anomalies in the international investment data of countries. The main finding is that about 8\% of the world's financial wealth of households is he Id offshore, of which at least three-quarters go unrecorded in the official data. Accounting for this missing wealth can turn the world's second largest net debtor, the Eurozone, into a net creditor, and significantly improves the net position of the world's largest net debtor, the U. S. The second chapter, "The End of Bank Secrecy? An Evaluation of the G20 Tax Haven Crackdown", written with Niels Johannesen, investigates whether recent policy initiatives aimed at curbing tax evasion has been effective. In the aftermath of the financial crisis, G20 countries compelled tax havens to sign bilateral tax treaties providing for the exchange of bank information upon request. Based on a rich dataset from the Bank for International Settlements, the chapter shows that the signature of treaties has not provoked any substantial repatriation of wealth onshore but so far has led to a relocation of offshore fortunes to the benefit of the least compliant tax havens. The last chapter, "Capital is Back: Wealth-Income Ratios in Rich Countries, 1700-2010", written with Thomas Piketty, attempts to document and explain the long run evolution of aggregate wealth to income ratios
Liu, Ziqin. "Les jeunes diplômés chinois à l’épreuve de la précarité. Mobilités, accès à l’emploi et rapport au travail. Le cas des jeunes migrants qualifiés dans les villages-urbains à Pékin." Thesis, Lyon, École normale supérieure, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ENSL0956/document.
Full textThis thesis is part of the broader issue of the transformation of the labor market in China over the past two decades and the place of young migrant workers in this process. In the context of economic transition, Chine has witnessed many important changes such as the phenomenon of urban labor market segmentation, the rise in unemployment and the massive creation of informal jobs, all leading to increased mobility in the working world, as seen particularly in the phenomenon of mass domestic migration. Migrant working youth – especially university graduates from a rural background (or smaller cities) who move to large cities - are being increasingly relegated to the urban areas of vulnerability (Robert Castel,1995) where different forms of precariousness (especially in terms of employment and housing) overlap and accumulate. China’s strong economic growth has given rise to inequalities that are multiplying and deepening at a dizzying rate. Upward mobility seems broken as feeling of injustice is rising. This migration phenomenon, a simultaneous transformation of the labor market and urban restructuring, is the focus of our study. We shall examine the case of young skilled migrants living in urban villages in Beijing, analytical figures of metamorphosis in progress. This research was conducted between 2011 and 2012 in an urban village in Beijing. The subjects had between 2 and 8 years of professional experience and lived in urban villages in Beijing at the time of the survey. This research is based on empirical data collected and analyzed using various methods. Our fieldwork in China enabled us to distribute180 questionnaires (quantitative data), 60 biographical interviews (qualitative material) as well as an ethnographic observation in an urban village. This study aims to investigate, in terms of careers, the process of professional integration and the experience of migration of graduates by looking at structural factors (employment policy, migration policy, networks, etc.), and the narrative pattern used by young people to relate their journey, in order to highlight the mechanisms that produce inequalities and construct social identities underlying the changes being observed in China. Our study has three objectives. The first is to understand both the different positions and statuses held and the way in which young people interpret their journey from their perspective, the positions they hold and the strategies they adapt. The second objective is to demonstrate how their objective and subjective identities interact and are redefined, as well as how their relationships toward work are formed. Thirdly, the goal is to articulate the issue of professional integration and its relationship to physical space, in a context where mobility is becoming a social norm in both the working world and the management of migration (Hélène Pellerin 2011)
Fleury, Nicolas. "Mobilité intergénérationnelle et qualifications dans les zones de reconversion d’industries traditionnelles : le cas de la Région Nord-Pas de Calais." Thesis, Lille 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LIL12011/document.
Full textFrom the case of the Nord-Pas de Calais region, the thesis analyzes the impact of membership to areas that experience (or have experienced) severe restructuring on the intergenerational dynamics of human capital. The first part of the thesis presents the main developments characterizing the Nord-Pas de Calais region in terms of inequalities, qualification and intergenerational mobility, while emphasizing the strong industrial restructuring experienced by this region. A second part presents a literature survey on intergenerational transmission of human capital and persistent inequalities, on specific human capital and on their link with industrial restructuring. The inadaptability of traditional explanations for poverty traps in the region the Nord-Pas de Calais of Calais region leads to focus on the strong regional specificity: the weight of restructuring. To analyze the impact of industrial restructuring on intergenerational mobility, the third part of the thesis proposes a model of intergenerational transmission of human capital. In this model, individuals can choose between specific or general education. We show that restructuring entails a movement of certain individuals from the industrial sector toward the sector of services and a release of the conditions to fall in the under-education trap. In the fourth part, we empirically test the impact of industrial restructuring on intergenerational mobility for France as a whole. For that purpose, we use two successive empirical strategies. Econometric estimations show a negative impact of restructuring on the accumulation of human capital. This impact is concentrated on individuals whose parents are blue collars or low-skilled workers
Bergeron, Cindy. "Les pratiques préventives d’hommes de quartiers moins bien nantis en contexte de réadaptation cardiaque." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/22826.
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