Journal articles on the topic 'Industry structure'

To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Industry structure.

Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles

Select a source type:

Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Industry structure.'

Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.

You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.

Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.

1

Ku, Namkug, Sol Ha, and Myoung-Il Roh. "Crane Modeling and Simulation in Offshore Structure Building Industry." International Journal of Computer Theory and Engineering 6, no. 3 (2014): 278–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.7763/ijcte.2014.v6.875.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

Prabhakara Sharma, P. S. R. V. K. "Structure of Paper Industry." SEDME (Small Enterprises Development, Management & Extension Journal): A worldwide window on MSME Studies 31, no. 1 (March 2004): 73–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0970846420040108.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

Thomsen, Steen, and Torben Pedersen. "Industry and ownership structure." International Review of Law and Economics 18, no. 4 (December 1998): 385–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0144-8188(98)00022-2.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

Yeager, Kurt E. "Technology and Industry structure." Electricity Journal 8, no. 6 (July 1995): 50–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1040-6190(95)90061-6.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
5

Dos Santos Paulino, Victor, and Gaël Le Hir. "Industry structure and disruptive innovations: the satellite industry." Journal of Innovation Economics 20, no. 2 (2016): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/jie.020.0037.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
6

Cui, Lijuan, and Viktoriia Medvid. "Interactive relationship between China’s industrial structure and human resources employment structure." Problems and Perspectives in Management 20, no. 1 (February 4, 2022): 177–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ppm.20(1).2022.16.

Full text
Abstract:
This study aims to understand the relationship between China’s industrial structure and human resources employment structure. This paper reviewed the relevant data from the China Statistical Yearbook, China Population and Employment Statistical Yearbook between 2010 and 2019 and quantitatively analyzed the interrelationship between the two using the CORREL function, employment elasticity coefficient, and employment structure deviation coefficient. Results indicate that the two have a strong correlation, but the coordination is poor; from the perspective of stimulating economic effect on employment, the total employment elasticity coefficient of the three industries is primarily positive, but the absolute value is close to 0. The synchronous inspiring effect of economic growth of various industries on employment is not apparent. In terms of equilibrium, the degree of structural deviation of the primary industry fluctuated between –0.70 and –0.75 each year, and the degree of structural deviation of the secondary industry has always hovered around 0.4. Although the degree of structural deviation of the tertiary industry was stable overall, mainly in some years, the deviation coefficient was still higher than 0.2, and the degree of imbalance between the economic development of various industries and the employment structure is more severe.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
7

Chiu, Yung-Teen, and Chih-Kai Chen. "Multidimensional causality between industry structure and industry strength on architecture design industry." Journal of Statistics and Management Systems 21, no. 3 (April 18, 2018): 387–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09720510.2017.1364891.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
8

Şmşek, Kerem Yıldırım. "Structure of Turkish leisure industry." Journal of Human Sciences 19, no. 2 (April 16, 2022): 133–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.14687/jhs.v19i2.6227.

Full text
Abstract:
The potential of a society or the developed facilities can play a central role for improving the economy of a country. The leisure industry has been growing to be a giant industry that can contribute to Turkey’s economy which is placed in low ranks of the better life index between Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries. However, one of the most significant elements that slow down the progress in Turkey is that the professional competence framework has not been drawn leading to problems in the employment of professional specialists. The guiding element for the determination of the professional competence framework is a model that can define the industrial dimensions related with the profession. The models and literature knowledge for the leisure industry has been found limited when the international literature is examined. In the scope of this research, four leisure models that were stated within international literature were examined and a new model that would be suitable for the Turkish leisure industry was proposed in the light of previous models. In addition, the Turkish leisure industry was discussed in detail in order to fill the deficiency within international literature about Turkish leisure industry. ​Extended English summary is in the end of Full Text PDF (TURKISH) file. Özet Bir toplumun sahip olduğu potansiyel ya da geliştirdiği olanaklar, ülke ekonomisinin daha iyi olması için merkezi bir rol üstlenebilir. Ekonomik Kalkınma ve İşbirliği Örgütü (OECD) ülkelerinin daha iyi yaşama indeksi sıralamasında alt sıralarda olan Türkiye için rekreasyon endüstrisi gelecekte ülke ekonomisine önemli katkılar sağlayabilecek dev bir endüstri olma yolunda ilerlemektedir. Ancak Türkiye’deki bu ilerlemeyi yavaşlatan en önemli unsurlardan biri meslek uzmanlarının istihdamında sorun yaratan mesleki yeterlilik çerçevesinin henüz çizilememiş olmasıdır. Mesleki yeterlilik çerçevesinin belirlenmesinde kılavuz unsur ise meslekle ilişkili endüstriyel boyutları tanımlayabilen model olabilir. Uluslararası literatür incelendiğinde rekreasyon endüstrisine yönelik model ya da literatür bilgisi sınırlı durumdadır. Araştırma kapsamında uluslararası literatürde ön plana çıkmış dört rekreasyon modeli incelenmiş ve bu modeller doğrultusunda Türk rekreasyon endüstrisinin yapısına uygun bir model önerilmiştir.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
9

Lee, Jim, Walter Adams, and James Brock. "The Structure of American Industry." Southern Economic Journal 62, no. 2 (October 1995): 510. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1060714.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
10

Hunt, Robert M. "Patentability, Industry Structure, and Innovation." Journal of Industrial Economics 52, no. 3 (September 2004): 401–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-1821.2004.00232.x.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
11

Jackson, Stuart E. "Predicting changes in industry structure." Journal of Business Strategy 29, no. 2 (February 29, 2008): 54–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02756660810858161.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
12

Almazan, Andres, and Carlos A. Molina. "Intra-Industry Capital Structure Dispersion." Journal of Economics Management Strategy 14, no. 2 (June 2005): 263–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-9134.2005.00042.x.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
13

Fung, K. C. "Industry structure, antitrust and tariffs." International Journal of Industrial Organization 5, no. 4 (January 1987): 447–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-7187(87)80006-1.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
14

GONG, J., and P. SRINAGESH. "Network Competition and Industry Structure." Industrial and Corporate Change 5, no. 4 (January 1, 1996): 1231–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icc/5.4.1231.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
15

Utterback, James M., and Fernando F. Suárez. "Innovation, competition, and industry structure." Research Policy 22, no. 1 (February 1993): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0048-7333(93)90030-l.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
16

Mills, David E. "Buyer Power and Industry Structure." Review of Industrial Organization 36, no. 3 (March 19, 2010): 213–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11151-010-9244-x.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
17

Esposito, Frances Ferguson. "Industry risk and market structure." Review of Industrial Organization 2, no. 4 (December 1985): 306–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02418919.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
18

Uri, Noel D. "Industry structure, performance and stability." Applied Stochastic Models and Data Analysis 3, no. 1 (1987): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/asm.3150030102.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
19

Gai, Wei Wei, Zhang Hua Wang, and Peng Cheng Wang. "An Empirical Study on Collaboration between Industrial Structure and Employment Structure of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps." Advanced Materials Research 962-965 (June 2014): 2084–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.962-965.2084.

Full text
Abstract:
To enhance collaboration between industrial structure and employment structure is a fundamental approach to realize optimizing regional industrial structure and employment rate. Based on Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps (XPCC) statistical data from 1978 to 2012, the paper, by employing industrial structure deviation degree and structure coordination coefficient, conducts an analysis on the change tendency of and correlation between XPCC industry structure and employment structure. Results show that upgrading the optimizing industry structure is the priority to promote collaboration between the two structures. Primary industry should be sped up to ensure stability, secondary industry strengthened to ensure speed, and the tertiary promoted to ensure employment. A new industry system should be set up, effective collaboration promoted among various industries.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
20

Logan, Twila-Mae, Doreen J. Gooden, and Helen H. Simon. "Corporate Governance In The Lodging Industry: Special Case Of The Service Industry." International Journal of Management & Information Systems (IJMIS) 17, no. 2 (March 27, 2013): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/ijmis.v17i2.7710.

Full text
Abstract:
This paper examines the corporate governance structure of publicly traded hospitality firms and determines whether the governance structure selected by these firms is consistent with minimizing monitoring and bonding costs dictated by the complexity of the business models. There is strong evidence that complex firms had larger board of directors, more outside board members, a greater fraction of CEO pay being variable, and more frequent occurrence of CEO/Chairman duality than simple firms. The results also present evidence of a positive relationship between firms that have the appropriate governance structures and the profitability and valuation of the firm.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
21

Babu, N. Suresh, and Prof G. V. Chalam Prof. G.V.Chalam. "Key Factors Influencing Capital Structure Decision of Indian Computer Software Industry." Indian Journal of Applied Research 4, no. 6 (October 1, 2011): 103–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/2249555x/june2014/31.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
22

Nowakowski, Marcin, and Grzegorz Karasiewicz. "Market Structure and Price-Cost Margins in European Retail Gasoline Industry." Journal of Management and Business Administration. Central Europe 24, no. 3 (September 15, 2016): 105–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.7206/jmba.ce.2450-7814.178.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
23

Voinov, A. P., A. S. Mazurenko, and E. K. Olesevich. "Predictive assessment of the Ukrainian power industry fuel balance structure progress." Odes’kyi Politechnichnyi Universytet. Pratsi, no. 2 (December 15, 2014): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.15276/opu.2.44.2014.19.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
24

Amraoui, Mouna, Ye Jianmu, and Kenza Bouarara. "Firm’s Capital Structure Determinants and Financing Choice by Industry in Morocco." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT SCIENCE AND BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION 4, no. 3 (2018): 41–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.18775/ijmsba.1849-5664-5419.2014.43.1005.

Full text
Abstract:
The paper employs Panel regression approach to investigate capital structure impact on firm’s performance in Morocco, Based on the result of Haussmann test, fixed effect fit the first model better; thus it was utilized to examine the capital structure determinants in Morocco firms. The annual data was collected from Moroccan authority of capital market and Casablanca stock exchange official website; it covers a period of eight years from 2009 to 2016 of 52 Moroccan companies. The results of this research conclude that out of seven variables there are four more significant ones, which are: return on asset, asset tangibility, size and liquidity, all of them have a negative impact, except for size is positively significant. Therefore, the main determinants of capital structure are firms’ specifics factors in Morocco and the choice of leverage is different from industry to another according to the specifics of its activity.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
25

Dr. A. Muthusamy, Dr A. Muthusamy. "Sales Trend and Cost Structure of Indian Oil Industry – An Analysis." Indian Journal of Applied Research 2, no. 1 (October 1, 2011): 15–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/2249555x/oct2012/7.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
26

Steiner, Faye. "Regulation, industry structure and performance in the electricity supply industry." OECD Economic Studies 2001, no. 1 (May 7, 2003): 143–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/eco_studies-v2001-art5-en.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
27

Majumdar, Sumit K., Davina Vora, and Ashok K. Nag. "Industry Structure Characteristics and International Entrepreneurship in India’s Software Industry." Journal of Entrepreneurship 19, no. 2 (September 2010): 109–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/097135571001900202.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
28

Budi Cahyono, Satriyo, and Arvinder Singh Chawla. "Dynamic capital structure in Indonesian case: do industry-specific variables affect adjustment speeds?" Investment Management and Financial Innovations 16, no. 2 (June 12, 2019): 218–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/imfi.16(2).2019.19.

Full text
Abstract:
The authors investigate the firm’s capital structure in the dynamic framework and adjustment speeds toward target leverage among Indonesian firms from 2005 to 2016. The sample firms are 407 non-financial listed companies and classified into 8 sectors based on Jakarta Industrial Sector Classification (JASICA).The explanatory variables consist of firm-level variables viz. size, growth opportunity, profitability, asset structure, liquidity, and firm risk; as well as industry-specific variables viz. industry concentration, munificence, and dynamism. By using dynamic adjustment model, it was found Indonesian firms have target leverages, and they tend to adjust toward their desired debt ratio. Based on country-level analysis, adjustment speeds toward target leverage are from around 30.20% to 36.97% per year. Meanwhile, on sector-level analysis, paces of adjustment indicate variety of adjustment speeds across sectors ranged from 26.00% to 48.32% per year.The authors also demonstrate that industry-specific variables have substantial influences on adjustment speeds toward target leverage. Industry concentration and industry munificence positively affect adjustment speeds, whereas however industry dynamism fails to show significant effect.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
29

Fillion, Ray. "Embedded Actives and Its Industry Effects." International Symposium on Microelectronics 2011, no. 1 (January 1, 2011): 000382–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/isom-2011-tp5-paper5.

Full text
Abstract:
Over the 60 plus year history of microelectronics packaging, electronic devices have been mounted onto an interconnect structure to form a microelectronics circuit. The devices could be bare chips, CSPs or packaged components such as SMT or thru-hole carriers. The interconnect structures could be circuit boards, ceramic substrates or flex circuits. This methodology has enabled a clear divide between the fabrication, assembly and test of the semiconductor device, the fabrication and test of the interconnect structure and the assembly and test of the component/substrate assembly. Over the past decade a new packaging methodology, embedded actives (chips), has been developed that changes all of these industry norms. In an embedded actives packaging approach, one or more bare or chip scale semiconductor devices are embedded within the interconnect structure. Although these approaches have significant electrical performance, size and cost benefits, the normal barriers between chip packaging, substrate fabrication and component assembly are removed. The interconnect structure is not completed prior to component embedding and the embedded component cannot be tested at packaged part level without the interconnect structure. This complicates electrical testing and makes it virtually impossible to differentiate between a defective component, a defective interconnect or a defective component to substrate contact. This paper will look at the history of embedded active developments and go into the various processes and structures being used. It will cover their electrical, reliability and size advantages and will address the revolutionary changes that the microelectronics industry must make to effectively utilize these technologies.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
30

Cheng, Hao, Kian Guan Lim, and Long Wang. "Industry Structure and Stock Price Synchronicity." International Real Estate Review 24, no. 4 (December 31, 2021): 501–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.53383/100329.

Full text
Abstract:
This paper provides a non-information-based explanation to the stock price synchronicity for firms sorted by country, size-decile and industry sector. Using a panel of listed firms in 40 countries that span over 23 years, we find that the governance and the market size effects are highly collinear in predicting stock price synchronicity at the decile and the industry sector levels. Moreover, the effect is larger in the real estate industry than in the non-real estate industry. The channel of information extraction by large firms and firms in markets with weak governance of property rights cannot be easily disentangled. This study explores the industry structure as an alternative explanation for the stock price synchronicity. Our proposed sales growth co-movement indices of firms exhibit highly significant and positive effects in driving price synchronicity after controlling for observed and unobserved cross sectional and temporal variations. Firms in a market with highly inter connected business networks have higher stock price synchronicity (R2 ). The results are robust and consistent, which do not hinge on whether a market is informational efficient.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
31

Thomas, Lacy Glenn. "Price Regulation, Industry Structure and Innovation." PharmacoEconomics 1, Supplement 1 (1992): 9–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00019053-199200011-00005.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
32

SUGIYAMA, Michio. "Structure of Feed Industry in Taiwan." Japanese poultry science 24, no. 1 (1987): 58–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2141/jpsa.24.58.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
33

Schilit, W. Keith. "Structure of the Venture Capital Industry." Journal of Private Equity 1, no. 3 (February 28, 1998): 60–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3905/jpe.1998.409675.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
34

Erhemjamts, Otgontsetseg, Kartik Raman, and Husayn Shahrur. "Industry Structure and Corporate Debt Maturity." Financial Review 45, no. 3 (July 13, 2010): 627–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6288.2010.00264.x.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
35

Yin, Xiangkang. "Foreign direct investment and industry structure." Journal of Economic Studies 26, no. 1 (February 1999): 38–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/01443589910252584.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
36

MIAO, JIANJUN. "Optimal Capital Structure and Industry Dynamics." Journal of Finance 60, no. 6 (November 10, 2005): 2621–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6261.2005.00812.x.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
37

Zhang, Lifang, and Minghong Zhang. "Market structure of China's network industry." Journal of Chinese Economic and Foreign Trade Studies 1, no. 1 (January 25, 2008): 75–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17544400810854513.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
38

Pryce, Adrian H. "Timeshare industry structure and competitive analysis." International Journal of Hospitality Management 21, no. 3 (September 2002): 267–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0278-4319(02)00023-3.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
39

McNerney, James, Brian D. Fath, and Gerald Silverberg. "Network structure of inter-industry flows." Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications 392, no. 24 (December 2013): 6427–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2013.07.063.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
40

Vives, Xavier. "Sequential entry, industry structure and welfare." European Economic Review 32, no. 8 (October 1988): 1671–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0014-2921(88)90025-6.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
41

Kambhampati, Uma S. "Market Structure Dynamics in Indian Industry." Bulletin of Economic Research 50, no. 2 (April 1998): 133–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8586.00058.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
42

Uri, N. D., and M. B. Coate. "Modeling industry structure and economic performance." Mathematical and Computer Modelling 12, no. 12 (1989): 1531–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0895-7177(89)90330-0.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
43

Helfat, Constance E. "Vertical firm structure and industry evolution." Industrial and Corporate Change 24, no. 4 (June 15, 2015): 803–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icc/dtv027.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
44

Wang, Chih-Jen, Ying-Ju Chen, and Chi-Cheng Wu. "Advertising competition and industry channel structure." Marketing Letters 22, no. 1 (April 16, 2010): 79–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11002-010-9113-2.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
45

Nohria, Nitin, and Carlos Garcia-Pont. "Global strategic linkages and industry structure." Strategic Management Journal 12, S1 (1991): 105–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/smj.4250120909.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
46

McLean, Richard P., and Michael H. Riordan. "Industry structure with sequential technology choice." Journal of Economic Theory 47, no. 1 (February 1989): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-0531(89)90099-9.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
47

Yoshida, Takuro. "Building industry structure in Hachioji City." Habitat International 14, no. 2-3 (January 1990): 37–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0197-3975(90)90032-v.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
48

Yoon, Chang-Ho. "Liberalisation policy, industry structure and productivity changes in Korea’s telecommunications industry." Telecommunications Policy 23, no. 3-4 (April 1999): 289–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0308-5961(99)00014-2.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
49

Osiński, Stanisław. "Changes in Poland’s Industry After 1989." Miscellanea Geographica 11, no. 1 (December 1, 2004): 249–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mgrsd-2004-0028.

Full text
Abstract:
Abstract This paper has as its goals the presentation and evaluation of the changes in Poland’s industry during the economic transformation. After having listed the main characteristics of the industry in the period before 1989, the author points out the changing role of the industry in the national economy as well as changes in ownership and quantity. An evaluation of the changes in employment in industry, the value and structure of fixed assets, capital expenditures (incl. the role of direct foreign investments) as well as of the dynamics and structure of the industrial production has been made. Processes of restructuring of indusstry and spatial changes in the industry deployment are another topic discussed in the paper.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
50

Liu, Yi Sheng, Xue Feng Zhao, and Yu Ping Liao. "Market Structure, Ownership Structure, and Performance of China’s Construction Industry." Journal of Construction Engineering and Management 139, no. 7 (July 2013): 852–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)co.1943-7862.0000656.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
We offer discounts on all premium plans for authors whose works are included in thematic literature selections. Contact us to get a unique promo code!

To the bibliography