Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Industries minières – Environnement'
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Yao, Kouadio Assemien François. "Développement d'une méthodologie pour une meilleure évaluation des impacts environnementaux de l'industrie extractive." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONTG001.
Full textAn increasing demand of mineral resources is associated with modern society development. In parallel, mining projects face strong oppositions both from public and from environment protection agencies, due to the potential impacts associated with ore extraction. In order to conciliate the needs of producing raw materials and of taking into account the preservation of the quality of the environment, it is necessary to assess the environmental impact previous to the start of the mining activities. The Environmental Impact Assessment procedure helps to identify and evaluate the environmental impacts of a project. Although Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) procedure is mandatory, the regulations do not impose any impact assessment method. Thus, EIA practitioners are free to use the method that suits them and their own expertise to estimate the environmental impacts of a project. The main purpose of this work is to propose a method to more effectively evaluate the environmental impacts of the mining industry. To achieve this, two approaches have been explored: the Mining Environmental Impact Assessment Methodology (MEIAM) developed in this thesis and the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), which is a standardized methodology. MEIAM is based on the risk analysis approach and makes it possible to evaluate the impacts taking into account the climatic and geological conditions and the initial state of the zone. LCA is a standardized technique that assesses the impacts produced on the site and those generated off-site but whose generating activities are related to the system studied. These methods were implemented on a gold mine in Côte d’Ivoire.MEIAM, taking into account the particular characteristics of the study area, showed high impact results for both surface water and groundwater pollution, mainly at the operation and post-closure stages. This study has also shown that pollution sources with high level impacts include tailings, soils previously contaminated by dust fallout and mining works. Regarding the LCA, which is in essence an overall method, it has made it possible to highlight quite significant off-site impacts. For on-site effects, the study showed that the impacts on human health are mainly due to metal emissions from operation activities (ore processing and tailings management as well as blasting). Finally, our work showed that all the impacts were better taken into account by a combination of MEIAM and LCA in the EIA procedures
Bos, Vincent. "Construction sociale de la ressource et renégociation des régulations. Analyse du secteur minier péruvien, fin du XXe siècle - début du XXIe siècle." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCA113.
Full textAnalysis of the dynamics of the mining sector in Peru between the end of the twentieth century and the start of the twenty-first allows an understanding of economic globalisation as a resolutely spatial phenomenon in which territories and identities are reinvented around resources at once local and global. In this thesis, we show how the new rules of the game of mining and property, and environmental governance, illustrate the necessarily political construction of Peru’s territory and resources by the central State around a national project of market-oriented exploitation of mining deposits as a source of economic wealth. This reorganisation of the national productive structure by capital, often foreign, sheds light on the impact of economic actors on the future of the territories. An increase of the spatial imprint of the mining sector and the revenue it generates amounts to a territorial and economic transplant of mining exploitation on a national scale. This increase, however, is felt unequally in local territories. The multiplication of mining conflicts at the start of the twenty-first century recalls how natural resources and the regulations codifying the society-nature relationship are the often unstable result of power relations between actors of unequal weight and with potentially antagonistic goals. We analyze these conflicts questionning the role and place of local actors and territories in development policies, as a weapon of (re)negotiation of the rules of the game wielded by the « have nots ». Varying in intensity, negotiations can be considered micro when the stakes are relatively limited and the actors only hope to achieve a greater share of the wealth. By contrast, conflicts may constitute a weapon of mass negotiation when actors refuse the commodification of nature and attempt a profound transformation of the rules of the game, as is illustrated by the Conga mining conflict in Cajamarca
Germande, Ophélie. "Impact environnemental et sanitaire des particules de nickel émises par les activités minières en Nouvelle Calédonie." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bordeaux, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022BORD0282.
Full textBy producing about 158,000 tons of nickel (Ni) per year, New Caledonia is one of the largest producers of Ni in the world, with soils rich in trace metals (Ni; chromium, Cr; cobalt, Co; manganese, Mn and iron, Fe). This massive Ni exploitation is a major economic issue for the country (8 to 17% of annual GDP) to the detriment of potential environmental and health impacts. Indeed, the exploitation of these open-pit nickel laterite mines leads to the emission of ultrafine particles of Ni and nickel oxide (NiO) disseminated in the environment, by the wind, or via run-off from watercourses but also of other metals present in these soils. These particles can be inhaled by mine workers and the surrounding population, raising questions relating to human toxicology, and can also be transported along freshwater streams close to the mines, to be deposited or washed downstream as far as the lagoon, thus impacting aquatic organisms, the study of which is a matter of ecotoxicology.From an environmental point of view, few studies have been conducted in New Caledonia. However, initial work on freshwater rivers near mines has shown very high levels of Ni accumulated in organisms under the mining influence, particularly in Pacific eels. In order to document the significance of the toxic impacts potentially inflicted on eels present at these sites, different types of approaches have been conducted: (i) Analysis of the toxic impacts of metals on Anguilla marmorata collected in situ during a mission (morphometric measurements, metal levels in organs, transcriptomic); (ii) Impact of exposure to NiO nanoparticles (NPs) on eel hepatocytes in vitro, the liver being a prime target of metal toxicity and an essential organ for eels. These approaches made it possible to early identify the cellular and molecular mechanisms of cytotoxic impact, oxidative stress, inflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction following this exposure.In parallel, human exposure to NPs is a public health concern. NPs can thus cross the alveolar-capillary barrier, find their way into the general circulation and exert deleterious effects through direct interactions with the cardiovascular system and, in particular, the endothelial cells (HPAEC) lining the lumen of the vessels and controlling vascular reactivity, which is modified after Ni NPs exposure. These effects could thus be amplified in cardiovascular pathologies. People suffering from pathologies of the pulmonary circulation (pulmonary hypertension, PH) could therefore constitute populations at risk. Thus, it is necessary to better characterize, in exposed populations, the toxic mechanisms induced by Ni-rich dusts and by NiO NPs on the cardiovascular system. For this purpose, we studied, on HPAEC, the effects induced by NiO NPs on calcium signaling , the pro-inflammatory response and the role of oxidative stress in the observed modifications, as well as the impacts of these NPs in a pathological conditions by using an in vitro model mimicking the vascular dynamics observed during PH with the STREX® stretching system. Our results show that exposure to NiO NPs induces oxidative stress, a pro-inflammatory response as well as alterations in calcium homeostasis and that these effects are amplified when the cells are under pathological conditions. This work therefore suggests that exposure to NiO NPs could aggravate some pathophysiological events in patients suffering from pre-existing cardiovascular diseases such as PH, and that these patients would be more sensitive to these particulate pollutants
Pigneur, Judith. "Mise au point d’une méthode intégrée d’analyse des impacts des filières de matières premières minérales." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLC093.
Full textThe subject of the thesis is the development of an integrated method of analysis of the social and environmental costs of depletion in the metal value chains. The supported thesis is that the depletion of metallic resources, beyond the question of the economic limits of exploitation, is a multiplier of the social and environmental costs generated by our current modes of production and consumption. The thesis was carried out as part of the Bureau for Appraisal of Social Impacts for Citizen information (Basic) research and development project on the development of sustainability indicators. The thesis is part of a transdisciplinary approach, combining an approach from the management sciences, namely the analysis of global value chains (GVC), mobilized to understand the influence of the organization of globalized chains on social and environmental impacts, and an economics-based approach, that of social costs, as developed by Karl William Kapp, which looks at the costs of social and environmental damage inherent in our economic system. The thesis aims to contribute to both the reinforcement of the methodological framework of social costs developed by the Basic, but also to the emerging research on depletion within the field of development of sustainability indicators. The research aims to explore the links between depletion, increased social and environmental costs of exploitation, and the influence of globalized chains on the occurrence of these costs. This general problem is divided into two parts. A first theoretical part, composed of chapters 1 and 2, contributes to define the depletion of metals in a perspective of strong sustainability and to formalize a framework of evaluation of the social costs coherent with this definition. In Chapter 1, depletion is redefined as two joint, continuous and irreversible phenomena: 1) loss of quantity (loss of material throughout the supply chain) and quality (diminution of ore grades and difficulties of recycling) of the resource.2) as a multiplier of environmental, health and social impacts of the metal value chains. Chapter 2 proposes a new framework to account for depletion and its social costs, linking the work of ecological economics and institutional economics based on the work of Karl William Kapp. This methodology develops an approach focused on studying the causes of social costs and levers to reduce these costs. A second empirical part applies the evaluation framework to the case study of the neodymium chain used in Nd-Fe-B magnets. This case study shows that, although the depletion of rare earth reserves is not perceived as an imminent danger, the social costs of depletion are already significant and that actions could be implemented to reduce these costs. This case study demonstrates the social and ecological relevance of the analysis of social cost depletion
Bastiège, Marine. "La gestion des ressources naturelles et son contrôle dans un monde globalisé." Electronic Thesis or Diss., La Rochelle, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022LAROD005.
Full textThe control systems of the extractive sector, and then the international voluntary standards that emerged with globalisation in the 1990s and 2000s, are now being rethought in the context of several important regulatory developments linked to the adoption of the European Green Deal. To what extent can we consider that these regulatory developments reflect the adoption of a transnational control paradigm in new fields ? And, if the adoption of a transnational paradigm has helped to circumvent, mitigate or even solve some practical problems, by redefining the nature of natural resource control, will current regulatory developments allow these potential benefits to be maintained ? We propose a description of the systems concerned by means of a model constructed from the literature on control, CSR, Business & Human Rights literature, accountability and Global studies. This model makes it possible to highlight the main characteristics that regulatory developments must respect in order to reproduce the main characteristics of these control systems. A longitudinal study of the recent evolution of the FSC control system and the study of the 2017-2022 extractive agreements in Colombia allow this model to be tested and refined
Goix, Sylvaine. "Origine et impact des pollutions liées aux activités minières sur l'environnement (eau-sol-atmosphère) et la santé, cas de Oruro (Bolivie)." Phd thesis, Toulouse 3, 2012. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1672/.
Full textThis work deals with current problematic issues of environment-health interactions. This thesis describes the origin of mining and smelting polymetallic pollution (Ag, Au, Cd, Cu, Pb, Sb, Sn, Zn) and its impact on environment and health in the mining city of Oruro, Bolivia. Samples of tap water, the hydrographic network, soils, dusts, aerosols (PM2,5 et PM10) and bioindicators of atmospheric contamination (Tillandsias capillaris) were geochemically (ICP-MS) and mineralogically (DRX, SEM) characterized. All the compartments of the urban area studied ("water ", "soil" and "atmosphere") were contaminated by trace elements, especially near smelters and mines (reaching 16000 µg/g Pb in dust and 200 ng/m3 As in PM10 close to the smelting area). Statistical studies and spatial interpolations helped in the identification of atmospheric contamination sources and their scope. Soil and dust studies also indicated other more local sources, such as old ore stockage areas. Granulometric separation of dusts showed that trace elements were more highly concentrated in fine fractions, but not necessarily in the clay (< 2µm), which is generally considered to be the most contaminated fraction. Oral bioaccessibility of dust fractions (UBM method), is higher overall in the smelting area than in the mining one. Bioaccessibility greatly varies depending on the granulometric fraction or elements considered (up to 90% for As and less than 5% for Sn and Sb). Exposure to trace elements in children depending on their place of residence was calculated considering dust and aerosol inhalation and ingestion. Taking into account granulometry and bioaccessibility can considerably change the absorbed dose calculated. Estimated exposure and trace element content in children's hair previously measured prove to be correlated. In this study, Pb showed a particular behaviour, with soil Pb concentrations were very high when compared to weak aerosol concentrations. Child exposure is thus greatly linked to type and location of the child's activities, which can explain the variability observed in a previous epidemiological study
Goix, Sylvaine. "Origine et impact des pollutions liées aux activités minières sur l'environnement (eau-sol-atmosphère) et la santé, cas de Oruro (Bolivie)." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00781152.
Full textYao, Kouadio Assemien François. "Développement d'une méthodologie pour une meilleure évaluation des impacts environnementaux de l'industrie extractive." Thesis, Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONTG001/document.
Full textAn increasing demand of mineral resources is associated with modern society development. In parallel, mining projects face strong oppositions both from public and from environment protection agencies, due to the potential impacts associated with ore extraction. In order to conciliate the needs of producing raw materials and of taking into account the preservation of the quality of the environment, it is necessary to assess the environmental impact previous to the start of the mining activities. The Environmental Impact Assessment procedure helps to identify and evaluate the environmental impacts of a project. Although Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) procedure is mandatory, the regulations do not impose any impact assessment method. Thus, EIA practitioners are free to use the method that suits them and their own expertise to estimate the environmental impacts of a project. The main purpose of this work is to propose a method to more effectively evaluate the environmental impacts of the mining industry. To achieve this, two approaches have been explored: the Mining Environmental Impact Assessment Methodology (MEIAM) developed in this thesis and the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), which is a standardized methodology. MEIAM is based on the risk analysis approach and makes it possible to evaluate the impacts taking into account the climatic and geological conditions and the initial state of the zone. LCA is a standardized technique that assesses the impacts produced on the site and those generated off-site but whose generating activities are related to the system studied. These methods were implemented on a gold mine in Côte d’Ivoire.MEIAM, taking into account the particular characteristics of the study area, showed high impact results for both surface water and groundwater pollution, mainly at the operation and post-closure stages. This study has also shown that pollution sources with high level impacts include tailings, soils previously contaminated by dust fallout and mining works. Regarding the LCA, which is in essence an overall method, it has made it possible to highlight quite significant off-site impacts. For on-site effects, the study showed that the impacts on human health are mainly due to metal emissions from operation activities (ore processing and tailings management as well as blasting). Finally, our work showed that all the impacts were better taken into account by a combination of MEIAM and LCA in the EIA procedures
Argane, Rabei. "Valorisation des rejets miniers à faible teneur en sulfures comme granulats pour mortiers." Thesis, Lyon, INSA, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ISAL0039.
Full textMine tailings represent the finely ground industrial by products generated throw beneficiation of ore minerals. During mine exploitation, these tailings are generally transported in slurry form to large storage facilities, called tailings ponds or impoundments. These facilities are, in most cases, difficult to manage and expensive to rehabilitate. They are responsible for the generation of important environmental impacts and significant ecological disruptions, depending on their pollution potential, management technique, physical stability and the climate conditions. In this context, numerous studies have been conducted to develop new techniques for a sustainable management of mine tailings. The feasibility of reusing some tailings in the construction sector as cementing materials and additives for mortars or concretes were successfully achieved. However, the majority of the conducted studies are still at laboratory stages. Moreover the reuse of tailings as construction material is yet subject of numerous difficulties in term of social acceptance. Various parameters are also of concern, especially the physical and chemical stability of tailings as well as their eco-compatibility. In parallel, the uncontrolled reuse of low sulfide tailings as construction material is increasing in some developing countries (e.g. Morocco). In fact, nearby some abandoned mine sites, these tailings are considered as natural sands and are used for the manufacture of surface finishing mortars. This traditional recycling may constitute mechanical and environmental risks, principally related to tailings mechanical unconformity and to their non-negligible residual metal concentrations. Therefore, the aim of the current research is to evaluate the actual impact of two Moroccan mine tailings (named Zeida and Mibladen), commonly used as aggregates in the Upper-Moulouya region, on the mechanical properties of mortars and on their long term environmental behavior. This work has also as specific aim, to study the technical feasibility of using low sulfide tailings as sand substitute for the manufacture of rendering and masonry mortars. To attain this aim, a thorough characterization of the physical, chemical and mineralogical properties as well as the geochemical behavior of mine tailings was carried out. Mechanical properties of tailings-based mortars were then measured and compared to reference samples (sand-based mortars) using different tests such as setting time, entrained air volume and compressive strength. In parallel, mortars durability and hydration products were evaluated by mean of durability tests (wetting drying cycles, sulfate attack and acid rain simulation) and analytical methods (scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and thermo-gravimetric analysis). Finally, mortar samples were submitted to various leaching tests to evaluate the pollution potential of these matrices
Sourisseau, Sylvain. "Recyclage vs extraction minière : concurrence, externalités environnementales et politiques publiques sur les marchés du fer et de l'acier." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLE016.
Full textIn addition to a solution for managing end-of-life products, recycling is also an alternative to the production of virgin raw materials. In this thesis, we are therefore wondering about this new form of competition that could potentially include recyclers, on a commodity market traditionally dominated by a mining oligopoly. To what extent can recyclers compete with mining firms and what are the effects on oligopoly? As a second line of research, we consider the differential of environmental externalities that exists between the two types of supply. We therefore include in our model a recycling subsidy and a tax on mining pollution, in response to the two market distortions: the non-competitive structure of mining extraction and the externalities that are associated with this activity. To give an empirical dimension to this thesis, we use the iron and steel industry. Prior to the analysis of the competition with recyclers, we carry out in Chapter 1, an analysis of the evolution of the markets of iron and steel following the demand shock since the year 2000. The concentration of the demand from Chinese steelmakers as well as the strategy put in place by the authorities from 2010, led to a new market structure of the world iron ore market: a thwarted monopsony.By focusing on the upstream value chain, Chapter 2 sets the theoretical framework for competition between mining firms and recyclers. Through a Cournot-Stackelberg model, we show that the market share of the mining sector increases with the degree of competition in this sector. Recyclers cannot significantly increase their market share if an efficient recycling technology is not associated with a high availability of waste. This dual condition is also necessary to ensure the reduction of the mining rent. In addition, we highlight the requirement of a minimum level of recycling technology for recyclers to enter the market.Taking into account the differential of environmental externalities in Chapter 3 strengthens the need for increasing the supply of secondary materials, with regard to its positive effect on social wellfare. For this purpose, the introduction of an environmental tax on mining extraction is less relevant than a subsidy for recycling. The tax reinforces the capacity constraint for recyclers, relies on a necessary assessment of mining pollution that is difficult to achieve for certain raw materials, and there are limits on its implementation which also seem to arise. On the other hand, the introduction of a recycling subsidy would have a significant impact on recyclers' market share and the necessary reduction of extraction-related damages. As we show, the difference in effects between the two policies is even stronger when the initial level of recycling is low.Finally, by focusing on a public policy based on the demand for materials rather than on supply, Chapter 4 highlights the weak incentive of the EU-ETS to reduce CO2 emissions from steelmakers, and therefore a potential increase of the secondary input instead of the virgin one. We also show how this climate policy interferes with the EU competition policy because it mainly benefits market leaders, to the detriment of the principle of free and undistorted competition prevailing in the EU market. More surprisingly, our results indicate that the market leader is the least efficient firm in the consumption of raw materials, considering the quantity of steel produced and the CO2 emissions generated. Conversely, the firm that seems to be the most efficient would also have been least favoured when free allowances were allocated from 2007 onwards
Pétriglieri, Jasmine Rita. "Alteration of asbestiform minerals under sub-tropical climate : mineralogical monitoring and geochemistry. The example of New Caledonia." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Nouvelle Calédonie, 2017. http://portail-documentaire.unc.nc/files/public/bu/theses_unc/These_Jasmine_Petriglieri-derniere_version_these.pdf.
Full textUnder humid tropical to sub-tropical conditions, weathering processes and supergene mineralization are the main responsible for genesis and release of asbestos fibres. The New Caledonia is one of the largest world producers of Ni ore that is formed by the alteration of ultramafic rocks. Almost all outcrops of geological units and open mines contain serpentine and amphibole, also as asbestos varieties. Mining companies must therefore deal with the health concerns related to environmental exposure to mineral fibres. At present, there is not a technique capable to instantly characterize an asbestos fibre in situ, providing information about size and distribution, morphology, chemical composition and alteration grade. However, the acquisition of all these parameters is necessary for determining the health risk associated to fibre exposition. The employment of specialized tools such as Polarized Light Microscopy associated to Dispersion Staining (PLM/DS) and portable Raman spectroscopy has proved extremely effective in the improvement of performance and rapidity of data acquisition and interpretation, even in the presence of strongly fibrous and altered samples. Regardless of the alteration state, a great variability in morphology was observed (SEM investigation). Preliminary geochemical analyses have proved that the physical-mechanical effect of fluid circulation within the porous of fibres and lamellae, associated to chemical elemental exchange at rock/waters interface, favoured the dissociation of fibres and their release in the environment. A focus was set on fibrous antigorite, recognized as asbestos only by Caledonian legislation, but still not by European law
Hédouin, Laetitia. "Caractérisation d'espèces bioindicatrices pour la surveillance des activités minières et la gestion de l'environnement en milieu récifal et lagonaire : application au lagon de Nouvelle-Calédonie." La Rochelle, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006LAROS161.
Full textMining activities constitute the major economic resource of New Caledonia. This doctoral research was realized in order to develop a programme for biomonitoring mining contamination in the New Caledonia coastal waters using marine organisms as “bioindicators”: the brown alga Lobophora variegata, the oysters Malleus regula and Isognomon isognomon and the clam Gafrarium tumidum. In this context, the bioindicative value of these four organisms for Ag, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Mn, Ni and Zn has been investigated through both laboratory and field experiments. Laboratory investigations of the bioaccumulation behaviour of the four organisms using radiotracer techniques demonstrated their high bioaccumulation and retention capacities for the contaminants tested. Moreover, the organisms respond to the most relevant criteria of a bioindicator species: the contaminant concentrations in organisms actually reflect those occurring in the environment. Field experiments showed that the analysis of contaminant concentrations in resident populations of clams, oysters and algae allowed discriminating sites according to their degree of contamination. In addition, transplantations of organisms between clean and contaminated sites indicated that the species displayed efficient bioaccumulation capacities for the contaminants in situ, and consequently, they can be used to monitor sites where the species were not naturally present. Overall, it is concluded that L. Variegata, G. Tumidum and I. Isognomon are efficient and reliable bioindicator species that may be used for active and passive biomonitoring of mining contamination in the lagoon of New Caledonia
Roulette, Loïc. "Le statut des ressources minières marines françaises : pour un rattachement au patrimoine commun de la nation." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0776.
Full textFrance has the second largest maritime area in the world and a real expertise in the off-shore sector. It is therefore doubly concerned by the potential of mineral resources contained in the seabed. According to several studies, maritime areas under the sovereignty or jurisdiction of France would contain many mineral deposits. These contain resources known as oil but also potential resources such as rare earth metals needed for advanced technologies. These resources are undoubtedly one of the major challenges of the twenty-first century. Their exploitation nevertheless gives rise to economic and environmental claims: the local populations mean to benefit from the gains resulting from this exploitation; the environment will have to be preserved by the off-shore operators. The Mining Code cannot meet these challenges. The status of marine mineral resources must therefore be adapted to these new challenges. The thesis argues, in a word, for their attachment to the common heritage of the Nation. Indeed, the transtemporal and transpatial aspects of the notion of the common heritage of the Nation make it possible to respond to local demands as well as to the environmental issue (Part I). In addition, an integration of marine mineral resources into the common heritage of the Nation would not be contrary to the Law of the Sea (Part II). On the other hand, the special status of certain overseas territories should be taken into account (Part III)
Bos, Vincent. "Construction sociale de la ressource et renégociation des régulations. Analyse du secteur minier péruvien, fin du XXe siècle - début du XXIe siècle." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCA113/document.
Full textAnalysis of the dynamics of the mining sector in Peru between the end of the twentieth century and the start of the twenty-first allows an understanding of economic globalisation as a resolutely spatial phenomenon in which territories and identities are reinvented around resources at once local and global. In this thesis, we show how the new rules of the game of mining and property, and environmental governance, illustrate the necessarily political construction of Peru’s territory and resources by the central State around a national project of market-oriented exploitation of mining deposits as a source of economic wealth. This reorganisation of the national productive structure by capital, often foreign, sheds light on the impact of economic actors on the future of the territories. An increase of the spatial imprint of the mining sector and the revenue it generates amounts to a territorial and economic transplant of mining exploitation on a national scale. This increase, however, is felt unequally in local territories. The multiplication of mining conflicts at the start of the twenty-first century recalls how natural resources and the regulations codifying the society-nature relationship are the often unstable result of power relations between actors of unequal weight and with potentially antagonistic goals. We analyze these conflicts questionning the role and place of local actors and territories in development policies, as a weapon of (re)negotiation of the rules of the game wielded by the « have nots ». Varying in intensity, negotiations can be considered micro when the stakes are relatively limited and the actors only hope to achieve a greater share of the wealth. By contrast, conflicts may constitute a weapon of mass negotiation when actors refuse the commodification of nature and attempt a profound transformation of the rules of the game, as is illustrated by the Conga mining conflict in Cajamarca
Baudelle, Guy. "Le système spatial de la mine : l'exemple du bassin houiller du Nord-Pas-de-Calais." Paris 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA010681.
Full textStarting from the observation of the weakness of the morphological analysis in human geography, on the first hand, and the study of the mining space organization in the classical and theoretical geographical literatue, on the second hand, wze show the fundamental role of the mining space production for the coal-mine production system develooment. The housing supply, particularly, took a capital part into this system. Then we show that the mining space organization respects the basis spatial laws grounding the main geographical models, but combines them in a different way, so that the properly spatial laws prevail against the geological hazard. With its organization, the mining space is a spacial system as p. And g. Pinchemel define this term: we examine their ideas and propose a morphology general theory. This systemic nature itself implies the relative autonomy of space towards the geographical societies and therefore some geographical inertia. So, the inherited space is ambivalent: it is both a potentiality and a constraint for societies. Consequently, we examine the mine spatial legacy problem and the working strategies, and we close by some prospective observations
Tapia, Zamora Joseline Soledad. "Sources, mobilité et biodisponibilité des métaux traces et métalloïdes dans la ville minière d'Oruro sur l'altiplano bolivien." Toulouse 3, 2011. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1813/.
Full textThis study was performed within the main altiplanic hydrological system constituted by the Lake Titicaca-Desaguadero River- Lake Poopó-Coipasa salar (TDPS) sub-basins. This region is characterized by the presence of two highly mineralized ranges: the Cordillera Occidental related to epithermal and sedimentary Cu deposits and the Cordillera Oriental associated with numerous metallogenic belts, where the Bolivian Tin Belt is very well known. The Oruro Department is located in the central part of this belt. This study has been motivated by the fact that despite this city has been exposed to intense mining activities since the XVIIth century, very little is known about the geochemical characteristics and the dispersion processes affecting this area. A detailed geochemistry study was performed in five lacustrine sedimentary cores (Lake Uru Uru). Statistical analyses of sediment and soil concentrations allowed us to propose a geochemical background and a present time geochemical baseline for the Altiplano sediments and has allowed us to propose that the upper continental crust (UCC) composition is not adequate to obtain enrichment factors in this region, naturally enriched in trace metals and metalloids. Furthermore, we propose that the anthropogenic impact in superficial soils is associated with trace elements dispersion from the Vinto Foundry, whereas Lake Uru Uru sediments are related to mining activities. Post-depositional redistribution of trace metals and metalloids during early diagenesis are related to a change in chemical speciation of these elements and moreover, authigenic enrichment, mainly as sulfides. Particularly, Fe and Mn oxyhydroxides destabilization plays a preponderant role in this redistribution. Early diagenesis is influenced importantly by seasonal precipitation variability, with an important role of evaporation. Trace elements diffusion into the water-sediment interface, controlled by concentration gradients resulting from redox reactions during early diagenesis, show that Lake Uru Uru sediments are a source of trace metals and metalloids, particularly arsenic, into the overlying water column. This work has also shown that trace metals and metalloids deposition within Lake Uru Uru sediments is mainly influenced by three sources : local geology, authigenic minerals formation during early diagenesis influenced probably by cold ENSO (La Niña) events and mining origin gangues and ores
Sourisseau, Sylvain. "Recyclage vs extraction minière : concurrence, externalités environnementales et politiques publiques sur les marchés du fer et de l'acier." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLE016/document.
Full textIn addition to a solution for managing end-of-life products, recycling is also an alternative to the production of virgin raw materials. In this thesis, we are therefore wondering about this new form of competition that could potentially include recyclers, on a commodity market traditionally dominated by a mining oligopoly. To what extent can recyclers compete with mining firms and what are the effects on oligopoly? As a second line of research, we consider the differential of environmental externalities that exists between the two types of supply. We therefore include in our model a recycling subsidy and a tax on mining pollution, in response to the two market distortions: the non-competitive structure of mining extraction and the externalities that are associated with this activity. To give an empirical dimension to this thesis, we use the iron and steel industry. Prior to the analysis of the competition with recyclers, we carry out in Chapter 1, an analysis of the evolution of the markets of iron and steel following the demand shock since the year 2000. The concentration of the demand from Chinese steelmakers as well as the strategy put in place by the authorities from 2010, led to a new market structure of the world iron ore market: a thwarted monopsony.By focusing on the upstream value chain, Chapter 2 sets the theoretical framework for competition between mining firms and recyclers. Through a Cournot-Stackelberg model, we show that the market share of the mining sector increases with the degree of competition in this sector. Recyclers cannot significantly increase their market share if an efficient recycling technology is not associated with a high availability of waste. This dual condition is also necessary to ensure the reduction of the mining rent. In addition, we highlight the requirement of a minimum level of recycling technology for recyclers to enter the market.Taking into account the differential of environmental externalities in Chapter 3 strengthens the need for increasing the supply of secondary materials, with regard to its positive effect on social wellfare. For this purpose, the introduction of an environmental tax on mining extraction is less relevant than a subsidy for recycling. The tax reinforces the capacity constraint for recyclers, relies on a necessary assessment of mining pollution that is difficult to achieve for certain raw materials, and there are limits on its implementation which also seem to arise. On the other hand, the introduction of a recycling subsidy would have a significant impact on recyclers' market share and the necessary reduction of extraction-related damages. As we show, the difference in effects between the two policies is even stronger when the initial level of recycling is low.Finally, by focusing on a public policy based on the demand for materials rather than on supply, Chapter 4 highlights the weak incentive of the EU-ETS to reduce CO2 emissions from steelmakers, and therefore a potential increase of the secondary input instead of the virgin one. We also show how this climate policy interferes with the EU competition policy because it mainly benefits market leaders, to the detriment of the principle of free and undistorted competition prevailing in the EU market. More surprisingly, our results indicate that the market leader is the least efficient firm in the consumption of raw materials, considering the quantity of steel produced and the CO$_2$ emissions generated. Conversely, the firm that seems to be the most efficient would also have been least favoured when free allowances were allocated from 2007 onwards
Bruneel, Odile. "Contribution à l'étude des mécanismes couplés géochimiques et bactériologiques de transfert de la pollution minière sur le site de Carnoulès (Gard)." Montpellier 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004MON20024.
Full textBalaam, Konamadji Ngomdodji. "La protection intégrée de l'environnement dans les zones d'exploitation pétrolière des pays d'Afrique subsaharienne : le cas de l'on-shore tchadien." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE3014.
Full textDespite the isolation of Chad, the need for economic and social development led the government of Chad to explore and produce oil reserves. As these deposits are neither "delocalizable or movable" nor "deteriorisable or destructible", their exploitation in onshore context and natural environments with breeding vocation raises specific problems that international law and most legal systems in developing countries have difficulties to overcome until now. These include issues related to the ecological and social’s footprint of onshore oil industries. The Chadian’s law related to oil is still tiny and is at its embryonic level therefore it doesn’t take into consideration detailed environmental concerns. Chad's environmental law and land’s law didn’t also take into account risks associated with the exploration, exploitation and transport by pipeline of hydrocarbons in their plans. They also didn’t address issues related to the restoration of abandoned or end-of-life’s oilfields. In this context, if the legislator does not carry out reforms in order to simultaneously take into account petroleum operations and environmental concerns in an integrated legal system, there is a risk of "a second Niger Delta in Doba’s oilfield"
Koffi, Kouadio. "Contribution à l'étude des processus couples hydrogéochimiques dans les stocks de déchets miniers : le cas du site de Carnoulès (Gard, France)." Montpellier 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004MON20072.
Full textSalvarredy, Aranguren Matías Miguel. "Contamination en métaux lourds des eaux de surface et des sédiments du Val de Milluni (Andes Boliviennes) par des déchets miniers : approches géochimique, minéralogique et hydrochimiques." Toulouse 3, 2008. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/456/.
Full textHeavy metal contamination has been investigated in the Milluni valley (Bolivia, high plateau, 4800 m asl) combining geochemical, mineralogical and hydrochemical approaches. For each metal, the mineral source was determined, as well as the geochemical process leading to the weathering of primary minerals into tertiary minerals. The knowledge of the ongoing geochemical processes and of the hydrochemical budgets allowed to determining the origin, the transport pathways and the control parameters of the metals in this environment. Finally, the cores in lake sediments and in peat-bogs of the valley allowed assessing the historical behaviour of heavy metal contamination, especially during the last century
Lambert-Pilotte, Geneviève. "Impacts socio-environnementaux de la libéralisation économique au Pérou : étude de deux entreprises minières canadiennes." Mémoire, 2006. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/1852/1/M9278.pdf.
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