Journal articles on the topic 'Industries (Home), Germany'
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1
Cantwell, John, and Rebecca Harding. "The Internationalisation of German Companies' R&D." National Institute Economic Review 163 (January 1998): 99–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002795019816300111.
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Research and development in the German economy is internationalising: recently there has been an increase in outward DFI by German companies relative to the inward DFI of foreign-owned companies in Germany. By examining the long term trends in patents granted in the USA to the world's largest firms between 1969 and 1995, it emerges that Germany is now catching-up with a world-wide trend to internationalise technological activaty, and has done this on the basis of its core technological strengths developed historically at a national and corporate level. The research and innovation infrastructure of the economy remains strong, and German companies are locating abroad in the industries which are the most science-based, which are supportive of domestically-based core technologies and in which they hold the strongest competitive position relative to other European firms. German-owned companies retain their dominance of German-located R & D in five key industries—electronics, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, metals and motor vehicles—and they have developed technological specialisms clearly focused on the core technologies of these industries, at home and now also abroad.
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Schröter, Harm G. "The German Question, the Unification of Europe, and the European Market Strategies of Germany's Chemical and Electrical Industries, 1900–1992." Business History Review 67, no. 3 (1993): 369–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007680500070343.
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Recent events in Europe have given rise to renewed speculation about the possible economic threat of a resurgent united Germany. This article examines six leading German firms in the electrical and chemical industries over the course of the twentieth century in an attempt to understand the historical realities of the foreign market strategies of Germany's largest firms. The author concludes that the changed configuration of international markets, the post-Second World War “Americanization” of German management, and the growing perception of a “European home market” have combined to remove the threat implicit in “the German question.”
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Niebuhr, Fiona, Prem Borle, Franziska Börner-Zobel, and Susanne Voelter-Mahlknecht. "Healthy and Happy Working from Home? Effects of Working from Home on Employee Health and Job Satisfaction." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 3 (January 20, 2022): 1122. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031122.
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In addition to its catastrophic health effects, the COVID-19 pandemic also acts as a catalyst for new forms of work. Working from home (WFH) has become commonplace for many people worldwide. But under what circumstances is WFH beneficial and when does it increase harms to health? The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of specific characteristics of WFH for health (work ability, stress-related physical and psychological symptoms) and job satisfaction among German employees. The study is based on data from a Germany-wide panel survey with employees from different industries (n = 519). Using multiple regressions, it was found that the functionality of the technical equipment at home has positive effects on the health of employees (i.e., ability to work, stress-related symptoms) and job satisfaction. The percentual weekly amount of WFH influences stress-related symptoms, i.e., a higher amount of weekly working time WFH, was associated with more stress-related symptoms. Furthermore, it negatively influences job satisfaction. The feeling of increased autonomy leads to positive effects on employees’ job satisfaction. The results provide starting points for interventions and indicate the need for legal regulations for WFH. Further theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
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Hiemesch-Hartmann, Neele. "Golden homes and gardens: Shift in demand by German consumers due to COVID-19 pandemic." SHS Web of Conferences 129 (2021): 01010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202112901010.
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Research background: The COVID-19 pandemic led to a change in consumer demand behavior worldwide. Due to the pandemic, individual sectors and industries experienced enormous demand or significant decreases in demand. Hardly any sector or industry remained unaffected by the influences and consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic. Due to the many worldwide restrictions of private travel, many German consumers stayed in their home country. German tourists are internationally regarded as world champions in travel, so the lack of private long-distance travel led to implications for other sectors. Another trend that has emerged in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic is the so-called cocooning. Cocooning is the term used by trend researchers to describe a tendency for consumers to increasingly withdraw from civil society and the public sphere into their private lives at home. This combination of a lack of private travel and a retreat into private domestic life has led to enormous growth in the furniture, household goods, garden, and home improvement sectors. Purpose of the article: The pandemic-related shift in demand is examined using secondary market data. These are first systematically researched, reviewed, and analyzed. Then, by using growth figures, the German home and garden market is examined based on sales figures and pandemic-related changes are shown. Furthermore, the individual sales channels, the relevant market players, and market shares under the pandemic’s influence will be analyzed. Methods: Systematic analysis of market information and datasets in the home and gardening sector in Germany. Findings & Value added: Creation of an information base regarding the shift in demand of German consumers in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Gupta, Pradeep. "Transfer Pricing: Impact of Taxes and Tariffs in India." Vikalpa: The Journal for Decision Makers 37, no. 4 (October 2012): 29–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0256090920120403.
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Transfer pricing in an economy is very significant to corporate policy makers, economic policy makers, tax authorities, and regulatory authorities. Transfer pricing manipulation (fixing transfer prices on non-market basis as against arm's length standard) reduces the total quantum of organization's tax liability by shifting accounting profits from high tax to low tax jurisdictions. It changes the relative tax burden of the multinational firms in different countries of their operations and reduces worldwide tax payments of the firm. This paper explores the influence of corporate taxes and product tariffs on reported transfer pricing of Multinational Corporations (MNCs) in India by using the Swenson (2000) model. This study of custom values of import originating from China, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Singapore, Switzerland, UK, and USA into India reveals that transfer pricing incentives generated by corporate taxes and tariffs provide opportunity for MNCs to manipulate transfer price to maximize profits across world-wide locations of operations and reduce tax liability. The main findings of this paper are: The estimates computed by grouping together products of all industries being imported into India from sample countries reveal that TPI coefficients are positive and significant. Overall, positive and significant coefficients of TPI predict that one per cent reduction in corporate tax rates in the home country of the MNC would cause multinational corporations with affiliated transactions to increase reported transfer prices in the range of 0.248 per cent to 0.389 per cent. The Generalized Least Square estimates for individual industries display that out of nine industries in the sample, three industries (38, 73, and 84) have a positive and significant co-movement with transfer pricing incentives. In four industries (56, 83, 85, and 90), coefficient of Transfer Pricing Incentive (TPI) is negative but significant. In case of two industries (39 and 82), TPI coefficient is negative but not significant. Positive and significant coefficients of TPI predict that one per cent reduction in corporate tax rates in the home country would cause multinational corporations with affiliated transactions to increase reported transfer prices by 1.20 per cent in ‘Miscellaneous Chemical Products’ Industry (Industry 38), 0.175 per cent in the ‘Articles of Iron or Steel’ Industry (Industry 73) and 0.908 per cent in �Nuclear Reactors, Boilers, Machinery and Mechanical Appliances; Parts thereof' Industry (Industry 84). In industries where coefficient of TPI is negative and significant, MNCs would like to shift the taxable income of their affilates to the host country by decreasing their reported transfer price. The government's approach should be to reduce corporate tax and tariff rates to bring them at a level comparable with countries across the world which will reduce incentives for the MNCs for shifting of income out of India and increase the tax base for tax authorities. This will also result in an increase in the tax revenue of the country.
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Ishchuk, S. O., and L. Yo Sozanskyy. "Problems and Peculiarities of the Light Industry Development in Ukraine: A Statistical Comparison with EU Countries." Statistics of Ukraine 88, no. 1 (May 1, 2020): 42–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.31767/su.1(88)2020.01.05.
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The light industry is one of the basic strategic segments of the national economy, providing for 5.0% of budget revenues and 2.6% of Ukrainian merchandise exports, and, therefore, has a considerable potential for further development. The purpose of the article is to identify problems and peculiarities of the light industry development in Ukraine on the basis of a statistical comparison with EU countries. According to the research results, the systemic negative dynamics of the light industry output resulted in a lag between Ukraine and EU countries, e. g. 6 times from Poland, 21 times from Germany, and 73 times from Italy. The light industry in Ukraine (like in the leading EU countries) specializes in manufacturing of final consumption products, which share in the output is more than 60%. However, despite such specialization, nearly 90% of the domestic demand for the light industry goods is met by imports.
At the same time, the significant export orientation of textile and other light industry industries given that all the production and consumption segments of these industries in Ukraine have a strong import dependence indicates a high share of tolling operations in the Ukrainian exports. The development of the Ukrainian light industry is hampered by the following key problems: high dependence on imported raw materials, supplies and components; low price competitiveness of home-made goods on the domestic market; the reliance of a large part of domestic companies in the industry on consumer-supplied raw materials. Hence, the priority of the government’s industrial policy for the light industry development is to restore (and further increase) raw materials supplies for textile and other domestic industries. The second objective is to create competitive conditions on the domestic market for the light industry by eliminating the shadow turnover in this segment. The third objective is to reduce the commodity exports, along with increasing exports of high quality products with a high share of value added.
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Rudykh, Lilia, and Olga Shilova. "Analysis of the socio-economic indicators of the Irkutsk region, Buryatia, and the Far East in 2016-2017: investments and prospects." MATEC Web of Conferences 212 (2018): 08014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201821208014.
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Socio-economic indicators of the Irkutsk region, Buryatia and the Far East, dynamics of their development in 2016-2017, and problems and prospects are considered in this paper. Today, the priority for the regions of Siberia and the Far East, which possess unique natural resources and a vast territory, is the complex task of increasing the living standard of the population and launching a new economic strategy. The Irkutsk region is one of the largest industrial regions of Russia. The city of Irkutsk was formed as an administrative, commercial and cultural-educational center. Currently, it is home to more than 50% of the urban population of the Irkutsk region. Some enterprises of the city have a machine-building profile. The production of food (more than 45% of the total volume), the construction material, and wood processing also play an important role. External migration has a significant impact on the demographic situation in the region. Most of the migration processes with the crossing of the boundaries of the region take place within Russia. According to statistical data, external migration can be divided as the three main flows of foreign citizens entering the territory of the Irkutsk region: the Central Asian direction (Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Kazakhstan 44.3%); the East Asian direction (China, Mongolia, DPRK, Japan, and Vietnam 30.8%); and the Western direction (Germany, France, and Poland). It should be also noted that 13.9% of all migrants are migrants from Ukraine, Armenia, Belarus, and Moldova, these are mainly young people of working age. The Baikal region is famous in Russia for its natural landscapes: there are more than 1,500 objects of excursion and cognitive significance (natural, architectural, cultural and historical monuments) in the region. The region has a great industrial potential that is of national importance. Several basic complexes and industries compile a modern industrial structure. There are opportunities for further development of the industrial production in the oil and gas industries, diamond mining industry, the production of composite materials, fibers and mineral fertilizers. On the Far East, priority is given today to the raw material economy and the related infrastructure facilities, including the modernization of the Trans-Siberian Railway and the Baikal-Amur Mainline.
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BİL, Erkan, Hande KANDUR, and Senem ERGAN. "New Consumers of the Digital Age: Game Players." PRIZREN SOCIAL SCIENCE JOURNAL 5, no. 3 (December 31, 2021): 9–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.32936/pssj.v5i3.272.
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The game market has become one of the fastest growing industries of the digital age. The availability of internet access from anywhere, the diversification of game platforms, the increase in game options and the increase in application stores especially for mobile devices have accelerated this growth in the sector. The purpose of this study was to determine who the new consumers in the developing game industry are, their various demographics, characteristics and purchasing behaviors. Data which were collected by the survey method from 490 game players who participated in Gamescom, the world's largest game fair held in Cologne, Germany between 20-24 August 2019, were analyzed by descriptive statistics, t-test and one-way anova. As a result of the findings, it has been determined that majority of the participants were female, young adults and students. Almost half of the participants have more than 12 years of gaming experience, play games for an average of 3.76 hours a day and an average of 5.16 days per week, prefer to play at home and on their personal computers the most, majority were core gamers, and the favorite game category was action.
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van Ark, Bart. "Comparative Levels of Labour Productivity in Dutch and British Manufacturing." National Institute Economic Review 131 (February 1990): 71–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002795019013100107.
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‘And coming home, did go on board Sir W. Petty's Experiment—which is a brave roomy vessel—and I hope may do well. So went on shore to a Dutch house to drink some Rum, and there light upon some Dutchmen, with whom we had a good discourse touching Stoveing and making of cables. But to see how despicably they speak of us for our using so many hands more to do anything then they do, they closing a cable with 20 that we use 60 men upon’ (Samuel Pepys' diary for 13 February 1665)This article compares the output per person-hour in 16 branches constituting the total manufacturing sector of the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. The comparatively poor productivity performance of British industry, as documented in previous studies comparing Britain with Germany and the USA, is confirmed in this new comparison with a much smaller economy in the 1980s. The article examines differences in the industrial composition in the manufacturing sectors of the two countries. Part of the productivity gap is accounted for by the stronger concentration of Dutch manufacturing in capital-intensive industries and in the production of semimanufactured goods. However, a bigger slice of the gap must be attributed to factors such as differences in the pace of introducing new technologies in some of the branches, the quality of the labour force and the utilisation of the capital stock. The article also explores the relation between the average size of manufacturing units and the degree of vertical integration.
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Migeed, Ryan. "Trade-Based Solutions for Revitalizing Post-Conflict Economies." Michigan Journal of International Law, no. 44.3 (2023): 445. http://dx.doi.org/10.36642/mjil.44.3.trade.
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International trade improves efficiency in home markets, creates new sources of demand for domestic industries, and boosts worker productivity. However, some types of trade are better than others for reviving the economies of countries emerging from internal or international armed conflicts. This note evaluates existing trade mechanisms that ostensibly help developing countries but fail to actually do so. It ultimately recommends the use of investor-state partnerships over trade-based mechanisms as the appropriate tool for improving the economies of post-conflict states. Part I evaluates a number of these existing trade mechanisms, including preferential trade agreements and the General System of Preferences. Part II raises two problems unique to post-conflict countries that must be factored into any analysis of how to best help their economies: aid dependency and resource dependency. Part III undertakes several historical comparisons to examine the effects of these measures in practice. It offers a set of brief case studies into postwar reconstruction efforts in Germany and Japan after World War II and Iraq after the First Gulf War. Finally, Part IV distills the lessons learned from these inquiries and presents “build-operate-transfer” schemes as the “ideal” way to boost tradable goods sectors in post-conflict countries and ensure that funds used to do so are directed to their purposes effectively and efficiently.
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Bluhm, Katharina. "Reemerged Small-Business Capitalism: The East German Transition Reviewed." German Politics and Society 18, no. 3 (September 1, 2000): 94–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/104503000782486525.
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Research on the enterprise transformation in East Germany after unification has focused mostly on the role of the Treuhandanstalt as the central actor in this process who widely determined its outcomes. David Stark and László Bruszt (1998) even suggest that this top-down model of transformation was rooted in the special institutional past of East German state socialism. They argue that the “Weberian home-land” was characterized by weak social networks among firms in comparison, for example, with firms in Hungary or Czechoslovakia, while the planning system and the industrial organization were extraordinarily centralized and hierarchical. Hence, social networks could easily be destroyed after German unification by market shock and by breaking up large enterprises into manageable pieces by the Treuhandanstalt. Moreover, the former, intact centralized planning system could easily be replaced by another centralized and cohesive administrative apparatus, now backed by the strong West German state.
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Matvieieva, Yuliia. "Modelling and Forecasting Energy Efficiency Impact on the Human Health." Health Economics and Management Review 3, no. 2 (2022): 78–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/hem.2022.2-09.
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Nowadays, one of the main pollutant factors is the inefficient use and breakdown of energy technologies. Improving access to modern energy, which emits less pollution, both at home and in the community could benefit the health of many people. Besides, it could contribute to the long-term goals of sustainable development. Health is a universal indicator of progress towards sustainable energy. Given the issue’s relevance, this article examines the impact of energy on public health. The study’s purpose is to substantiate the prospects for achieving sustainable development and human well-being, which depends on the quality of the environment and could be provided by a carbon-free economy. The methodological basis of the work is general scientific research methods, such as empirical and theoretical methods, as well as systemic and functional methods. This study applied VOSviewer tools, Web of Science and Scopus analysis tools, and Google Trends to conduct a bibliometric analysis of the impact of energy factors on public health. Based on Scopus data, the findings confirmed the hypothesis concerning a growing trend of publications examining the impact of energy factors on human health. In the study framework, the VOSviewer 1.6.18 tools allowed the detection of six clusters of research streams: renewable resources, sustainable development, public, energy policy, energy efficiency, and solar energy. The authors noted that different countries research the impact of energy on public health. These issues are most actively studied in China, the USA, and India. A separate dynamics of the publications were studied for 10 countries leading in the publication activity on the subject. The Google Trends tool has identified public interest in the topic. The interest of business and industry is considered separately. The findings showed that in the first case, the interest is more in the health factor. In turn, businesses and industries pay more attention to developing renewable energy sources. Google Trends analysis of the popularity of the search query «renewable energy» identified Korea, Turkey, Nigeria, Bangladesh, and Germany as leaders in the number of queries. However, the keywords healthy leaders are New Zealand, USA, Canada, Poland, and Australia.
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Kultaieva, Maria. "Homo Digitalis, Digital culture and Digital Education: Explorations of Philosophical Anthropology and of Philosophy of Education." Filosofiya osvity. Philosophy of Education 26, no. 1 (December 25, 2020): 8–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.31874/2309-1606-2020-26-1-1.
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The article presents an analysis of reflections of the Western philosophical anthropology and anthropological oriented philosophy of education upon the digital culture as a new stage of the mass culture development inherited from industrial society. It was done with the aim to show the heuristic potential of the conceptualizations of the digital culture in philosophical anthropology and philosophy of education. The orientation function of the concept “homo digitalis” is unveiled, which is wide-spread using in the West-European, especially in Germany, and in the provocative philosophy of education. The ideal-typically construct of the human as the creation and the creator of the digital culture explains the distinctiveness of the communications in the space of this culture which is represented generally as a visual culture making provocation on purpose making close of the traditional writing culture. There is settling a comparative analyze of human figures created of the different generations of the German philosophical anthropology with accentuating on the semantics of homo digitalis, homo faber and homo creator which are partly complementary. The spatially and temporally characteristics of the digital culture are described, its forms of the communication are explicating in their singularity where the phatic communication predominates and risks of the digital alienation exists. The digital culture changes the self-recognition of the post-industrial societies which need world-view and moral orientation including expertly moral evaluation that is necessary for the prevention of the modernization risks. The pathologies of the digital culture, especially the digital dementia can be observed in the practices of the digital education else, but the blended Learning, if it is rationally organized and adequately administrated available resources, can minimizes those pathologies.
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Sandal-Önal, Elif, Aydın Bayad, Andreas Zick, and N. Ekrem Düzen. "Transnational Influences on Migrant Identities and Social Cohesion: A Study Protocol." Genealogy 6, no. 1 (January 24, 2022): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genealogy6010009.
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This project examines how Turkish postmigrants in Germany position themselves against the influences of the German state’s integration and the Turkish government’s diasporic policies. We argue that the double influx of host and home states lures Turkish postmigrants into an identity trap subjecting their in-between position to exploitation in transnational negotiations. As their own perspective is poorly addressed in literature, this study fills this gap by reference to postmigrants’ standpoint. We hypothesize that the positioning of Turkish postmigrants in Germany is reflected through identity expressions and priority of belongings. We will carry out an exploratory assessment with three work packages. Study 1 will decode the Turkish postmigrant figure addressed by both states. Major media outlets most attended by postmigrants will be analyzed to display the imagined figure. Study 2 will inform the trajectory of the Turkish national identity narrative across important milestones over the migration chronology. A structured archival study will unearth the discursive mutations through political leaders’ speeches. Finally, Study 3 will exclusively confer postmigrants’ viewpoints against both influences. The project consults a conceptual framework in terms of diaspora generating, diaspora shaping, collective nostalgia, and social cohesion to expand on understanding how Turkish postmigrants express their identities and prioritize their belongings across their in-between existence.
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Heywood, John S., and Uwe Jirjahn. "Payment Schemes and Gender in Germany." ILR Review 56, no. 1 (October 2002): 44–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001979390205600103.
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The authors estimate the determinants of five types of variable payment schemes using panel data on German establishments in 1994 and 1996. Women were disproportionately included in schemes based on individual productivity and on profit-sharing, but not in those based on work group productivity. This pattern seems inconsistent with the claim that women are sorted due to their shorter expected tenure. Instead, the authors argue, the critical issue may be that women have a greater need for flexibility between work and home than men do. Collective bargaining coverage and other industrial relations variables are shown to be influential determinants interacting with gender.
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Фомін, А. В. "Power supply of urban residents in nazi occupied Ukraine (between 1941 – 1944)." ВІСНИК СХІДНОУКРАЇНСЬКОГО НАЦІОНАЛЬНОГО УНІВЕРСИТЕТУ імені Володимира Даля, no. 3(259) (February 18, 2020): 99–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.33216/1998-7927-2020-259-3-99-107.
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In this article, from the standpoint of anthropocentrism, social history, the history of everyday life, the problem of energy supply to residents of Ukrainian cities during the years of Nazi occupation is analyzed. Energy in an industrial society is one of the most important sectors of the economy, ensuring the functioning of industry, transport, water supply and sanitation, lighting and heating of homes. It plays a particularly important role in the life of cities, because the city’s infrastructure is the center of population, industry and transport, high-rise buildings, and its normal operation without electricity is impossible. The study reveals the features of the restoration and operation of power plants, street lighting in cities, the cost of electricity, its availability for different groups of the urban population. Aspects of the functioning of urban electric vehicles are also discussed in the article. It is proven that the lack of electricity was felt throughout the entire period of occupation. Its absence restrained the restoration of communal services. Electricity was used primarily by German military units, Volksdeutsche, enterprises and official institutions. The methods of lighting and heating homes that were used by citizens during the years of occupation are considered. In the most difficult period in the winter of 1942, the local population was completely deprived of the right to use electricity at home. Violent measures (up to the execution) were threatened for violation of the order. The reverse situation was observed among the Wehrmacht soldiers who did not save electricity. In general, energy supply could not meet the needs of either the civilian population or industry, especially in the cold periods of the year. The reasons for this situation were the Soviet scorched earth tactics, the evacuation of all resources to the east of the USSR, the Reich’s policy of looting and removal of electrical equipment, the lack of fuel and the general energy crisis in Germany as a result of the failure of the blitzkrieg. In their turn, the Nazis themselves, when retreating, also resorted to scorched earth tactics, which, along with heavy fighting and moving of the front line, completely deprived the population of electricity at the final stage of occupation and the Soviet-German war.
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Kim, Nam-wook. "Response to Climate Crisis and the Role of Public Law." National Public Law Review 19, no. 4 (November 30, 2023): 1–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.46751/nplak.2023.19.4.1.
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The state and local governments are implementing emissions trading systems and carbon neutral policies to reduce greenhouse gases. Nevertheless, the Earth is facing a climate crisis due to the increase in greenhouse gases generated from energy generation, steel and chemical industries, energy in the home and transportation, industrial processes such as cement, agriculture, and waste. The number of cases of youth and future generations filing climate lawsuits in the Constitutional Court and courts regarding the climate crisis is increasing, and the issue of guaranteeing basic climate rights under the Constitution is becoming a social issue.
Therefore, a public legal response is urgently needed so that the state and local governments can protect the lives, bodies, and property of citizens in order to respond to the climate crisis and achieve sustainable development, and guarantee the right of current and future generations to live in a pleasant environment.
In this paper, after examining the concept of climate crisis and Korea's climate crisis response legislation, we review legislative precedents and precedents in the United States, United Kingdom, Germany, and France to find implications for Korea. In addition, the provisions on climate crisis response are stipulated in the Constitution, guaranteeing basic climate rights to protect against damage caused by climate change, the role of the Climate Crisis Response Act, climate crisis response and cooperation through cooperative climate governance, and the freedom of the current generation to respond to the climate crisis. We review the role of public law by discussing emergency declarations and public law issues in response to the crisis of climate change, guaranteeing future generations' temporal climate crisis protection rights, and protecting future generations.
For climate protection and response to the climate crisis, the Constitution should specify climate change reduction goals, basic climate rights, and cooperative measures to respond to the climate crisis, and legislatively consider the “urgent need” of the climate crisis beyond the concept of climate protection. In addition, in order to ensure equity and fairness due to infringement of basic rights related to the climate crisis, basic climate rights should be guaranteed under the constitution as well as legislative, scientific, and judicial responsibilities. In addition, the Climate Crisis Response Act should be enacted on necessary measures to make the climate crisis effective by public law. The Climate Crisis Response Act shall be guided and complementary in relation to the Building Act, the National Territory Planning Act, the Economic Act, the Disaster Safety Act, etc., and shall prescribe clear legal responsibility and due process for the climate crisis. In addition, climate crisis response requires cooperation by establishing climate governance between the state and local governments, between local governments, and between countries, so climate change reduction technologies and climate crisis response strategies should be shared, and legal countermeasures should be prepared in cooperation with each other. In addition, in order to reasonably allocate the cost burden of the climate crisis, the right to protect the temporal climate crisis should be clearly established legally and systematically to lead a life in a comfortable environment in accordance with the principle of equity and proportionality for current and future generations. The state or local government's climate emergency declaration and emergency plans on climate change crises and risks, administrative measures under executive orders, scientific predictions of climate crises and improve the vulnerability of disasters, and the role and legal responsibility of responding to climate crises should be considered in public law.
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Weyerer, Siegfried, Heinz Häfner, Anthony H. Mann, David Ames, and Nori Graham. "Prevalence and Course of Depression Among Elderly Residential Home Admissions in Mannheim and Camden, London." International Psychogeriatrics 7, no. 4 (December 1995): 479–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610295002225.
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A longitudinal study based on consecutive admissions to all residential homes for the elderly was conducted in the industrial city of Mannheim (Germany) and in the London borough of Camden (England). Inclusion criteria were that the elderly persons (65 years old and older) came directly from their own home or, if transferred from a hospital, had been there for less than 3 months. At each site, 60 home residents were interviewed at admission and 3 months and 8 months later. Depression and dementia were assessed with the aid of the Brief Assessment Scale. The prevalence of depression (Mannheim: 34.6%; Camden: 47.9%) was already high at admission and did not change significantly over time. Residents in Camden were more demented and more impaired in their activities of daily living at the time of admission, and the percentage of those who died or were transferred to a hospital or nursing home within 8 months thereafter was higher in Camden (30%) than in Mannheim (5%). Multiple regression analysis revealed that, in both study areas, depression at baseline was the best predictor for depression 3 months and 8 months later. This relationship was particularly strong in Camden, where a high percentage of the depressed at admission showed a chronic course of illness. Sex, age, home visits, social isolation, activities of daily living, cognitive impairment, and somatic symptoms at the time of admission were not significantly associated with depression 3 months later. Eight months after admission, a similar pattern was found in Mannheim. In Camden, however, in addition to depression, a lack of home visits by relatives and friends, and somatic symptoms at baseline, were significant predictors of depression 8 months after admission.
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Trebilcock, Anne. "Challenges in Germanys Implementation of the ILO Decent Work for Domestic Workers Convention." International Journal of Comparative Labour Law and Industrial Relations 34, Issue 2 (May 1, 2018): 149–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/ijcl2018007.
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Germany faces several challenges in fully applying the Decent Work for Domestic Workers Convention, 2011 (No. 189), in force for it since 2014. This article examines the situation in the light of (1) the Government’s assertion that ratification did not entail any need for legislative change; (2) domestic work in the context of the country’s overall demographic and labour market context, along with recommendations of a Government-appointed panel of experts on gender equality, and (3) the 2017 direct request to Germany concerning implementation of the Convention, made by the International Labour Organization (ILO) Committee of Experts on the Application of Conventions and Recommendations. The article argues that although much – but not all – of German labour law already applies to domestic workers on an equal footing with other workers, the Government still needs to take a number of steps to apply the Convention in full. The Government’s blanket exemption of ‘live-ins’ from the Convention’s scope concerns primarily those who come from Central and Eastern European countries, under various legal constructs, to care for older persons at home without maximum hours protection. The country’s exclusion of all domestic workers from the main health and safety laws is also problematic, as are some constraints on access to justice. In addition, the widespread phenomenon of undeclared paid domestic work calls for strengthened enforcement of existing legislation. Addressing these and other issues will be important not only for improving the lot of domestic workers in Germany, in line with the Convention, but also for ensuring sustainable quality care provision in a rapidly aging society while promoting greater labour market participation for women.
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Dulatov, Berik. "Historical Episodes of the Repatriation of Former Citizens of the Austro-Hungarian Empire from the Volga Region and Siberia in the 1920s." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, no. 5 (October 2019): 148–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2019.5.11.
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Introduction. The subject of this study is the organization of the repatriation process of former prisoners of war of the Austro-Hungarian and German armies from the regions of Siberia and the Volga region. Methods and materials. The methodological basis of this work consists of such basic principles of scientific and historical knowledge as objectivity and historicism, systematic and specific presentation of the material, as well as the value approach used in scientific research. The historical sources are theoretical scientific works of European and Russian scientists concerning various aspects of the history of prisoners of war in Russia. Analysis. The author explores the issues related to the return to the historical homeland mainly of the Czechs and Slovaks, however, due to the peculiarities of the archival documents that have been preserved, there is information about Austrians, Germans, Hungarians and representatives of other nationalities. The author establishes some personal data of citizens of foreign countries who lived in the territory of Tsaritsyn and Tobolsk provinces in the early 1920s, who had the desire to go to their historic homeland. In addition, on the basis of circulars and orders of the relevant authorities (Plenbezh, evacuation services), the author analyzes how the process of sending home Czechs, Slovaks, Hungarians, etc. was organized. In addition, there is information about how the process of registration of foreign subjects of the near and far abroad took place. The author makes an attempt to provide informative data on the life and activities of former citizens of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, their ethnicity, family status, professional employment, circumstances of arrival in Russia, previous residence at home and the actual address of residence in the region. Results. The process of repatriation of former prisoners of war of the Austro-Hungarian and German empires was delayed until 1924. It should also be noted that a certain percentage of these citizens remained in the new Soviet state. The difficulty in the process of returning to their historic homeland was the general confusion caused by the war and the change of the government, poor registration of prisoners of war, as well as the interest of state bodies in using this category of people as labor force in country’s industrial and agricultural enterprises.
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Wüst, Wolfgang. "Acquisition – Digitization - Edition: Reflections on the Premodern "Policey" Corpus." Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal 9, no. 10 (October 19, 2022): 176–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.910.13272.
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The rapid progress in the digitization of early modern sources on an international level in recent decades has fundamentally improved the conditions for historical research. Whereas expensive and time-consuming archival and library studies used to limit the scope of some research projects, long-term editorial projects can now increasingly be tackled from the comfort of one's home. This also applies to the source genre of the “good” Policey. How did it come into being? In the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation and its regions, institutions and chancelleries, councils and rulers relied on a form of conveying general standards of value that had been drafted in ancient times, was born in the Middle Ages and matured in the early modern period. This legislation was comprehensively designed before the nation-building of the 19th century. As early modern Policey, it was divided into “ordinationes speciales”, “imperiales” and “provinciales”. (1) The first group included dress and luxury ordinances; church and Sunday protection; bans for beer, wine and spirits; hunting, building, market, inn, health, mourning or marriage regulations as well as gambling and lottery bans. (2) The second group consisted of provincial and imperial ordinances, and (3) the third category included territorial, town, market, forest and village ordinances. Edition projects, such as those presented for the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg in southern Germany, are increasingly, but by no means exclusively, based on digitized Policey specifications.
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Hutchinson, Braden P. L. "Making (Anti)Modern Childhood: Producing and Consuming Toys in Late Victorian Canada." Scientia Canadensis 36, no. 1 (June 26, 2014): 79–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1025790ar.
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Prior to the First World War much of Canada’s toy supply came from Germany. When the guns of August sounded in 1914, Canadian consumers found themselves in the midst of a shortage of mass produced toys, dubbed the ‘toy famine’ in the popular press. Two incompatible solutions ultimately arose to deal with this problem of consumer demand and industrial supply. Middle class women, drawing on their work over the preceding decades distributing and producing toys for philanthropic means and the discourse of the conditioned child, turned to craft production using the labour of returned soldiers to refurbish second hand playthings and produce new ones as artisans. Canadian manufacturers, with the support of the state, pursued a policy designed to industrialize toy production in Canada for competition at home and abroad. In some cases, one group openly resisted the efforts of the other. Ultimately, these two visions made possible a debate about modernity and the role of industrial technology in Canadian family life and consumer culture.
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Rae, Ian D. "Indigo Dreaming." Australian Journal of Chemistry 67, no. 9 (2014): 1146. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch14102.
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An Australian chemist who worked in Britain’s munitions industry during World War I returned home nursing the ambition to break a German monopoly and establish the manufacture of synthetic indigo in Australia. Although he mastered the chemistry, municipal concerns about industrial pollution by sulfur dioxide fumes emitted during the oxidation of naphthalene thwarted his attempt to site a factory, and he was never able to attract sufficient financial backing. As an organic chemist trained by Roger Brown, and for many years his friend and colleague, I dedicate this story to the master, who also left some dreams unrealised.
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White, Jay. "The Homes Front." Articles 20, no. 3 (November 6, 2013): 117–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1019268ar.
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No city in Canada was closer to the front lines of battle in 1942 than Halifax, Nova Scotia. But Halifax, like the rest of the country, was unprepared for a long war and the city struggled to cope with the heavy demand placed on her housing stock and municipal services. In one respect, Halifax was ready: the massive federal investment in new piers and rail facilities, begun before the First World War, enabled the port to accommodate huge British battleships and passenger liners converted into troopships. Her commodious harbour provided safe haven from German U-boats to hundreds of Allied merchantmen. But on the domestic front, Halifax could not even begin to manage the effects of a 10% rise in population in less than two years. Few industrial jobs, limited housing construction, a very high transient population, and a reluctance on the part of the federal government to accept responsibility for local problems all contributed to Halifax having a "rather uncomfortable rail seat at the spectacle of war." — Quotation from "Gateway to the World", film produced by the Nova Scotia Department of Industry and Publicity, 1946.
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Harzing, Anne‐Wil. "An analysis of the functions of international transfer of managers in MNCs." Employee Relations 23, no. 6 (December 1, 2001): 581–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/01425450110409248.
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Aims to get a clearer picture of why multinational companies (MNCs) send out expatriates. Identifies three organisational functions of international transfers: position filling, management development and coordination and control. Based on an empirical study with results from 212 subsidiaries of MNCs from nine different home countries, located in 22 different host countries, shows that the importance that is attached to these functions differs between subsidiaries in MNCs from different home countries, between subsidiaries in different host regions and in addition varies with the level of cultural difference. Sees position filling as most important for subsidiaries of US and British MNCs and in the Latin American and Far Eastern regions. Sees management development as most important for subsidiaries of German, Swiss and Dutch MNCs and as tending to occur more in Anglo‐Saxon countries than in the Far Eastern region. Transfers for coordination and control seem to be most important for subsidiaries of German and Japanese MNCs and in host countries that are culturally distant from headquarters. Argues that these differences might have important consequences for expatriate management.
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Pransky, Joanne. "The Pransky interview – Martin Haegele, Head of Department Robotics and Assistive Systems, Fraunhofer IPA." Industrial Robot: An International Journal 45, no. 3 (May 21, 2018): 307–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ir-04-2018-0060.
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Purpose The following paper is a “Q&A interview” conducted by Joanne Pransky of Industrial Robot Journal as a method to impart the combined technological, business and personal experience of a prominent, robotic industry engineer-turned successful innovator and leader, regarding the challenges of bringing technological discoveries to fruition. This paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach The interviewee is Martin Haegele, a renowned expert in industrial and service robot applications, technologies and markets. He is Division Director “Intelligent Automation and Clean Manufacturing” and Head of the department “Robot and Assistive Systems” at the Fraunhofer Institute for Manufacturing Engineering and Automation (Fraunhofer IPA). In this interview, Haegele details some of the robotics projects he led and provides his outlook on the European robotics industry. Findings Haegele received a Dipl.-Ing. in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Stuttgart in 1989 and a Master of Science in Mechanical Engineering from George Washington University, Washington DC in 1989. Haegele has led the Robot Systems Department at the Fraunhofer Institute for Manufacturing Engineering and Automation IPA in Stuttgart, Germany since 1993, and is a member of the Fraunhofer IPA Board. Originality/value Inspired by the book Robotics in Service written by Joseph Engelberger in 1989, Haegele spearheaded ground-breaking applications in the service robot industry. He led a German study on the market potentials and challenges of service robots. He was the project leader and supervisor of numerous service robot developments including a fuel-refilling robot resulting in a fully operational gas station and several generations of mobile robots developed for museums, shopping centers and home applications. Haegele coordinated many publicly funded research projects to develop robot technologies for industrial and service applications. He was coordinator of two large-scale European initiatives (SMErobot and SMErobotics) for the creation of technologies and a new family of robots suitable for small and medium-sized enterprises. He has published more than 80 papers and book chapters and holds four patents. He is a 2007 recipient of the prestigious Joseph Engelberger Award. Furthermore, Haegele is active in the International Federation of Robotics and the euRobotics association.
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Eickemeyer, Steffen C., Jan Busch, Chia-Te Liu, and Sonia Lippke. "Acting Instead of Reacting—Ensuring Employee Retention during Successful Introduction of i4.0." Applied System Innovation 4, no. 4 (November 29, 2021): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/asi4040097.
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The increasing implementation of digital technologies has various positive impacts on companies. However, many companies often rush into such an implementation of technological trends without sufficient preparation and pay insufficient attention to the human factors involved in digitization. This phenomenon can be exacerbated when these technologies become highly dependent, as during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aims to better understand challenges and to propose solutions for a successful implementation of digitized technology. A literature review is combined with survey results and specific consulting strategies. Data from the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany were collected by means of an online survey, with a representative sample of the German population. However, we did not reveal any correlation between home office and suffering, mental health, and physical health (indicators of digitization usage to cope with COVID-19 pandemic), but rather that younger workers are more prone to using digitized technology. Based on previous findings that older individuals tend to have negative attitudes toward digital transformation, appropriate countermeasures are needed to help them become more tech-savvy. Accordingly, a software tool is proposed. The tool can help the management team to manage digitization efficiently. Employee well-being can be increased as companies are made aware of necessary measures such as training for individuals and groups at an early stage.
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Mikler, John J. "Varieties of Capitalism and the Auto Industry's Environmental Initiatives: National Institutional Explanations for Firms' Motivations." Business and Politics 9, no. 1 (April 2007): 1–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1469-3569.1166.
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The auto industry is usually considered to be a global industry. Yet the majority of passenger cars are still manufactured and sold in industrialised states where its largest firms are headquartered. The central claim made is that despite the auto industry being comprised of multinational corporations, there are clear national differences in the motivations firms cite for environmental initiatives. US firms are more focused on traditional material factors, especially market forces. However, German and Japanese firms are more focused on social concerns and internally-driven strategies. They have more normative, non-market rationales for their environmental initiatives. By analysing what firms themselves say motivates them to improve the environmental performance of their products, via a qualitative analysis of recent environmental reports by German, US and Japanese firms, as well as interviews conducted with key personnel, the conclusion reached is as follows. While the question of ‘greenwashing’ versus real commitment to reduce the environmental impact of the industry's products remains relevant, the institutional basis of capitalist relations in their home state (i.e. their home state's variety of capitalism) suggests different nationally appropriate and conducive paths to environmental commitments.
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Nienhaus, Albert, and Stephanie Schneider. "COVID-19 als Berufskrankheit und Arbeitsunfall – Analyse der gemeldeten und anerkannten Fälle der Deutschen Gesetzlichen Unfallversicherung." ASU Arbeitsmedizin Sozialmedizin Umweltmedizin 2022, no. 03 (February 25, 2022): 170–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.17147/asu-1-174372.
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COVID-19 as an occupational disease and work-related accident – Analysis of reported and recognised cases handled by German Social Accident Insurance (DGUV) Objectives: This article analyses the number of cases of occupational disease (OD) and work-related accidents in connection with COVID-19 reported to all accident insurance funds (UVT) in Germany and duly recognised as claims. Methods: The analysis covers data from a special survey of the German Social Accident Insurance (DGUV), the umbrella association of the accident insurance institutions for the industrial and public sectors (the BGs and the public-sector accident insurers respectively), and routine data from the social accident insurance provider for the health and welfare sector (BGW). In the case of the BGW data, we present the COVID-19 cases per 1,000 full-time equivalents (FTE) separated by sector. Results: Since the beginning of the pandemic, the UVT have registered 202,945 cases related to COVID-19 and recognised 121,027 of these as insurance claims. Most reports related to an OD (83.3 %). The most affected UVT is the BGW, with 59.7 % of all reported cases. On average, 24.05 OD per 1,000 FTE were reported to the BGW. Clinics and nursing homes had the highest rates (53.9 and 46.7 OD per 1,000 FTE). Nursing and kindergarten jobs, typically held by women, accounted for 77 % of reports to the BGW. Nurses accounted for 71.2 % of insured persons treated in hospital and 44.8 % of deaths. Conclusion: The number of reported cases of COVID-19 recognised as insurance claims is high. The UVT are affected to varying degrees. The BGW is the most affected. The infection risk for nurses, a predominantly female job, is particularly high. Provision and compensation for insured persons will continue to be a major challenge over the next few years due to the potential long-term adverse effects of COVID-19. Keywords: COVID-19 – health protection – occupational disease – work-related accident
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Edele, Mark. "“What Are We Fighting for?” Loyalty in the Soviet War Effort, 1941–1945." International Labor and Working-Class History 84 (2013): 248–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547913000288.
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When, beginning on June 22, 1941, German forces sliced through Soviet defenses, Soviet citizens severed their ties with the Stalinist state. In the Western Borderlands, annexed in 1939–1940 as a result of the Hitler-Stalin pact, locals welcomed the invaders with bread and salt as liberators from the Bolshevik yoke. Red Army men hailing from these regions left their posts and went home. Soldiers from the pre-1939 Soviet territories stationed in Ukraine deserted, too, reasoning that the Bolsheviks had “sucked our blood for twenty-five years, enough already!” A group of two hundred soldiers, including an outspoken Siberian, “decided to force our way back, at all cost, toward the Germans.” When army commissars tried to stop them, “[w]e killed them and moved on.” Further East, collective farmers in the pre-1939 territories greeted the German “liberators” in some localities, while displaying a “wait-and-see” attitude in others. One day after the start of the war an inhabitant of Leningrad region reacted to the news of his mobilization by threatening the official bearing the news with a revolver, exclaiming “I will not fight for Soviet Power, I will fight for Hitler!” Urban dwellers rejoiced at the arrival of the long-awaited apocalypse, believing that “the fascists kill Jews and Communists, but don't touch Russians.” As Moscow descended into panic in October 1941, crowds stopped functionaries leaving the city, pulled them out of their cars, assaulted them, and scattered the contents of their luggage on the ground. “Beat the Jews,” yelled the crowd, and protesting their non-Jewishness did not help the victims; to the mob, “Jew” and “functionary” were one and the same. On October 19, workers struck in Ivanovo, an industrial center with a long tradition of militancy. Excited by the spectacle of the advancing Germans and the apparent inability of the Stalinist leadership to stop them, rioters destroyed administrative and Party buildings and beat up state and Party activists, including the first secretary of the region. They demanded “Soviets without communists,” while discussing seriously whether life would be better under Hitler or Stalin. Meanwhile, back at the frontline, where news of the “massive beating up of Jews” in Moscow quickly spread, the state's enforcement agencies arrested soldiers voicing their discontent. They also ensured that both the confused and the hostile would fight. By October 10, People's Commissariat Internal Affairs (NKVD) forces had detained 657,364 soldiers separated from their units. The majority were returned to the front and thrown back into battle; 25,878 were arrested, 10,201 of them shot.
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Jansing, Paul J., Audry Morrison, Travis W. Heggie, and Thomas Küpper. "Tropical infections as occupational diseases – labor inspectorate physicians’ aspects of a complex problem." Health Promotion & Physical Activity 15, no. 2 (July 21, 2021): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.0505.
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<p><b>Background: </b>Occupational physicians work directly with individual employees regarding diseases that has been caused or exacerbated by workplace factors. However, employees are increasingly required to travel for their work, including to tropical countries where they risk exposure to diseases they would not normally encounter at home (i.e., malaria). Such disease/s may also take days to months to incubate before becoming symptomatic, even after their return home, thus delaying and complicating the diagnosis. Proving this was an occupational disease with respective sick leave entitlement or compensation can be challenging. There is a lack of data concerning occupational diseases caused by tropical infections. <p> <b>Material and methods: </b>Employee case records for the period 2003-2008 from the State Institute for Occupational Health and Safety of North-Rhine Westphalia in Germany were analysed and assessed within Germany’s regulatory framework. These records included Germany’s largest industrial zone.<p> <b>Results: </b>From 2003-2008the suspected cases of “tropical diseases and typhus”, categorized as occupational disease “Bk 3104” in Germany, have decreased significantly. A high percentage of the suspected cases was accepted as occupational disease, but persistent or permanent sequelae which conferred an entitlement to compensation were rare. <p><b>Conclusion: </b> There is scope to improve diagnosis and acceptance of tropical diseases as occupational diseases. The most important diseases reported were malaria, amoebiasis, and dengue fever. Comprehensive pre-travel advice and post-travel follow-ups by physicians trained in travel and occupational health medicine should be mandatory. Data indicate that there is a lack of knowledge on how to prevent infectious disease abroad.
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Despot, Katerina, and Vaska Sandeva. "The Influence of German Modernism in Macedonia." International Journal of Art and Design 1, no. 1 (June 2024): 39–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.69648/ybbw9228.
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German Modernism is characterized by minimalist design and the use of functional materials such as steel, glass and concrete. The elements have a simple layout to provide a sense of spatial design. Simplicity and functionality of objects make them the center of attention, while the use of light and shapes creates a dramatic atmosphere. German Modernism has a great influence on interiors and furniture through use of minimalist and functional designs. Representatives of this style category were known for using simple forms and quality materials with a focus on functionality and ergonomics. German Modernism has a deep connection with industrial design practice, resulting in placement of objects from mass production in the interior to bring high quality and elegance. of the simple design. This style fits well with the modern culture and the modern trends in design in Macedonia which makes it very acceptable and popular in many homes and offices today.
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Baurina, S. B., and E. O. Savchenko. "Current technological trends In the development of machine-tool Construction in Russia." Vestnik of the Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, no. 2 (April 22, 2019): 81–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.21686/2413-2829-2019-2-81-92.
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As machine-tool construction is considered to be an indicator of mechanical engineering development and progress of this industry can show the development of the country industrial potential, the topic of the article could be of great academic interest. The goal of the article is to study current technological trends of developing machine-tool construction in Russia. The authors provide information about industrial output on the market of machine-tool construction; characterize today’s level of technological, social and economic development in machine-tool construction of the country, identify system problems and specific features of Russian machine-tool construction, such as institutional conditions, home demand, access to technologies, etc. Apart from that the article shows reasons for the low level of innovation activity among manufacturers of machines and equipment, provides information about the latest projects of Russian enterprises of the industry, compares machine-tool construction in different countries, such as China, Japan, Germany, the US and Russia. Priorities of state policy in the field of machine-tool construction in Russia were identified: toguarantee leading positions for Russian companies on home market, ensure technological security. The authors showed priority lines in technological development of machine-tool construction in the Russian Federation for the future, for instance, introduction of product and technological innovation, development of competences in manufacturing competitive spare parts and tools on the territory of the Russian Federation, promotion of organizational innovation in respect of upgrading production automation (roboto-technique and the internet of things). Materials of the article can have practical importance for executives and experts of companies for the developjment of strategies and making reviews and reports and for state bodies to work out recommendations dealing with industrial policy of the Russian Federation.
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Aziz, Abdul. "Firm Level Decisions and Human Resource Development in an Islamic Economy." American Journal of Islam and Society 10, no. 2 (July 1, 1993): 201–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v10i2.2507.
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Japan and Germany were totally destroyed during the Second WorldWar. Their industrial complexes lay in ruins after the devastating Alliedair bombardments. Both countries emerged from the war under Allied occupationand with almost all of their manufacturing facilities and infrastructures,such as transportation and telecommunications, paralyzed. Apicture of war-ravaged Japan appeared in the Nippon Times of 23September 1946:In Tokyo, 70 percent of the area of the city was destroyed, inOsaka 80, in Nagoya 90. Transportation was limited to crowded,creaky trains, hand-pulled two-wheel 'rear cam' designed to beattached to bicycles and ox carts. At war's end, in all of Japanthere were only 41,000 motor vehicles, half of them inoperableand almost all the rest powered by charcoal fumes. There wereno street lights at night and very few house lights.Germany's infrastructure suffered a similar fate:The condition of Germany at the end of World War II was desperate.The country seemed to be one vast rubble dump. Theeconomy was in ruins; factories, railroads, ports, and canals hadbeen destroyed; and many millions had-lost their homes. Many ...
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Pastore, Jose. "Industrial Relocation and Labour Relations: The Case of Central and Eastern Europe." International Journal of Comparative Labour Law and Industrial Relations 23, Issue 1 (March 1, 2007): 35–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/ijcl2007003.
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Industrial relocation is one of the main concerns of industrial relations practitioners, policy-makers, union leaders and researchers in general. For many companies the critical choice is no longer between producing at home or abroad, but rather between cutting costs or losing market share. One of the ways to increase competitiveness is to move east. By facilitating company relocation, the Central and Eastern European countries are guaranteeing the future of companies facing competition in Germany, France, Italy, and other European countries. But relocation often involves the loss of jobs in the country of origin and job creation in the countries of destination as well as many changes in industrial relations practice of both sides. This paper focuses on the impact of the integration of eight former communist countries in the European Union in 2004. Data for 2004-2006 show that differences in terms of salaries and working conditions are related to changes in the industrial relations systems of Western Europe on the one hand, and Central and Eastern Europe on the other. The eastern countries are growing fast, but a high rate of unemployment has led to frustration and dissatisfaction in most of the new Member States. In the Western countries, to avoid further company relocation to the eastern countries, pressure has been exerted on employees to make deep concessions in terms of salaries, bonuses, working time and other labour conditions. The paper explores the future prospects for these developments, as well as their repercussions for other emerging nations.
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Pilz, W. D., B. Schulz-Forberg, H. Keller, and C. Langenbach. "The need for a statutory base to establish modern safety directives." Technische Sicherheit 9, no. 03 (2019): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.37544/2191-0073-2019-03-21.
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German engineering services are perceived worldwide as „Made in Germany“. This stands for the quality and safety of industrial products from Germany. The markets of the world expect: Innovative technology, adequate service life, unrestricted usability, reliability, economic availability and technical safety in operation. On the one hand, market expectations demand a targeted application of engineering and on the other hand emphasize that the state must not limit itself to rulemaking and the threat of punishment. It should set standards and structures as required and at the same time ensure their fulfillment and compliance through active action. Giving more of this governmental task to the private sector or the economy is a political will, but the necessary balance between state implementation and guarantee responsibility must be maintained. Spectacular major accidents, as well as recurring incidents and accidents, always require a critical review of safety practices and methods. Unfortunately, safety technology itself does not constitute an independent specialist discipline. Rather, security issues are addressed specifically and sometimes differently in the legal areas and the associated disciplines such as construction, electrical engineering or mesh construction. The high degree of differentiation that has occurred in specialist disciplines and the contradictory increase in the complexity of innovative systems due to IT elements or hybrid construction methods make it difficult to gain general knowledge from the investigations into the events that have occurred. A closed safety-methodical concept as a valid framework for all disciplines provides the base here and can remedy this situation. For German-speaking countries, the base for this is now „Das Qualitätsmerkmal Technische Sicherheit – Denkansatz und Leitfaden 1)“ – since 2016, for extended space „Technical Safety – An Attribute of Quality – An Interdisciplinary Approach and Guideline2)“ describes this base. Deutsche Ingenieurleistungen werden weltweit unter dem Begriff „Made in Germany“ wahrgenommen. Dieser steht für Qualität und Sicherheit der industriellen Erzeugnisse aus Deutschland. Die Märkte der Welt erwarten: Innovative Technologie, angemessene Lebensdauer, uneingeschränkte Gebrauchstauglichkeit, Zuverlässigkeit, wirtschaftliche Verfügbarkeit und technische Sicherheit im Betrieb. Die Markterwartungen erfordern einerseits eine gezielte Anwendung der Ingenieurwissenschaften und betonen andererseits, dass sich der Staat nicht nur auf die Regelsetzung und die Strafandrohung beschränken darf. Er soll im erforderlichen Maß Normen und Strukturen vorgeben und über aktives Handeln gleichzeitig deren Erfüllung und Einhaltung sicherstellen. Diese staatlichen Aufgaben vermehrt in die Hände privater Einrichtungen bzw. der Wirtschaft zu geben ist zwar politischer Wille, dennoch muss die erforderliche Balance zwischen Durchführungs- und Gewährleistungsverantwortung des Staates eingehalten werden. Spektakuläre Störfälle mit großer öffentlicher Wirkung verlangen genauso wie die immer wieder auftretenden Zwischenfälle und Unfälle stets eine kritische Überprüfung der Vorgehensweisen und Methoden zur Erzeugung von Sicherheit. Leider bildet die Sicherheitstechnik selbst keine eigenständige Fachdisziplin. Vielmehr werden sicherheitstechnische Belange jeweils spezifisch und zum Teil unterschiedlich in den Rechtsbereichen und den zugeordneten Fachdisziplinen wie Bauwesen, Elektrotechnik oder Maschenbau angesprochen. Der hohe Grad der eingetretenen Differenzierung in Fachdisziplinen und die gegenläufige Zunahme der Komplexität innovativer Systeme durch IT-Elemente oder hybride Bauweisen erschwert eine allgemein nutzbare Erkenntnis aus den Untersuchungen zu den aufgetretenen Ereignissen. Ein geschlossenes sicherheitsmethodisches Konzept als gültiger Rahmen für alle Fachdisziplinen liefert hier die Grundlage und kann hier Abhilfe schaffen. Für den deutschsprachigen Raum liegt nun als Grundlage „Das Qualitätsmerkmal Technische Sicherheit – Denkansatz und Leitfaden 1)“ – seit 2016 vor, für den erweiterten Raum beschreibt “Technical Safety – An Attribute of Quality – An Interdisciplinary Approach and Guideline 2)” diese Basis.
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孙, 卓. "An Empirical Study on the Home Country Economic Effects of China’s Direct Investment in Germany—Based on Trade Scale, Technological Progress and Industrial Structure." Finance 09, no. 06 (2019): 603–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.12677/fin.2019.96067.
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Massoc, Elsa. "Banks, power, and political institutions: the divergent priorities of European states towards “too-big-to-fail” banks: The cases of competition in retail banking and the banking structural reform." Business and Politics 22, no. 1 (August 22, 2019): 135–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/bap.2019.18.
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AbstractThis article examines how two dynamics, one global and one domestic, have interacted to shape the politics of banking in Europe. In the aftermath of the 2008 crisis, European governments were subject to renewed structural incentive to promote TBTF banks: in financialized economies, the growth of these banks is perceived as an essential element of a national economy's global competitiveness. Yet, this incentive was subject to enhanced political contention at home. Factions—often led by actors from within the state itself—have opposed governments’ impetus to promote TBTF banks. The specific identity, preferences and resources of these factions are determined by distinctive political institutions and vary across countries. Through the comparative analysis of banking structural reform and banking competition policies in the UK, France and Germany, I argue that varieties of regulatory outcomes are explained by the differentiated institutional capacity of “anti-TBTF” factions to carry weight in policymaking processes across jurisdictions.
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Michael Besser, G., Ronald F. Pfeiffer, and Michael O. Thorner. "ANNIVERSARY REVIEW: 50 years since the discovery of bromocriptine." European Journal of Endocrinology 179, no. 2 (August 2018): R69—R75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/eje-18-0378.
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Ergotism is the long-term ergot poisoning by ingestion of rye or other grains infected with the fungus Claviceps purpurea and more recently by excessive intake of ergot drugs. It has either neuropsychiatric or vascular manifestations. In the Middle Ages, the gangrenous poisoning was known as St. Anthony’s fire, after the order of the Monks of St. Anthony who were particularly skilled at treating the condition. In 1917, Prof. Arthur Stoll returned home to Switzerland from Germany, to lead the development of a new pharmaceutical department at Sandoz Chemical Company. Stoll, using the special methods of extraction learned from his work with his mentor Willstetter, started his industrial research work with ergot. He succeeded in isolating, from the ergot of rye, ergotamine as an active principle of an old popular remedy for excessive post-partum bleeding. The success of this discovery occurred in 1918 and was translated into a pharmaceutical product in 1921 under the trade name Gynergen. In subsequent work, Stoll and his team were leaders in identifying the structure of the many other alkaloids and amines produced by Claviceps purpurea. This was the cultural background and scientific foundation on which bromocriptine was discovered.
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J. Acosta Jiménez, Adrián, and Yolanda García Hernández. "Internationalization at Home and the Development of the Linguistic Skills of Written Expression and Reading Comprehension in Foreign Language Teaching." European Journal of Language and Literature 7, no. 1 (May 15, 2021): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/190cia82o.
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The emergence of COVID19 on the world scene has become a major challenge for the entire society and, in this particular case for the methods used in teaching and learning foreign languages in Higher Education Institutions. Not only teachers but also students have had to suddenly face the need to achieve their linguistic and intercultural academic goals in a totally new environment, characterized by the massive presence of digital and online teaching tools and by a very big lack of motivation in both teachers and students. In this study, we will analyze the relevance of virtual exchange and collaborative learning with foreign students who remain in their home universities and their contribution to improve the skills included in the CEFR. Starting with a case study of foreign language tuition in German and based on qualitative data, we will show the usefulness of internationalization at home as an effective tool for the development not only of linguistic skills, such as the written expression and reading comprehension, but also of the necessary intercultural competence. Furthermore, we will also examine how internationalization at home can be an equally useful tool or teaching practice to foster motivation in foreign language learning and teaching. We will highlight the relevance of teaching practices and resources at a time when teachers and students have had to get used to new teaching practices overnight. Based on the provided data, and due to its pedagogical relevance, we will be ready to conclude that internationalization at home is a practice that has offered an answer to a problem arising after the imposition of the lockdown and consequently should continue to be used at HEIs in the future.
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Комарова, С. В., А. В. Савин, Е. В. Чухачева, and Н. В. Чаркина. "Models of qualitative assessment of educational process management." Management of Education, no. 3(49) (May 15, 2022): 161–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.25726/w1628-3045-4479-w.
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Современное общество специалисты называют постиндустриальным, информационным, а также обществом знаний. Для него характерным является возрастание роли интеллектуального потенциала, знаний. Практика показывает, что страны, производство в которых базируется на высоких технологиях, имеют качественную систему образования. Это подтверждает опыт США, Японии, Великобритании, Германии и других высокоразвитых стран. Проблемы качества образования в России остаются актуальными. Особенно они обострились в условиях глобализации, активного внедрения в производство научно-информационных технологий, которые требуют повышения уровня подготовки специалистов, их адаптации к новым социально-экономическим реалиям. По данным международного исследования «Студенты – образ будущего», проведенного Федеральным Институтом Исследований, на родине хотели бы учиться только 15,5% российских студентов, тогда как, например, среди белорусов данный процент – 34,1%. В то же время среди опрошенных 45,9% желают учиться в университетах Великобритании, 23,8% – в США, 14,9% – в Германии. Experts call modern society a post-industrial, informational, and knowledge society. It is characterized by an increasing role of intellectual potential, knowledge. Practice shows that countries where production is based on high technologies have a high-quality education system. This is confirmed by the experience of the USA, Japan, Great Britain, Germany and other highly developed countries. The problems of the quality of education in Russia remain relevant. They have become especially acute in the context of globalization, the active introduction of scientific and information technologies into production, which require an increase in the level of training of specialists, their adaptation to new socio-economic realities. According to the international study "Students are the Image of the Future" conducted by the Federal Research Institute, only 15.5% of Russian students would like to study at home, whereas, for example, this percentage is 34.1% among Belarusians. At the same time, 45.9% of respondents want to study at universities in the UK, 23.8% – in the USA, 14.9% – in Germany.
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Maines, Rachel P. "Socks at War: American Hand Knitters and Military Footwear Production for the World Wars." Studia Historiae Oeconomicae 37, no. 1 (December 1, 2019): 67–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sho-2019-0005.
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Abstract In both World Wars, combatant nations, including the United States, Britain, and Germany, learned that inadequate or poorly-maintained footwear produced costly and preventable casualties from trench foot and frostbite. While provision of shoes and boots to troops were major issues in earlier conflicts, no nation before World War I had fully appreciated the significance of warm, dry, well-fitting socks to the effectiveness of soldiers in the field. The large numbers of trench foot casualties in World War I, especially among the French and British, convinced policymakers that this vital commodity must receive a higher priority in military production planning, but few nations in wartime could shift production to knitting mills rapidly enough to make a difference. Thus, in Britain and the U.S, the best policy option proved to be recruiting women and children civilians to knit socks by hand for the military in the first war, and for refugees, prisoners and civilians in the second. This paper discusses the economic and military importance of this effort, including the numbers of pairs produced, and the program’s role in supplementing industrial production. The production of this low-technology but crucial item of military apparel is typical of detail-oriented tasks performed by women under conditions of full mobilization for war, in that they have a high impact on battlefield and home front performance and morale, but very low visibility as significant contributions to national defense. Often, both during and after the emergency, these efforts are ridiculed as trivial and/or wasteful. Unlike women pilots or industrial workers, handcrafters of essential supplies are regarded as performing extensions of their domestic roles as makers and caretakers of clothing and food. This was especially true in the U.S. in and after World War II, a wealthy industrialized nation that took pride in its modern - and thoroughly masculinist - military industrial complex.
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Geppert, Mike, and Dirk Matten. "Institutional Influences on Manufacturing Organization in Multinational Corporations: The ‘Cherrypicking’ Approach." Organization Studies 27, no. 4 (November 1, 2005): 491–515. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0170840605059452.
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Research on the multinational corporation (MNC) is increasingly concerned with the alleged evolution of companies towards a more standardized and rationalized global organization. Only recently, this field has been informed by alternative approaches which generate a more differentiated picture and consider the influence of divergent national institutional contexts on the multinational organization. This paper makes a contribution to this debate from a comparative institutionalist perspective by focusing on manufacturing organization within MNCs. It argues that organization structures and processes in MNCs are sector specific and influenced by national institutional features of the home and host countries. Drawing on data from a specific industrial sector, it identifies the crucial role of home country and host country embeddedness in the (re)organization of manufacturing tasks and work systems. The key question is how actors shape the interaction of these institutional pressures and, hence, manufacturing approaches, location choices and work system designs. Research in British and German subsidiaries of three MNCs suggests that, particularly at subsidiary level, MNCs apply a ‘cherrypicking’ strategy of selected use of work system elements, shaped by the host country business system. It is shown that manufacturing strategies of MNCs originating from highly coordinated business systems are highly context specific and difficult (if not impossible) to transfer elsewhere. Moreover, ‘cherrypicking’ strategies in subsidiaries embedded in such contexts turned out to be highly problematic, especially when managers attempt to combine them with group-wide standardizing work systems.
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Shim, Mija, and Chaejeong Kim. "Analysis and Implications of Trends in Lifelong Education Policies at Home and Abroad after COVID-19." Korean Society of Culture and Convergence 44, no. 12 (December 31, 2022): 909–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.33645/cnc.2022.12.44.12.909.
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The purpose of this study is to examine the overall trend of lifelong education after COVID-19 and major policies for lifelong education at home and abroad. we analyzed the cases of core policies and changes in lifelong education in Germany, the United States, the United Kingdom, and Japan. And the purpose of lifelong education in Korea and changes in the COVID situation were analyzed. Based on the research results, some suggestions for revitalizing lifelong education are as follows. First, it is inevitable to establish an online education system and infrastructure to support quality lifelong learning in response to the rapidly changing educational environment. Second, local fence activities for community lifelong education innovation should be activated and a lifelong learning ecosystem based on the network should be established. Third, customized programs for each life cycle emphasized in the lifelong education policy and support for free online education and training programs for the unemployed in preparation for an increase in the unemployment rate are also needed. Fourth, it is necessary to expand and operate public online lifelong learning to bridge the digital informatization gap and participate in lifelong learning for the socially vulnerable.
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Gallagher, Brigid. "Father Victor Braun and the Catholic Church in England and Wales, 1870–1882." Recusant History 28, no. 4 (October 2007): 547–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0034193200011663.
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Nineteenth century London, like many towns and cities in Britain, experienced phenomenal population growth. At the centre of the British Empire, and driven by free trade and industry, it achieved extraordinary wealth, but this wealth was confined to the City and to the West End. East London, however, consisted of ‘an expanse of poverty and wretchedness as appalling as, and in many ways worse than the horrors of the industrial North’. There was clear evidence of the lack of urban planning, as factories were established close to the immense dock buildings constructed near Stratford. Toxic materials such as paint and varnish were produced in large chemical works owned by the German chemist, Rudolf Hersel, as were matches by the firm Bryant and May, and rubber, tar and iron for the building trade by various industrialists. Social historians have viewed the poverty of mid-nineteenth century London's East End as a symbol of urban disintegration in which skilled artisans were reduced to sweated, lowly-paid, labourers. Their homes, built close to the industrial sectors, were erected hastily and cheaply, and lacked proper hygienic and sanitary facilities, so that slum conditions prevailed. Moreover, this housing had to be demolished frequently to make way for new roads and railways, thus creating great hardship for an already destitute people.
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POPOVA, Marina P., and Vladimir A. USKOV. "The Great Patriotic War of 1941–1945 – patriotism: feat and tragedy of the rear." SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC PHENOMENA AND PROCESSES, no. 2 (2020): 113–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/1819-8813-2020-15-2(109)-113-121.
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The purpose of this article is to study the processes that took place in the rear of the Red (Soviet) Army (1941–1945) and the invaders in the temporarily occupied territory of the USSR. They predetermined the course and outcome of the global catastrophe – the Great Patriotic and World War II. The work used methods of content analysis, comparison and research of processes from “themselves”. This made it possible to create a voluminous idea of the patriotic feat and tragedy of the rear of the fighting USSR. The dialectic of the processes that took place is that it was both a feat and a tragedy of the population of the USSR, which, being on the verge of existence, defended its home, homeland and saved the party-state of the CPSU(b)-SSSR. The pragmatic content of this process looks like this: created – destroyed (USSR industrial base); recreated (under the threat of physical destruction by the invaders of the industrial base for the needs of the invaders) – destroyed (the invaders destroyed the industrial base during the retreat); recreated an industrial base on the liberated territory of the USSR. A review of the processes allows us to draw the following conclusions: a) the life of the rear of the USSR of the Great Patriotic War – heroism woven with the worst tragedy; b) the fate and life of the rear (within the indicated borders) – contempt of all norms and laws of humanism; c) the German rear suffered less human losses than the Soviet one during this period; d) the party-state system of the USSR of that period demonstrated a higher mobilization potential for achieving Victory than the state and party systems of opponents of the USSR; e) the main resource of the Victory of the USSR in this war was the historical ability – the readiness of Soviet people to overcome all kinds of disasters.
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Tallack, Douglas. "Siegfried Giedion, Modernism and American Material Culture." Journal of American Studies 28, no. 2 (August 1994): 149–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021875800025433.
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The Swiss architectural critic and historian of technology, Siegfried Giedion, was born in 1893 and died in 1968. Space, Time and Architecture: The Growth of a New Tradition (1941) and Mechanization Takes Command: A Contribution to Anonymous History (1948) are his two most well-known books and both came out of time spent in the United States between 1938 and 1945. World War Two kept Giedion in America though he, unlike many other German-speaking European intellectuals, came home and in 1946 took up a teaching position at the Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich where he later became professor of art history. While in the United States he delivered the Charles Eliot Norton Lectures (1938–39), saw them in print as Space, Time and Architecture, and also completed most of the research in industrial archives and patent offices for Mechanization Takes Command. These two books are an important but, for the past twenty years, a mostly neglected, analysis of American material culture by a European intellectual, whose interests in Modernism included painting — notably Cubism and Constructivism — as well as architecture and planning. The period which saw the publication of Giedion's key works is, itself, an overlooked phase in the trans-Atlantic relationship between Modernism and modernization.
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Nieradko-Iwanicka, Barbara, and Monika Jung. "Mass Occurrences of Millipedes in Times of Global Climate Change." Polish Hyperbaric Research 73, no. 4 (December 1, 2020): 81–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/phr-2020-0025.
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Abstract There had been recorded a rise in global average temperature by 1.5°C since pre-industrial times. It promotes the spread of diseases carried by vectors and mass occurrence of arthropods. Millipede can carry infectious agents, invade homes and farms, cause skin irritation in case of exposure to their excretions.The aim of the study was to find information about mass appearances of millipedes and identify the places and periods where it happens. A systematic review of publications available in online scientific databases and the library of the Medical University of Lublin was performed. As many as 5 reports about mass occurrence of millipede were from Japan, 3 from Brazil, 3 from Australia 2 from Germany and Hungary, and single publications from Romania, Norway, Poland and Madagascar. In Japan the 8-year periodicity of millipede outbreaks was observed. Japan and Australia encounter problems at railway due to these organisms. In other countries they are nuisance to people when they enter their dwellings and pose a burden in farming and gardening therefore mechanical, chemical and biological methods of millipede control are tested. On the other hand millipede help in composting organic waste. In conclusion: global climate change is accompanied by an increase in frequency of mass occurrences of millipedes.
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Guo, Xiaoyang, and Xinzhi Xie. "Planck Formula for Black-body Radiation: Derivation and Applications." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 64 (August 21, 2023): 200–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v64i.11280.
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At the end of the 19th century, German physicist Victor Brooks first proposed black hole radiation. He found that objects emit electromagnetic waves when they are heated. Brooks found that the spectral density of electromagnetic waves is proportional to the temperature of the body, which is called blackbody radiation. The research of blackbody radiation began in the middle of the 19th century, studying radiator and radiation standards to meet the needs of industrial applications. The experimental results show that, especially by interpreting the spectral distribution of Planck's formula, many new physics and concepts have emerged, and many important material concepts, quantum mechanics, quantum theory of solid conductors, induction emission, quantum statistics, etc. have been developed. This study enriches thermodynamics and provides insights into the nature of light. The first aim of this paper is to derive the Planck’s Law using two different methods: one is by following the Planck’s derivation, while the other is by using Planck’s interpretation of his formula. The second aim of this paper is to use the Planck’s Law to derive Wien’s Law and Stefan’s Law.
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Bodnar, T., and M. Yasinskyi. "POSSIBILITY OF INDUSTRIAL AREAS REVITALIZATION IN THE EXAMPLE OF ZAMKOVA STREET IN LVIV, UKRAINE." Vìsnik Nacìonalʹnogo unìversitetu "Lʹvìvsʹka polìtehnìka". Serìâ Arhìtektura 5, no. 2 (November 9, 2023): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/sa2023.02.001.
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Globally, cities have two options for growth: extensive and intensive. The former involves expanding the city's area to accommodate increased development or population. However, this option has significant drawbacks, including longer travel times within the city, loss of arable or recreational land around the city, and the need to construct new infrastructure. As a result, many cities opt for the intensive approach, which maximizes land use efficiency. The topic of revitalization has been under investigation since the mid-20th century, but it is relatively new for Ukraine. As a result, there is a lack of scientific articles that thoroughly explore the subject from all angles. From Ukrainian authors, I want to highlight Hnatiuk L., Melnyk M., Sych O., Levchenko O., Birkentale V. The aim of this article is to examine the global practices of breathing new life into industrial areas. Additionally, it will delve into the history and present state of an industrial area located on Zamkova Street in Lviv. The article seeks to identify the development prospects of the region and provide recommendations and principles for the revitalization of Zamkova Street. We have discovered a few examples of international projects that showcase the importance of experience: KingKros in London, UK, HafenCity in Hamburg, Germany, and Two Kings in Toronto, Canada. As part of our research, we have identified some challenges facing the industrial area on Zamkova Street. Based on our analysis of these challenges and similar projects, we have created a list of principles for revitalization. These include mixed-use buildings, height restrictions, infrastructure development, the idea of a "five-minute city" or "city of short distances," a broad range of housing prices, ample public spaces, new points of attraction, job opportunities close to homes, architecture competitions, preservation of historical buildings, emphasis on pedestrian safety, and the concept of a "sponge city." The issue of industrial areas in Ukrainian cities is complex, but not unique. Many cities have gone through this developmental phase. Fortunately, our cities have an opportunity to draw from successful revitalization experiences. By tailoring these practices to fit each unique situation, we can transform our communities for the better.