Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Industries de défense – France – 1900-1945'
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Dauchelle, Sandrine. "Le réarmement français après la Seconde Guerre Mondiale : le rôle des Etats-Unis dans la reconstruction d'une industrie française d'armement (1945-1958)." Paris 4, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA040076.
Full textThe purpose of this study is to understand in what way the financial, technical and military support of the United States enabled the emergence of the French arms industry into a sovereign player. Due to the destruction of the major part of its military capacity, France depended on the United States for its supply in weaponry. At the same time as the United States was the main provider of arms to the French army, it was also nurturing the renewal of the French arms industry through a policy of important “offshore procurement". Between 1945 and 1958, France received a considerable amount of financial aid from the United States, it was also the recipient of an even bigger quantity of end items. The military aid was impressive. In consequence, it is questionable that the French arms industry, ailing after the haemorrhaging of WWII, would have been able to rebuild itself without foreign help. Therefore, several questions spring forth: why did the United-States decide to help France at the time? What were the bilateral agreements which helped France reconstitute its arms industry? What form did this aid evolve into? How important is it? Did it alter the course of France? There is also the technical aspect of the problem as well as the possible impact of the missions of productivity
Huwart, Olivier. "Une filière méconnue de transfert de technologie : l'apport allemand à l'industrie française d'armement après 1945." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003IEPP0038.
Full textTrémoureux, Carl. "La Première Guerre mondiale, l'artillerie et l'industrialisation de la guerre." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022SORUL059.
Full textBefore the outbreak of the militarily clash, the Artillery was equipped in accordance with a doctrine ill-suited to recent conflicts and technical possibilities. When the imagined short war turns into a long war offering the possibility of adapting armaments and requiring massive consumption of projectiles, the governance of the production function enters into crisis. A change in mental patterns is needed. The establishment of an Under-Secretary of State for Artillery and Ammunition is a first step in this transformation. Albert Thomas adapts the governance of the production function of artillery equipment by setting up a program of needs, manufacturing and production factors, an industrial policy, as well as steering and control instruments. This new governance constitutes the heart of the governmental activity of steering the war economy, but the latter is not limited to this: it also includes the administration of all the nation's resources, whether labour, raw materials, energy, transportation or innovation capabilities. In the context of wartime parliamentarianism, it can be said that the realization of the idea of an industrial war gradually leads the country to establish a new political and economic regime. In parallel with this evolution, companies are adapting their operating methods to produce in large series; Armies are industrializing their destruction, protection, logistics and force restoration functions
Alonzo, Anne. "La guerre est déclarée ! : La mobilisation industrielle à Toulouse pendant la Première Guerre mondiale." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020SORUL062.
Full textBetween 1914 and 1918, the implementation of industrial mobilization decreed by the Union sacrée's government profoundly transformed Toulouse. While the city remained less economically modernized in the 19th century, significant public investments devoted to the production of military equipment accelerated the development of its industry. Population faced difficulties, however, due to labor requisitions, shortages and rising prices. Unlike Germany, social movements which resulted from the deterioration in the standard of living in 1917 did not, however, call into question the consensus around the war effort, neither in Toulouse nor in France. The thesis studies the reasons for the success of setting up industrial mobilization as well as its execution. It shows that France had an institutional advantage and that it was able to rely on its democratic civic capital to preserve the political pact of his patriotic union. The negative growth rate of economic activity in Toulouse between 1914 and 1918 reflects the fact that the war effort was largely supported by businesses and workers. The State capacity and his action were reinforced by the adhesion of the populations to the program of the Union sacrée
Ruhlmann, Jean. "L'identité et la défense des classes moyennes françaises du Front populaire à la guerre." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995IEPP0009.
Full textThis thesis deals with the defense movements of the French middle classes, which appeared at the popular front time. It focuses on their attitude and positions in the learned and political debate on the definition and support to the middle classes, debate which exists at the same time. From October 1936, we notice that the first defense movements and newspapers of middle classes appear to be uniformly hostile to the Blum government which is precisely being implicating the social laws adopted in summer 1936, thus, in 1937, these movements became more numerous but in 1938 they faded or gathered into groups of associations and into a professional circle. The purpose is to create an efficient lobby which should be concilant with Daladier in order to obtain punctual advantages. In the defense movements, we can notice different trends which can be doctrinal (non-conformists and planists) or political (neo-socialists and right-wing radicals). They belong to structures in which coexist professional defenders and "publicists" influent in the media and in the intellectual debate. The different tendencies seem to be unable to agree on a coherent platform of political, economical and social reforms. On the contrary, the social representations which they converge to a normative approach of their class, to a criterium of independence. This reveals also in the mentalities the importance of world war i and of a multiform social fright
Dramé, Papa El Hadji. "La France , le Sénégal et la défense de l'Afrique Occidentale Française de 1918 à 1940." Paris 4, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA040078.
Full textThe foundation of the Gouvernement Général de l'Afrique Occidentale Française in 1895 marked the beginning of the military, administrative, and political reorganization of the territories conquered by France in West Africa during the 19 th century. The colonial power became sovereign in these once African spaces. In the context of the interwar period, overshadowed by looming conflicts with other European powers, France designed a defensive plan in two facets for the African empire she sought to develop economically as well. First, the plan called for the " maintenance of order " in the interior by suppressing the insurrections, rebellions and dissent of a native population subject to a new administrative, social and economic order (taxes, forced labor, military conscription, etc. )Second, the plan sought to defend the empire, using methods. It first called for the recruitment of native troops (tirailleurs sénégalais) to protect the metropole, and then it organized resistance against potential aggression by Germany, Italy, Spain or even the joint anglo-gaullist coalition along the maritime and land borders of French West Africa. As a result, the naval base at Dakar, long neglected during the interwar period, witnessed a period of growth at the end of the 1930s that rendered it a strategic objective of the Second World War, as can be seen by the intensity of the Battle of Dakar (23-25 September 1940)
Desquesnes, Rémy. "Atlantikwall et Sudwall, la défense allemande sur le littoral français (1941-1944)." Caen, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987CAEN1031.
Full textIn order to guard himself against a possible landing of the allied forces while the wehrmacht was busy fighting on the russian battle front, hitler made a decision in december 1941 (a week after the usa had gone into the war) to have a line of defence works built on the coast line of western europe. Various "weisungen" (directives) were tp schedule fortification building operations as well as the different types of defensive works to be built on the shore. The todt organisation, an agency of the nazi party, which would achieve such schemes of the reich government as road network, the siegfried line, etc. . . Was in charge. The building of the atlantic wall started in mid 1942. To achieve this large scale scheme (consisting of 15,000 concrete works along a 2,500 mls shore line, from friesland to the spanish border) the o. T. Hired the services of major public building firms both in the reich and in occupied western countries, and gave the o. T. The run of a large number either of workers under requisition or p. O. W. S. While some people worked for the germans, others were striving, at the peril of their lives, to provide the allied forces with intelligence (charts of coastal defence works, location or airfields and radar stations, v1 and v2 launching sites, movements of troops. . . ) this information did prove useful in complementing that collected from aerial photographs, the most important source of information the allied forces had then. In spite of the bulk of defensive works actually achieved and the 4,000 pieces of more or less heavy artillery scattered along the coast of europe, nowhere did the atlantic wall really prevent landing. Nevertheless, this coastal defence system as a whole played a considerable part strategically. Particularly, in so far as it obliged the allied forces to make important preparations, the coastal defence works retarded the moment when the anglo-american forces could possibly land on the continent. The atlantic wall thus did play a not in the least negligible part in the course of events in w. W. Ii
Sorlot, Marc. "André Maginot (1877-1932) : une biographie politique." Nancy 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994NAN21018.
Full textAt his research outlines the ways of thinking of a man that belonged to the third generation of republicans, as well as the way he acted politically in the Meuse department where he was continually re-elected after defeating nationalist H. Ferrette in a 1910 dead heat. It mentions his quick parliamentary learning period and, after he was severely wounded in November 1914, the part he played as a member of the Ribot cabinet, backing general Nivelle and choosing abstention in the ratification of the Versailles treaty it shows what part André Maginot played in the occupation of the Ruhr, his struggle against the coalition of 1924 and his early call for a suggested national union. Beyond prevailing ideas, the research shows how, in December 1929, André Maginot got the parliament to vote a several-year financial scheme for the fortifications building programmed designed by Paul Painleve, how he chose general Weygand as chief of staff and started reinforcing the country's military equipment while contributing to the definition of France’s position at the so-called conference of disarmament. A large part of this study is devoted to André Maginot’s parliamentary and ministerial action after the first world war (he was in charge of war pensions, of colonies, of war), and refers to the methods of political decision-making (interventions in cabinet meetings, parliamentary tactics, relations with high ranking civil servants and the general staff). Furthermore, this study allows defining more clearly the minister's relations with R. Poincare, G. Clemenceau, A. Millerand and A. Briand. It ends with an analysis of the marks left by André Maginot on the nation's subconscious : from the pink legend to the black legend
Laparra, Jean-Claude. "Matériels de circonstances et fabrications de guerre dans l'armée allemande, 1914-1918." Paris 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA010554.
Full textThe author intends to prove that the situation of the military materials shows what was insufficient in the german army during the first world war and how economically exhausted germany was. Actually, throughout this fight , german soldiers were not equipped only with materials which were modern, german, well designed, suitably made as in peace time, sufficently delivered, etc. Many others, which the german army was provided with, had a conceiving, a realization and a distribution which were issued owing to the producing conditions of this period and circumstances. This situation - combined with failures, for instance in the preparation of the mobilization - shows the imperfection of the german 'war machine'; only by itself, it does not explain the defeat of the german army but it certainly makes up one of the reasons
Saffroy, Frédéric. "Défendre la Méditerranée (1912-1931) ou Le Bouclier de Neptune : la renaissance de la fortification côtière à l'expérience de la Grande Guerre : le cas méditerranéen." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011IEPP0040.
Full textIn 1912, after over a century of disputes and while, following the Entente cordiale, the Royale concentrates its fleet in the Mediterranean, the French Admiralty and the Ministry of War did not manage to coordinate themselves to ensure coastal defences. The Great War, with the need of heavy artillery - taken over by the Army from coastal fortifications - and the danger of submarine war, lead the Parliament to force the two Ministries to agree with each other: in 1917, the French Navy is put in charge of France and French North-Africa coastal defences. After the Washington treaty (1922), and confronted to a threatening Italy in Libya and in French Tunisia, and with the security of Western Mediterranean as a priority, the French Navy designed a new program of coastal artillery. This program, based on conclusions drawn from the Gallipoli campaign, was one of the four parts of the 1923 Statut naval, presented to the Parliament by the ministre de la Marine Flaminius Raiberti. Supported by active Members of Parliament like Georges Boussenot, Louis Chappedelaine, Emile Goude or Gustave de Kerguézec, the Navy program gained support from the Parliament who provided the requested budgets, and encouraged the rational reorganisation of Navy bases defences. On the eve of the 30’s, the Mediterranean coastal defences program was secured and its implementation well commenced. Confronted to a rival if not hostile Italy, priority is given to the defences of Toulon and Bizerte naval bases, equipped with the most powerful artillery. The irony of fate was that it is against those coastal batteries that the Allied forces, including the French, had to fight during the 1942 and 1944 landings
Vivier, Thierry. "La politique aéronautique militaire de la France (janvier 1933 - septembre 1939)." Paris 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA010571.
Full textOur thesis deals with "French air power policy from 1933 to 1939". Trough this study, we tried to find the reason why French air force has been defeated during this tragical summer in 1940. Thus, we strove to inderstand the meaning of the main decisions which were made by French air ministers from january 1933 to the beginning of the second world war. From 1933 to jannary 1936, some mistakes were made. Several ministers (like general denain) dwelt on the difficulties of french air manufactor es and tried to improve their output without and result. Pierre Cot, air minister during the "popular front" and Guy La Chambre, who came after, succeded in restoring the situation partially. From 1936, french air power policy had a kind of rebirth. However, French air force, at the eve of the war, was not truly ready to fight
Langlinay, Erik. "L'industrie chimique française et ses mutations, 1900-1931." Thesis, Paris, EHESS, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017EHES0149.
Full textThe French Chemical industry appears in the beginning of the century as a backward industry compared with the german one. Indeed there is a slow growth and a a certain number of progress, in research for instance. The Chemical Industry is structured by a general system of cartels and harsh labour. At the outbreak of the War, the French Chemical industry is ill prepared and has to shift rapidly. It’s improvment is made through the basic development of traditionnal factories and an intensification of work due to colonial workforce for the most. At the end of the war, the chemical industry as to convert to civil markets. The 1920-1921 crisis shows the fragility of this industry. When the economic growth is back in 1922-29 the German chemical is more competitive thane ever having rationalized its structures. Thus the inner market is developped. At the end of the period, scientific research is rising. Nevertheless the capitalistic transformation is far for being made. The branch is still divided in archaïc (foreign workforce) and modern trends
Dubois, Claude. "L' industrie minière du zinc en France, mi XIXe à mi XXe siècle : le cas de la mine de Sentein, Pyrénées ariégeoises." Paris 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA010590.
Full textCatros, Simon. "Sans vouloir intervenir... : Les états-majors généraux français – Armée, Marine, Armée de l’Air et Colonies – dans la prise de décision en politique étrangère, 1935-1939." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 4, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA040106.
Full textThis dissertation is a contribution to the rich historiography of France’s foreign policy in the 1930s. Its aim is to explore the specific role played by France’s general staffs in shaping foreign policy, drawing largely on sources that have recently come to light. Employing a combination of structural analysis and case studies, it focuses on a five-year period for the purpose of examining the role played by France’s general staffs in the decision-making process, both in routine affairs and in each succeeding diplomatic crisis, from the proclamation of Germany’s rearmament to the Wehrmacht’s offensive in Poland. The study begins by exploring the general staffs’organization, composition, and functioning, as well as their relations with the Foreign Affairs Ministry and the place they occupied in the decision-making process. An analysis of their perceptions of the diplomatic and strategic situation, and of domestic and international political developments, sheds light on the multiple, complex, and occasionally contradictory motives behind their interventions in foreign policy. Lastly, a study of the forms of intervention and a review of their results reveal the significance and, in some cases, the decisiveness of the general staffs’ role in shaping French diplomacy from Rome in January 1935 to Moscow in August 1939, by way of Stresa, London, and Munich
Williams, Nicholas J. "An ‘evil year in exile’? The evacuation of the Franco-German border areas in 1939 under democratic and totalitarian conditions." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 4, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA040209.
Full textBetween the end of August and early September 1939, between 700,000 and one million civilians were evacuated from the Saarland, the Palatinate, and Baden to the centre of what was then Germany. From the Moselle and Alsace, around 600,000 civilians were evacuated to south-west France. Those measures were the result of a long development, the origins of which can be traced back the Napoleonic Wars and the Great War. The present thesis analyses the developments which led to those evacuations within the framework of civil defence policies during the interwar period in France and Germany. It explores the execution of the evacuation programme in both countries from a comparative perspective, concentrating on the Moselle and the Saarland. What results is that the totalisation of warfare, in this case as seen in the erection of fortified defence lines and the evacuation of civilians later resulting therefrom, are phenomena independent of any given political systems or national frameworks, and therefore transnational ones. Moreover, the movements of refugees are only to a certain degree controllable on either side of the border, and looting likewise occurs on both sides. Nevertheless, the Third Republic managed, in part due to the experience the country had with refugees during the First World War, to organise and look after their refugees more efficiently than Germany did. The French administration and support system for refugees was more efficiently organised, compared with their German counterparts, where ideological constraints and the duality of civilian administrations and the National Socialist party greatly hampered efficiency in the execution of the evacuation programme
Fraboulet, Danièle. "Entreprises et Occupation : la métallurgie dionysienne : 1937-1947." Paris, EHESS, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995EHES0013.
Full textThis thesis deals with the life of metallurgical factories during world war ii. I limited my investigation to the saint-denis area as it is the most important town in the seine department. I delineated two directions of study, on the one hand, defining the specificity of the period on which french and german joint supervision left their imprint and, on the other hand, trying to assess the adaptability of the factories which had to deal with the shock of falling under that rule. My field of investigation includes metallurgy in the broadest sense of the term (ranging from equipment repair plants to heavy metallurgy via electrical construction) because of the prominent role it played in the german war economy and because it involves a large section of the working class of the Paris suburbs. My analysis of industrial, commercial and financial changes is based on the study of balance sheets and boards of director's reports. The study of the labor force is based on archives which, up to this point have been either scarcely examined or have remained untouched. By processing the data from 4 000 of the ccm sulzer workers' wage files, i was able to assess not only staff management policies and changes in the labor market situation but also the reactions of sulzer employees when confronted with requisitions, frozen wages and rationning. The war situation weighed heavily on the various companies, upsetting previously established situations, their sense of security and defined new labor relations. However, elements of continuity prevailed, if only in the short term and the war situation did not bring a reduction of the area's industrial network. Management, whether at local or regional level was
Catros, Simon. "Sans vouloir intervenir... : Les états-majors généraux français – Armée, Marine, Armée de l’Air et Colonies – dans la prise de décision en politique étrangère, 1935-1939." Thesis, Paris 4, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA040106/document.
Full textThis dissertation is a contribution to the rich historiography of France’s foreign policy in the 1930s. Its aim is to explore the specific role played by France’s general staffs in shaping foreign policy, drawing largely on sources that have recently come to light. Employing a combination of structural analysis and case studies, it focuses on a five-year period for the purpose of examining the role played by France’s general staffs in the decision-making process, both in routine affairs and in each succeeding diplomatic crisis, from the proclamation of Germany’s rearmament to the Wehrmacht’s offensive in Poland. The study begins by exploring the general staffs’organization, composition, and functioning, as well as their relations with the Foreign Affairs Ministry and the place they occupied in the decision-making process. An analysis of their perceptions of the diplomatic and strategic situation, and of domestic and international political developments, sheds light on the multiple, complex, and occasionally contradictory motives behind their interventions in foreign policy. Lastly, a study of the forms of intervention and a review of their results reveal the significance and, in some cases, the decisiveness of the general staffs’ role in shaping French diplomacy from Rome in January 1935 to Moscow in August 1939, by way of Stresa, London, and Munich
du, Réau Élisabeth. "Edouard Daladier et le problème de la sécurité de la France : 1933-1940." Paris 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA010631.
Full textNaquet, Emmanuel. "La Ligue des droits de l'homme : une association en politique (1898-1940)." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2005. https://spire.sciencespo.fr/notice/2441/53r60a8s3kup1vc9kd50o6i33.
Full textThe Ligue des Droits de l'Homme (LDH) — the Human Rigths League — was born from the Dreyfus affair. This association, supervised by intellectuals and politicians, was created in a period of crisis of the Republican State at the turn of the century and goes beyond the defence of captain Alfred Dreyfus. Although it is often considered as a group of intellectuals, the LDH is mostly a movemen both plural and dynamicalt. It is a political recourse against administrative and legal institutions and a place for reflexion about law so that it becomes a pressure group as well as a means for assistance. There is no predetermined content in its project, the LDH tries to apply eternal principles. Several times, it was involved in politics several times, however it mainly tries to get into politist. It tends to reform Justice by thinking about Human Rights and Law, but also contributes to renew the Republic by thinking about democracy. Since its beginning when it gathered the parties of the Left that were originally non Communist, this organization has established itself in the French political life, particulary during the Front populaire and therefore belongs to a political culture and delivers a discourse that transcends a purely ethic position. Actively promoting the protection of all kinds of freedom and equalities, this mixed movement belongs to the republicain model conveyed by the Third Republic in France
Lefèbvre, François. "Une famille d'industriels dans le departement de la somme de 1857 a la veille de la seconde guerre mondiale : les saints. approche d'une mentalite patronale." Amiens, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998AMIE0009.
Full textWilliams, Nicholas J. "An ‘evil year in exile’? The evacuation of the Franco-German border areas in 1939 under democratic and totalitarian conditions." Thesis, Paris 4, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA040209.
Full textBetween the end of August and early September 1939, between 700,000 and one million civilians were evacuated from the Saarland, the Palatinate, and Baden to the centre of what was then Germany. From the Moselle and Alsace, around 600,000 civilians were evacuated to south-west France. Those measures were the result of a long development, the origins of which can be traced back the Napoleonic Wars and the Great War. The present thesis analyses the developments which led to those evacuations within the framework of civil defence policies during the interwar period in France and Germany. It explores the execution of the evacuation programme in both countries from a comparative perspective, concentrating on the Moselle and the Saarland. What results is that the totalisation of warfare, in this case as seen in the erection of fortified defence lines and the evacuation of civilians later resulting therefrom, are phenomena independent of any given political systems or national frameworks, and therefore transnational ones. Moreover, the movements of refugees are only to a certain degree controllable on either side of the border, and looting likewise occurs on both sides. Nevertheless, the Third Republic managed, in part due to the experience the country had with refugees during the First World War, to organise and look after their refugees more efficiently than Germany did. The French administration and support system for refugees was more efficiently organised, compared with their German counterparts, where ideological constraints and the duality of civilian administrations and the National Socialist party greatly hampered efficiency in the execution of the evacuation programme
Tomei, Samuël. "Ferdinand Buisson (1841-1932) : protestantisme libéral, foi lai͏̈que et radical-socialisme." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004IEPP0006.
Full textLlopart, Michaël. "Entre l’État, l'usine et le marché : le "problème de l'azote" en France : retour sur les débuts controversés d'une entreprise publique durant l'Entre-deux-guerres, l'Office national industriel de l'azote (1924-1940)." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulouse 2, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOU20015.
Full textFaced with the new military needs created by the First World War, France was faced with the challenge of changing the structures of its chemical industry. The need for a change of scale was particularly evident in the case of nitrogen, when the country's supplies of Chilean soda nitrates were jeopardized by submarine warfare. Without the support of its allies, France might then have run out of powders and explosives. Once the armistice was signed, the political leaders encouraged the establishment of synthetic ammonia plants on national soil in order to simultaneously move towards independence in military and agricultural matters (nitrogen fertilizers). In 1924, the Office national industriel de l'Azote (ONIA) was created in Toulouse. This creation was part of the implementation of a French chemical policy that was more proactive than before. However, its content is more complex than it seems, insofar as the State does not accompany the creation of this company with a monopoly on the market, but imposes on it to cohabit with private competitors.By means of a case study devoted to the ONIA, this doctoral thesis aims to provide a socio-history of the problem raised by the nitrogen issue in France between 1918 and 1940. Through a history of a company that wants to be "total" in its approach and that strives to combine the local, national and international scales, it wishes to understand how this public office was conceived and implemented as a response to the nitrogen challenge. At the same time, retracing the industrial trajectory of ONIA should help to shed light on the issues that led to the materialisation of this response at the national level, as well as highlighting the difficulties that accompanied its realisation, whether on a technical, economic, political or social level. Because it is at the crossroads of the three entities of the State, the factory and the market, this corporate history makes it possible to question the interplay of actors that has taken shape within them and, consequently, to assess their ability to agree on the organization of such a strategic sector, where public and private interests appear to be closely intertwined. This work also aims to question the concrete results obtained by the company in the medium term and, in addition, to determine the impact that the policy initiated by the public authorities has had in covering the country's needs in nitrogen products. Was it ultimately conclusive? In this process, has ONIA confirmed the expectations placed in it? Finally, the aim of this research is to analyse the various practices deployed by the State as an employer and an industrialist within a sector that does not have a monopoly. Among other things, it is a question of assessing its ability to adapt to the requirements of a competitive economy at a time when the public authorities still have little experience in directly operating this type of business. This study on the development of the Office and its sector is therefore of interest in order to show that, in contrast to the patterns commonly accepted between the two world wars, the concept of State entrepreneurship does not seem to be opposed to that of the market or to that of possible competition with the private sector. In our case, these two logics are even closely linked within an institutional framework governed by conventions, the evolution of which shows an original mix between liberal and dirigiste principles
Vacheron, Simon. "Mobiliser l’industrie textile (laine et coton). L’État, les entrepreneurs et les ouvriers dans l’effort de guerre, 1914-1920." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 4, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA040139.
Full textDuring the World War I, the industries of the wool and the cotton find themselves pulled(entailed) in the industrial mobilization. The intervention of the State in these branches shows itself essential, and a new relation becomes established between the public authorities and the companies. The modification of the colour of the uniform, its wide distribution about eight million conscripts over four years and the loss of the industrial areas of the North and east lead to the putting under control of the State of almost all the wool trade, whereas the cotton industry remains independent until 1917. This relation extends to the imports of raw materials, with a progressive centralization which excludes any private business(trade), but associates traders and industrialists. Besides, the management of the workforce constitutes a daily challenge for companies. The need in workforce remains important, and the difficulties bound in working conditions and to the increased cost living trigger social tensions, in spite of the “Union sacrée” respected by labor unions. At the same time, the loss of the main industrial territories represents a chance of a lifetime for the other regions, among which those whose textile industry is on the decline before the war. The high demands of the army and the high prices of private trade yeld important profits, and lead the State to adopt a war tax system and to repress the abuses. The return of the stricken industries at the end the conflict, the question of war damage and reinstatement of Alsace-Lorraine put the textile industries in the face of radical changes
Xu, Chong. "Construction d’une administration de sécurité : défense et maintien de l’ordre public dans la Concession française de Shanghai, 1849-1919." Thesis, Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019IEPP0011.
Full textThis doctoral thesis focuses on a question that has been little studied by the historiography of modern China but that is nevertheless fundamental to the understanding of imperialism in the modern history of this nation. By positioning itself at the intersection of three historiographical camps that are connected and yet distinct—urban history, the history of empires, and the history of the forces of law and order—this thesis will seek to emphasise the idea that the circulation of the skills and knowledge-base of a modern state were an example of “statecraft” within the city of Shanghai, which occupied an intermediary position between the European empires and the Chinese state. The primary focus of the thesis is the issue of defence and the maintenance of public order in the French Concession of Shanghai as being indicative of the relations that existed between the French and local authorities, the possible tensions between the empires, the administrative hierarchy of the French Empire on the ground, and the distribution of the power of military command between the civil and military authorities. The objective is to shed light on the shaping of the municipal administration of Shanghai before the establishment of the Kuomintang municipal authority in 1927 on three levels: what form did relations between the three municipalities within the city take? How did the French authorities build a security administration on the ground? Lastly, how did this security administration respond to the challenges of war and military conflict?
Vacheron, Simon. "Mobiliser l’industrie textile (laine et coton). L’État, les entrepreneurs et les ouvriers dans l’effort de guerre, 1914-1920." Thesis, Paris 4, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA040139.
Full textDuring the World War I, the industries of the wool and the cotton find themselves pulled(entailed) in the industrial mobilization. The intervention of the State in these branches shows itself essential, and a new relation becomes established between the public authorities and the companies. The modification of the colour of the uniform, its wide distribution about eight million conscripts over four years and the loss of the industrial areas of the North and east lead to the putting under control of the State of almost all the wool trade, whereas the cotton industry remains independent until 1917. This relation extends to the imports of raw materials, with a progressive centralization which excludes any private business(trade), but associates traders and industrialists. Besides, the management of the workforce constitutes a daily challenge for companies. The need in workforce remains important, and the difficulties bound in working conditions and to the increased cost living trigger social tensions, in spite of the “Union sacrée” respected by labor unions. At the same time, the loss of the main industrial territories represents a chance of a lifetime for the other regions, among which those whose textile industry is on the decline before the war. The high demands of the army and the high prices of private trade yeld important profits, and lead the State to adopt a war tax system and to repress the abuses. The return of the stricken industries at the end the conflict, the question of war damage and reinstatement of Alsace-Lorraine put the textile industries in the face of radical changes