Journal articles: 'Industrial solvent'

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Winterton, Neil. "The green solvent: a critical perspective." Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy 23, no. 9 (September 30, 2021): 2499–522. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10098-021-02188-8.

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AbstractSolvents are important in most industrial and domestic applications. The impact of solvent losses and emissions drives efforts to minimise them or to avoid them completely. Since the 1990s, this has become a major focus of green chemistry, giving rise to the idea of the ‘green’ solvent. This concept has generated a substantial chemical literature and has led to the development of so-called neoteric solvents. A critical overview of published material establishes that few new materials have yet found widespread use as solvents. The search for less-impacting solvents is inefficient if carried out without due regard, even at the research stage, to the particular circumstances under which solvents are to be used on the industrial scale. Wider sustainability questions, particularly the use of non-fossil sources of organic carbon in solvent manufacture, are more important than intrinsic ‘greenness’. While solvency is universal, a universal solvent, an alkahest, is an unattainable ideal.

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Duval, Antoine, Francisco Vilaplana, Claudia Crestini, and Martin Lawoko. "Solvent screening for the fractionation of industrial kraft lignin." Holzforschung 70, no. 1 (January 1, 2016): 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf-2014-0346.

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AbstractThe polydispersity of commercially available kraft lignins (KLs) is one of the factors limiting their applications in polymer-based materials. A prerequisite is thus to develop lignin fractionation strategies compatible with industrial requirements and restrictions. For this purpose, a solvent-based lignin fractionation technique has been addressed. The partial solubility of KL in common industrial solvents compliant with the requirements of sustainable chemistry was studied, and the results were discussed in relation to Hansen solubility parameters. Based on this screening, a solvent sequence is proposed, which is able to separate well-defined KL fractions with low polydispersity.

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De Brabander, Pieter, Evelien Uitterhaegen, Ellen Verhoeven, Cedric Vander Cruyssen, Karel De Winter, and Wim Soetaert. "In Situ Product Recovery of Bio-Based Industrial Platform Chemicals: A Guideline to Solvent Selection." Fermentation 7, no. 1 (February 17, 2021): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation7010026.

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In situ product recovery (ISPR), in the form of an extractive fermentation process, can increase productivity and product titers in the sustainable production of platform chemicals. To establish a guideline for the development of industrially relevant production processes for such bio-based compounds, a wide screening was performed, mapping the potential of an extensive range of solvents and solvent mixtures. Besides solvent biocompatibility with Saccharomyces cerevisiae, distribution coefficients of three organic acids (protocatechuic acid, adipic acid and para-aminobenzoic acid) and four fragrance compounds (2-phenylethanol, geraniol, trans-cinnamaldehyde and β-ionone) were determined. While for highly hydrophobic fragrance compounds, multiple pure solvents were identified that were able to extract more than 98%, reactive extraction mixtures were proven effective for more challenging compounds including organic acids and hydrophilic alcohols. For example, a reactive mixture consisting of 12.5% of the extractant CYTOP 503 in canola oil was found to be biocompatible and showed superior extraction efficiency for the challenging compounds as compared to any biocompatible single solvent. This mapping of biocompatible solvents and solvent mixtures for the extraction of various classes of industrial platform chemicals can be a tremendous step forward in the development of extractive fermentations.

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Raksajati, Anggit, Minh Ho, and Dianne Wiley. "Solvent Development for Post-Combustion CO2 Capture: Recent Development and Opportunities." MATEC Web of Conferences 156 (2018): 03015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201815603015.

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Chemical absorption is widely regarded as the most promising technology for post-combustion CO2 capture from large industrial emission sources with CO2 separation from natural gas using aqueous amine solvent system having been applied since the 1930s. The use of monoethanolamine (MEA) in CO2 absorption system possesses several drawbacks, such as high regeneration energy, high solvent loss, and high corrosion tendency. Various solvents have been developed for post-combustion CO2 capture application including the development of aqueous solvents and phase-change solvents. Some of these alternate solvents have been reported to have better solvent properties, which could improve the CO2 absorption system performance. This paper reviews key parameters involved in the design improvement of several chemical absorption process systems. In addition, some novel solvent systems are also discussed, for example encapsulated solvents systems. Some of the key solvent parameters that affect the capture performance, such as heat of reaction, absorption rate, solvent working capacity, solvent concentration, and solvent stability, are discussed in this paper, particularly in relation to the economic viability of the capture process. In addition, some guidelines for the future solvent development are discussed.

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Sharma, Shivika, and Shamsher S. Kanwar. "Organic Solvent Tolerant Lipases and Applications." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/625258.

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Lipases are a group of enzymes naturally endowed with the property of performing reactions in aqueous as well as organic solvents. The esterification reactions using lipase(s) could be performed in water-restricted organic media as organic solvent(s) not only improve(s) the solubility of substrate and reactant in reaction mixture but also permit(s) the reaction in the reverse direction, and often it is easy to recover the product in organic phase in two-phase equilibrium systems. The use of organic solvent tolerant lipase in organic media has exhibited many advantages: increased activity and stability, regiospecificity and stereoselectivity, higher solubility of substrate, ease of products recovery, and ability to shift the reaction equilibrium toward synthetic direction. Therefore the search for organic solvent tolerant enzymes has been an extensive area of research. A variety of fatty acid esters are now being produced commercially using immobilized lipase in nonaqueous solvents. This review describes the organic tolerance and industrial application of lipases. The main emphasis is to study the nature of organic solvent tolerant lipases. Also, the potential industrial applications that make lipases the biocatalysts of choice for the present and future have been presented.

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Solominchuk, Tetiana, Vitalii Rudiuk, Lyudmila Sidorenko, Nataliia Kobzar, Maryna Rakhimova, Olha Vislous, and Victoriya Georgiyants. "Solvents in the industrial synthesis of naphazoline nitrate: implementation of the principles of "Green chemistry" and analysis." ScienceRise: Pharmaceutical Science, no. 1(47) (February 29, 2024): 86–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/2519-4852.2024.291468.

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The aim: implementation of the principles of green chemistry by regenerating the synthesis solvent 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene and reusing it during the synthesis of the Naphazoline nitrate substance. Study of the influence of the regenerated solvent on the quality of the final product by controlling analytical quality parameters. Development of a method for the quantitative determination and validation of synthesis solvents in a substance. Materials and methods: samples of the substance were synthesized according to the optimized proprietary technology of Farmak JSC. The obtained batches of fresh and regenerated 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene were analyzed according to the monograph of the European Pharmacopoeia on Naphazoline nitrate 0147. Results: the possibility of using regenerated 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene for the synthesis of the substance Naphazoline nitrate has been proven. It is shown that the regenerated solvent does not have a negative effect on the profile of impurities and the polymorphic form of the substance. Analytical quality parameters met the requirements of the internal specification and the requirements of the European Pharmacopoeia monograph. The developed and validated method of quantitative determination of synthesis solvents makes it possible to determine them at the required level. Conclusions: the introduction of regenerated 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene into the synthesis scheme made it possible to significantly reduce the amount of waste per 1 kg of product, which in turn significantly reduced the negative impact on the environment. Analytical quality parameters for regenerated 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene meet the requirements of the internal specification. Industrial series obtained on the regenerated solvent meet the requirements of the monograph of the European Pharmacopoeia. The polymorphic form of the substance batches manufactured on regenerated 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene corresponds to the polymorphic form of the substance batches manufactured on the fresh solvent. The obtained results on the influence of the regenerated solvent on the profile of impurities in the finished substance show the similarity of the profile of the series manufactured on both solvents. According to the requirements of ICH Q3C Impurities: Guideline for residual solvents, a method for quantitative determination of the residual content of 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene in the final product by gas chromatography was developed and validated. The absence of synthesis solvents at the limit of detection is shown

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Vees, Charlotte Anne, Christian Simon Neuendorf, and Stefan Pflügl. "Towards continuous industrial bioprocessing with solventogenic and acetogenic clostridia: challenges, progress and perspectives." Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology 47, no. 9-10 (September 7, 2020): 753–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10295-020-02296-2.

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Abstract The sustainable production of solvents from above ground carbon is highly desired. Several clostridia naturally produce solvents and use a variety of renewable and waste-derived substrates such as lignocellulosic biomass and gas mixtures containing H2/CO2 or CO. To enable economically viable production of solvents and biofuels such as ethanol and butanol, the high productivity of continuous bioprocesses is needed. While the first industrial-scale gas fermentation facility operates continuously, the acetone–butanol–ethanol (ABE) fermentation is traditionally operated in batch mode. This review highlights the benefits of continuous bioprocessing for solvent production and underlines the progress made towards its establishment. Based on metabolic capabilities of solvent producing clostridia, we discuss recent advances in systems-level understanding and genome engineering. On the process side, we focus on innovative fermentation methods and integrated product recovery to overcome the limitations of the classical one-stage chemostat and give an overview of the current industrial bioproduction of solvents.

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Makars, Raimonds, Aigars Paze, Janis Rizikovs, Rudolfs Berzins, Daniela Godiņa, Maris Puke, Kristaps Stankus, and Inguss Virsis. "Changes in Composition of Birch Outer Bark Extractives After Recrystallization with C2-C5 Alkanols." Key Engineering Materials 850 (June 2020): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.850.3.

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The effects on birch outer bark (BOB) ethanolic extractives’ chemical composition after recrystallization with C2–C5 alkanols were studied in this paper. Ethanol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol, 1-butanol, 2-butanol, and 1-pentanol were used as solvents. The solubility of BOB extractives at the solvents boiling point was determined empirically. It was found that, with an increase of the boiling point of the solvents, the solubility of the extractives increased, reaching up to 486 g/L in 1pentanol at 142.2 °C. Recrystallization yields reached up to 67 wt% using 2-butanol and the purity of betulin up to 96 wt% using 2‐propanol as a solvent. Considering the yield of recrystallization, betulin content, boiling point of the solvent, solvent loss, toxicity and eco-friendliness of the solvent, ethanol was chosen to be the most suitable solvent for industrial scale purification of betulin in the BOB extractives. Using only one recrystallization step the content of betulin was increased by 20% — from 75 to 95 wt% and the yield of recrystallization was 32.1 g per liter of solvent.

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Gredmaier, Ludwig, Sabine Grüner-Lempart, Julian Eckert, Rainer Joachim, and Peter Funke. "Gas-to-aqueous Phase Transfer for Three Paint Solvents Injected into an Abiotic, Industrial Biotrickling Filter Measured with a Flame Ionization Detector." Periodica Polytechnica Chemical Engineering 66, no. 1 (November 26, 2021): 91–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3311/ppch.18131.

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This is a knowledge contribution to the unsatisfactory biodegradation problem, when biotrickling filters are purifying mixed paint solvents. A biotrickling filter manufacturer reported low biodegradation rates during the purification of a hydrocarbon pollutant mix from an industrial paint spraying floor. From a gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer analysis both hydrophilic and hydrophobic solvents were found in the polluted air. It is known that biodegradation is retarded, if the pollutant does not transfer from gas to liquid into the biofilm and it was therefore suspected that hydrophobic pollutants do not sufficiently migrate into the water/biofilm. To test this hypothesis, pure, rather than mixed pollutants, were injected into the abiotic biotrickling filter. When hydrophobic paint solvent (xylene) was sprayed into the biotrickling filter, the solvent load at the outlet of the filter was almost as high as at the inlet. But when pure, hydrophilic paint solvent (PGME) was sprayed into the abiotic biotrickling filter, the solvent load measured at the outlet of the filter was zero, indicating complete dissolution into the circulation water. Carbon/solvent loads at the filter outlet and inlet were measured with a portable flame ionization detector instrument. The experiment confirms that the hydrophobic solvent does not migrate into the liquid phase. This poor mass transfer of hydrophobic solvents is likely to be the reason for the low biodegradation rate. The result is highly relevant to the paint spraying industry and manufacturers of exhaust gas treatment equipment alike, who spend millions in non-sustainable incineration of exhaust gases.

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Chemat, Abert Vian, Ravi, Khadhraoui, Hilali, Perino, and Tixier. "Review of Alternative Solvents for Green Extraction of Food and Natural Products: Panorama, Principles, Applications and Prospects." Molecules 24, no. 16 (August 19, 2019): 3007. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24163007.

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In recent years, almost all extraction processes in the perfume, cosmetic, pharmaceutical, food ingredients, nutraceuticals, biofuel and fine chemical industries rely massively on solvents, the majority of which have petroleum origins. The intricate processing steps involved in the industrial extraction cycle makes it increasingly difficult to predict the overall environmental impact; despite the tremendous energy consumption and the substantial usage of solvents, often the yields are indicated in decimals. The ideal alternative solvents suitable for green extraction should have high solvency, high flash points with low toxicity and low environmental impacts, be easily biodegradable, obtained from renewable (non-petrochemical) resources at a reasonable price and should be easy to recycle without any deleterious effect to the environment. Finding the perfect solvent that meets all the aforementioned requirements is a challenging task, thus the decision for the optimum solvent will always be a compromise depending on the process, the plant and the target molecules. The objective of this comprehensive review is to furnish a vivid picture of current knowledge on alternative, green solvents used in laboratories and industries alike for the extraction of natural products focusing on original methods, innovation, protocols, and development of safe products.

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Jalan, Ishita, Lisa Lundin, and Jan van Stam. "Using Solubility Parameters to Model More Environmentally Friendly Solvent Blends for Organic Solar Cell Active Layers." Materials 12, no. 23 (November 25, 2019): 3889. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12233889.

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To facilitate industrial applications, as well as for environmental and health purposes, there is a need to find less hazardous solvents for processing the photoactive layer of organic solar cells. As there are vast amounts of possibilities to combine organic solvents and solutes, it is of high importance to find paths to discriminate among the solution chemistry possibilities on a theoretical basis. Using Hansen solubility parameters (HSP) offers such a path. We report on some examples of solvent blends that have been found by modelling HSP for an electron donor polymer (TQ1) and an electron acceptor polymer (N2200) to match solvent blends of less hazardous solvents than those commonly used. After the theoretical screening procedure, solubility tests were performed to determine the HSP parameters relevant for the TQ1:N2200 pair in the calculated solvent blends. Finally, thin solid films were prepared by spin-coating from the solvent blends that turned out to be good solvents to the donor-acceptor pair. Our results show that the blend film morphology prepared in this way is similar to those obtained from chloroform solutions.

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Shuai, Jianbo, and Xiaohui Wang. "Novel solvent systems for cellulose dissolution." BioResources 16, no. 2 (February 1, 2021): 2192–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.16.2.2192-2195.

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Cellulose, as the most abundant sustainable resource on earth, can be chemically transformed into a variety of biodegradable materials, which have been proposed as the ideal substitutes for plastic products. The first challenge for the fabrication of cellulose-based functional materials is the successful dissolution of cellulose by solvents. However, most existing cellulose solvents have environmental, economic, and other drawbacks that limit their further industrial applications. Research on developing novel solvent systems with “greener” and “cheaper” properties is needed to meet the challenges.

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Greer, Adam J., Johan Jacquemin, and Christopher Hardacre. "Industrial Applications of Ionic Liquids." Molecules 25, no. 21 (November 9, 2020): 5207. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25215207.

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Since their conception, ionic liquids (ILs) have been investigated for an extensive range of applications including in solvent chemistry, catalysis, and electrochemistry. This is due to their designation as designer solvents, whereby the physiochemical properties of an IL can be tuned for specific applications. This has led to significant research activity both by academia and industry from the 1990s, accelerating research in many fields and leading to the filing of numerous patents. However, while ILs have received great interest in the patent literature, only a limited number of processes are known to have been commercialised. This review aims to provide a perspective on the successful commercialisation of IL-based processes, to date, and the advantages and disadvantages associated with the use of ILs in industry.

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Sangon, Suwiwat, Nontipa Supanchaiyamat, James Sherwood, Con R. McElroy, and Andrew J. Hunt. "Direct comparison of safer or sustainable alternative dipolar aprotic solvents for use in carbon–carbon bond formation." Reaction Chemistry & Engineering 5, no. 9 (2020): 1798–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0re00174k.

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Direct comparison of safer dipolar aprotic solvents for use in carbon–carbon bond formation is of vital importance for industrial applications. Cyrene exhibited high initial reaction rates, yields and solvent recovery in the Baylis–Hillman reaction.

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Nainggolan, Nathaniel, Seprianto Seprianto, and Rinta Kusumawati. "Synthesis of Alginate Oligosaccharide (AOS) Using Different Solvents." Indonesian Journal of Biotechnology and Biodiversity 5, no. 3 (December 31, 2021): 78–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.47007/ijobb.v5i3.98.

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Alginate oligosaccharide (AOS) is an oligosaccharide synthesized by depolymerizing alginate and has various industrial applications. This research determines the best solvent and the optimal concentration of the best solvent to produce AOS. Peroxides and hydrochloric acid can be used[L1] as solvents, but the residue might cause some danger if the AOS extract is used for food or pharmaceutical purposes. Citric acid can be used as a solvent, but it is necessary to determine the optimum concentration to synthesize AOS. Citric acid concentration variations are 0.3 M, 0.5 M, and 0.7 M. After that, the type of solvent varies, 3% (v/v) hydrogen peroxide, 0.3 M hydrochloric acid, and 0.3 M citric acid. AOS are measured by measuring the amount of reducing sugar using the DNS colorimetric method. The results were then submitted to a one-way ANOVA test followed by a post hoc Tukey Test (P < 0,05). The result of the Tukey test shows that the 0.3 M citric acid treatment significantly has the highest reducing sugar compared to the other solvents. The 0.3 M citric acid solvent also has the highest AOS yield compared to the other solvents. [L1]Can be used as…, but….

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Tsirigka, Asimina, Maria Ntoula, Konstantinos N. Kontogiannopoulos, Anastasios J. Karabelas, and Sotiris I. Patsios. "Optimization of Solvent Extraction of Lipids from Yarrowia lipolytica towards Industrial Applications." Fermentation 9, no. 1 (December 31, 2022): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation9010035.

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Extraction of intracellular lipids of the oleaginous yeast Yarrowia lipolytica has been systematically studied aiming towards a sustainable extraction process for lipid recovery. Selection of suitable industrial (bulk) solvents and extraction parameters that lead to maximization of lipid recovery are significant issues to be addressed, with industrial applications motivating this study. Biomass from fermentation of Yarrowia lipolytica (MUCL 28849) was used in small laboratory tests to assess different solvent mixtures (i.e., methanol/hexane, isopropanol/hexane, and methanol/ethyl acetate), implementing a systematic design of experiments methodology to identify near-optimum values of key extraction variables (i.e., polar/non-polar ratio, vortex time, dry biomass/solvent ratio) in regard to lipid yield (g lipids/g dry biomass). The methanol/hexane mixture exhibited the highest extraction yield in a wide range of experimental conditions, resulting in the following optimum parameters: polar/non-polar ratio 3/5, vortex time 0.75 h, and dry biomass/solvent ratio 40. Extraction tests on a fifty-times-larger scale (in a Soxhlet apparatus employing the optimal extraction parameters) confirmed the optimization outcome by obtaining up to 27.6% lipids per dry biomass (L/DB), compared to 12.1% L/DB with the reference lipid extraction method employing chloroform/methanol. Assessment of lipid composition showed that unsaturated fatty acid recovery was favored by the methanol/hexane solvent. Fatty acid composition was not affected by the increase in Soxhlet reflux cycles, whilst the lipid yield was notably favored.

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Ceccon, Luciano, Alessandro Turello, Graziella Mocellin, and Luigi Colugnati. "Liquid Desorption of Organic Solvents from Industrial Sludges." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 72, no. 6 (November 1, 1989): 1010–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/72.6.1010.

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Abstract Analysis of organic solvent residues in industrial sludges is usually based on preliminary extraction of solvents from the matrix, followed by gas chromatographic determination. Liquid desorption with carbon disulfide is one of the most frequently used methods of recovery. Because of the number of parameters that can affect desorption efficiencies, we evaluated recoveries from 2 wastes with different physicochemical characteristics. Results were similar for both matrixes. The study of the kinetics of recovery showed that equilibrium was reached within about 5 min. On the other hand, specific adsorption phenomena were observed not only for strongly polar solvents even at the highest concentrations, but also for weakly polar compounds at the lowest concentrations. Water content of the matrix had little effect on recovery of the solvents examined, except for 2- ethoxyethanol, which yielded notably lower extractions when the moisture content of the matrix increased.

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Mannu, Alberto, Marco Blangetti, Salvatore Baldino, and Cristina Prandi. "Promising Technological and Industrial Applications of Deep Eutectic Systems." Materials 14, no. 10 (May 12, 2021): 2494. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14102494.

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Deep Eutectic Systems (DESs) are obtained by combining Hydrogen Bond Acceptors (HBAs) and Hydrogen Bond Donors (HBDs) in specific molar ratios. Since their first appearance in the literature in 2003, they have shown a wide range of applications, ranging from the selective extraction of biomass or metals to medicine, as well as from pollution control systems to catalytic active solvents and co-solvents. The very peculiar physical properties of DESs, such as the elevated density and viscosity, reduced conductivity, improved solvent ability and a peculiar optical behavior, can be exploited for engineering modular systems which cannot be obtained with other non-eutectic mixtures. In the present review, selected DESs research fields, as their use in materials synthesis, as solvents for volatile organic compounds, as ingredients in pharmaceutical formulations and as active solvents and cosolvents in organic synthesis, are reported and discussed in terms of application and future perspectives.

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Hoo, Wey Ying, Jecksin Ooi, Nishanth Gopalakrishnan Chemmangattuvalappil, Jia Wen Chong, Chun Hsion Lim, and Mario Richard Eden. "An Interpretable Predictive Model for Health Aspects of Solvents via Rough Set Theory." Processes 11, no. 8 (July 31, 2023): 2293. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr11082293.

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This paper presents a machine learning (ML) approach to predict the potential health issues of solvents by uncovering the hidden relationship between substances and toxicity. Solvent selection is a crucial step in industrial processes. However, prolonged exposure to solvents has been found to pose significant risks to human health. To mitigate these hazards, it is crucial to develop a predictive model for health performance by identifying the contributing factors to solvent toxicity. This research aims to develop a predictive model for health issues related to solvent toxicity. Among various algorithms in ML, Rough Set Machine Learning (RSML) was chosen for this work due to its interpretable nature of the generated models. The models have been developed through data collection on the toxicity of various organic solvents, the construction of predictive models with decision rules, and model verification. The results reveal correlations between solvent toxicity and the Balaban index, valence connectivity index, Wiener index, and boiling points. The generated predictive model using RSML has successfully provided insightful observations about the correlation between human toxicity and molecular attributes.

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Volmer, Jan, Christoph Neumann, Bruno Bühler, and Andreas Schmid. "Engineering of Pseudomonas taiwanensis VLB120 for Constitutive Solvent Tolerance and Increased Specific Styrene Epoxidation Activity." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 80, no. 20 (August 15, 2014): 6539–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01940-14.

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ABSTRACTThe application of whole cells as biocatalysts is often limited by the toxicity of organic solvents, which constitute interesting substrates/products or can be used as a second phase forin situproduct removal and as tools to control multistep biocatalysis. Solvent-tolerant bacteria, especiallyPseudomonasstrains, are proposed as promising hosts to overcome such limitations due to their inherent solvent tolerance mechanisms. However, potential industrial applications suffer from tedious, unproductive adaptation processes, phenotypic variability, and instable solvent-tolerant phenotypes. In this study, genes described to be involved in solvent tolerance were identified inPseudomonastaiwanensisVLB120, and adaptive solvent tolerance was proven by cultivation in the presence of 1% (vol/vol) toluene. Deletion ofttgV, coding for the specific transcriptional repressor of solvent efflux pump TtgGHI gene expression, led to constitutively solvent-tolerant mutants ofP. taiwanensisVLB120 and VLB120ΔC. Interestingly, the increased amount of solvent efflux pumps enhanced not only growth in the presence of toluene and styrene but also the biocatalytic performance in terms of stereospecific styrene epoxidation, although proton-driven solvent efflux is expected to compete with the styrene monooxygenase for metabolic energy. Compared to that of theP. taiwanensisVLB120ΔCparent strain, the maximum specific epoxidation activity ofP. taiwanensisVLB120ΔCΔttgVdoubled to 67 U/g of cells (dry weight). This study shows that solvent tolerance mechanisms, e.g., the solvent efflux pump TtgGHI, not only allow for growth in the presence of organic compounds but can also be used as tools to improve redox biocatalysis involving organic solvents.

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Palaiogiannis, Dimitrios, Theodoros Chatzimitakos, Vassilis Athanasiadis, Eleni Bozinou, Dimitris P. Makris, and Stavros I. Lalas. "Successive Solvent Extraction of Polyphenols and Flavonoids from Cistus creticus L. Leaves." Oxygen 3, no. 3 (June 23, 2023): 274–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/oxygen3030018.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of successive extraction (using solvents of increasing polarity, namely hexane, ethyl acetate, acetone, ethanol, and water) of polyphenols from Cistus creticus L. The results were compared with the ones obtained from a single-solvent extraction (ethanol, water, and 50% ethanol: water). According to the results, each solvent used for extraction had a significant effect on the yield of extracted polyphenols and the antioxidant activity of the extracts. The highest extraction yield for successive extraction was achieved with ethanol (95.33 mg GAE/g), whereas a comparable amount could also be extracted with 50% ethanol: water mixture single-solvent extraction (96.51 mg GAE/g). The ethanolic and aqueous extracts had the highest antioxidant activity as indicated by their lowest IC50 values in the DPPH assay, specifically 350.99 μg/mL for ethanolic extract of successive extraction and 341.18 μg/mL for 50% ethanol: water mixture of single-solvent extraction, followed by the extract produced using acetone. However, the acetone extract contained more flavonoids than the other two extracts up to 28.03 mg QE/g. The results obtained were in line with those for the single-solvent extraction. It is concluded that using a range of solvents in succession is a more efficient way of extracting higher amounts of antioxidant compounds with varying antioxidant activity.

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Priyasana, I. Putu, Agung Endro Nugroho, Soni Siswanto, Dyaningtyas Dewi Pamungkas Putri, and Yosi Bayu Murti. "THE EFFECT OF VARIOUS LOCATION AND SOLVENT TO SAMBILOTO (Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees) PHYTOCHEMICAL PROFILES." Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Application 5, no. 2 (December 28, 2023): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/jpsa.2023.v05.i02.p04.

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Background: Sambiloto (Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees) is one of the traditional medicines that contain multiple phytochemical compounds. Phytochemical compounds can be influenced by growing location. Every location has its characteristic that affects the metabolic process of phytochemical compounds. Apart from that, the extraction solvent also plays an essential role in attracting compounds in sambiloto. The solvent is related to the polarity and can affect the phytochemical profile. Objective: This research aims to determine the effect of the growing location and extraction solvent of sambiloto on its phytochemical profile. Methods: Sambiloto from Denpasar (Dps), Sukoharjo (Skj), and Sleman (Slm) was extracted (1:10 w/v) using ultrasonic-assisted extraction in methanol 100% (MeOH100) and methanol 50% (MeOH50). In water solvents, extraction is carried out using the infusion method. Fingerprint analysis using HPTLC-Densitometry. The data obtained was analyzed further using principal component analysis (PCA). Results: Fingerprint analysis obtained peak data that varied in each extraction solvent. There are four major peaks in the chromatogram profile of each solvent. The peak chromatogram for each solvent also shows differences at each location. PCA analysis shows that the phytochemical content of sambiloto extract is divided into three main clusters. The distribution of the clusters is based on variations in the extraction solvent. Variations in growing location for each sambiloto also influence its phytochemical profile. However, these variations are still in the same quadrant for each solvent. Conclusion: The solvent determines more variations in the phytochemical profile of sambiloto extract than the growing location. Keywords: Sambiloto; Solvent; Location; Phytochemical; Principal Component Analysis

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Spinder, Nynke, Lynn M. Almli, Tania A. Desrosiers, Kathryn E. Arnold, Jorieke E. H. Bergman, Hans Kromhout, H. Marike Boezen, Hermien E. K. de Walle, Carissa Rocheleau, and Jennita Reefhuis. "Maternal occupational exposure to solvents and gastroschisis in offspring - National Birth Defects Prevention Study 1997–2011." Occupational and Environmental Medicine 77, no. 3 (January 16, 2020): 172–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2019-106147.

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ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to assess the association between maternal occupational exposure to solvents and gastroschisis in offspring.MethodsWe used data from the National Birth Defects Prevention Study, a large population-based case-control study of major birth defects conducted in 10 US states from 1997 to 2011. Infants with gastroschisis were ascertained by active birth defects surveillance systems. Control infants without major birth defects were selected from vital records or birth hospital records. Self-reported maternal occupational histories were collected by telephone interview. Industrial hygienists reviewed this information to estimate exposure to aromatic, chlorinated and petroleum-based solvents from 1 month before conception through the first trimester of pregnancy. Cumulative exposure to solvents was estimated for the same period accounting for estimated exposure intensity and frequency, job duration and hours worked per week. ORs and 95% CIs were estimated to assess the association between exposure to any solvents or solvent classes, and gastroschisis risk.ResultsAmong 879 cases and 7817 controls, the overall prevalence of periconceptional solvent exposure was 7.3% and 7.4%, respectively. Exposure to any solvent versus no exposure to solvents was not associated with gastroschisis after adjusting for maternal age (OR 1.00, 95% CI 0.75 to 1.32), nor was an association noted for solvent classes. There was no exposure-response relationship between estimated cumulative solvent exposure and gastroschisis after adjusting for maternal age.ConclusionOur study found no association between maternal occupational solvent exposure and gastroschisis in offspring. Further research is needed to understand risk factors for gastroschisis.

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Rapinel, Vincent, Ombéline Claux, Maryline Abert-Vian, Christine McAlinden, Mickael Bartier, Norbert Patouillard, Laurence Jacques, and Farid Chemat. "2-Methyloxolane (2-MeOx) as Sustainable Lipophilic Solvent to Substitute Hexane for Green Extraction of Natural Products. Properties, Applications, and Perspectives." Molecules 25, no. 15 (July 28, 2020): 3417. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25153417.

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This review presents a complete picture of current knowledge on 2-methyloxolane (2-MeOx), a bio-based solvent for the extraction of natural products and food ingredients. It provides the necessary background about the properties of 2-MeOx, not only its solvent power and extraction efficiency, but its detailed toxicological profile and environmental impacts are discussed. We compared 2-MeOx with hexane which is the most used petroleum-based solvent for extraction of lipophilic natural products. The final part focuses on successful industrial transfer, including technologic, economic, and safety impacts. The replacement of petroleum-based solvents is a hot research topic, which affects several fields of modern plant-based chemistry. All the reported applications have shown that 2-MeOx is an environmentally and economically viable alternative to conventional petroleum-based solvents for extraction of lipophilic foodstuff and natural products.

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Benko, Tamas, Agnes Szanyi, Peter Mizsey, and Zsolt Fonyo. "Environmental and economic comparison of waste solvent treatment options." Open Chemistry 4, no. 1 (March 1, 2006): 92–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11532-005-0007-8.

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AbstractThe sustainable development and consumption need more efficient use of natural resources. As a consequence, the use of industrial solvents demands their recovery instead of end-of-pipe treatment. It is not always clear, however, which treatment alternative should be applied. Based on an industrial case study, the environmental and economic evaluation and comparison of the treatment alternatives of a non-ideal solvent mixture containing azeotropes is investigated for determining the preferable option. For the recovery of the industrial solvent mixture, two different separation alternatives are evaluated: a less effective alternative and a novel design based on hybrid separation tools. An end-of-pipe treatment alternative, incineration, is also considered and the split of the solvent mixtures between recovery and incineration is investigated. The environmental evaluation of the alternatives is carried out using ‘Eco-indicator 99 life-cycle impact assessment methodology’. Economic investigation is also accomplished. The economic features clearly favour the total recovery, however, the environmental evaluation detects that if a recovery process of low efficiency is applied, its environmental burden can be similar or even higher than that of the incineration. This motivates engineers to design more effective recovery processes and reconsider the evaluation of process alternatives at environmental decision making.

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Pandit, Jai Kant, and Kwong Soon Chan. "Cost-effective and modular CO2 capture to support decarbonisation for oil and gas, industrial and hard-to-abate sectors." Australian Energy Producers Journal 64, no. 2 (May 16, 2024): S186—S190. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ep23178.

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Reducing emissions from the industrial and fossil fuel-based power sectors is crucial to achieving net zero emissions. These sectors contribute to ~60% of global carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. However, there are several challenges that current CO2 capture technology faces. The use of coal in steel and cement industries produces flue gases with high CO2 content but also with nitrogen and sulfur oxides (NOx and SOx) as impurities. These impurities cause faster degradation of amine-based solvents in the current CO2 capture system. Additionally, capturing CO2 from flue gases from the hard-to-abate sector, such as steel plants, is complex as it is not easy to capture CO2 from multiple sources and different CO2 concentration flue gas streams. For cement and other kiln processes, limited availability of water/steam can add to the difficulty and cost of CO2 capture. CO2CRC’s HyCaps process, an efficient and compact hybrid of solvent absorption and membrane technology, overcomes some of these challenges. It takes advantage of the capture efficiency of the solvent system, controlled flow regime and high surface-to-volume ratio of membrane technology. The mode of interaction between gas and liquid in HyCaps limits solvent exposure to NOx and SOx, reducing solvent degradation. In HyCaps, as solvent is regenerated at a lower temperature, low-quality, low-cost waste heat can be effectively utilised to reduce operational expenditure. Successful trials at three different industrial setups and preliminary techno-economic analysis from test trial data show the HyCaps process has the potential to offer very competitive capture solutions for various industrial settings.

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Lagarrigue, Robin, Marie Houot, Matgéné workgroup, Mounia El Yamani, and Corinne Pilorget. "O2D.2 Occupational exposure to oxygenated, petroleum-based and chlorinated solvents of women in childbearing age in france in 2013." Occupational and Environmental Medicine 76, Suppl 1 (April 2019): A18.2—A18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oem-2019-epi.48.

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ObjectiveOccupational exposure to chemical agents including solvents is sparsely described among women although they constitute a vulnerable population at certain points in life and particularly during the procreative period. The aim of this study is to document the occupational exposure to oxygenated, petroleum-based and chlorinated solvents in women of childbearing age (WCA).MethodsWe linked 17 job-exposure matrices describing exposure to oxygenated, petroleum-based and chlorinated solvents from the MATGÉNÉ programme to the 2013 French census. The occupational exposure prevalence was estimated in women aged from 15 to 44 years. The occupational exposure prevalence was described by 5 year age group, occupation and worker status (salaried or self-employed).ResultsThe most frequently used solvents in French workplace in 2013 by WCA are oxygenated solvents (15% of WCA at work, n=1,112,000), then petroleum-based solvents (1%, n=73,000) and chlorinated solvents (0.1%, n=9,000). The younger WCA (15–29 years) are more exposed to oxygenated solvents than their elders (19.9% vs 14.9%). On the contrary, the elderly (35–44 years) are more exposed to petroleum-based and chlorinated solvents. Three quarters of the WCA exposed to at least one oxygenated solvent are civil and public servants (41%), health and social workers (21%) or direct personal services staff (19%). Half of WCA exposed to at least one petroleum-based solvent are drivers (20%) and skilled workers of industrial and artisanal fields (13% respectively). For WCA exposed to at least one chlorinated solvent, nearly half worked as non-skilled workers of industrial and artisanal type (17% respectively) and health and social workers (15%).ConclusionsThis study is the first describing occupational exposure to three major solvents’ families for the entire working WCA in France regardless of working status or occupation. These information will help in the surveillance of this occupational risk and to prioritize prevention actions.

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Mukesh, Chandrakant, Santosh Govind Khokarale, Pasi Virtanen, and Jyri-Pekka Mikkola. "Rapid desorption of CO2 from deep eutectic solvents based on polyamines at lower temperatures: an alternative technology with industrial potential." Sustainable Energy & Fuels 3, no. 8 (2019): 2125–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9se00112c.

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Environment friendly and thermally stable deep eutectic solvents (DESs) based on polyamines with low price, low solvent loss and oxidatively non-degradable characteristic for reversible CO₂ capture.

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Vargas-Serna, Claudia L., Claudia I. Ochoa-Martínez, and Carlos Vélez-Pasos. "Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Phenolic Compounds from Pineapple Peel Using Deep Eutectic Solvents." Horticulturae 8, no. 9 (August 30, 2022): 791. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8090791.

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Approximately half of the world’s pineapple production is marketed as a processed product, leading to the generation of a significant quantity of industrial waste, mainly composed of pineapple peels, cores, and crowns. This study evaluated deep eutectic solvents (DESs) for the assisted microwave extraction of phenolic compounds from pineapple peels and their antioxidant capacity. DESs are considered environmentally friendly solvents characterized by their low toxicity and high capacity for the extraction of bioactive compounds. DESs (choline chloride-glycerol and choline-chloride-malic acid) were used for phenolic compound extraction and compared with traditional solvents such as water, ethanol, methanol, ethanol-water (50%), and methanol-water (50%). A higher concentration of phenolic compounds was achieved using choline chloride-glycerol than traditional solvents as an extraction solvent (7.98 mg eq of gallic acid/g of dry weight). In all the treatments, the antioxidant capacity was higher than 85%. The process variables (drying temperature, extraction time, and solvent/solid ratio) were optimized using choline chloride-glycerol as a solvent. It was found that a drying temperature of 67 °C, an extraction time of 87 s, and a solvent/solid ratio of 60.5 mL/g allow maximizing the content of phenolic compounds and the antioxidant capacity of the extract.

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Mccrank, E., and K. Rabheru. "Four Cases of Progressive Supranuclear Palsy in Patients Exposed to Organic Solvents*." Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 34, no. 9 (December 1989): 934–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/070674378903400916.

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Four cases are described in which Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (PSP) is associated with the use of organic solvents. Two of them are a housewife and an ex-banker who had multiple exposure to insecticides (with organic solvent base), followed years later with a diagnosis of PSP. The other two are of lithographers, both of whom worked at the same industrial firm where solvent exposure took place with subsequent development of PSP. The hypothesis that PSP is linked to an environmental toxin is supported by these cases.

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Schultz, Emil, Brad Carter, and Ralph Schultz. "Treatment of High-Strength Industrial Solvent Waste." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2015, no. 13 (January 1, 2015): 5121–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864715819541107.

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Tzortzatou, Katerina, and Eleni Grigoropoulou. "Catalytic oxidation of industrial organic solvent vapors." Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A 45, no. 5 (March 31, 2010): 534–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10934521003595027.

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Sardessai, Y. N., and S. Bhosle. "Industrial Potential of Organic Solvent Tolerant Bacteria." Biotechnology Progress 20, no. 3 (June 4, 2004): 655–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bp0200595.

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Sclar, Gary. "Encephalomyeloradiculoneuropathy following exposure to an industrial solvent." Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery 101, no. 3 (September 1999): 199–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0303-8467(99)00034-7.

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Tähti, Hanna. "The Neurotoxicity of Organic Solvents, Studied with in Vitro Models." Alternatives to Laboratory Animals 20, no. 2 (April 1992): 290–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026119299202000221.

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The present paper deals with the general anaesthetic effect of organic solvents. The emphasis is on cell membranes as models for predicting the adverse reactions of the human nervous system to organic solvents, and for studying the mechanisms of their anaesthetic action. Human and rat erythrocyte and platelet membranes, rat synaptosomal membranes and cultured neural cell membranes were exposed in vitro to various concentrations (3–30mM) of benzene, toluene, o-xylene and styrene in the incubation mixtures. After exposure to a solvent for 30 minutes, the membrane integral protein integrity was determined by measuring ATPase and acetylcholinesterase activities. All measurements were performed in triplicate from 3 or 4 independent experiments with each exposure of solvent and each membrane isolation. The enzyme inhibition was dose-dependent, and differed after solvent treatment in all membrane preparations tested in increasing order, as follows: benzene, toluene, styrene, o-xylene. The results support the protein theories on the mechanism of the anaesthetic action of various industrial organic solvents. The integral membrane proteins contain hydrophobic pockets which may bind anaesthetics, e.g. solvents which change the properties of integral enzymes. The effects of solvents in peripheral models are quite similar to those in neural membranes in vitro. Therefore, these membrane models can serve as test models when the narcotic potencies of the solvents are being evaluated, or at least for screening purposes and for studies of the mechanisms of solvent neurotoxicity.

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Raiskaya, N., Ya Sergienko, A. Frenkel, and S. Tsukhlo. "Statistical Study of Demand Conditions in Russian Industrial Branches." Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 9 (September 20, 2005): 104–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2005-9-104-116.

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A problem of a nonoptimal structure of the solvent demand in different Russian industrial branches is reviewed in the article. The influence of internal elements of the solvent demand on the development of industries, which produce for the domestic market, is studied. The main attention is paid to interconnections between the solvent demand and the financial situation of enterprises, banks' involvement in investment processes, and growth of investment into fixed capital. The analysis is based on estimates obtained by using methods of mathematical statistics.

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Lolin, Y. "Chronic Neurological Toxicity Associated with Exposure to Volatile Substances." Human Toxicology 8, no. 4 (July 1989): 293–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096032718900800407.

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1 The main neurological disorders associated with chronic VSA are peripheral neuropathy, cerebellar disease, chronic encephalopathy and dementia. Apart from peripheral neuropathy, the clinical features are non-specific, evidence for solvent-related toxicity is in most cases circumstantial and there is no clear dose/response relationship. 2 Peripheral neuropathy is mainly associated with n-hexane and methyl n-butyl ketone. 3 Cerebellar disease is usually associated with toluene exposure; in the more severe cases there is often radiological evidence of irreversible cerebellar atrophy. 4 Chronic encephalopathy and dementia are the most serious consequence of solvent exposure, particularly to toluene in abusers and to mixed solvents in industrial workers. Post-mortem studies in some abusers have shown generalized axonal degeneration, demyelination and brain atrophy. 5 Further studies on low level solvent exposure are needed as little is known about the neurological consequences of mild VSA, especially as regards individual susceptibility and possible interactions between solvents and other toxins such as ethanol.

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Cui, Wenlong, Qingqing Zhu, Chenze Zhao, Weiyou Zhou, and Cheli Wang. "Solvent Extraction for Separation of Indonesian Oil Sands." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 5 (March 3, 2023): 4527. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20054527.

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Based on the examination of the basic properties, the solvent extraction process (SEP) was applied with high efficiency in the extraction of bitumen from Indonesian oil sands. To separate the oil sands, different organic solvents were first screened, and the extraction effects were analyzed to select a suitable solvent. Then, the effects of operating conditions on the extraction rate of bitumen were investigated. Finally, the compositions and structures of the bitumen obtained under suitable conditions were analyzed. The results showed that the Indonesian oil sands were oil-wet oil sands with a bitumen content of 24.93%, containing a large number of asphaltenes and resins with high polarity and complex structures. The separation performance was affected by different organic solvents and operating conditions. It was shown that the closer the structure and polarity of the selected solvent is to the solute, the better the extraction effect. The extraction rate of bitumen reached 18.55% when toluene was used as the extraction solvent under the operating conditions of V (solvent):m (oil sands) 3:1, temperature 40 °C, stirring velocity 300 r/min, time 30 min. The method could also be applied to the separation of other oil-wet oil sands. The compositions and structures of bitumen can guide the separation and comprehensive use of industrial oil sands.

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Ali, F., AQ Khan, R. Khan, and S. Sultana. "Trichloroethylene-mediated cytotoxicity in human epidermal keratinocytes is mediated by the rapid accumulation of intracellular calcium." Human & Experimental Toxicology 35, no. 2 (April 8, 2015): 147–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0960327115578865.

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Industrial solvents pose a significant threat to the humankind. The mechanisms of their toxicity still remain in debate. Trichloroethylene (TCE) is a widespread industrial solvent responsible for severe liver dysfunction, cutaneous toxicity in occupationally exposed humans. We utilized an in vitro system of human epidermal keratinocyte (HaCaT) cells in this study to avoid complex cell and extracellular interactions. We report the cytotoxicity of organic solvent TCE in HaCaT and its reversal by a natural flavanone, naringenin (Nar). The cytotoxicity was attributed to the rapid intracellular free calcium (Ca2+) release, which might lead to the elevation of protein kinase C along with robust free radical generation, instability due to energy depletion, and sensitization of intracellular stress signal transducer nuclear factor κB. These effects were actually seen to induce significant amount of genomic DNA fragmentation. Furthermore, all these effects of TCE were effectively reversed by the treatment of Nar, a natural flavanone. Our studies identify intracellular Ca as a unique target used by organic solvents in the cytotoxicity and highlight the Ca2+ ion stabilizer properties of Nar.

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Seaton, A., D. Baker, A. K. Hedstrom, L. Alfredsson, and K. Schmierer. "Organic solvents and Multiple Sclerosis: the doubled risk dilemma." Occupational Medicine 73, no. 6 (August 1, 2023): 300–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqad086.

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Abstract Background Compensation for industrial disease in the UK may be obtained in two ways. A State scheme includes a list of accepted associations between occupations and diseases with evidence of a causative association. Epidemiological evidence of a doubled risk in the occupation concerned is usually required. This takes no account of variation of exposures within occupations, excluding many occupations where risk is less than doubled. In such cases, compensation for a perceived industrial illness may be obtained in Civil Courts, where excessive exposures can be considered. Aims To show that in the Civil Courts evidence of excessive exposure may lead to compensation for diseases which are not yet compensable as Industrial Injuries in the UK and to draw attention to the association of multiple sclerosis (MS) with solvent exposure. Methods We report the case of an industrial spray painter, who claimed his MS had been caused by high-level exposure to organic solvents, and our examination of the epidemiological evidence submitted. Results The painter received compensation by an out-of-court settlement, despite the overall epidemiological risk in relation to solvent exposure having been shown to be less than doubled. The evidence hinged on individual risk in relation to high exposure, genetic susceptibility and demonstration of a plausible mechanism. Conclusions High organic solvent exposure may lead to the development of MS. Those giving evidence in Court need to be able to discuss the epidemiological and toxicological issues in relation to exposure in the individual case.

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Kim, Tae-Kyung, Jae-Hoon Lee, Hae In Yong, Min-Cheoul Kang, Ji Yoon Cha, Ji Yeon Chun, and Yun-Sang Choi. "Effects of Defatting Methods on the Physicochemical Properties of Proteins Extracted from Hermetia illucens Larvae." Foods 11, no. 10 (May 12, 2022): 1400. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11101400.

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In this study, we investigated the effects of various defatting methods, including organic solvent (aqueous, acetone, ethanol, and hexane) extraction and physical (cold pressure) extraction, on the nutritional, physicochemical, and functional properties of proteins extracted from Hermetia illucens larvae. The total essential amino acid contents were higher with cold pressure protein extraction than other treatments. The surface hydrophobicity with cold pressure treatment was the lowest, and there were no significant differences among the other treatments. The protein solubility after defatting with organic solvent was higher than for other treatments. The nonreduced protein band at 50 kDa of the defatted protein prepared using organic solvent was fainter than in the cold pressure treatment. The cold pressure-defatted protein showed the highest emulsifying capacity, and the water extracted protein showed the lowest emulsifying capacity. Although organic solvents may be efficient for defatting proteins extracted from insects, organic solvents have detrimental effects on the human body. In addition, the organic solvent extraction method requires a considerable amount of time for lipid extraction. Based on our results, using cold pressure protein extraction on edible insect proteins is ecofriendly and economical due to the reduced degreasing time and its potential industrial applications.

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Usman, Muhammad, Shuo Cheng, Sasipa Boonyubol, and Jeffrey S. Cross. "Evaluating Green Solvents for Bio-Oil Extraction: Advancements, Challenges, and Future Perspectives." Energies 16, no. 15 (August 7, 2023): 5852. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16155852.

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The quest for sustainable and environmentally friendly fuel feedstocks has led to the exploration of green solvents for the extraction of bio-oil from various biomass sources. This review paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the challenges and future research outlooks for different categories of green extraction solvents, including bio-based solvents, water-based solvents, supercritical fluids, and deep eutectic solvents (DES). The background of each solvent category is discussed, highlighting their potential advantages and limitations. Challenges such as biomass feedstock sourcing, cost fluctuations, solvent properties variability, limited compatibility, solute solubility, high costs, and potential toxicity are identified and examined in detail. To overcome these challenges, future research should focus on alternative and abundant feedstock sources, the development of improved solubility and separation techniques, optimization of process parameters, cost-effective equipment design, standardization of DES compositions, and comprehensive toxicological studies. By addressing these challenges and advancing research in these areas, the potential of green extraction solvents can be further enhanced, promoting their widespread adoption and contributing to more sustainable and environmentally friendly industrial processes.

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Khamidov, B. N., and T. I. Samukov. "Obtaining mixed solvents from gas condensate." World of petroleum products 04 (2022): 22–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.32758/2782-3040-2022-0-4-22-24.

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To obtain an extraction solvent ГКЭКС-С3-60/95 for the extraction of vegetable oils, stable gas condensates of the Shurtan natural gas field were used. The method of rectification was successfully carried out and hydrocarbon fractions were obtained on the apparatus for rectifying oil (ARN-2). Fraction sampling from gas condensate was carried out up to 95°C. Based on the analysis of the parameters (temperature regime, reflux ratio, number of theoretical plates, etc.) for obtaining solvents at ARN-2., a basic technological scheme for the industrial production of an extraction solvent from gas condensate was developed and their physicochemical properties were studied.

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Green-Lott, Ashley-Marie, Raj Singaraju, Min-Ling Liu, and Joao Ascensao. "Hairy Cell Leukemia and Ground Water Contamination With Industrial Solvents: a Case Report." Military Medicine 185, no. 7-8 (April 1, 2020): e1338-e1340. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usz484.

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Abstract The industrial solvents benzene and trichloroethylene (TCE) are known carcinogens, and these solvents contaminated the drinking water at Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune from the 1950s to 1980s. Benzene and TCE are linked to the hematopoietic cancers acute myelocytic and lymphocytic leukemia and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. We report the case of a veteran stationed at Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune during this period who developed hairy cell leukemia (HCL), a rare form of lymphocytic leukemia. We review his presentation, medical history, solvent exposure, and literature on the carcinogenicity of benzene and TCE. This patient represents a possible link of TCE or benzene to HCL. The case also informs clinicians of the updated epidemiology with regards to clinical findings for HCL.

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Komulainen, Tiina, Francis J. Doyle III, Ari Rantala, and Sirkka-Liisa Jämsä-Jounela. "Control of an industrial copper solvent extraction process." Journal of Process Control 19, no. 1 (January 2009): 2–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jprocont.2008.04.019.

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Diaz Borbon, V. P., and J. Ulrich. "SFO-solvent freeze out-technology for industrial proteins." Journal of Crystal Growth 373 (June 2013): 38–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2012.09.031.

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KEIS, S., C. F. BENNETT, V. K. WARD, and D. T. JONES. "Taxonomy and Phylogeny of Industrial Solvent-Producing Clostridia." International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology 45, no. 4 (October 1, 1995): 693–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/00207713-45-4-693.

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Świetlicka, Aleksandra, Agnieszka Środa, Violetta Kozik, Andrzej Bąk, Krzysztof Barbusiński, Natalia Howaniec, and Adam Smoliński. "Electrochemical Corrosion Monitoring in Low Conductive Fluid: Pilot-Scale Study on Sulfolane Corrosion Potential." Proceedings 16, no. 1 (June 12, 2019): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019016005.

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Solvents are a group of chemical compounds that are widely used in organic synthesis. Taking into account the chemical nature, solvents are divided into protic and aprotic ones. An attractive alternative to commonly used industrial extractive liquids is an anthropogenic, organosulfur medium—sulfolane. Sulfolane is a five-membered heterocyclic sulfur–organic compound from the group of sulfones (R-SO2-R’, where R/R’ is alkyl, alkenyl, or aryl), which contains an apolar hydrocarbon backbone and a polar functional group. It is a selective solvent in the liquid–liquid and liquid–vapor extraction processes used for the removal of close-boiling alkanes from cycloalkanes or for the separation of compounds with different degrees of saturation and polarity in the extractive rectification of arenes from non-aromatic saturated hydrocarbon mixtures. In standard conditions sulfolane is not an aggressive solvent for steel, but at higher temperature (170–180 °C) and oxygen availability, it may be decomposed and subsequently some corrosive (by-)products can be formed. The primary purpose of the presented pilot-case examination was to verify applicability of the industrial, multi-electrochemical technique for reliable detection of the corrosion processes in low conductive fluids.

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Agarwal, Neha, Le Cao Nhien, and Moonyong Lee. "Rate-Based Modeling and Assessment of an Amine-Based Acid Gas Removal Process through a Comprehensive Solvent Selection Procedure." Energies 15, no. 18 (September 18, 2022): 6817. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15186817.

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In this study, an industrial acid gas removal (AGR) process which uses amine-based solvents was designed and simulated. The selection of suitable absorbents is crucial for an effective AGR process. Therefore, various single and blended amine-based solvents for capturing acid gases were evaluated through a comprehensive procedure, including solvent screening and process design steps. First, various solvents were screened for their CO2 and H2S absorption efficiencies. Promising solvents were then selected for the process design step, in which all process alternatives were simulated and rigorously designed using Aspen Plus. The non-equilibrium rate-based method with an electrolyte non-random two-liquid thermodynamic model was employed for modeling the absorption column. All processes were evaluated in terms of energy requirements, costs, and carbon emissions. The results show that a blend of methyldiethanolamine and piperazine solutions are the most promising solvents for the AGR process, as they can save up to 29.1% and 30.3% of the total annual costs and carbon emissions, respectively, compared to the methyldiethanolamine + diethanolamine solvent process.

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Fang, Wenwen, Jarl Hemming, Markku Reunanen, Patrik Eklund, Enma Conde Pineiro, Ida Poljanšek, Primož Oven, and Stefan Willför. "Evaluation of selective extraction methods for recovery of polyphenols from pine." Holzforschung 67, no. 8 (December 1, 2013): 843–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf-2013-0002.

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Abstract The extraction conditions have been evaluated concerning the recovery of specific polyphenols from Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) knots by means of an accelerated solvent extractor. The composition of the extracts was determined by gas chromatography, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and high-performance size-exclusion chromatography. The main phenolic compounds are the stilbenes pinosylvin and its monomethyl ether and the lignan nortrachelogenin (NTG), and their amounts vary a lot from sample to sample. The sequential extraction with a nonpolar solvent as a first step for removing the lipophilic compounds was the most efficient approach for the recovery of both pinosylvins and NTG. For food applications, hot water and 85% aqueous ethanol were good solvents for the production of the substances in focus. An industrial knotwood sample from a pulp mill was sequentially extracted with cyclohexane and ethanol/water (95:5) in a large-scale Soxhlet equipment. The results show that the industrial production of pinosylvins and NTG from knots is feasible.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Industrial solvent'

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