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1
Górski, Piotr. "Labor Issues in Sociological Research into the Social Aspects of Industrialization: The Circle of Kazimierz Dobrowolski." Zarządzanie Zasobami Ludzkimi 134-135, no. 3-4 (June 15, 2020): 11–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.1665.
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The objective of this article is to present one of the lineages of human resource management in Poland—industrial sociology. It was within the framework of this subdiscipline that research devoted to the social aspects of industrialization was carried out in the nineteen–sixties and seventies. Studies conducted within the circle of the Cracovian sociologist, Kazimierz Dobrowolski, looked at the industrial centers of Lesser Poland. The primary research question involves the process of the shaping of industrial company personnel in connection with the migration of rural population to industrial centers. The research demonstrated the social and cultural conditions behind this process, not only the impact of the culture of rural communities on shaping work culture in companies, but also the influence of industrial work experience on the life and cultural aspirations of rural communities.
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Goldstone, Jack A. "Gender, Work, and Culture: Why the Industrial Revolution Came Early to England but Late to China." Sociological Perspectives 39, no. 1 (March 1996): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1389340.
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Neither technical inability nor population/resource imbalances prevented China from developing mechanized cotton-spinning. However, restrictions on the deployment of female labor outside the home, promulgated by Confucian ethics and enforced by the state as part of social control, prevented widespread adoption of machinery requiring extra-household use of female labor. Under such conditions—which did not obtain in Europe, where female wage labor had long been used for service outside of natal households—factory production could not compete with household production.
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Köhler, Holm-Detlev. "Reconstruction and restoration: the legacies of post-war German Industrial Sociology." Work, Employment and Society 30, no. 6 (July 9, 2016): 1017–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0950017016638988.
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The article reconstructs the re-birth of Industrial Sociology in Germany after the Second World War in a comparative perspective. Although sharing the main context conditions and maintaining a constant and fluent exchange with their colleagues in other countries, the German intellectual traditions and specific institutional context motivated several particular interests and perspectives that shape a distinct German Industrial Sociology until today. The dominance of qualitative in-depth research, the focus on the emancipative potentials in high-skill-based work organization, the cooperative industrial relations tradition and the constant attempts to link employment studies with general social theory on modern capitalist society and social change characterize German Industrial Sociology. The richness of distinct national institutional settings for comparative social research on employment regimes may be another lesson to be learned from critical reconstruction of labour sociology.
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Wood, Augustus C. "The Crisis of the Black Worker, the U.S. Labor Movement, and Democracy for All." Labor Studies Journal 44, no. 4 (December 2019): 396–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0160449x19887253.
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This paper contextualizes the socioeconomic condition of the African-American working class in the American Labor Movement. As the union movement continues its steady decline, African-American social conditions are deteriorating at an alarming pace. Racial oppression disrupted historically powerful labor movements as African-Americans served in predominantly subproletariat labor positions. As a result, Black workers endured the racially oppressive U.S. structure on the periphery of the U.S. Labor Movement. I argue that Black working-class social conditions are dialectically related to their subjugated position in the modern-day union movement. Therefore, for Black social conditions and working-class conditions to improve overall, the union movement must centralize the conditions of the Black workers.
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Ahmed Hassan, Ruwayda. "Child Labor in English Literature." Arab World English Journal For Translation and Literary Studies 8, no. 2 (May 24, 2024): 80–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.24093/awejtls/vol8no2.6.
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Child labor is an old social problem. It peaked during the Industrial Revolution which greatly influenced English society, such as rural exodus, lack of equal job opportunities, miserable living and working conditions, social classes, lack of mandatory education, poverty, and, most importantly, child labor. The paper investigates the crimes against children carried out under the cover of child labor and poses the question of whether authorities, governments, religious institutions, businesses, and even parents are complicit in these crimes or have chosen to overlook them in spite of the constant backlash against them. The main aim of this study is to show the positive role of some authors like Charles Dickens, William Blake, Frances Trollope, Charles Kingsley, Robert Southey, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Caroline Norton, and Elizabeth Barret Browning who refused to ignore such atrocities and their consequences. These writers showed their opposition to child labor through great literary works such as Oliver Twist, Hard Times, David Copperfield, The Chimney Sweeper, A Voice from the Factory, The Water-Babies: A Fairy Tale for a Land- Baby, and The Cry of the Children. The study follows the close reading method and the sociology of literature approach. The study concludes that poverty and urbanization were some of the adverse outcomes of the Industrial Revolution. It reveals the official’s role in profiting from child labor and presents the authors’ role in changing The Poor Laws and Factory Acts to ban hiring minors. The study recommends national child labor regulations that should be enacted and enforced in order to prevent or at least control child work, as recommendations for further research.
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Yudina, Taisiya. "Sociocultural Perception and Living Conditions of Foreign Citizens in Stalingrad in the 1920s – 1930s." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, no. 4 (August 2021): 117–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2021.4.10.
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Introduction. In the late 1920s Stalingrad was undergoing major industrial construction and reconstruction. Due to the shortage of local labor resources, foreign labor resources were required. The study highlights the nationality and number of the labor force, arrival dates and participation in the city’s public life. Methods and materials. The study used sources from the State Archive of Volgograd Oblast. The Research is based on comparative-historical and descriptive-historical methods. Analysis. Housing was the main issue in Stalingrad. Foreign specialists (Americans, Germans, Austrians, Czechs, Swedes) and their families were provided with housing, but living conditions were harsh. Moreover, despite the fact that salary of foreign labors was higher than salary of locals, foreign specialists still considered it insufficient. Providing foreign specialists with better living conditions, special product delivery and essential goods irritated the locals, whose standard of living was low. Results. Construction of buildings for foreign specialists began in the late 1920s. For local workers of such plants as the Stalingradskiy traktornyy zavod (Stalingrad Tractor Plant), the Barrikady (Titan-Barrikady) and the Krasny Oktyabr construction began in 1933. This helped to improve the city’s housing situation and increase the standard of living and the number of citizens. In 1933 Stalingrad became a major industrial center; by the end of the 1930s, it had become a city with a large population, including foreigners who stayed in Stalingrad, provided training for local specialists, adapted to an unfamiliar social life, and mastered the Russian language.
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Vandysheva-Rebro, Nadiya, and Maryna Mishchenko. "ATTITUDE TOWARDS WORK IN UKRAINIAN CULTURE: FROM “CONGENIAL WORK” IN PHILOSOPHY OF G.S. SKOVORODA TO MODERN INTERPRETATIONS." Almanac of Ukrainian Studies, no. 27 (2020): 32–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2520-2626/2020.27.5.
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The paper deals with the research of the role of labour in the life of contemporary man in terms of the philosophical conception of the "congenial work" of Hrygorij Skovoroda. The reason for turning to Skovoroda's views is the importance of studying the phenomenon of labor, which appears in the XXI century in the sphere of common interests of economics, culturology, philosophy, sociology, psychology. Modern realities – migration processes that move a large number of people from continent to continent, from state to state; new technologies that have been replacing human labor since the industrial revolution, and so on. State social policy is aimed at providing the population with work and supporting those who are temporarily unemployed or completely incapacitated. The challenge for Ukrainian society is the same as for the world community, especially because the events in Ukraine since 2014. Ukrainian society must be ready for innovations in understanding and perceiving the phenomenon of labor in modern conditions. Issues of the balance between work and happiness, the welfare of the individual and the social, and the ways of self-knowledge are being updated. We explore the hard work as the main quality of a socially successful person in the history of Ukrainian culture, negative recovery from laziness and mismanagement. We accent the importance of historical achievements of Ukrainian ethnopedagogy with the transmission of knowledge and experience through imitation, as well as the gender aspect of folk labor education, in particular Ukrainian rituals and traditions of knowledge transfer and education from generation to generation. The modern philosophical view on the correlation of human involvement in work and the formation of a number of human virtues in contrast to laziness and the associated spiritual degradation and poverty is analyzed. Prospects for further research at the junction of economics, sociology, philosophy, psychology, related to the economic set of mind.
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Runstedtler, Theresa. "More Than Just Play: Unmasking Black Child Labor in the Athletic Industrial Complex." Journal of Sport and Social Issues 42, no. 3 (March 8, 2018): 152–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0193723518758458.
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African Americans’ hypervisibility in sports remains a frequent point of critique. There has been a tendency to blame Black youths for their supposed “sports fixation.” Complicating this narrative of cultural pathology, I examine the foundational importance of Black boys’ athletic labor to the profitability of the sporting industries. I first trace the structural conditions (imperialism, racism, industrial capitalism) that contributed to the hypervisibility of young Black boxers at the turn of the 20th century. I then explore the contemporary conditions driving Black hypervisibility in basketball. Analyzing Hoop Dreams (1994) alongside the aggressive tactics of corporations such as Nike, the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), and the National Basketball Association (NBA) to recruit talent at younger and younger ages, I illustrate that Black boys are performing a kind of child labor. Similar to Black boxers from a century before, Black youths’ focus on achieving success in basketball is not just a simple matter individual “choice.” It is also symptomatic of their continued political, social, and economic marginalization in the postindustrial, neoliberal United States, which sports companies capitalize on.
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Williams, Naomi R. "Sustaining Labor Politics in Hard Times: Race, Labor, and Coalition Building in Racine, Wisconsin." Labor 18, no. 2 (May 1, 2021): 41–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/15476715-8849568.
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Abstract This article explores the shifting politics of the Racine, Wisconsin, working-class community from World War II to the 1980s. It looks at the ways Black workers’ activism influenced local politics and how their efforts played out in the 1970s and 1980s. Case studies show how an expansive view of the boundaries of the Racine labor community led to cross-sector labor solidarity and labor-community coalitions that expanded economic citizenship rights for more working people in the city. The broad-based working-class vision pursued by the Racine labor community influenced local elections, housing and education, increased the number of workers with the power of unions behind them, and improved Racine's economic and social conditions. By the 1980s, Racine's labor community included not only industrial workers but also members of welfare and immigrants’ rights groups, parents of inner-city students, social workers and other white-collar public employees, and local and state politicians willing to support a class-based agenda in the political arena. Worker activists’ ability to maintain and adapt their notion of a broad-based labor community into the late twentieth century shows how this community and others like it responded to the upheaval of the 1960s social movements by creating a broad and relatively successful concept of worker solidarity that also incorporated racial justice.
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Akkerman, Agnes. "Involuntary disputes: When competition for members forces smaller unions to strike." Rationality and Society 26, no. 4 (October 7, 2014): 446–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1043463114546312.
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Industrial relations theory has produced two conflicting hypotheses on the effects of multi-unionism on the incidence of industrial conflict. International comparative research proposes that unions organizing the same worker domains are prone to competition, for which industrial conflict is used as a means of propaganda. British economic research claims that unions organizing substitutable workers cooperate and act as one union. This study argues that apparent cooperation is not always voluntary action but is sometimes the result of a loss of autonomy caused by competition and a lack of mobilization power. Micro-level data on industrial action are used to test hypotheses of the conditions for such involuntary participation in labor disputes.
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Stryhul, M. V., O. A. Khomeriki, Yu I. Yakovenko, A. K. Yakovenko, and Yu V. Romanenko. "The culture of aviation security through the prism of sociological analysis." E3S Web of Conferences 258 (2021): 07002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202125807002.
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The aim of the article is to demonstrate the relevance of the usage of sociological knowledge for the development of aviation safety culture through the safety and security, Sociology of Safety and Sociology of Transport as an integral part of applying a systematic approach for strengthening the aviation safety. In the situation of globalization of the world, the structure of sociological knowledge in the XXI century is very branched. However, Ukraine has its own popular list of special and branch sociologies, which meets the specific challenges of the time of modernization of Ukrainian society. The goals of the industrial stage of its development stimulated the formation of Sociology of Labor, changing the focus of the goals of the economy from the basics of planning to market. That gave a powerful impact on the formation of Sociology of the Economics, the market, the individual, and so on. There were not identified the conditions, circumstances that should determine the application of the potential of sociology to comprehend any direction of human activity. Sociologists strive not to lose the integrity of reflection, as social science always gains more power, accumulating both empirical material and theoretical generalizations on significantly different aspects of social life, which can be taken into account in the development of each sociological industry. Therefore, security contains resistance to the Sociology of Safety, Sociology of Technology, Sociology of Transport, etc. Accumulation of such knowledge with necessity leads to synergistic effect and the growth of a culture of safety in aviation.
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Akimov, Alexander M. "About Some Social Characteristics of Chronic Stress of Shift Workers in the Arctic Conditions." Sotsiologicheskie issledovaniya, no. 5 (2023): 154–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s013216250022670-0.
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The expeditionary-shift method of organizing labor involves an increase in the intensity of labor during the shift, a longer work shift, a decrease in inter-shift rest in the absence of days off and minimal social and domestic security. The article is devoted to the study of the parameters of stress at work and in the family among men aged 25-54, employed in expeditionary-shift work in the Arctic territories of the Tyumen region. A sociological study was conducted on an organized population of men aged 25-54, employed in expeditionary-shift work for more than five years at one of the industrial enterprises of the Tyumen region. The comparison group consisted of an organized population of men in the same age range, working permanently in the city of Tyumen. Determination of stress at work and stress in the family was carried out according to the WHO standard questionnaire MONICA-psychosocial (Multinational Monitoring of Trends and Determinants of Cardiovascular Disease - Optional Psychosocial Sybstudy). Among the men employed in the expeditionary-shift form of work, most often over the previous period of twelve months, a change in specialty was established, an increase in the load and responsibility at the workplace, a more negative attitude towards work, an increase in conflicts with subordinates, but also the possibility of rest after working day while reducing "other" changes at work. According to the parameters of stress in the family, among men employed in expeditionary-shift work, over the previous period of twelve months, a change in marital status, an increase in conflicts in the family, but also opportunities for a relaxing home rest were most often determined. Thus, the obtained results of a sociological study, which determined a significantly higher prevalence of some factors of chronic social stress after five years of work in the Arctic territories of the Tyumen region, should become a scientific basis for the formation of a socially oriented preventive program to reduce the risks of developing CVD among workers in the oil and gas production complex employed in expeditionary - shift form of work.
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Anderson, Elisabeth. "Policy Entrepreneurs and the Origins of the Regulatory Welfare State: Child Labor Reform in Nineteenth-Century Europe." American Sociological Review 83, no. 1 (January 25, 2018): 173–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003122417753112.
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Industrial child labor laws were the earliest manifestation of the modern regulatory welfare state. Why, despite the absence of political pressure from below, did some states (but not others) succeed in legislating working hours, minimum ages, and schooling requirements for working children in the first half of the nineteenth century? I use case studies of the politics behind the first child labor laws in Germany and France, alongside a case study of a failed child labor reform effort in Belgium, to answer this question. I show that existing structural, class-based, and institutional theories of the welfare state are insufficient to explain why child labor laws came about. Highlighting instead the previously neglected role of elite policy entrepreneurs, I argue that the success or failure of early nineteenth-century child labor laws depended on these actors’ social skill, pragmatic creativity, and goal-directedness. At the same time, their actions and influence were conditioned by their field position and the architecture of the policy field. By specifying the qualities and conditions that enable policy entrepreneurs to build the alliances needed to effect policy change, this analysis lends precision to the general claim that their agency matters.
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Li, Tania Murray. "The Price of Un/Freedom: Indonesia's Colonial and Contemporary Plantation Labor Regimes." Comparative Studies in Society and History 59, no. 2 (April 2017): 245–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417517000044.
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AbstractAlthough often associated with colonial times, tropical plantations growing industrial crops such as rubber, sugar, and oil palm are once again expanding. They employ hundreds of thousands of workers, who still use remarkably basic tools. Flagging colonial continuities, labor activists campaign against the reemergence of unfree labor and “modern forms of slavery.” Paradoxically, labor activists also highlight the opposite problem: the casualization of plantation work, as workers are hired daily and fired at will. Recognizing that both “free” and unfree labor regimes have a long history in Indonesia, and plantations have pivoted between these modes more than once, my study compares plantation labor regimes in the colonial, New Order, and “reform” periods (post-1998) to answer three questions. First, given that employers always want to access disciplined labor at the lowest possible price, what were the conditions that led employers to rely on unfree labor in some cases, and “free” labor in others? Second, to what extent was unfreedom imposed as a response to excessive freedom among workers and peasants? Third, how were the costs of social reproduction distributed between workers and employers, and what pressures from workers or regulators (state, colonial, transnational) affected this distribution? In addition to published sources, I draw on my ethnographic research in West Kalimantan (2010–2015) to explore contemporary experiences of un/freedom among workers on state and private oil palm plantations.
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Duffy, Brooke Erin, and Becca Schwartz. "Digital “women’s work?”: Job recruitment ads and the feminization of social media employment." New Media & Society 20, no. 8 (November 16, 2017): 2972–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1461444817738237.
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In the wake of profound transformations in digital media markets and economies, the structures and conditions of cultural production are being radically reconfigured. This study explores the nascent field of social media work through an analysis of job recruitment ads—texts, we contend, that provide insight into a key discursive site of imagining the ideal digital laborer. Drawing upon a qualitative textual analysis of 150 adverts, we show how employers construct workers through a patterned set of features, including sociability, deft emotional management, and flexibility. Such industrial imaginings incite workers to remain ever available, juggle various roles and responsibilities, and engage in persistent emotional labor—both online and off. These expectations, we argue, allude to the increasingly feminized nature of social media employment, with its characteristic invisibility, lower pay, and marginal status within the technology field.
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Calnitsky, David. "The employer response to the guaranteed annual income." Socio-Economic Review 18, no. 2 (February 16, 2018): 493–517. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ser/mwy009.
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Abstract How do firms react when the whole labor force has access to a guaranteed income? One view argues that the guaranteed income is an employer subsidy, facilitating low wages and a ‘low-road’ industrial strategy. The second view suggests that in providing an alternative to work, the guaranteed income tightens labor markets and pulls wages up. This article examines the impact of an understudied social experiment from the late 1970s called the Manitoba Basic Annual Income Experiment, or Mincome. This research focuses on Mincome’s ‘saturation’ site, the town of Dauphin, Manitoba, where all residents were eligible for unconditional payments. Using an archived survey of local firms that inquires into wage rates, applications, hiring, and work hours, I find support for the second view. I close by examining the mechanisms behind the employer subsidy argument and considering the conditions under which a variety of income-support policies might increase or decrease wages, and more broadly, foster compromise or conflict in the labor market.
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Marti, Sibylle. "The ILO, the Politics of Statistics, and Changing Perceptions of Informal Work, 1970–Present." Labor 21, no. 1 (March 1, 2024): 98–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/15476715-10948960.
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Abstract The article contributes to the history of labor statistics by identifying the social, political, and epistemic conditions that led to the recognition of informal work as a countable form of labor. The article traces the ILO's efforts since the 1970s to capture the initially elusive concept of the informal sector in an internationally recognized statistical definition and to introduce it into national accounts. It also elucidates how the understanding of informal work broke away from its original focus on developing countries and expanded in the 1990s, at a time when the spread of nonstandard employment had led to an increase in informal employment in developed countries as well. By analyzing the decades-long attempts to develop statistics on the informal sector and informal employment, the article illuminates labor as an object of contingent (and contested) statistical definition and also shows how actors representing informal workers mobilized statistical knowledge for political action.
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GARRETT, GEOFFREY. "The Politics of Structural Change." Comparative Political Studies 25, no. 4 (January 1993): 521–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0010414093025004004.
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The 1930s and the 1980s were decades of significant political economic change in the capitalist democracies. Depression and the rise of the industrial working class created opportunities for the establishment of social democracy in the 1930s. Stagflation and the decline of the working class made possible waves of radical rightist reform. However, this article suggests that only governments that do not have to concentrate myopically on the exigencies of winning the next election have the political space to undertake structural changes, the benefits of which may only be manifest in the medium term. In turn, successful reforms are likely to entail changes in underlying social structural conditions—such as the strengthening or weakening of organized labor movements—that both expand the electoral constituencies of the government's partisanpreferred policies and improve their macroeconomic efficacy. These propositions are examined with respect to the construction social democracy in Sweden in the 1930s and the construction of neoliberalism in Thatcher's Britain. Although the consequences of these two instances were diametrically opposed, the conditions that created the possibility for radical reform, and the strategies pursued by the governments to precipitate structural change were very similar.
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Choi, Jae-Sung, and Soochan Choi. "Social work intervention with migrant workers in South Korea." International Social Work 48, no. 5 (September 2005): 655–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020872805055331.
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Although migrant workers have emerged as a major force throughout Korean industry, they are often alienated by disadvantageous labor conditions as well as social discrimination as a whole. Social workers in the work-place can themselves utilize the micro and macro procedures of assisting troubled newcomers. French Bien que les travailleurs immigrés en soient venus à occuper une place prépondérante dans l'industrie coréenne, ceux-ci se trouvent souvent aliénés parce qu'on leur impose des conditions de travail désavantageuses et sont victimes de discrimination. Les travailleurs sociaux en milieu de travail peuvent s'impliquer personnellement à travers des procédures micro et macro afin de venir en aide à ces nouveaux venus en difficulté. Spanish Aunque los trabajadores migratorios en la industria coreana se han convertido en una fuerza importante, a menudo están alienados, son discriminados socialmente, y trabajan en condiciones laborales desventajosas. Los trabajadores sociales en los lugares de trabajo pueden utilizar procedimientos micro y macro para ayudar a los recién llegados en sus problemas.
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Amberg, Stephen. "Constructing Industrial Order in the Center of the American Economy: How Electoral Competition and Social Collaboration Evolved in Twentieth-Century New York." Studies in American Political Development 31, no. 1 (February 9, 2017): 108–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0898588x17000013.
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Comparative studies of capitalist political economies have settled on a new understanding of how historical choices about electoral rules were constitutive of the current varieties of capitalism that are distinguished by their strategies of growth and adjustment to competitive conditions. The countries that have “coordinated market economies” typically have well-organized unions and employers with distinct partisan representation under multiparty electoral rules, and they have more egalitarian outcomes. The countries that have “liberal market economies” have arms-length market-based relationships under the plurality rule that are more conflictual, and they have inegalitarian outcomes. This article develops the analysis of electoral rules and industrial order by taking another look at the United States, which has always been taken as a case of plurality and liberal market economy. In contrast, New York had multiparty politics for most of the twentieth century, in part because of its cross-endorsement fusion rule of nominations. This article argues that fusion operated in a similar way to proportional representation to enable labor–management collaboration and social regulation. Collaboration in New York City was a constitutive element of the New Deal's laboristic politics. The later disruption of this American version of coordination transformed the U.S. political economy into a liberal market economy.
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Danilov, Alexander N. "Vivat universitas! 100 years of institutionalisation of sociology at the Belarusian State University." Journal of the Belarusian State University. Sociology, no. 3 (October 8, 2021): 4–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.33581/2521-6821-2021-3-4-12.
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The article identifies three stages in the development of sociology at BSU, reveals their content and features. It is argued that the institutionalisation of sociology on the territory of Belarus began with the opening of the Belarusian State University and the creation of the department of sociology and primitive culture, where students were given lectures on genetic sociology, issues of labour, law, cultural history, and sociology of family and marriage. After the identification of historical materialism with sociology, the teaching of sociological disciplines was excluded from the curricula of BSU. Sociology revived in the 1960s with the creation of the Problematic Research Laboratory of Sociological Studies at the BSU. In its depths, as well as in the sector of applied sociology at the department of philosophy of the humanities faculties, personnel were trained and the necessary conditions were created for the opening of the section of sociology and the department of sociology in 1989. Professor G. P. Davidyuk is rightfully considered to be the founder of modern Belarusian sociology. Currently, at BSU, centuries-old traditions in the field of sociological science and education are being developed at the Center for Sociological and Political Researches and at the department of sociology of the faculty of philosophy and social sciences. It is concluded that BSU is one of the leading universities in the post-Soviet space and it possesses everything necessary for its further development. Sociological science and scientific schools are actively developing at BSU. The university staff includes well-known specialists who provide the training of highly qualified personnel with competences to work in conditions of global instability and readiness to give an adequate respond to the new challenges of the time.
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Maghbouleh, Neda, Clayton Childress, and Carlos Alamo-Pastrana. "'Our Table Factory, Inc.': Learning Marx through role play." Learning and Teaching 8, no. 2 (June 1, 2015): 5–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/latiss.2015.080202.
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Marx's critique of capitalism remains foundational to the university social science curriculum yet little is known about how instructors teach Marx. In post-industrial, service-oriented economies, students are also increasingly disconnected from the conditions of industrial capitalism that animate Marx's analysis. Inspired by the discussion of how a piece of wood becomes a table in Marx's Capital Vol. 1., 'Our Table Factory, Inc.' simulates a diverse array of roles in the chain of production into and out of a table factory to understand key concepts: means/mode of production, use/exchange value, primitive accumulation wage/surplus labour, proletariat, bourgeoisie, alienation, false consciousness, commodity fetishism and communist revolution. We describe the exercise and present qualitative and quantitative assessment data from introductory sociology undergraduates across three small teaching-intensive universities in the United States. Findings detail the exercise's efficacy in fostering retention of material and in facilitating critical engagement with issues of inequality.
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Warren, Jon. "“The way things get done around here…” Exploring spatial biographies, social policy and governance in the North East of England." International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 37, no. 11-12 (October 10, 2017): 655–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijssp-04-2016-0048.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to argue that the application of social policy in the North East of England is often characterised by tension and conflict. The agencies and professionals charged with implementation of Westminster driven policies constantly seek to deploy their knowledge of local conditions in order to make them both practical and palatable. Design/methodology/approach This paper examines the region via established literature from history, geography, sociology and social policy. The paper gives illustrations via empirical work which has evaluated initiatives to improve the health of long term health-related benefit recipients and to sustain individuals in employment in the region. Findings Central to the paper’s argument is the notion of “biographies of place”. The core of this idea is that places have biographies in the same way as individuals and possess specific identities. These biographies have been shaped by the intersections between environment, history, culture and economic and social policy. The paper identifies the region’s economic development, subsequent decline and the alliance of labour politics and industrial employers around a common consensus that sought economic prosperity and social progress via a vision of “modernisation” as a key component of this biography. Originality/value The paper argues that an appreciation of these spatial biographies can result in innovative and more effective social policy interventions with the potential to address issues that affect entire localities.
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Hilgert, Jeffrey. "Analyzing Exclusion in Global Worker Health Policy." Articles 71, no. 4 (January 3, 2017): 690–712. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1038528ar.
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This article examines the development of the ILO’s Global Strategy on Occupational Safety and Health through the lens of social exclusion. Social exclusion is a transversal concept across the social sciences. The article integrates the study of exclusion as an essential element of institutional analysis in industrial relations. After discussing the treatment of the study of exclusion in labour and employment relations scholarship, it presents an analytic frame using four mechanisms of exclusion taken from sociology: 1- encoding; 2- framing pathways; 3- non-decision making; and 4- mining actualities. Observations are presented from a qualitative study of 125 preparatory and legal texts created through the development of the Global Strategy between 2000 and 2015. The method of analysis is a socio-historic interpretation following the principles of analysis of primary source documents outlined by Marc Trachtenberg in his book The Craft of International History: A Guide to Method. Exclusionary dynamics are observed in three areas: 1- managing the meaning of OSH policy integration; 2- shaping the role of collective labour rights in OSH policy; and 3- sidestepping the development of specific OSH hazard protections. Comparisons are made at key points with recent normative work by UN human rights bodies, including the UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and their General Comment No. 23 on the human right to just and favourable conditions of work. The result is a Global OSH Strategy with promotional strengths, but also neoliberal values interwoven in its policy framework.
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Sethi, S. Prakash, and Janet L. Rovenpor. "The Role of NGOs in Ameliorating Sweatshop-like Conditions in the Global Supply Chain: The Case of Fair Labor Association (FLA), and Social Accountability International (SAI)." Business and Society Review 121, no. 1 (March 2016): 5–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/basr.12079.
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Broz, J. Lawrence, Jeffry Frieden, and Stephen Weymouth. "Populism in Place: The Economic Geography of the Globalization Backlash." International Organization 75, no. 2 (2021): 464–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020818320000314.
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AbstractA populist backlash to globalization has ushered in nationalist governments and challenged core features of the Liberal International Order. Although startling in scope and urgency, the populist wave has been developing in declining regions of wealthy countries for some time. Trade, offshoring, and automation have steadily reduced the number of available jobs and the wages of industrial workers since at least the 1970s. The decline in manufacturing employment initiated the deterioration of social and economic conditions in affected communities, exacerbating inequalities between depressed rural areas and small cities and towns, on the one hand, and thriving cities, on the other. The global financial crisis of 2008 catalyzed these divisions, as communities already in decline suffered deeper and longer economic downturns than metropolitan areas, where superstar knowledge, technology, and service-oriented firms agglomerate. We document many of these trends across the United States and Europe, and demonstrate that populist support is strongest in communities that experienced long-term economic and social decline. Institutional differences in labor markets and electoral rules across developed democracies may explain some of the variation in populists’ electoral success. Renewed support for the Liberal International Order may require a rejuvenation of distressed communities and a reduction of stark regional inequalities.
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Cserháti, Ilona, and Károly Pirisi. "Industry 4.0 and some social consequences: Impact assessment by microsimulation for Hungary." Society and Economy 42, no. 2 (June 2020): 105–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/204.2020.00010.
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AbstractThe expected future impact of the fourth industrial revolution is a hotly debated issue in the literature. The majority of papers focus on quantifying the expected impacts on labour demand, or on a specific country, or on huge macro-regions – and the estimates differ widely. Our paper focuses on the impact assessment of Industry 4.0 on the expected structure of employment, wages and inequalities in Hungary. We built a static microsimulation model for our analysis, where the “EU Survey of Income and Living Conditions Hungary 2017” dataset was used as a starting point. Projections by the European Centre for the Development of Vocational Training (CEDEFOP) were used for policy simulations on future employment by sector and by occupational group for each European Union (EU) member state. The analysis also elaborates our own augmented vision about the expected labour demand changes and expected wage trends. Based on this information, the spill-over effects were calculated regarding wage structure and inequalities by sector, region and the highest educational attainment.
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Braun-Strumfels, Lauren. "Binational Gatekeepers." Labor 18, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 10–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/15476715-8767314.
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While the 1891 and 1893 Immigration Acts established inspection protocols that remained in place for decades, less is known about how US agents initially translated gatekeeping laws into the durable policy directives that had a profound effect on the migration of working-class people. Before the “qualitative” restriction of specific racial, social, and economic conditions transitioned to a period of “quantitative” or enumerated exclusion by the 1920s, the US government had to establish a structure to carry out the work of exclusion, but this early era of qualitative gatekeeping is less understood. Italian encounters with federal agents at Ellis Island show how the 1891 and 1893 laws empowered the administrative state to carry out the work of exclusion shadowed by the banality of bureaucratic decision-making. The records of the short-lived Office of Labor Information and Protection for Italians (1894–99), the only outpost of a foreign government allowed to operate in the main processing building on Ellis Island, offers a rare snapshot of the gatekeeping process in its crucial early years. Given that Italians were the single largest ethnic group to be processed at Ellis Island over its sixty-two-year history and the primary target of inspectors in the station’s first decade, their experiences with bureaucratic exclusion illuminate how the United States moved to systematically control working-class migration.
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Kearsey, Joe. "Control, camaraderie and resistance: Precarious work and organisation in hospitality." Capital & Class 44, no. 4 (February 12, 2020): 503–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309816820906382.
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With industrial action recently taking place at TGI Fridays, McDonald’s and Wetherspoons, the organisation of precarious workers within the hospitality industry has received renewed attention in popular and academic circles. The subject of this article is the result of a year’s worth of work, research and activism alongside co-workers within the sector. It takes the form of an insiders’ ethnography, positioning itself as an example of workers’ inquiry into precarious workplaces and collective resistance. The research addresses the subject of affective labour in customer-facing hospitality work, with particular attention paid to the sociability of the labour process. It also addresses the issues of the composition of labour and the material conditions that act as the driving force of precarity, while assessing the contours of flexibility, control and resistance. The wider social character of the work and the workers themselves, as well as the community and camaraderie of the workplace, is also studied. Using the 2018 TGI Fridays strike as a key example, the article outlines how, in harnessing the camaraderie of such social and communal work, workers have sought to realise their autonomy and resist precarity through collective struggle.
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Koroleva, Alina. "Charitable Activities of the Spanish Mining Holding HUNOSA for the Preservation of Industrial Heritage in the Context of Decarbonization." ISTORIYA 14, no. 5 (127) (2023): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840026865-0.
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Charitable activities of mining companies undertaken out of commitment to corporate social responsibility (CSR) are aimed at creating a favourable environment in the regions of operational presence. Mining companies mainly support the areas which are directly related to their core business or influence the life of local communities. The caste-based nature of mining as a profession has evolved over the centuries, as it combines hard physical labour and adverse working conditions. The mining labour union was the main social and political pillar of Asturias throughout the 20th century, while working class history largely accounted for the history of the region. The industry crisis of 1966 led the miners to submit a request to the government for nationalisation of their companies, as they sustained irreparable economic losses. As a response to their request, National Institute of Industry (INI) integrated into the coal sector, and in 1967 the mining company HUNOSA (Hulleras del Norte S. A.) was founded. After the democractic transition the mining labour movement maintained its social, political and cultural hegemony; however, industrial decline and decarbonisation undermined these foundations, no matter how deep-rooted they were. By the end of the 20th century the Asturian coal industry was faced with another phase of crisis. While the first blow came in the 1970s with the end of protectionist energy policies, the second one had to do with the inability to adapt to the conditions of the world market. In the 1990s Asturias faced a rapid population loss as well as rising unemployment. At the same time, general Western European trend of phasing out coal-fired power in line with the Paris Agreement of 2015 brought about a grave crisis of the coal industry. HUNOSA, the only monopolist on the Spanish coal market, is responsible for implementing a fair “coal transition”. The mining tradition that was passed down through generations and seemed immutable has come to an end. One of the responses of former miners to the dissolution of the industry is to become actively involved in the protection and promotion of the mining heritage. It manifests both a nostalgic yearning for the past and a willingness to preserve and pass on the memory of it to future generations.
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Higginson, John. "Making Sense of “Senseless Violence”: Thoughts on Agrarian Elites and Collective Violence during “Reconstruction” in South Africa and the American South." Comparative Studies in Society and History 63, no. 4 (October 2021): 851–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s001041752100027x.
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AbstractKey moments of the American Civil War and the 1899–1902 South African War and their tragic immediate aftermaths remain powerful features of national memory in both countries. Over the past century, vengeful politicians and ideologues in both have transformed them into formidable stock-in-trade. Second-, third-, and fourth-hand accounts of the alleged churlish manner of the victorious armies, especially soldiers of African descent, were made into combustible timber for reactionary political campaigns. The perceived cruel turns of fate have made their way into literature, stage, and screen. The two wars afforded people of various races and social conditions opportunity to act upon their conceptions of a just society, albeit amid terrible carnage and loss. They also underscored the permanence of the industrial transformation of both countries. In the decades following these two wars most of the black and white agrarian populations discovered that state and agrarian elites had cynically manipulated and then extinguished their aspirations. Most often, for black agrarians, violence was the preferred instrument to pursue desired outcomes. Reconstruction in the American South was a paradox. The Civil War emancipated the slaves but left the entire South, especially upland cotton regions, economically backward. In Louisiana, especially, politicized violence to coerce black labor was pervasive. After the South African War, white violence against rural black people was widespread. Lord Milner’s Reconstruction Administration was more concerned to bring South Africa’s gold mines back into production than to stem the violence. The low-intensity violence of the postwar countryside became the backland route to apartheid.
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Taiji, Riley, and Melinda C. Mills. "Non-standard Schedules, Work–Family Conflict, and the Moderating Role of National Labour Context: Evidence from 32 European Countries." European Sociological Review 36, no. 2 (October 9, 2019): 179–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcz048.
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Abstract A wide body of research over the past 30 years links non-standard work schedules to increased work–family conflict (WFC), but often only within single country contexts. A relatively under-explored question is the extent to which the effects of non-standard schedules on family life might vary by country or be buffered by institutional context. Building on past research, this study uses multilevel modelling techniques on 2004 and 2010 European Social Survey data to explore whether the effects of non-standard schedules on WFC vary across 32 countries in Europe, and if so, whether this contextual variation can be explained by labour regulations and industrial relations characteristics measured at the country level. Findings show that while non-standard work hours and days are associated with increased WFC across the majority of sampled countries, the strength of this association varies significantly between countries. The strongest factor shaping the social consequences of non-standard schedules is the degree to which workers are covered under collective bargaining agreements in a country, which explains as much as 17% of the observed between-country variation in the effects of non-standard schedules on WFC. These findings highlight collective agreements as one of the central mechanisms through which family-friendly regulations on working times and conditions are generated for non-standard schedule workers across Europe. More broadly, findings suggest that when studying the social consequences of non-standard schedules, these arrangements must be contextualized in the broader institutional frameworks within which they are organized and regulated.
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Tkacheva, Galina. "Contribution of the Far Eastern Region to the Victory of the USSR in the Great Patriotic War and the End of World War II." ISTORIYA, E21 (2021): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840017328-9.
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In 1941—1945. The inviolability of the Far Eastern borders with limited human resources, a poorly developed system of communication links and a lack of financial resources was maintained using the country's socio-political and military-economic capabilities. The demographic situation determined the mobilization capabilities of the region, the imbalance between the number of urban and rural residents, the personnel potential of military-industrial and civilian enterprises has increased, the problem of labor resources has become aggravated. The deployment of a military contingent in the Far East was, on the one hand, an incentive for the development of life-supporting industries, and on the other, an additional burden for limited regional resources. The introduction of a rationed supply of food and basic necessities to the population guaranteed a minimum of material benefits for the majority of the population. In the most difficult conditions, it was possible to preserve the social infrastructure at a level that ensures the reproduction of the labor force. The movement “Everything for the front, everything for the victory!” became a symbol of Soviet patriotism, citizenship and sacrifice. The war of the Soviet Union against Japan received the support of the world community. The Tokyo and Khabarovsk military tribunals established that the main Japanese criminals violated international law, treaties and agreements, unleashing aggressive wars against other countries, and committed a grave crime against humanity. The signed international agreements provided not only for the defeat of fascist Germany, Italy, militarist Japan and their allies, but also for the preservation of peace and the settlement of contradictions. The commonality of goals, the just nature of the war helped the Soviet people endure an incredibly difficult and prolonged test and win the Great Patriotic War, and bring the end of World War II closer.
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Krasiuk, T., and A. Fedorchenko. "Mobbing: causes and ways to overcome." Analytical and Comparative Jurisprudence, no. 6 (February 18, 2023): 140–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2788-6018.2022.06.25.
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The article is devoted to highlighting one of the current problems - preventing mobbing at the workplace and overcoming it, as well as clarifying the causes of this negative phenomenon in order to understand its nature. The changes made to the Code of Labor Laws of Ukraine regarding for the prevention of mobbing were analyzed. Attention is focused on the fact that although the legislator has introduced legal mechanisms for protection against mobbing at the workplace, some issues in practice remain open. Such a problematic aspect as the non-regulation at the legislative level of the manager's procedure in case of mobbing facts at the enterprise is detected, because the psychological situation in the work team led by him depends on his attitude to them, as well as the implemented preventive measures to combat mobbing.
Different approaches of scientists to the interpretation of the concept of "mobbing" were analyzed, based on which the most general definition was derived. It is noted that mobbing is a complex social phenomenon with negative consequences that are manifested in various spheres - psychological, industrial and economic, health care, moral, so in order to understand its nature, it is also studied in the context of management and psychology, sociology, ethics and medicine . Therefore, mobbing as a subject of research is multidisciplinary. It is noted that the manifestations of mobbing in the modern industrial and economic sphere for various reasons (high competition, pragmatic approach to building a career, personal defects - vanity, boasting, envy, superior attitude towards colleagues, etc.) are becoming more and more widespread in labor teams. It was emphasized that mobbing can be done by any member of the team, regardless of age, gender, nationality, or, for example, the duration of work in this team or position - both an ordinary employee and his manager.
It was found that the causes of mobbing are different in nature, mainly psychological. A single and general basis for influencing the victims has not been determined yet. It is established that they are individual for each specific case and depend on various factors, often not directly related to the work function of the affected persons. The authors have characterized and analyzed in detail the features and behavior patterns of mobbers and persons who may become victims of mobbing. Attention is drawn to the difficulty of proving the facts of harassment at the workplace by the manager.
The opinions of scientists regarding ways to prevent and overcome mobbing at the workplace have been analyzed. It has been proven that it is practically impossible to completely avoid it, since at any enterprise there may be objective reasons that contribute to the aggravation of the situation. The conclusions form and propose ways to overcome this problem, namely: to oblige the employer to create a position at each enterprise, institution, organization, whose job function includes studying the influence of psychological, economic and organizational factors of production on the labor activity of employees of the enterprise, institution, organization for the purpose of developing measures to create favorable working conditions and increase its efficiency; introduce a mandatory discussion of the general atmosphere, interpersonal relations of employees at a specific enterprise, institution, organization at general meetings of the labor team and, based on their results and own professional observations, conduct a systematic analysis of the psychological state of the team.
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SHEVELEVA, Oksana, Alexey KHORESHOK, Natalia KUDREVATYKH, and Ekaterina SLESARENKO. "SYSTEM ANALYSIS OF THE PARAMETERS OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE COAL REGION IN THE LIGHT OF INCREASING ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS (ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE KEMEROVO REGION – KUZBASS)." Sustainable Development of Mountain Territories 13, no. 4 (December 20, 2021): 505–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.21177/1998-4502-2021-13-4-505-517.
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Purpose: to present a systematic analysis of the parameters of sustainable development of the coal-mining region (on the example of the Kemerovo region-Kuzbass) in the light of the growing environmental problems and the strengthening of external shocks. Methods: the methods of comparative analysis, grouping, and analogy were used that were implemented on the basis of the data of the Federal State Statistics Service and the Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-being. Results and discussion: identified in the course of the analysis, the problems of a technological, scientific, educational, social nature in the Kemerovo region-Kuzbass, having a pronounced tendency to increase, are due to the specifics of the functioning of the region, which is manifested in the consolidation of the raw materials orientation against the background of the curtailment of the scale of the processing sector, and in it – high-tech and knowledge-intensive industries, degradation of cultural and educational values, often neglect of environmental and moral norms, as well as the formation of consumer behavior of business owners. All this together determines the growth of existing environmental threats, and also determines the high susceptibility of the regional economy to the impact of increasingly emerging external challenges, the main of which is the high volatility of export prices for coal. In the context of a deteriorating environmental situation in coal-mining regions, their sustainable socio-economic development should be determined by the increasing role of social, scientific, innovative and cultural and educational determinants in the context of the regulatory parameter – environmental feasibility and safety. Thus, a positive impact on the sustainable development of an industrial region can be ensured by the deployment of cultural and educational activities, which, in turn, activates scientific and innovative development, creating prerequisites for the diversification of industrial production and, as a result, the growth of social well-being through changes in the social structure and structure. employment. In turn, the improvement of social well-being, the quality of life of the population determines stable trends towards an increase in economic efficiency, forming a stable demand for innovative products and technologies. Reverse processes contribute to the development of trends of a degenerative type, characterized by the primitivization of industrial production, an increase in the share of low-skilled labor, which breaks the positive chain of ensuring sustainable economic development, contributing to the deterioration of environmental conditions. Conclusions: the article presents a systematic analysis of the parameters of sustainable development of the economy of the coal-mining region (on the example of the Kemerovo region-Kuzbass). As the main input parameters, the authors consider: economic efficiency, social well-being, scientific and innovative development, cultural and educational activities, the action of which is determined through mutual influence, having a positive or negative impact on the development of the region. Taking into account the growing environmental problems in the regions of raw material orientation and their direct impact on all spheres of life, each of the selected parameters is studied in the context of the regulatory parameter – environmental feasibility and safety – the fundamental basis for the sustainable development of coal mining regions.
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Day, Cathy, and Sarah Cramer. "Transforming to a regenerative U.S. agriculture: the role of policy, process, and education." Sustainability Science 17, no. 2 (October 11, 2021): 585–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11625-021-01041-7.
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AbstractU.S. agriculture is both a major source of global food and a key contributor to multiple interconnected crises. Climate change, biodiversity loss, and severe impacts on soil and water quality are among the challenges caused by U.S. industrial agriculture. Regenerative methods of farming are necessary to confront all these challenges simultaneously, in addition to addressing the increasing challenges to farm labor conditions. Transforming U.S. agriculture to a regenerative system will require a focus on creating traction for the values, beliefs, worldviews, and paradigms that effectively support such transformation while decreasing the friction that works against them. With a focus on creating traction for transformation, we review the factors and processes that tend to promote and maintain ecological improvements on farms. Starting from a case study that points to some of the sources of friction and traction in the current U.S. agricultural system, we use the framework of three spheres of transformation to focus discussion on how processes that form beliefs and values shape and can reshape farming. We develop a series of points of entry for engaging the systemic changes that will offer farmers traction for transformation. We review literature on agricultural networks, polycentric governance, social learning, agricultural education, and farmer characteristics that lend themselves to ecologically mindful change, thereby identifying interventions that tend to provide traction for change. These approaches, and the supports that allow rural communities and the people that work in them to survive and thrive, are necessary to create the traction needed for farms to undergo a shift to regenerative agricultural practices. We link these changes to the promise of the twentieth century New Deal agricultural programs and the potential of the Green New Deal.
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Acsády, Judit. "Women’s Industrial Labor in Hungary." East Central Europe 46, no. 1 (April 4, 2019): 9–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18763308-04601002.
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This study is a part of the RE-WORK research project at the Centre for Social Science of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences and it contributes to the initiative to create a social history overview of Hungarian industrial labor since the last decades of the nineteenth century. Women workers in Hungary have been part of the labor force ever since the beginning of industrialization, and yet they have mostly formed a distinct and in certain ways segregated group of industrial laborers. Based on statistical data, a review of secondary literature, and pointing at some original sources, the study provides an overview of the main characteristics and the tendencies as well as the most relevant features of women’s employment in industry in Hungary.
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Truba, Anatoly S. "Regulation of the mechanism of implementation of social and labor relations in the agro-industrial complex of Russia." Economy of agricultural and processing enterprises, no. 3 (2022): 36–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.31442/0235-2494-2022-0-3-36-43.
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The mechanism of implementation of social and labor relations in the agro-industrial complex in Russian practice remains stable, despite the aggressive conditions of digital transformation. This situation has developed due to the relative stability of the legislation regulating the complex of labor relations, as well as the high level of conservatism of social and labor practices in the agro-industrial complex. Supervision in the field of social and labor relations should be carried out from the standpoint of preventing labor offenses and minimizing the impact on employers. In these conditions, the use of digital-platform solutions is essential. An effective tool is the use of an electronic employment contract.
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Iskenderov, R. K., and A. K. Melikov. "The social-economic efficiency of measures on the development of safe labor conditions in oil field enterprises." Azerbaijan Oil Industry, no. 01 (January 15, 2023): 45–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.37474/0365-8554/2023-1-45-51.
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The paper studies the social-economic efficiency of the measures towards the development of safe conditions of labor in the industrial enterprises. The necessity of the advancement of corresponding legal framework is shown, and various aspects defining industrial safety are characterized as well. The basic procedures of ensuring safe working environment, and the evaluation of the social-economic efficiency of the measures towards the labor protection in the industrial enterprises are reviewed, and the perspectives of its enhancement shown. Special attention is paid to the issues of the monetary evaluation of the measures carried out towards improving the safety of labor conditions; the reasons for the variety of approaches to the estimation of the social injury are studied as well. With the purpose of development of safe working environment in an industrial enterprise, the views on the perspectives of the advancement of the organization of control in the working places are offered. The possibilities of the minimization of the social-economic losses in the system of labor protection are specified.
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Alvarez, Camila Huerta, Julius Alexander McGee, and Richard York. "Is Labor Green?" Nature and Culture 14, no. 1 (March 1, 2019): 17–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/nc.2019.140102.
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In this article, we assess whether unionization of national workforces influences growth in national carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions per capita. Political-economic theories in environmental sociology propose that labor unions have the potential to affect environmental conditions. Yet, few studies have quantitatively assessed the influence of unionization on environmental outcomes using cross-national data. We estimate multilevel regression models using data on OECD member nations from 1970 to 2014. Results from our analysis indicate that unionization, measured as the percentage of workers who are union members, is negatively associated with CO2 emissions per capita, even when controlling for labor conditions. This finding suggests that unionization may promote environmental protection at the national level.
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Earle, Carville. "Divisions of Labor: The Splintered Geography of Labor Markets and Movements in Industrializing America, 1790–1930." International Review of Social History 38, S1 (April 1993): 5–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859000112295.
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Among the various methodological prescriptions of Anthony Giddens, perhaps the most useful for labor history are his advisories on social change, on the anxieties and tensions attending a society's transition from one geographical scale to another. Labor's experience in the United States offers a case in point. The nation's transformation from a preindustrial to an industrial society entailed, in addition to the inexorables of accelerated urbanization, industrial expansion, and market extension, certain fundamental changes in the conditions of labor. Industrialization restructured the geography of labor markets, revised principles of wage determination, fomented sectarian division in the ranks of labor, and soured the relations between labor and capital. These structural changes led, in turn, to the inevitable responses of, among others, worker combination, protest, industrial violence, and a splintering in the ranks of labor.
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Pankova, Oksana, and Olexandr Kasperovich. "Ukrainian regulatory policy’s target priorities to ensure decent working conditions in a platform economy." Economy of Industry 4, no. 96 (November 25, 2021): 21–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/econindustry2021.04.021.
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The article explores and reveals the key trends in the system of social and labor relations related to the impact of digitalization and the platform economy. These include individualization, increased competitiveness, lack of personal connections and traditional work teams, one-time, short-term and informal relationships. These trends generate a number of challenges and threats to traditional mechanisms for implementing public policy in the social and labor sphere, which are based – at the core – on the fundamental inconsistency of the institutional framework for the functioning of traditional regulatory mechanisms in the field of labor and employment (which are focused on long-term formal employment and stable labor collectives) and the system of social and labor relations, which is formed by the platform economy (which is characterized by informality, short duration and individualization of social and labor relations that arise). That is, the platform economy does not create those subjects on which the traditional system of implementation of state policy in the social and labor sphere is based. The article reveals the essence of the main problems for the traditional regulatory mechanisms of state policy for the development of social and labor spheres that have emerged in the context of the spread of the platform economy. The main emphasis is on transformational changes in the system of social and labor relations; on the problems and opportunities for the formation of mechanisms for representing the collective interests of platform workers and employers; on the regulatory and legal uncertainty of the status and unregulated activities of labor platforms; on the "erosion" of jurisdiction on transnational labor platforms, etc. The main target priorities for ensuring balanced social and labor development in the conditions of platform economy spreading are substantiated. They are: updating the existing system of contractual and state regulation of the social and labor sphere; implementation of modern systems and mechanisms for representing the collective interests of platform workers and employers; implementation of the National Platform for Social Dialogue and Socially Responsible Partnership; ensuring a comprehensive regulatory framework for platforms, development and implementation of policies of state and contractual regulation for the harmonization of socio-economic, labor, digital, neo-industrial and sustainable development in modern conditions.
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Stepus, A. F. "TRANSFORMATION OF THE "PERSONNEL COMPETITIVENESS" CATEGORY INTO THE CONDITIONS OF THE DIGITAL ECONOMY." Bulletin of Udmurt University. Series Economics and Law 32, no. 1 (January 25, 2022): 72–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.35634/412-9593-2022-32-1-72-79.
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The article provides a retrospective analysis of the main categories of labor theory in its development and transformation, taking into account the opinions of various researchers. The essence of the concepts of "competition", "labor force" and "workplace", "labor" and "work", "personnel" and "personnel", "productivity" and "productive force of labor", "labor resource" and "labor potential", "cost" and "value" is revealed. As a result of the analysis, the author's definitions of the concepts of "ability to work", "efficiency", "thesaurus", "communication experience" are proposed. A detailed analysis of various approaches to the interpretation of these categories allowed the author to substantiate his own scientific position on the issue under study. The author, in order to illustrate the process of transformation of the categories under consideration in the course of the development of social production from industrial to post-industrial, taking into account the current stage of the formation of the digital economy, proposed the use of the concepts of "atom" and "molecule" to characterize the processes of changing the application of human labor in the new conditions of the digital economy in comparison with the traditional labor process in an industrial society. As a result of the implementation of the author's approach, it is proposed to update the definition of the concept of "personnel competitiveness" taking into account its transformation in the digital economy.
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Swenson, Peter A. "Varieties of Capitalist Interests: Power, Institutions, and the Regulatory Welfare State in the United States and Sweden." Studies in American Political Development 18, no. 1 (April 2004): 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0898588x0400001x.
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Current wisdom about the American welfare state's laggard status among advanced industrial societies, by attributing it to the weakness of the Left and organized labor, poses a historical puzzle. In the 1930s, the United States experienced a dramatically progressive turn in social policy-making. New Deal Democrats, dependent on financing from capitalists, passed landmark social insurance reforms without backing from a well-organized and electorally successful labor movement like those in Europe, especially Scandinavia. Sweden, by contrast, with the world's strongest Social Democratic labor movement, did not pass important social insurance legislation until the following two decades.
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Melnyk, Kostiantyn, Felix Tsesarsky, Oleksii Zaitsev, Tamara Yatsenko, and Oleksii Zaitsev. "Abuse of Rights in Labor Relations: Concepts, Motives, Beneficial and Adverse Consequences." International Journal of Criminology and Sociology 9 (April 5, 2022): 2674–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.6000/1929-4409.2020.09.330.
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The article contains the studied issues of abuse of rights in labor relations: the concept of "abuse of rights in labor relations" has been defined, its motives, and beneficial and adverse consequences have been analyzed. The authors emphasize that "abuse of rights" as a legal fact arisen in specific life circumstances may have both beneficial and adverse social content. All this resulted from the fact that legislative practice does not keep up with real conditions of changing labor relations affected by dynamic circumstances of modern social and economic development of society. To develop new approaches to definition of the fundamental principles of labor law to ensure the rights of all participants in labor relations on the principles of equality before the law seems now to be very important. The solution to this problem is in formulation of a universal definition of the concept "abuse of rights in labor relations" like actions or inactions in the legal environment of labor law, based on antisocial motives of these actions (inactions), which do not coincide with motives officially indicated, resulting in adverse social consequences such as discrimination, oppression of labor rights of citizens and stateless persons, violation of the requirements for safe and healthy working conditions. In turn, according to the authors, actions or inactions beyond labor law, but based on positive social motives, resulting in beneficial social consequences such as labor rights of citizens and stateless persons for safe and healthy working conditions, production safety, environmental society, etc., shall not be considered as "abuse of rights" (but as "beneficial abuse of rights").
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Melnyk, Leonid, Oleksandr Kubatko, Iryna Dehtyarova, Oleksandr Matsenko, and Oleksandr Rozhko. "The effect of industrial revolutions on the transformation of social and economic systems." Problems and Perspectives in Management 17, no. 4 (December 27, 2019): 381–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ppm.17(4).2019.31.
Full textAbstract:
The development of human civilization is related to the constant change of economic formations, and the current social and economic situation is determined by such concepts as Society 5.0, Fourth, and Fifth Industrial Revolutions (FIR, FiIR). The paper aims to estimate the change of human role in each economic formation caused by industrial revolutions. A structured review methodology with a focus on biological, labor, and personal entity of human within the industrial revolutions is used. The description of the changes between the biological, labor, and personality entities of human in various socio-economic formations is discussed. The human as a biological entity is not changed in the first four industrial revolutions, while the FiIR tries to change the biological entity through augmenting the physical capacity. The human as a labor entity is not changed in the first three industrial formations, while the FIR tries to replace the majority of physical human jobs and opens the gate for creative economy and decisions-making. The direct labor participation is minimized within FIR since the economic systems move to the transition to the dominant role of cyber-physical systems. The personal human development is triggered within the FiIR, since informational diversity in economic systems is actualized, and conditions for creative jobs within the creative economy are formed. The biological, labor, and personality entities of human are sequentially actualized within the economic formation caused by industrial revolutions.
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Gusov, Auzbi, and Olga Repkina. "Social Resources and Risks of Industrial Revolutions 4.0 in Russia." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 3. Ekonomika. Ekologija, no. 1 (March 2019): 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu3.2019.1.1.
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The article analyzes the main social prerequisites for the implementation of the new industrial revolution in Russia, as well as the social risks arising in this process. The analysis of the main approaches to the understanding of the essence and the main consequences of the industry 4.0 is given, the role of various social groups playing a leading role in the implementation of the revolutionary technological leap is revealed. In this regard, the features of social processes affecting the scientific and technical intelligentsia, the sphere of research and development, innovative entrepreneurship in modern Russia are studied. The fourth industrial revolution is seen as a stage of socio-economic progress with its inherent social problems and risks, such as the widening of the gap between the income on capital and the income of hired workers; increasing income inequality between individual groups of employed and unemployed people within countries due to changes in the structure of the labor market; a significant increase in unemployment in certain segments of the labor market due to automation and robotization of labor and the disappearance of many professions; population aging due to increased life expectancy. It was noted that in Russia there are various basic social resources for successful entry into the process of the fourth industrial revolution, and conditions have developed for a fairly rapid qualitative renewal of the Russian economy and increasing its competitiveness, but there are significant social risks associated with insufficient maturity of individual elements of the social system.
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Langille, Brian A. "What is International Labor Law For?" Law & Ethics of Human Rights 3, no. 1 (January 1, 2009): 48–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1938-2545.1030.
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This Paper suggests that the answer to the question what is domestic labor law for?commonly regarded as securing justice against markets or a justified tax on market activityhas informed the search for the answer for the question what is international labor law for. This is reflected in what this Paper refers to as P2, which provides that the failure of any country to adopt humane conditions of labor is an obstacle in the way of other nations which desire to improve the conditions in their own countries. P2 envisions a race to the bottom by rational states trapped in a Prisoners Dilemma game. The author maintains that this cannot be the objective of ILO which cannot stop the race given its deficient enforcement mechanisms to ensure compliance. This Paper suggests an alternative raison detre for the ILO, which is called P1, namely social justice: universal peace can only be established if it is based upon social justice. P1 reflects what states actually seek to achieve. Following Sen, this Paper suggests that there is no tradeoff between social justice and economic efficiency. Therefore the promotion of labor rights by the ILO will contribute both to social justice and to economic success. Thus the ILO should promote international labor law so as to lead member states to pursue their self-interest which is consistent with the collective goal of humanity.
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Анисимова, Н. Ю. "Structural and functional transformations of production and labor relations in conditions of digitalization." Экономика и предпринимательство, no. 5(130) (June 25, 2021): 102–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.34925/eip.2021.130.5.017.
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В статье раскрыты особенности трансформации производственно-трудовых отношений в цифровой экономике, рассмотрены подходы к оценке влияния внедрения цифровых технологий на рынок труда. Дан анализ процесса цифровизации производственно-трудовых отношений в Российской Федерации, выявлены его перспективы и тенденции трансформации труда в цифровой экономике. Определены структурные и функциональные изменения производственно-трудовых отношений с использованием искусственного интеллекта, отражена специфика креативной, рутинной и социальной работы. В качестве дальнейшего направления исследований предложена разработка методики измерения цифрового труда, индикатором которого выступит количественное и качественное наращивание знаний субъектов трудового процесса. The article reveals the features of the transformation of industrial and labor relations in the digital economy, considers approaches to assessing the impact of the introduction of digital technologies on the labor market. The process of digitalization of industrial and labor relations in the Russian Federation has been analyzed, its prospects and trends of labor transformation in the digital economy have been revealed. Structural and functional changes of production and labor relations using artificial intelligence were determined, the specifics of creative, routine and social work were reflected. As a further direction of research, the development of a methodology for measuring digital labor is proposed, the indicator of which will be a quantitative and qualitative increase in the knowledge of subjects of the labor process.
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Nash, Bradley. "Labor Law Reform and Organized Labor: A Comparative Historical Sociology of Unanticipated Outcomes." Humanity & Society 43, no. 2 (December 25, 2017): 120–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0160597617748167.
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This article provides a comparative historical examination of the unanticipated consequences of labor law reforms in capitalist democracies during the twentieth century. The study of unexpected effects has a long history in sociology, and the cases analyzed here prove particularly instructive. Primary attention is given to earlier labor law projects in Germany and France that targeted the role of organized labor within industrial relations. Though divergent in political aims, legal reforms in the two countries converged in that the outcomes proved contrary to state intentions. Specifically, whereas postwar German conservatives had hoped to weaken labor unions with the Works Constitution Act of 1952 and French socialists aimed to strengthen organized labor by implementing the Auroux Laws during the 1980s, the legislative initiatives in the two nations ultimately had unexpected impacts. Analysis of what caused these unanticipated effects points toward two common factors: strategic actions (or inactions) by relevant social agents and the indeterminate nature of legal discourse itself. This article concludes with a consideration of the possibilities for labor law reform in the United States.