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1
Purse, Kevin. "Workplace Health and Safety Deregulation in South Australia." Journal of Industrial Relations 41, no. 3 (September 1999): 468–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002218569904100307.
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In July 1998 the Soutb Australian goverment released a Discussion Paper concern ing the future of occupational bealth and safety regulation in South Australia. In examining the paradigm shift proposed in the Discussion Paper, this paper highlights the importance of workplace health and safety as public polig issues in Australia and seeks to locate the Discussion Paper within the broader context of deregulatory changes in the administration of occupational health and safety legislation that have occurred in South Australia in recent years. It identifies several fundamental flaws in the proposals put forward for change and suggests that the major problem with tbe regulation of occupational health and safety in South Australia is the failure to effectively administer the legislation. The paper also advances a number of proposals designed to achieve greater compliance with the legislation. It concludes that the major proposals contained in the Discussion Paper are unlikely to find widespread practical expression.
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Wardani, Hertanti Kusuma, and Nur Khamim. "Overview Analisis Sistem Manajemen Keselamatan pada Industri Pertambangan Di Beberapa Negara." Syntax Idea 3, no. 2 (February 20, 2021): 298. http://dx.doi.org/10.36418/syntax-idea.v3i2.1054.
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The effort to reduce and eliminate the dangers of mining activities by preventing losses that is by implementing the application of safety management. Safety management systems are applied throughout the world. The world gets permission for industrial safety and health to get occupational safety and health. This safety management system is not only applied in Indonesia but also applied in several other countries such as South Korea, Singapore, Malaysia and Australia. In this study an analysis of the differences in the safety management system in these countries with an outline with the aim to carry out an analysis of the safety management system in large rock countries. The comparison obtained from the management system required and applied by the government regarding the safety system in these countries. For Indonesia and Singapore, a safety management system must be implemented in industrial companies, whereas for countries such as South Korea the safety management system is voluntary in other words the safety management system is implemented voluntarily by the industry. Australia is more applying safety management system standards and references for industrial needs. Safety management systems in Australia, South Korea and Malaysia are being readjusted to suit industry needs.
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Ziersch, Anna, Moira Walsh, Clemence Due, and Alex Reilly. "Temporary Refugee and Migration Visas in Australia: An Occupational Health and Safety Hazard." International Journal of Health Services 51, no. 4 (January 28, 2021): 531–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020731420980688.
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Employment and work-related exploitation and discrimination are important social determinants of health. However, little is known about the experiences of people on temporary visas in Australia, particularly those on refugee visas. This article reports on a study of people living on temporary visas in South Australia and their experiences of workforce exploitation and discrimination and impacts on health. Interviews were conducted with 30 people: 11 on non-refugee temporary visas and 19 on refugee temporary visas. Data was analyzed thematically. Analysis identified experiences of exploitation and discrimination in the Australian labor market that included difficulties securing work, underpayment, overwork, and hazardous workplaces. These experiences had negative health effects, particularly on mental health. None had made a formal complaint about their treatment, citing the precarity of their visas, difficulties finding an alternative job, and lack of knowledge about what to do. The impacts were especially evident for refugees who were also grappling with pre-settlement trauma and ongoing uncertainties about their future protection. Overall, these findings of discrimination and exploitation in the workplace and subsequent ill health highlight the pervasive impact of neoliberal agendas and stress the need for industrial, immigration, and welfare reform to protect workers on temporary visas.
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Vermeulen, Leo. "Line managements involvement in people management: A comparison between South Africa and Australia." South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences 6, no. 3 (September 30, 2003): 529–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v6i3.3304.
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The purpose of this study was to obtain empirical data on expected shifts of people management activities from human resources managers to line managers. The research was done by means of a cross-cultural survey in South Africa (n=381) and Australia (n=653). The research results clearly indicate that there was a perceived shift of traditional people management functions to line management in both countries. This shift was more prominent in South Africa than in Australia. The main shift in South Africa seemed to be that line managers are increasingly involved in training and development. Equal employment opportunity was seen as the second most important area of change, followed by the use of human resources information systems, industrial relations, and occupational health and safety. Recruitment and selection were seen as the least important areas of change.
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Schofield, Toni, Belinda Reeve, and Ron McCallum. "Australian workplace health and safety regulatory approaches to prosecution: Hegemonising compliance." Journal of Industrial Relations 56, no. 5 (January 17, 2014): 709–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022185613509625.
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Enforcement of workplace health and safety regulations remains a contentious matter, especially in the context of Australia’s project to harmonise commonwealth, state and territory workplace health and safety legislation. This article presents the findings of a qualitative study investigating policies and practices associated with prosecution and enforcement in two Australian regulatory agencies, prior to harmonisation. The article finds that by 2008, both regulators had taken significant steps to render their enforcement policy and practice, particularly in relation to prosecution, more transparent and accountable to employers and the wider community. They produced detailed and publicly available enforcement policies and prosecution guidelines, reconfigured the work of the general inspectorate (confining it to routine workplace health and safety surveillance and the provision of education and advice to employers) and established a separate administrative unit responsible for investigation and prosecution. Both regulators structured prosecution processes to achieve explicitly technocratic outcomes, namely, enhanced efficiency, objectivity, timeliness, consistency and quality improvement in investigations. These processes went hand in hand with a dramatic decline in the use of prosecution in New South Wales from 2002 to 2010, and an uneven but marginal increase in Victoria for the same period. The article concludes by discussing what these findings might imply for workplace health and safety regulators’ approaches to prosecution and for deterrence under Australia’s new harmonised regime.
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Chileshe, Nicholas, Raufdeen Rameezdeen, M. Reza Hosseini, and Steffen Lehmann. "Barriers to implementing reverse logistics in South Australian construction organisations." Supply Chain Management: An International Journal 20, no. 2 (March 9, 2015): 179–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/scm-10-2014-0325.
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Purpose – This paper aims to present a survey of the perceptions of the barriers to implementing reverse logistics (RL) practices in South Australian (SA) construction organisations. Despite the extensive research on forward logistics and RL, there is a paucity of studies that examine the barriers to implementing RL particularly within the Australian construction industry. This study builds on the ongoing research being undertaken by the authors, entitled “Designing for reverse logistics (DfRL) within the building life cycle: practices, drivers and barriers”, which is examining the best practices and drivers that could be used as a “road map” for developing appropriate solutions for the successful implementation of RL. Design/methodology/approach – Data were collected by utilising a triangulated data collection approach, a literature review and 49 questionnaires. The review of the literature identified 16 barriers to implementing RL. The quantitative survey data were subjected to descriptive and inferential statistics with correlation analysis to examine the relationships between different pairs of variables comprising RL’s critical barriers. Findings – The following barriers were indicated as most significant: lack of incorporation of salvaged materials by designers; regulation restrictions to usage of recovered materials and components; potential legal liabilities; higher costs; and longer-time association with deconstructing buildings. The least ranked barriers were mostly drawn from the operational and industrial categories as being: organisational lack of support for deconstruction due to incompatible design; lack of organisational support for deconstructing buildings due to higher health and safety risks; and inadequate skills and experience for deconstruction (operational). The industrial barrier was related to “higher costs of salvaged materials in comparison to virgin products”. Research limitations/implications – First, the reported findings are focussed on one study that used questionnaire surveys within the construction industry; therefore, the results may not be generalisable to other contexts. Further, studies should be conducted and extended to other industrial sectors beyond the construction industry. Second, the quantitative study (n = 49) used a smaller sample, and the survey items were based on the review of the literature. Practical implications – The identified barriers could be used as a “road map” for the development of appropriate solutions for the successful implementation of RL, and to improve the environment-related decision-making processes of contractors. Originality/value – This study makes a contribution to the body of knowledge on the subject of RL within a previously unexplored SA context. In addition, the study provides some insights on the contributory effects of the barriers to the implementation of RL. It is the first work undertaken to determine the barriers to the adoption of RL within the SA construction industry.
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Varshavsky, A. E., and V. V. Dubinina. "Global Trends and Directions of Development of Industrial Robots." MIR (Modernization. Innovation. Research) 11, no. 3 (October 27, 2020): 294–319. http://dx.doi.org/10.18184/2079-4665.2020.11.3.294-319.
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Purpose: the main purpose of this article is to analyze the main trends and directions of development of industrial robots, as well as the problems associated with their distribution. To achieve these goals, the following tasks were solved: analysis of the dynamics of the stock of industrial robots, the structure of the stock of robots by region (Europe, America, Asia / Australia), as well as the annual volumes and structure of world sales of robots by key industries; analysis of the main tasks of industrial robots, performed by them in these industries, and the directions of their use; analyze the dynamics of the robot fleet by industry in different countries (Japan, USA, South Korea, China, Germany, etc.); analysis of indicators and problems of using industrial robots in Russia.Methods: the research methodology consists in a comparative analysis of the use of industrial robots in different industries (automotive, food, chemical, electronic, etc.) based on statistical data by country. A systematic approach, tabular and graphical interpretation of information was applied, analysis of the dynamics of the levels of the time series, the calculation of growth indices of indicators.Results: the analysis showed that the use of industrial robots reduces injuries at the workplace, production costs and improves the quality of the final product, productivity, flexibility and safety, which contributes to a significant increase in their use in both developed and developing countries.Conclusions and Relevance: recently, robotization has become available even in non-industrial countries. The introduction of robotization into production processes increases the competitiveness of the economy. The acceleration of digitalization and automation, as well as the ease of use of industrial robots, are driving their proliferation. In Russia, the wider use of industrial robots, the development of the industrial Internet of things and the implementation of digitalization are possible only on the basis of the restoration and further development of mechanical engineering, electronic and other manufacturing industries.
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Van Gent, Dominique, Martin Burke, and Sandeep Sharma. "South West Hub Project, Western Australia: appraising ‘migration-assisted' containment for carbon storage in sandstone strata." APPEA Journal 57, no. 2 (2017): 669. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj16024.
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The South West Hub project (SW Hub) managed by the Department of Mines and Petroleum (DMP) Carbon Strategy Branch, is continuing to build confidence in storage associated with migration assisted trapping (MAT) in unconfined saline aquifers. The area of interest is in the Harvey and Waroona Shires near large CO2 emission sources in the industrial centres of Kwinana and Collie. The injection target is the Lower Lesueur sandstone, a 1500 m thick reservoir with varying permeability layers that should support residual and solubility trapping. The storage complex has no regional shale layer and depends on MAT for primary containment, with the 600 m thick Upper Lesueur with its numerous paleosol baffles as the lower confining layer and the basal shale part of the Eneabba Formation as the upper confining layer. Detailed models have been built based on new 2D/3D seismic surveys and core/log data from the drilling of four wells over a five year period. The results, which include extensive sensitivity analysis, indicate that commercial quantities of CO2 may be injected safely with the plume remaining within the injection reservoir. Uncertainties do remain and the next stage of the program is aimed at reducing these. Significant technical work has also been done through research projects executed by the National Geosequestration Laboratory (NGL) and funded by the Australian National Low Emissions Coal research and development program (ANLEC R&D). This paper will summarise the geological setting, the technical workflow/activities and assurance processes together with the significant community and stakeholder management efforts undertaken.
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Williamson, Maxwell. "Fraccing forum." APPEA Journal 56, no. 1 (2016): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj15005.
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There have been 13 major inquiries completed during the past few years that have addressed the issue of hydraulic fracture stimulation (fraccing) in Australia. There are two inquiries due to report before mid-2016; namely in SA (Natural Resources Committee, Parliament of South Australia, 2015), and the Senate Inquiry (Parliament of Australia, 2015). These inquiries are in addition to many others conducted in overseas jurisdictions including various states of the US, Canada, and in countries in the European Union, including the UK. Concerns are usually concluded around ensuring there is a proper regulatory environment to confirm that the use of fraccing is conducted using international best practices, and the risk to the environment is minimised. In each and every responsible inquiry the conclusion has been that there is no scientific or public policy reason that would justifiably prevent the use of fraccing as a pre-well completion stimulation technique. This paper attempts to synthesise basic data about fraccing—why the ability to fracture stimulate wells is no longer a luxury but a necessity in deep oil and gas production—to convey factual information and summarise the results of inquiries in Australia to date. Comparisons between hydraulic fracture stimulation operations and results in the US and Australia are intended to provide comfort that some of the potentially more intense (massive) hydraulic fracture stimulation operations routinely conducted in the US (and Canada) on an individual well basis are not contemplated in the immediate future in Australia. The scale of North American fraccing activities may bear little resemblance to what may be proposed or occur in Australia owing to fundamental differences in geology, basin stress regimes, infrastructure, and cost and logistics, among other factors. The author’s conclusion is that fraccing in Australia can and will be carried out in a sphere of safety and regulation that many other countries are likely to aspire to copy. It would, however, be foolish to suggest hydraulic fracturing operations are not without some risk, as with many industrial and other daily activities, but the risks can be managed or mitigated with sound engineering and scientific practices. This is irrespective of the messages by opponents of hydraulic fracture stimulation in oil and gas wells. The modern practice of fraccing has been used now for more than 65 years, albeit with increasing scale commensurate with technological advances, which has caught the public’s imagination. Indeed, the results of inquiries have given no credence to demonising the technology.
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McCrystal, Shae, and Belinda Smith. "Industrial Legislation in 2010." Journal of Industrial Relations 53, no. 3 (June 2011): 288–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022185611402004.
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Two themes in legislative activity in 2010 were national uniformity and some movement in using law to promote equality, especially gender equality. The Fair Work Act 2009 (Cth) came into full effect with the commencement of the new safety net provisions and the referral to the Commonwealth of industrial relations powers over private-sector workforces in all states except Western Australia. Progress continued on the promised harmonization of Australian occupational health and safety laws with the release of a model Work Health and Safety Bill by Safe Work Australia, although developments in some states threaten to derail the process. An attempt to repeal most of the industry-specific regulation of the building and construction industry failed. The Federal Parliament passed legislation establishing a national paid parental leave scheme, and a number of changes to federal discrimination laws came into effect or were proposed, including the potential consolidation of federal discrimination legislation. This article provides an overview of these developments at federal level and concludes with a discussion of developments in the states including a brief overview of Victoria’s new equal opportunity legislation.
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Jaravani, Fidelis Godfrey, David Durrheim, Paul Byleveld, Michael Oelgemoeller, and Jenni Judd. "Drinking water safety in recreational parks in northern New South Wales, Australia." Australasian Journal of Environmental Management 22, no. 4 (May 19, 2015): 432–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14486563.2014.984782.
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Rawling, Michael, and Eugene Schofield-Georgeson. "Industrial legislation in Australia in 2018." Journal of Industrial Relations 61, no. 3 (May 1, 2019): 402–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022185619834058.
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It has been a quiet year like last year for the passing of federal industrial legislation (due to a number of factors, including the political turmoil of the federal coalition government and their lack of an overall labour law reform agenda). This article examines key federal industrial legislative developments including the Modern Slavery Act 2018 (Cth). The article identifies that the federal Act contains much weaker compliance measures than the counterpart New South Wales legislation also passed in 2018 – the Modern Slavery Act 2018 (NSW). Also, although the Coalition government has attempted to continue to prosecute its case for further union governance measures, this agenda has been less successful than in previous years, with key government Bills not yet passed by the Parliament. The stagnation in the federal Parliament continues to motivate certain State Parliaments to address worker exploitation, and the article goes on to examine key State industrial legislation passed in 2018 including the Victorian labour hire licensing statute. In light of the continuing dominant position of the federal Labor opposition in opinion polls and an impending federal election in 2019, the article concludes by briefly considering the federal Labor opposition's agenda for industrial legislation.
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Forsyth, Anthony. "Industrial legislation in Australia in 2016." Journal of Industrial Relations 59, no. 3 (May 22, 2017): 323–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022185617693876.
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After three years of trying, the Coalition Government finally succeeded in obtaining passage of several key workplace reform statutes in 2016. This followed the outcome of the federal election held on 2 July, delivering the Government a differently composed Senate and a new opportunity to secure support for its legislative program. This review article explains key aspects of the industrial legislation passed by federal Parliament in 2016, including statutes abolishing the specialist road transport industry tribunal, re-establishing the Howard-era regulator for the construction industry, and setting up a new agency to enforce enhanced governance and accountability standards for registered unions and employer organisations. Legislative amendments aimed at resolving the long-running bargaining dispute in Victoria’s Country Fire Authority are also considered, along with the Government’s muted response to the 2015 Productivity Commission review of the workplace relations framework. The article then examines developments at state level, including a major rewrite of Queensland’s industrial legislation, structural changes in New South Wales, and proposed changes to long service leave and the labour hire sector in Victoria. It concludes by noting the irony that just as the federal Government has tasted some success after a long legislative ‘dry spell’, its labour law reform agenda appears limited and piecemeal.
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Rawling, Michael, and Eugene Schofield-Georgeson. "Industrial legislation in Australia in 2017." Journal of Industrial Relations 60, no. 3 (April 20, 2018): 378–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022185618760088.
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This article examines key industrial legislation passed by federal Parliament in 2017. The main development in federal industrial legislation for this year, which passed with bipartisan support, saw a weakened Coalition Government (forced from its traditional industrial relations (IR) stance) act to improve protections for vulnerable workers. This initiative introduced extended liability provisions regulating franchisors and holding companies. However, these provisions are a narrow response to an economy-wide problem because they do not establish measures to better regulate supply chains, labour hire and gig economy arrangements for the protection of vulnerable workers. Back in more familiar territory, the Coalition Government managed to implement part of its agenda to further regulate unions by establishing legislation that criminalises bargaining payments by employers to unions. A constitutional crisis over the citizenship status of federal Parliamentarians prevented the Coalition Government from passing legislation designed to curtail trade union activities. The article also considers significant State legislative developments including the introduction of mandatory labour hire licensing laws in South Australia and Queensland, industrial manslaughter laws in Queensland and regulation of ridesharing arrangements in Victoria. The article concludes by contrasting federal criminal penalties against union activity with civil penalties for businesses that exploit vulnerable workers, before suggesting future directions in industrial legislation.
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Stewart, Andrew. "The New Unfair Dismissal Jurisdiction in South Australia." Journal of Industrial Relations 28, no. 3 (September 1986): 367–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002218568602800304.
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The transition in the South Australian jurisdiction over unfair dismissals has generated issues that challenge the future and directions of employment protection in Australia. The new provision, with its key remedial power of compensation in liett of reinstatement or re-employment, has in its practical operation approached far closer to the British model of statutory employment rights than any of its counterparts in the other states, and has further proved sufficiently flexible to generate entitlements to redundancy payments in a novel way. Many of the legal points raised in the decided cases to date reflect important aspects of definition, interaction with otherjurisdictions and employ ment policy generally; these include the definition of dismissal, the effect of alternative remedies on an unfair dismissal claim, the taxation of compensation awards and the significance of this type of legislation as a source of procedural (if not always substantive) fairness.
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Pocock, Barbara. "Women in Unions: What Progress in South Australia?" Journal of Industrial Relations 37, no. 1 (March 1995): 3–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002218569503700101.
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Hendrickx, Marc. "Fibrous Tremolite in Central New South Wales, Australia." Environmental and Engineering Geoscience 26, no. 1 (February 20, 2020): 73–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/eeg-2273.
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ABSTRACT Tremolite schists in Ordovician meta-volcanic units in central New South Wales (NSW) consist of fine fibrous tremolite-actinolite. They host tremolite asbestos occurrences, and small quantities of asbestos were mined from narrow vein deposits in central NSW during the last century. When pulverized, the tremolite schist releases mineral fragments that fall into the classification range for countable mineral fibers and may be classed as asbestos despite not having an asbestiform habit. The ambiguity in classification of this type of natural material raises significant health and safety, legal, and environmental issues that require clarification. While the health effects of amphibole asbestos fibers are well known, the consequences of exposure to non-asbestiform, fibrous varieties is not well studied. This group of elongated mineral particles deserves more attention due to their widespread occurrence in metamorphic rocks in Australia. Toxicological studies are needed to assess the health risks associated with disturbance of these minerals during mining, civil construction, forestry, and farming practices.
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Layman, Lenore, Michael Quinlan, Philip Bohle, Michael Quinlan, and Alice Russell. "Managing Occupational Health and Safety in Australia." Labour History, no. 67 (1994): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/27509299.
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Xiang, Jianjun, Peng Bi, Dino Pisaniello, and Alana Hansen. "The impact of heatwaves on workers׳ health and safety in Adelaide, South Australia." Environmental Research 133 (August 2014): 90–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2014.04.042.
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Wulandari. "Stories from the South: Literary Depictions of Indonesians in Australia." Antipodes 33, no. 2 (2019): 315. http://dx.doi.org/10.13110/antipodes.33.2.0315.
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Fildes, Brian. "Vehicle safety in Australia using real world crash data." International Journal of Crashworthiness 3, no. 1 (January 1998): 45–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1533/cras.1998.0060.
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Warren-Langford, P., D. R. Biggins, and M. Phillips. "Union Participation in Occupational Health and Safety in Western Australia." Journal of Industrial Relations 35, no. 4 (December 1993): 585–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002218569303500405.
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Foley, Meraiah, Sue Williamson, and Sarah Mosseri. "Women, work and industrial relations in Australia in 2019." Journal of Industrial Relations 62, no. 3 (March 18, 2020): 365–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022185620909402.
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Interest in women’s labour force participation, economic security and pay equity received substantial media and public policy attention throughout 2019, largely attributable to the federal election and the Australian Labor Party platform, which included a comprehensive suite of policies aimed at advancing workplace gender equality. Following the Australian Labor Party’s unexpected loss at the polls, however, workplace gender equality largely faded from the political agenda. In this annual review, we cover key gender equality indicators in Australia, examine key election promises made by both major parties, discuss the implications of the Royal Commission into Aged Care Quality and Safety for the female-dominated aged care workforce, and provide a gendered analysis on recent debates and developments surrounding the ‘future of work’ in Australia.
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Fahey, Morgan. "Aircraft Crash Management in Australia and New Zealand." Journal of the World Association for Emergency and Disaster Medicine 1, no. 2 (1985): 139–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00065298.
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In the history of aviation there has never been a period when so much effort has been demonstrated to improve the safety standards of international and national airports. This has come about through the knowledge that aircraft crashes in recent years at some airports have been mismanaged because of bad or non-existent planning for such a disaster, and by poor emergency medical response.We share today a faith in the safety of the aircraft. We share, too, the awareness that more people have survived aircraft crashes than have perished, and that if there are survivors on board, in most cases there will be more survivors than dead (1).The encouragement to improve airport safety and crash management has come largely from the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO); from the Club of Mainz Association, who in 1979 set up a consultant committee to investigate and improve international airports; from the Flight Safety Foundation and from the US Airline Pilots Association. All these organizations have rightly questioned the quality of existing emergency medical response to an aircraft crash, and have offered expert advice to improve disaster preparedness and management. This article will report our response to this challenge, particularly in New Zealand, but will also concern our neighboring continent of Australia.New Zealand, set in the Pacific Ocean with its two long islands, has international flight contacts through its three major airports with North America, South East Asia, Japan and the South West Pacific. It has its own national aviation hazards of mountain chains, difficult landing approaches from the sea, made more hazardous with strong winds which are a feature of our capital city airport. Despite this, the safety record of New Zealand airports is extremely high.
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Ali, Abu Noman M. A., and S. M. Solaiman. "Food Safety Offenses in New South Wales, Australia: A Critical Appreciation of Their Complexities." Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety 13, no. 1 (December 17, 2013): 91–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.12040.
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JPT staff, _. "E&P Notes (December 2020)." Journal of Petroleum Technology 72, no. 12 (December 1, 2020): 16–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/1220-0016-jpt.
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China Shale-Gas Field Sets Production Record Sinopec recorded China’s highest daily output of shale gas at 20.62 million cubic meters (Mcm) at its Fuling shale-gas field in Chongqing, China, a key gas source for the Sichuan-East gas pipeline. The first major commercial shale-gas project in China, Fuling has continuously broken records for the shortest gasfield drilling cycle while significantly increasing the drilling of high-quality reservoirs covering more than 3 million m, according to Sinopec. Gasfield production construction was also expanded to raise production capacity. The company said the field maintains a daily output of 20 Mcm, producing an estimated 6.7 Bcm per year. Apache and Total Plan Suriname Appraisals Apache filed appraisal plans for its Maka and Sapakara oil discoveries in block 58 offshore Suriname. The company said another submission is expected for Kwaskwasi, the largest find in the block, by the end of the year. Operations continue for Keskesi, the fourth exploration target. There are plans to drill a fifth prospect at Bonboni in the North-Central portion of the concession. Partner company Total is assuming operatorship of the block ahead of next year’s campaigns. BP Emerges as Sole Bid for Offshore Canada Parcels BP was the only operator to place a bid in the Canada-Newfoundland and Labrador Offshore Petroleum Board (C-NLOPB) Call for Bids NL20-CFB01, which offered 17 parcels (4,170,509 hectares) in the eastern Newfoundland region. The successful bid was for Parcel 9 (covering 264,500 hectares) for $27 million in work commitments from BP Canada Energy Group. Subject to BP satisfying specified requirements and receiving government approval, the exploration license will be issued in January 2021. No bids were received for the remaining 16 parcels, which may be reposted in a future Call for Bids. Criteria for selecting a winning bid is the total amount the bidder commits to spend on exploration of the parcel during the first period of a 9-year license, with a minimum acceptable bid of $10 million in work commitments for each parcel. Beach Energy To Drill Otway Basin Well Beach Energy plans to drill at its Artisan-1 well about 32 km offshore Victoria, Australia, in the Otway basin, before the end of 2021. The well, located on Block Vic/P43, was to be spudded in 1H 2020 but was delayed due to COVID-19. The timeframe for drilling was confirmed by the National Offshore Petroleum Safety and Environmental Management Authority, which also said Beach is keeping open the option to suspend the well and develop it, pending reservoir analysis. Anchors, mooring chains, and surface buoys have already been laid for the well, which is in a water depth of approximately 71 m. The well is expected to take approximately 35–55 days to drill, depending on the final work program and potential operational delays. Diamond Offshore’s semisubmersible Ocean Onyx was contracted for the drilling program. Artisan is the first of Beach’s planned multiwell campaigns, which also include development wells at the Geographe and Thylacine fields. Hess Completes Sale of Interest in Gulf of Mexico Field Hess completed the sale of its 28% working interest in the Shenzi Field in the deepwater Gulf of Mexico (GOM) to BHP, the field’s operator, for $505 million. Shenzi is a six-lease development structured as a joint ownership: BHP (operator, 44%), Hess (28%), and Repsol (28%). The acquisition would bring BHP’s working interest to 72%, adding approximately 11,000 BOE/D of production (90% oil). The sale is expected to close by December 2020. Hess CEO John Hess said proceeds from the sale will help fund the company’s investment in Guyana. Greenland Opens New Offshore Areas Greenland opened three new offshore areas for application of oil and gas exploitation licenses off West Greenland. The areas are Baffin Bay, Disko West, and Davis Strait. The country also said it is working on an oil strategy to reduce geological uncertainty by offering an investment package to companies that engage in its Open Door Procedures. The procedures are a first-mover advantage to remove national oil company Nunaoil, as a carried partner, reducing turnover and surplus royalties. It is estimated to reduce the government take by 51.3% to 40.6%. Shell and Impact Oil & Gas Agree to South Africa Farmout Africa Oil announced Impact Oil & Gas entered into two agreements for exploration areas offshore South Africa. The company has a 31.10% share-holding in Impact, a privately owned exploration company. Impact entered into an agreement with BG International, a Shell subsidiary, for the farm-out of a 50% working interest and operatorship in the Transkei and Algoa exploration rights. Shell was also granted the option to acquire an additional 5% working interest should the joint venture (JV) elect to move into the third renewal period, expected in 2024. Algoa is located in the South Outeniqua Basin, east of Block 11B/12B, containing the Brulpadda gas condensate discovery and where Total recently discovered gas condensate. The Transkei block is northeast of Algoa in the Natal Trough Basin where Impact has identified highly material prospectivity associated with several large submarine fan bodies, which the JV will explore with 3D seismic data and then potential exploratory drilling. Impact and Shell plan to acquire over 6,000 km² of 3D seismic data during the first available seismic window following completion of the transaction. This window is expected to be in the Q1 2022. After the closing of the deal, Shell will hold a 50% interest as the operator and Impact will hold 50%. Impact also entered into an agreement with Silver Wave Energy for the farm-in of a 90% working interest and operatorship of Area 2, offshore South Africa. East and adjacent to Impact’s Transkei and Algoa blocks, Area 2 complements Impact’s existing position by extending the entire length of the ultradeepwater part of the Transkei margin. Together, the Transkei and Algoa Blocks and Area 2 cover over 124,000 km2. Area 2 has been opened by the Brulpadda and Luiperd discoveries in the Outeniqua Basin and will be further tested during 2021 by the well on the giant Venus prospect in ultradeepwater Namibia, where Impact is a partner. Impact believes there is good evidence for this Southern African Aptian play to have a common world-class Lower Cretaceous source rock, similar excellent-quality Apto-Albian reservoir sands, and a geological setting suitable for the formation of large stratigraphic traps. Following completion of the farm-in, Impact will hold 90% interest and serve as the operator; Silver Wave will hold 10%. Petronas Awards Sarawak Contract to Seismic Consortium The seismic consortium comprising PGS, TGS, and WesternGeco was awarded a multiyear contract by Petronas to acquire and process up to 105,000 km2 of multisensor, multiclient 3D data in the Sarawak Basin, offshore Malaysia. The contract award follows an ongoing campaign by the consortium in the Sabah offshore region, awarded in 2016, in which over 50,000 km2 of high-quality 3D seismic data have been acquired and licensed to the oil and gas industry to support Malaysia license round and exploration activity. The Sarawak award will allow for a multiphase program to promote exploration efforts in the prolific Sarawak East Natuna Basin (Deepwater North Luconia and West Luconia Province). The consortium is planning the initial phases and is engaging with the oil and gas industry to secure prefunding ahead of planned acquisition, covering both open blocks and areas of existing farm-in opportunities. Total Discovers Second Gas Condensate in South Africa Total made a significant second gas condensate discovery on the Luiperd prospect, located on Block 11B/12B in the Outeniqua Basin, 175 km off the southern coast of South Africa. The discovery follows the adjacent play-opening Brulpadda discovery in 2019. The Luiperd-1X well was drilled to a total depth of about 3,400 m and encountered 73 m of net gas condensate pay in well-developed, good-quality Lower Cretaceous reservoirs. Following a coring and logging program, the well will be tested to assess the dynamic reservoir characteristics and deliverability. The Block 11B/12B covers an area of 19,000 km2, with water depths ranging from 200 to 1800 m. It is operated by Total with a 45% working interest, alongside Qatar Petroleum (25%), CNR International (20%), and Main Street, a South African consortium (10%). The Luiperd prospect is the second to be drilled in a series of five large submarine fan prospects with direct hydrocarbon indicators defined utilizing 2D and 3D seismic data. BP Gas Field Offshore Egypt Begins Production BP started gas production from its Qattameya gasfield development offshore Egypt in the North Damietta offshore concession. Through BP’s joint venture Pharaonic Petroleum Company working with state-owned Egyptian Natural Gas Holding Co., the field, which is expected to produce up to 50 MMcf/D, was developed through a one-well subsea development and tieback to existing infrastructure. Qattameya, whose discovery was announced in 2017, is located approximately 45 km west of the Ha’py platform, in 108 m of water. It is tied back to the Ha’py and Tuart field development via a new 50-km pipeline and connected to existing subsea utilities via a 50-km umbilical. BP holds 100% equity in the North Damietta offshore concession in the East Nile Delta. Gas production from the field is directed to Egypt’s national grid.
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Jaholkowski, B. M. "Industrial/Occupational physiotherapy: An international perspective." South African Journal of Physiotherapy 39, no. 2 (September 18, 2019): 31–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajp.v39i2.893.
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An overview of the development and practice of Industrial/Occupational Physiotherapy in Great Britain, Australia, New Zealand, Finland, Sweden and Denmark is given. Training facilities and courses available in each country are mentioned. Barbara McPhee’s recommendations for the development of this field of physiotherapy are quoted as suitable for South Africa.
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Barry, Michael, and Rebecca Loudoun. "Industrial Relations, Occupational Safety and Health, and Union Organising in Australia: Lessons and Opportunities." Policy and Practice in Health and Safety 4, no. 1 (January 2006): 31–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14774003.2006.11667674.
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Burgess, Naomi, and Deborah Chen. "OP160 Enhancing Innovation Through HTA: Experience From South Australia." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 34, S1 (2018): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462318001666.
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Introduction:A statewide health technology assessment (HTA) program was implemented to increase equity of access and support robust assessment of technologies, with a focus on those that are high-cost, high-risk, or have state-wide impact.Methods:Local hospital networks and clinicians refer technologies to the South Australia Policy Advisory Committee on Technology (SAPACT) for assessment. Independently produced, comprehensive HTA reports are developed using internationally recognized evidence and critical appraisal methodologies. Clinical and economic systematic analyses are utilized, with extensive clinical consultation, to develop recommendations for new technologies and their role in models of care. Feasibility of adoption and local implementation are considered, including existing service delivery and appropriate training and credentialing. For approved technologies, SAPACT may also develop audit criteria and seek implementation reports on clinical outcomes.Results:The HTA framework has been successfully adopted across South Australia Health, increasing the incorporation of evidence-based decision making in the use of high-cost and high-risk health technologies. Over 35 evidence evaluations for high-risk and high-cost health technologies have been conducted for a broad range of treatment interventions. SAPACT develops and utilizes HTA decision-making criteria for transparency of Committee considerations. The program recommends adoption or rejection of technologies, or it may request a re-submission due to safety concerns or a lack of proven effectiveness. SAPACT has also granted temporary approval through adoption under clinical evaluation to inform investment decisions. A key component is working with clinicians to define specific treatment criteria and patient selection. SAPACT continues to strengthen relationships with all stakeholders, increase patient input through the development of public summary documents for technologies, and improve monitoring and reporting of clinical outcomes.Conclusions:The HTA program has been very productive and positively received. The success of the program is underpinned by its engagement with clinicians, hospital networks, and consumers. The completion of SAPACT HTA reviews and the publication of the SAPACT decision-making criteria have increased the credibility of decisions, supporting enhancements in patient care and cost efficiency for the state government.
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Williams, Claire. "Book Reviews : Managing Occupational Health and Safety in Australia: a Multidisciplinary Approach." Journal of Industrial Relations 34, no. 1 (March 1992): 183–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002218569203400118.
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Chesterfield, CJ, and RF Parsons. "Regeneration of Three Tree Species in Arid South-Eastern Australia." Australian Journal of Botany 33, no. 6 (1985): 715. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9850715.
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Grazing effects by introduced mammals on tree seedlings in the arid zone have caused concern for the long-term future of some tree species. This was investigated by measuring stem girths of Casuarina cristata Miq., Heterodendrum oleifoliurn Desf. and Myoporum platycarpum R.Br. in arid-zone wood- lands. Episodic seedling regeneration of Myoporum is inferred following series of wet years in the 1950s and 1970s. Although young Myoporum plants appear unpalatable to stock, regeneration may be sup- pressed by rabbit-grazing in some areas. Almost no Heterodendrurn seedlings were found but suckering was common after burning and clearing. This species is highly palatable to grazing mammals and suckers may grow to safety above the browse line only where stock are absent. Evidence for recent Casuarina seedling regeneration was limited to one cohort, on a site that had been flooded. While suckers can be found locally where surface roots become exposed, suckering appears insufficient to perpetuate many Casuarina stands. Mammal-grazing seems important in strongly limiting regeneration. While Casuarina and Heterodendrum stand densities decline due to natural senescence and occasional fire, the only species regenerating into gaps is Myoporum. There is concern for the future of Casuarina and Heterodendrum, given their widespread failure to regenerate despite the wettest 3 years ever recorded, in 1973-75. On pastoral land, at least 10 years without stock-grazing might be needed for successful regeneration of Heterodendrurn. In reserves, some nature conservation programs for woodlands might require virtual eradication of all exotic mammalian herbivores, including goats.
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Fisher, J., and R. Parry. "Effective safety propaganda: A study in South African industry." South African Journal of Business Management 16, no. 2 (June 30, 1985): 92–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajbm.v16i2.1079.
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In this study a safety propaganda programme was designed, introduced, monitored, and analysed in the context of ongoing industrial activity. Pre-experimental investigations revealed areas of unsafe activity which were then subjected to the experimental safety propaganda material. Results showed that in a number of workshops studied the propaganda had a positive effect in terms of a reduction in the number of unsafe incidents. Ancillary findings showed wide differences in the formal and informal attitudes expressed by both managerial and supervisory grades towards simple safety situations. It is suggested that such inconsistency is unlikely to be conducive to a stable behavioural commitment to safety procedures.
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Johanning, Eckardt, Mark Goldberg, and Rokho Kim. "Asbestos Hazard Evaluation in South Korean Textile Production." International Journal of Health Services 24, no. 1 (January 1994): 131–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/27ab-6j6d-udhk-qupk.
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The manufacture and use of asbestos-containing products has become the object of restrictive environmental and occupational health regulation in the United States and many European countries. World production, however, has not declined, but rather shifted to developing countries. Our knowledge of the working conditions in these countries is limited. This article describes an investigation conducted in 1991 into the conditions and work practices in asbestos textile manufacturing in South Korea. The findings are based on site visits to several asbestos textile manufacturing facilities, meetings with industrial safety experts, and labor and industry representatives. The authors describe the current status of exposure control technology and industrial hygiene practices, and the results of personal asbestos dust monitoring at five representative textile production workstations. In general, manufacturers and regulatory agencies have not taken the precautions necessary to adequately protect employee health and meet international standards. Worker exposure to asbestos dust well above U.S. and German standards is commonplace in South Korea. International cooperation of health and safety experts with experience in asbestos-related problems should be promoted to improve the level of industrial safety in developing countries.
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Cox, James W., Michele Akeroyd, and Danielle P. Oliver. "Integrated water resource assessment for the Adelaide region, South Australia." Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences 374 (October 17, 2016): 69–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/piahs-374-69-2016.
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Abstract. South Australia is the driest state in the driest inhabited country in the world, Australia. Consequently, water is one of South Australia's highest priorities. Focus on water research and sources of water in the state became more critical during the Millenium drought that occurred between 1997 and 2011. In response to increased concern about water sources the South Australian government established The Goyder Institute for Water Research – a partnership between the South Australian State Government, the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Flinders University, University of Adelaide and University of South Australia. The Goyder Institute undertakes cutting-edge science to inform the development of innovative integrated water management strategies to ensure South Australia's ongoing water security and enhance the South Australian Government's capacity to develop and deliver science-based policy solutions in water management. This paper focuses on the integrated water resource assessment of the northern Adelaide region, including the key research investments in water and climate, and how this information is being utilised by decision makers in the region.
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Murakami, Shigeyuki, A. J. McLean, P. C. Blumbergs, Norio Nakamura, Satoshi Tani, Mitsuru Takekawa, and Toshiaki Abe. "Effectiveness of safety helmets for motorcyclists: An analysis of 158 fatally injured cases in South Australia." Nihon Kyukyu Igakukai Zasshi 9, no. 8 (1998): 325–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3893/jjaam.9.325.
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Lin, Enmoore, Tina Chen, Alana Little, Laura Holliday, Paul Roach, Patrick Butler, Erika Hosking, Elizabeth Bailey, Barry Elison, and David Currow. "Safety and outcomes of 177 Lu‐DOTATATE for neuroendocrine tumours: experience in New South Wales, Australia." Internal Medicine Journal 49, no. 10 (October 2019): 1268–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/imj.14336.
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Milazzo, Adriana, Lynne C. Giles, Ying Zhang, Ann P. Koehler, Janet E. Hiller, and Peng Bi. "Factors Influencing Knowledge, Food Safety Practices and Food Preferences During Warm Weather ofSalmonellaandCampylobacterCases in South Australia." Foodborne Pathogens and Disease 14, no. 3 (March 2017): 125–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/fpd.2016.2201.
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Milazzo, A., L. Giles, Y. Zhang, A. Koehler, J. E. Hiller, and P. Bi. "Food Safety during Hot Weather: Knowledge and Practices of Salmonella and Campylobacter cases in South Australia." International Journal of Epidemiology 44, suppl_1 (September 23, 2015): i45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyv097.175.
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Mitchell, Rebecca J., Lauren Ware, and Mike R. Bambach. "The role of evidence, standards and education in rock fishing safety in New South Wales, Australia." Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health 38, no. 6 (August 28, 2014): 579–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1753-6405.12247.
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Kelty, Erin, Duong Tran, Tina Lavin, David B. Preen, Gary Hulse, and Alys Havard. "Prevalence and safety of acamprosate use in pregnant alcohol-dependent women in New South Wales, Australia." Addiction 114, no. 2 (September 21, 2018): 206–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/add.14429.
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Ballard, G., P. J. S. Fleming, P. D. Meek, and S. Doak. "Aerial baiting and wild dog mortality in south-eastern Australia." Wildlife Research 47, no. 2 (2020): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr18188.
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Abstract ContextWild dogs, including dingoes and dingo cross-breeds, are vertebrate pests when they cause financial losses and emotional costs by harming livestock or pets, threaten human safety or endanger native fauna. Tools for lethal management of these animals currently include aerial baiting with poisoned baits. In New South Wales (NSW), Australia, aerial baiting was previously permitted at a rate of 40 baits km−1 but a maximum rate of 10 baits km−1 was subsequently prescribed by the Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority. The efficacy of these baiting rates has not been quantified in eastern Australia, undermining the value of the policy and rendering adaptive management efforts difficult, at best. AimTo quantify the mortality rate of wild dogs exposed to aerial baiting at historic and currently approved rates, i.e. 40 baits per kilometre and 10 baits per kilometre, respectively. MethodsWild dog mortality rates were measured at sites in mesic north-eastern NSW, where aerial baiting was applied to control wild dogs and contrasted with sites and individuals where no baiting was undertaken. In total, 132 wild dogs were trapped and fitted with GPS-VHF telemetry collars before annual aerial baiting programs. Collars were used to locate animals after aerial baiting and to determine the fates of individuals. Key results90.6% of collared wild dogs exposed to aerial baiting at 40 baits km−1 died, whereas only 55.3% of those exposed to 10 baits km−1 died (Welsh’s t=4.478, P=0.004, v=6.95). All wild dogs that were not exposed to toxic baits survived during the same periods. ConclusionManagers using aerial baiting to maximise wild dog mortality in mesic south-eastern Australia should use 40 baits km−1 rather than 10 baits km−1. ImplicationsWild dog population reduction for mitigation of livestock and faunal predation requires the application of efficacious control. The currently prescribed maximum aerial baiting rate of 10 baits km−1 is inadequate for controlling wild dog populations in mesic forest environments in NSW.
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Markey, Raymond, and Greg Patmore. "The Role of the State in the Diffusion of Industrial Democracy: South Australia, 1972—9." Economic and Industrial Democracy 30, no. 1 (February 2009): 37–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0143831x08099433.
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Boufous, Soufiane, Ben Beck, Rona Macniven, Christopher Pettit, and Rebecca Ivers. "Facilitators and barriers to cycling in older residents of New South Wales, Australia." Journal of Transport & Health 21 (June 2021): 101056. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2021.101056.
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Deves, Leigh, and Robert Spillane. "Occupational Health, Stress, and Work Organization in Australia." International Journal of Health Services 19, no. 2 (April 1989): 351–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/fqr6-ngun-40v9-muyg.
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Contemporary issues and changes in occupational health are reviewed in this article, with particular reference to salient historical and ideological influences on industrial relations in Australia. Comprehensive occupational health and safety legislation has been introduced recently, and the views of employers and unions are analyzed. Research into occupational stress has continued to provide guidelines for work reform, but the controversy generated by the Australian phenomenon known as Repetition Strain Injury (RSI) has raised important issues for the work reform movement.
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Hagglund, George, and Chris Provis. "The Conciliation Step of the Unfair Dismissal Process in South Australia." Labor Studies Journal 29, no. 4 (January 2005): 65–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0160449x0502900405.
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Votano, Simon, and Riza Yosia Sunindijo. "Client Safety Roles in Small and Medium Construction Projects in Australia." Journal of Construction Engineering and Management 140, no. 9 (September 2014): 04014045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)co.1943-7862.0000899.
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Mitchell, Rebecca J., and Mike R. Bambach. "Personal injury recovery cost of pedestrian–vehicle collisions in New South Wales, Australia." Traffic Injury Prevention 17, no. 5 (June 16, 2016): 508–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15389588.2015.1115025.
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Schrale, G., R. Boardman, and M. J. Blaskett. "Investigating Land Based Disposal of Bolivar Reclaimed Water, South Australia." Water Science and Technology 27, no. 1 (January 1, 1993): 87–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0022.
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The Bolivar Sewage Treatment Works (STW) processes the urban and industrial sewage from the northern and eastern suburbs of Adelaide. The treatment capacity is equivalent to the sewage production of 1.1 million people. The disposal of more than 40 000 ML of reclaimed water into the sea has caused a progressive degradation of about 950 ha of seagrass beds which threatens the sustainability of the fisheries and marine ecosystems of Gulf St. Vincent. The current practice will no longer be viable to achieve compliance with the SA Marine Environment Protection Act, 1990. A Inter-Departmental Working Party recommmended that the Bolivar reclaimed water be disposed by irrigation of suitable land on the coastal plains north of Adelaide. They proposed the construction of two pipelines: a 12 km long pipeline to extend the distribution of reclaimed water in the most intense portion of the 3 500 hectares of irrigated horticulture on the Northern Adelaide Plains, and a second, 18 km long pipeline to deliver the remainder to a more northerly site for irrigation of an estimated 4 000 hectares of hardwood plantations. The paper summarizes the findings as they relate to public health, environmental, technical and financial aspects of land based disposal. Land based disposal would completely eliminate the marine degradation and also arrest the over-use of the NAP underground water resources for horticulture. The total net costs over thirty years for land based disposal are about $ 21.8 million. The ‘horticultural' pipeline of the land based disposal scheme is expected to be commercially viable. A shortfall in revenue from the afforestation component is expected and may need to be considered as an environmental cost of ceasing marine disposal.
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Cretikos, Michelle, Paul Byleveld, David N. Durrheim, Philippe Porigneaux, Tony Merritt, and Sandy Leask. "Supply system factors associated with microbiological drinking water safety in regional New South Wales, Australia, 2001–2007." Journal of Water and Health 8, no. 2 (November 9, 2009): 257–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2009.203.
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Aim: To determine factors associated with microbiological safety of public drinking water systems in regional New South Wales (NSW), Australia. Method: We analysed 107,000 end-user drinking water samples for an association between detection of Escherichia coli and drinking water system features, sample year and season using NSW Health Drinking Water Monitoring Program data, 2001–2007. We used negative binomial generalized estimating equations with adjustment for autocorrelation and clustering. Results: We detected E. coli in over 2% of samples from 40% (129/323) of systems. E. coli detection was significantly more common in earlier years and during summer (p<0.001). On multivariate analysis E. coli detection was significantly associated with smaller systems; watercourse sources; no disinfection or disinfection with ultraviolet only; and higher post-treatment mean turbidity (all p≤0.01). Detection was most strongly associated with lack of disinfection (incidence rate ratio 12.6, p<0.001) and smaller supply systems (1% reduction in E. coli detection for each 1,000 person increase in supply population, p=0.004). Ultraviolet disinfection alone was the least effective disinfection method (p<0.001). Conclusion: Even in developed countries, drinking water systems without disinfection or serving small populations appear vulnerable to the effects of faecal contamination, which presents a risk of waterborne disease outbreaks.
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Poulos, R., A. Donaldson, and C. Finch. "Towards evidence-informed sports safety policy for New South Wales, Australia: assessing the readiness of the sector." Injury Prevention 16, no. 2 (April 1, 2010): 127–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ip.2008.021386.
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