To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Industrial relations – OECD countries.
Journal articles on the topic 'Industrial relations – OECD countries'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Industrial relations – OECD countries.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Yoon, Jungkeun. "Globalization and the Welfare State in Developing Countries." Business and Politics 11, no. 2 (August 2009): 1–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1469-3569.1205.
Full textAbstract:
Most of the existing studies of the welfare state have dealt with OECD countries. Moreover, these studies have focused on government partisanship (left versus right), or institutional features under democracy, as primary causal variables. By providing four primary causal mechanisms (the power of popularly based parties, labor strength, democracy, and political instability) that are different from those of OECD countries, I answer the question of whether and why the efficiency or compensation hypothesis holds for developing countries. I show that either the efficiency or compensation thesis can hold for developing countries depending on the type of globalization with which popularly based governments interact.
2
Chew, Soon Beng, and Chadwick Teo. "A Causality Study of the Relations between Wage and Employment in Specific OECD Countries." Review of Pacific Basin Financial Markets and Policies 04, no. 01 (March 2001): 45–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219091501000310.
Full textAbstract:
We analyze the dynamic relationship between employment and wages for a number of OECD countries between the years 1969 to 1998. We propose factors that determine the type of industrial regime in a country. These include government policies, the goals of the labor unions and employers and institutional structures and practices. Looking into the future, with the advent of globalization, there should be a convergence toward employment-driven industrial relations regime as countries strive to keep labor cost competitive to ensure survival in international markets.
3
ERBER, FABIO S., and JOSÉ EDUARDO CASSIOLATO. "Política industrial: teoria e prática no Brasil e na OCDE." Brazilian Journal of Political Economy 17, no. 2 (June 1997): 195–224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0101-31571997-1035.
Full textAbstract:
RESUMO O artigo analisa o desenvolvimento recente das políticas industriais e tecnológicas no Brasil em comparação com as adotadas nos principais países da OCDE. A primeira seção apresenta os antecedentes, apresentando uma breve descrição da evolução da economia global. A segunda seção apresenta o quadro analítico do artigo. Argumenta que atualmente existem quatro “agendas de política industrial”, derivadas de considerações teóricas e políticas - ultra-liberal, reformista liberal, neodesenvolvimentista e social-democrata. A terceira seção apresenta a evolução da política industrial e tecnológica brasileira durante os anos 90, examinando com mais detalhes a situação atual. A quarta seção apresenta as políticas seguidas pelos principais países da OCDE (Estados Unidos, Alemanha, Japão e Reino Unido), examinando sua evolução e focalizando o atual padrão de políticas. A última seção apresenta as principais conclusões do artigo.
4
Verdier, Daniel. "Domestic Responses to Free Trade and Free Finance in OECD Countries." Business and Politics 1, no. 3 (November 1999): 279–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bap.1999.1.3.279.
Full textAbstract:
For the first time in modern history, free trade coexists with free finance. Free trade and free finance (defined as the deregulation and internationalization of banking and finance) are not mutually reinforcing, but cause a mismatch between the demand and supply of financial instruments. Investors want more marketable instruments whereas entrepreneurs want more transaction-specific instruments. This mismatch potentially hurts small firms and local interests most. What can they do about it? It depends on state institutions. The more centralized the state, the fewer opportunities available to potential losers to curb free finance. Free finance is most successful in centralized countries, where resistance to free finance is least strongly felt. This hypothesis is systematically tested on a sample of OECD countries.
5
Kim, Dong-One, Yoon-Ho Kim, Paula Voos, Hiromasa Suzuki, and Young Doo Kim. "Evaluating Industrial Relations Systems of OECD Countries from 1993 to 2005: A Two-Dimensional Approach." British Journal of Industrial Relations 53, no. 4 (August 4, 2014): 645–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bjir.12092.
Full text
6
Cooke, William N. "The Influence of Industrial Relations Factors on U.S. Foreign Direct Investment Abroad." ILR Review 51, no. 1 (October 1997): 3–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001979399705100101.
Full textAbstract:
Although managers of multinational companies have identified labor practices and regulations, access to skilled labor, and similar factors as important considerations in foreign direct investment decision-making, few studies have empirically examined the influence of industrial relations factors on foreign direct investment. Applying a transaction costs framework to U.S. Department of Commerce data published in 1992, the author examines the influence of several key industrial relations variables on U.S. foreign direct investment across nine industries and nineteen OECD-member countries. Across the countries studied, U.S. foreign direct investment was negatively affected by the presence of high levels of union penetration, centralized collective bargaining structures, stiff government restrictions on layoffs, and pervasive contract extension policies; it was positively affected by high levels of education and policies requiring works councils.
7
Sarfati, Hedva. "Book Review: OECD Pensions at a Glance 2009 — Retirement-income systems in OECD countries, OECD: Paris, 2009; 279 pp.: 9789264060715." Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research 16, no. 3 (August 2010): 452–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10242589100160030103.
Full text
8
Forsyth, Anthony. "Protection Against Economic Dismissals: Australian Law Compared with Five Other OECD Countries." Journal of Industrial Relations 51, no. 5 (November 2009): 723–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022185609346204.
Full text
9
Kalaš, Branimir, Vera Zelenović, and Jelena Andrašić. "Relation between tax wedge and employment rate: The case of OECD countries." Industrija 50, no. 2 (2022): 7–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/industrija50-40175.
Full textAbstract:
The paper investigates the relationship between tax wedge and employment rate in thirty-six OECD countries for the period 2000-2020. The aim of this paper is to identify how tax wedge indicators affect the employment level in these economies. The empirical research includes correlation analysis and panel regression to determine character and intensity of nexus among observed variables. The results of Hausman represent that a random effects model is adequate for estimating the effect of tax wedge on the employment rate in selected countries. The model results show a negative correlation between these variables, as well as, that tax wedge indicators have a negative impact on the employment rate in OECD countries for the observed period. The empirical findings manifest that a 1% increase in the average tax wedge leads to a lower employment rate of 0.33% in OECD economies.
10
Cao, Xun. "Domestic Economic Policies, Political Institutions, and Transnational Portfolio Investments." Business and Politics 11, no. 1 (April 2009): 1–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1469-3569.1232.
Full textAbstract:
For many, transnational capital is one of the most important driving forces of economic globalization; yet, we know little about what determines cross-border portfolio investments. In addition to recent economic literature's focus on information asymmetries as one key determinant of cross-border investment, this study brings in a political aspect to the field of international trade in assets. The –race to the bottom’ thesis connects domestic economic policies to investment decisions and argues that capital is more likely to move towards economies characterized by economic liberalism; political institutions are also relevant for portfolio investments, because democratic institutions often provide more credible protection against predatory practices. In this study, I model bilateral portfolio investments as a function of economic policies, political institutions, and levels of transparency of sending and receiving countries as well as important international connections. Empirical findings indicate the importance of transparency to attract portfolio investments. Moreover, transnational portfolio investments are only sensitive to some fiscal policy indictors and only within the OECD countries. Therefore, for non-OECD countries, there is still ‘room to move’ in maneuvering different aspects of fiscal policies. Finally, I find that investors care about the nature of political institutions as democratic institutions tend to be associated with higher levels of portfolio investment inflows. This is good news for developing countries that have undergone or are in the process of democratization. In addition to democratizing for peace, increased foreign capital further incentivizes a progression towards democratization.
11
Ng, Ignace. "The Economic and Political Determinants of Trade Union Growth in Selected OECD Countries." Journal of Industrial Relations 29, no. 2 (June 1987): 233–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002218568702900207.
Full text
12
Stacenko, Sergejs, and Biruta Sloka. "Trade Union Practices in the EU and Latvia: Experience for Eastern Partnership Countries." Baltic Journal of European Studies 4, no. 2 (October 1, 2014): 99–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bjes-2014-0018.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThe article will show major dimensions in the experience of EU Member States that could be shared with the Eastern Partnership (EaP) countries. The framework of the study is the EU concept of trade unions in social dialogue and social partnership in the public sector. This study outlines the concept of social dialogue as a core element of industrial relations and will focus on industrial relations specifically in the public sector. The authors have elaborated the approach to industrial relations and social dialogue taking into account comparative approach to definitions provided by international institutions such as ILO and OECD, as well as institutions in the EU and Latvia. Latvia is also a case study for Eastern Partnership countries as these countries and their trade unions are in a transition period from socialist structures to structures that possess liberal economies. Trade unions in these countries are members of the International Trade Union Confederation. The major transformation that trade unions underwent from being part of the socialist system and becoming an independent institution since Latvia regained independence in 1991 has been studied. The paper discusses the current developments related to the position of Latvian Free Trade Union Federation in the system of decision-making process related to the public administration management. Finally, the prospective role of trade unions in the EU and in Latvia is analysed and possible revitalisation of trade union is discussed. This approach could be applied to the Eastern Partners of the EU.
13
Bean, R., and K. Holden. "Economic and Political Determinants of Trade Union Growth in Selected OECD Countries: An Update." Journal of Industrial Relations 31, no. 3 (September 1989): 402–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002218568903100306.
Full text
14
Bernauer, Thomas, and Vally Koubi. "Banking Crisis vs. Credit Crunch? A Cross-Country Comparison of Policy Responses to Dilemmas in Banking Regulation." Business and Politics 6, no. 2 (August 2004): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1469-3569.1091.
Full textAbstract:
Restrictive policies aimed at reducing the likelihood of bank failure during recessions tend to increase the probability of a credit crunch. In this paper we infer governments' policy responses to this dilemma by studying the cyclical behavior of bank capital in 1369 banks from 28 OECD countries during the period 1992–98. We find significant differences across countries. In the US and Japan, bank capital is counter-cyclical, that is, the typical bank strengthens its capital base during periods of weak economic activity. In the other countries, there is no relationship between the level of macroeconomic activity and bank capital. From these findings we infer that severe banking crises in the US and Japan may have made policymakers there more vigilant towards “unhealthy” banks, even when this implies an increase in the risk of a credit crunch. In countries without such crisis experience, policymakers seem to be less concerned about future banking crises. Our results suggest that the strong push by the US for the 1988 Basle Accord may have been a reflection of this increased sensitivity. They also suggest that, to the extent business cycles do not develop in synchronicity across countries and policymakers respond differently to the banking crisis-credit crunch dilemma, current reforms of the Basle Accord, which are designed to tighten regulatory requirements, may encounter difficulties.
15
Boca, Daniela Del, and Silvia Pasqua. "Labour supply of Italian mothers. A comparison with other EU countries: facts, data and public policies." Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research 10, no. 1 (February 2004): 106–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/102425890401000110.
Full textAbstract:
Recent social and labour market policies in Italy have altered childcare costs and availability, increased opportunities for part-time jobs and flexibility in working hours and extended parental leave. This analysis focuses on the impact of these changes on the labour supply of mothers in Italy in comparison with other countries. Data from Eurostat and the OECD, and empirical results from the Italian Survey on Household Income and Wealth (SHIW) and from the European Community Household Panel (ECHP) are presented. The data show how the situation of Italian mothers is not dissimilar from that of mothers in other southern European countries, in particular Spain and Greece.
16
Sarfati, Hedva. "Interaction between Labour Market and Social Protection Systems: Policy Implications and Challenges for the Social Partners." International Journal of Comparative Labour Law and Industrial Relations 19, Issue 2 (June 1, 2003): 253–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/ijcl2003014.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract: This article highlights the major shifts that have taken place in the labour market and the broader socio-economic context over the past three decades in the OECD countries, bringing about major changes in the welfare state to ensure its sustainability. These ongoing reforms challenge a broad range of acquired rights and raise major policy issues for decision-makers and the social partners. They also provoke adverse effects and therefore require a broad social dialogue on the most effective policy mix. There are major obstacles to achieving consensus, but some countries have succeeded more than others, by adopting different strategies.
17
Baji, Petra, Márta Péntek, Imre Boncz, Valentin Brodszky, Olga Loblova, Nóra Brodszky, and László Gulácsi. "The impact of the recession on health care expenditure — How does the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia compare to other OECD countries?" Society and Economy 37, no. 1 (March 1, 2015): 73–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/socec.37.2015.1.4.
Full textAbstract:
In the past few years, several papers have been published in the international literature on the impact of the economic crisis on health and health care. However, there is limited knowledge on this topic regarding the Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries. The main aims of this study are to examine the effect of the financial crisis on health care spending in four CEE countries (the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia) in comparison with the OECD countries. In this paper we also revised the literature for economic crisis related impact on health and health care system in these countries. OECD data released in 2012 were used to examine the differences in growth rates before and after the financial crisis. We examined the ratio of the average yearly growth rates of health expenditure expressed in USD (PPP) between 2008–2010 and 2000–2008. The classification of the OECD countries regarding “development” and “relative growth” resulted in four clusters. A large diversity of “relative growth” was observed across the countries in austerity conditions, however the changes significantly correlate with the average drop of GDP from 2008 to 2010. To conclude, it is difficult to capture visible evidence regarding the impact of the recession on the health and health care systems in the CEE countries due to the absence of the necessary data. For the same reason, governments in this region might have a limited capability to minimize the possible negative effects of the recession on health and health care systems.
18
CAO, XUN, ASEEM PRAKASH, and MICHAEL D. WARD. "Protecting Jobs in the Age of Globalization: Examining the Relative Salience of Social Welfare and Industrial Subsidies in OECD Countries." International Studies Quarterly 51, no. 2 (June 2007): 301–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2478.2007.00453.x.
Full text
19
Ng, Ignace, and John McCallum. "Trade Unions, Economic Growth and Politics." Journal of Industrial Relations 31, no. 3 (September 1989): 372–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002218568903100304.
Full textAbstract:
Even though identifying the causes of economic growth has been the subject of numerous empirical studies, little is known about the impact of inter-country variations in unionization on differences in economic growth between countries. To fill this apparent gap in the literature, the primary objective of this paper is to examine the influence of trade unions on economic growth in seventeen oECD countries from 1960 to 1979. The results show that the nature of the relationship between trade unions and economic growth depends upon the ideology of the government in power. Under 'non-socialist' governments, increased union density reduces economic growth, whereas under `socialist' governments, a higher level of unionization increases economic growth. This, in turn, implies that governments can have an influence on whether trade unions are growth-inhibiting or growth-promoting. However, because of the limitations in the sample used, additional studies are needed before a consensus can be reached on this issue.
20
Grimshaw, Damian. "International organisations and the future of work: How new technologies and inequality shaped the narratives in 2019." Journal of Industrial Relations 62, no. 3 (April 8, 2020): 477–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022185620913129.
Full textAbstract:
In a critical review of seven prominent flagship reports from five international organisations – the International Labour Organization (ILO), Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and World Bank – this article explores how the policy narratives set out during 2019 and early 2020 have characterised the major future of work challenges associated with new technologies and inequality. It identifies some similarities in viewpoints, including about the unevenness of job changes caused by new technologies and about the declining labour income share, a key measure of inequality. However, there are major points of differentiation. The ILO, OECD and UNDP express serious concerns about the interaction between new technologies and growing inequalities, on the one hand, and a rise in precarious work, concentration of corporate power and erosion of labour bargaining power on the other. Also, UNIDO emphasises the inequalities in technological capacities between developed and developing countries, which make it difficult for markets to distribute the gains from growth evenly. While the World Bank makes some concessions, it remains less open to real-world heterodox evidence about how labour markets function in society. The World Bank aside, there is a growing consensus that labour institutions around the world need to be reinvigorated in order to respond to the challenges facing the future of work.
21
Towers, Brian. "Unemployment and Labour Market Policies and Programmes in Britain: Experience and Evaluation." Journal of Industrial Relations 36, no. 3 (September 1994): 370–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002218569403600304.
Full textAbstract:
Although high unemployment and the search for solutions are widespread among most industrialized countries, the purpose of this article is to review and assess British experience, especially in the past twenty years. Using the OECD distinction Britain, as other countries, continues to spend substantially more on the 'passive' measures of unemployment compensation and redundancy payments than on 'active' measures to create jobs, develop job skills and encourage more active job search. Within the active group, although training remains important, its development, funding and implementation have recently been devolved to regional agencies while job search has been given additional funding and a higher policy profile. This shift towards short-term approaches to unemployment may prove to be an error, given the long-term implications for British attempts to raise skill levels. However, policy remains in flux. Alternative means of reducing unemployment and creating jobs are discussed, including those that incorporate macroeconomic stimuli alongside supply-side measures. These alternatives are currently under active dis cussion in the European union and among other leading industrialized countries. For Britain, such a radical shift in policy is unlikely without a change in government.
22
Takao, Yasuo. "Welfare State Retrenchment – The Case of Japan." Journal of Public Policy 19, no. 3 (September 1999): 265–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143814x99000707.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of this article is to examine the implications for welfare state retrenchment of central-local financial relations. In the post-war period, welfare state expansion has been a dominant theme in the development of central-local government relations in advanced industrial democracies. By the 1980s, however, nearly all OECD member countries had resorted to deficit financing as stagnant tax revenues combined with political pressure for increased public services. Faced with the urgent necessity of fiscal reconstruction, conservatives in advanced industrial democracies have favoured cutting public services throughout the 1990s. As always in times of retrenchment, elected officials have needed to win the goodwill of voters and interest groups for these unpopular cutbacks. There is no doubt that the politics of retrenchment is distinctively different from that of growth. Despite this new stage in the development of the welfare state, few systematic attempts have been made to analyse the impact of retrenchment politics on central-local financial arrangements. This article contributes to the new debate on comparative theories of retrenchment by analysing the impact of welfare state retrenchment in the context of Japan's recent fiscal reconstruction.
23
Bežovan, Gojko. "Anke Hassel, Bruno Palier (ur.): Growth and Welfare in Advanced Capitalist Economies − How Have Growth Regimes Evolved?" Revija za socijalnu politiku 28, no. 3 (December 16, 2021): 429–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3935/rsp.v28i3.1878.
Full textAbstract:
This extensive book is the result of longer ones research that began in 2014 and considers the main economic challenges facing advanced industrial democracies faced since the early 1990s and government responses on them. There are three clearly defined goals of the book: First, expand our understanding of how political economy has changed since the 1970s; second, to analyze the contribution of governments to these changes, looking at their growth strategies and third, to shed light on and analyze the role of reforms social policy systems in these transformations. In short, this book also shows gives a general understanding of the evolution of the regime growth in the advanced capitalist OECD countries.
24
Bertrand, Olivier, and Pluvia Zuniga. "R&D and M&A: Are cross-border M&A different? An investigation on OECD countries." International Journal of Industrial Organization 24, no. 2 (March 2006): 401–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijindorg.2005.07.006.
Full text
25
Carrieri, Francesca, Vihang Errunza, and Sergei Sarkissian. "The Dynamics of Geographic versus Sectoral Diversification: Is There a Link to the Real Economy?" Quarterly Journal of Finance 02, no. 04 (December 2012): 1250019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s201013921250019x.
Full textAbstract:
We study the dynamics of gains from sectoral versus geographic diversification and relate economic sources to changes in those gains. We estimate conditional correlations between returns on the US equity market and 16 equity markets and 10 local industries from other OECD countries and find that the average correlation across countries has increased in relation to that across industries. We also show that this process is accompanied by increased alignment in the industrial structures across countries and an increase in the average conditional correlation of aggregate production growth across countries relative to that of disaggregated production growth, especially among developed economies. Thus, the increased benefits of industry-level investing across developed markets are reflected in the real side of the global economy. However, country-level investing should remain the predominant asset allocation approach in emerging markets.
26
Dieter, Heribert. "The Decline of Global Economic Governance and the Role of the Transatlantic Powers." Business and Politics 11, no. 3 (October 2009): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1469-3569.1258.
Full textAbstract:
Although the global economy has flourished in the current global economic governance regime, the foundations of this order are starting to crumble. Both in trade and in finance, the existing institutions are under severe stress. In trade, more and more countries undermine the WTO by implementing preferential trade agreements. In finance, the IMF has been weak for most of this decade, although it experienced a revival in the current crisis. First and foremost, this weakness of the institutions of global economic governance is the result of policies implemented by the transatlantic powers. Both the European Union and the United States are actively pursuing policies that weaken the existing institutions. In trade, there is a large gap between the official rhetoric, which highlights the importance of the multilateral regime, and the trade policy practice, which is weakening the WTO. In finance, the transatlantic powers have until very recently blocked any progress in the IMF with regard to lending policies. In addition, the EU continues to defend its unjustified overrepresentation in the IMF's governance structures. The article suggests that one of the key explanations for this development is the weak support for globalization in most OECD-countries. Confronted with no enthusiasm for globalization in their domestic constituencies, policy makers in Europe and the United States are increasingly opting for policies that will, over time, erode the existing regimes of global economic governance.
27
Casey, B. H., and S. W. Creigh. "Part-time Job Creation: An Option for Australia?" Journal of Industrial Relations 28, no. 4 (December 1986): 534–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002218568602800404.
Full textAbstract:
Australia's two major public sector job creation schemes in the 1980s—the Wage Pause Program and the Community Employment Program—have been primarily intended to provide full-time employment. This emphasis parallels that found in most other OECD countries. However, recently Great Britain, Sweden and France have pioneered large-scale part-time job creation schemes. In this paper several possible benefits from an increased emphasis on part-time job creation in Australia are reviewed, especially with reference to the information obtained during the evaluation of the Wage Pause Program. These benefits include increasing the number of job slots provided for a given net cost, improving training provisions, and assisting community sponsors with limited administrative resources. The implications of part-time arrangements, such as those developed overseas, for job creation in Australia are explored.
28
Lillywhite, Serena. "Ethical Purchasing and Workers' Rights in China: The Case of the Brotherhood of St Laurence." Journal of Industrial Relations 49, no. 5 (November 2007): 687–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022185607082216.
Full textAbstract:
As China continues its economic development and integration with the global economy, pressure is building to ensure international enterprises embrace responsible supply chain management and contribute to improved labour and environmental conditions. Despite China's reputation for having a poor regulatory framework, China's labour law is more comprehensive than that of many Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries. What is lacking is an adequate system of enforcement. This article draws on the experiences of an Australian non-governmental organization (NGO) in dealing with the Chinese optical industry to consider the important question of corporate social responsibility in China.1 It begins with an overview of the Brotherhood of St Laurence experience and observations in China, examines the challenges and opportunities of responsible supply chain management and ethical purchasing and the impact on workers' rights, and finally looks at implications for an Australia—China Free Trade Agreement (ACFTA).
29
Auer, Peter. "Protected Mobility for Employment and Decent Work: Labour Market Security in a Globalized World." Journal of Industrial Relations 48, no. 1 (February 2006): 21–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022185606059312.
Full textAbstract:
Recent ILO research found that a cluster of OECD countries that might be called ‘numerically flexible’ does in fact demonstrate good labour market results: employment rates overall and rates for relevant groups (young/female/older) are higher and unemployment is lower than in countries with less numerical flexibility as measured by employment tenure. However, when considering indicators of job quality the picture is mixed, with some countries exhibiting low shares of good quality employment and some others high shares. The discriminating variable seems to be labour market institutions and policies. A conclusion is that if efficiency and equity are sought in labour markets in open economies then institutions and policies for ‘protected mobility’ should exist. Institution building (or transformation of existing institutions) is important on several accounts. Firstly, globalization and technical change transforms employment relations and entail more volatility and less security. Secondly, collective bargaining agendas have to be extended to include labour market policies, as employers’ demands for more adjustment flexibility will increasingly be accompanied by worker representatives’ demands for better security in change. In other words: reduced employment protection has to be compensated by labour market security if decent work is a target. Protected mobility by sound labour market policies might result in real ‘flexicurity’ (adaptability for firms and security for workers) and become a common objective of both sides of industry while also reconfirming an enhanced role for the State.
30
Higgott, Richard. "Not Just a “Second Order” Problem in a Wider Economic Crisis: Systemic Challenges for the Global Trading System." Business and Politics 11, no. 3 (October 2009): 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1469-3569.1260.
Full textAbstract:
Reform of the multilateral trade regime is not simply a second order problem within a wider economic crisis. The completion of the Doha Round may be a second order question but the global trade regime faces a series of broader systemic challenges beyond the completion of the current negotiations. This paper identifies five challenges: (i) a marked reduction in popular support for open markets in major OECD countries; (ii) the stalling of a transition from one global economic equilibrium to another; (iii) a lack of clarity and agreement on the agenda and objectives for the WTO as we move deeper into the 21st century; (iv) the demand for fairness and justice in the governance of the WTO'the ‘legitimacy’ question and (v) the rise of regional preferentialism as a challenge to multilateralism. Failure to address these challenges will represent not only a fundamental question for the future of the WTO as the guarantor of the norms and rules of the global trade regime specifically, but also the ability to establish greater coherence in global economic governance overall when its need is arguably greater than at any time since the depression years of the 20th century inter-war period.
31
Oulton, Nicholas. "Supply Side Reform and UK Economic Growth: What Happened To The Miracle?" National Institute Economic Review 154 (November 1995): 53–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002795019515400104.
Full textAbstract:
Two institutions have retarded UK productivity growth in the post-war period: industrial relations and education. The failings of both were largely addressed in the 1980s. The productivity improvement of the 1980s was genuine and was largely due to the reduction in union power brought about by the trade union legislation of the 1980s. The 1980s and 1990s have also seen large falls in the proportion of the labour force which is unqualified and rises in enrolment rates in further and higher education, changes which tend to increase long-run growth. But two factors have obscured the extent o f the improvement. First, the whole climate for economic growth is less favourable than it was in the so-called Golden Age prior to the first oil shock in 1973. Second, UK macroeconomic policy compares poorly with other OECD countries: booms have been shorter and recessions longer, so that microeconomic success has been masked by macroeconomic failure.
32
Klumpes, Paul. "Demographic Pressures and the Changing Political Economy of Pension Law: A Critical Analysis of Pension Law Reforms in Five OECD Countries." International Journal of Comparative Labour Law and Industrial Relations 13, Issue 3 (September 1, 1997): 211–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/ijcl1997022.
Full text
33
Fontainha, Elsa. "Social cohesion across Europe. Does time allocation matter?" Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research 11, no. 1 (February 2005): 97–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/102425890501100109.
Full textAbstract:
The concept of social cohesion has received much attention in recent academic research as well as in policy documents. The aim of this paper is to point out the shortcomings of current indicators for social cohesion and the advantages of including time allocation data in the evaluation and measurement of social cohesion. Such data should include, for example, time spent on household work and family care or time spent on voluntary and civic activities. The paper is organised as follows: first, the Eurostat and OECD social cohesion indicators are discussed in relation to concepts of social cohesion. In section two, some aspects of social cohesion are associated with time allocated to various activities and it is argued that time use data, in some cases, provide a more accurate measure of social cohesion. In section three, empirical results are presented for European countries using indicators that illustrate social cohesion, and time use data are combined with current social cohesion indicators. Finally, conclusions are presented.
34
Hope, David, and Angelo Martelli. "The Transition to the Knowledge Economy, Labor Market Institutions, and Income Inequality in Advanced Democracies." World Politics 71, no. 2 (March 12, 2019): 236–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043887118000333.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThe transition from Fordism to the knowledge economy in the world’s advanced democracies was underpinned by the revolution in information and communications technology (ict). The introduction and rapid diffusion of ict pushed up wages for college-educated workers with complementary skills and allowed top managers and CEOs to reap greater rewards for their own talents. Despite these common pressures, income inequality did not rise to the same extent everywhere; income in the Anglo-Saxon countries remains particularly unequally distributed. To shed new light on this puzzle, the authors carry out a panel data analysis of eighteen oecd countries between 1970 and 2007. Their analysis stands apart from the existing empirical literature by taking a comparative perspective. The article examines the extent to which the relationship between the knowledge economy and income inequality is influenced by national labor market institutions. The authors find that the expansion of knowledge employment is positively associated with both the 90/10 wage ratio and the income share of the top 1 percent, but that these effects are mitigated by the presence of strong labor market institutions, such as coordinated wage bargaining, strict employment protection legislation, high union density, and high collective bargaining coverage. The authors provide robust evidence against the argument that industrial relations systems are no longer important safeguards of wage solidarity in the knowledge economy.
35
Burgess, John, and Lars Mitlacher. "Temporary Agency Work in Germany and Australia: Contrasting Regulatory Regimes and Policy Challenges." International Journal of Comparative Labour Law and Industrial Relations 23, Issue 3 (September 1, 2007): 401–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/ijcl2007019.
Full textAbstract:
A common development among OECD and EU countries is the increase of temporary agency work in the last decade despite different regulatory regimes. For the researcher, agency work is an interesting topic as it is part of the romance of flexible working patterns, the new economy and a new type of employment arrangements; but is also part of a process that undermines employment conditions, collectivism and workers’ rights. Using Germany as an example of a country with a highly regulated temp industry and Australia as a country with very little regulation in this area, the paper outlines the growth and extent of agency employment in each country and examines the regulatory regime that applies in each country. The regulation of temporary agency work in Germany and Australia will be contrasted with the proposed legislation by the European Directive on temporary agency work in order to develop new proposals for an advanced supra-national regulatory approach on temporary agency work.
36
Richardson, Sue. "Who Gets Minimum Wages?" Journal of Industrial Relations 40, no. 4 (December 1998): 554–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002218569804000404.
Full textAbstract:
There have been rising levels of inequality in the earnings distribution in some OECD countries (principally the English-speaking ones), together with stub bornly high levels of unemployment in many others. Australia has shared in the increases in earnings inequality and persistent unemployment. The increasing earnings inequality has led to renewed interest in the usefulness of legally binding minimum wages as an instrument for redressing it. The high unemployment has led to a renewed interest in removing restrictions on what employers must pay, in the hope that this will increase employment. This paper provides the first detailed examination of the low- wage group in Australia and its standing in the distribution of household equivalent income. It finds that low-wage workea s are varied in their socioeconomic characteristics. They are not typically new entrants to the labour force. They look very like all wage earners in their age distribution. A majority work full-time and are married; 40 per cent have dependent children. Most live in lower income households, but many do not. A cut in low wages that focuses on those around the Australian Industrial Relations Commission minimum would be regressive. The circumstances necessary to make the gain to the unemployed exceed the losses to low-wage workers who have a low income appear to be quite implausible.
37
GODA, THOMAS, and JAN PRIEWE. "Determinants of real exchange rate movements in 15 emerging market economies." Brazilian Journal of Political Economy 40, no. 2 (June 2020): 214–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0101-31572020-3072.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT Previous work has established that an appreciation of the real effective exchange rate (REER) contributes to premature deindustrialization, less productive investment and dependence on commodity booms and busts in emerging markets economies (EME). From the literature, it is less clear, however, what the most important drivers for the cyclical REER movements in EME are. The aim of this study is to provide empirical evidence about the determinants of the REER movements of 15 emerging markets during the last two decades, using statistical analysis and a dynamic panel fixed effects model approach. Our analysis shows that although “commodity” and “industrial” EME are heterogeneous, REER volatility tends to be higher among the former. EME that had more stable REER fared better than those that had a depreciating or appreciating trend (with the notable exception of China). As theoretically expected, commodity prices are an important structural driver of REER movements in “commodity EME”. Moreover, the results confirm the existence of the Harrod-Balassa-Samuelson effect, and show the importance of financial inflows. Further, the interventions of central banks were partially successful to avoid more substantial appreciations (depreciations). Finally, we find that lower country risk and, at least in some periods, growing broad money in OECD countries has led to REER appreciations in our sample countries.
38
Macdonald, Fiona, and Sara Charlesworth. "The Decent Work Agenda and the Advancement of Gender Equality: For Emerging Economies Only?" International Journal of Comparative Labour Law and Industrial Relations 31, Issue 1 (March 1, 2015): 5–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/ijcl2015002.
Full textAbstract:
The International Labour Organization's Decent Work Agenda offers a valuable alternative to the traditional framing of most contemporary employment regulation. It moves beyond the standard employment relationship to include workers in non-standard employment and the attainment of gender equality has a central place, illustrated in the ILO's 2009 campaign around 'gender equality at the heart of decent work'. While most OECD countries have endorsed the Decent Work Agenda (DWA), few have taken it up at the domestic level, apparently seeing it as something of benefit to emerging economies only. Our article draws on interviews with key government, employer, union and civil society stakeholders in Australia, Canada, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom, and an analysis of relevant policy documents to tease out this 'othering' of the DWA and how different understandings of gender (in)equality relate to views about its utility in the national context. We argue that assumptions that the DWA has little to offer developed economies represent a missed opportunity to rethink the gendered policy underpinnings of domestic employment regulation that are shaped by and contribute directly to gender inequality.
39
Kondrat’ev, V. "World Economy as Global Value Chain’s Network." World Economy and International Relations, no. 3 (2015): 5–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2015-3-5-17.
Full textAbstract:
World trade and production are increasingly structured around “global value chains” (GVCs). A value chain identifies the full range of activities that firms undertake to bring a product or a service from its conception to its end use by final consumers. Technological progress, cost, access to resources and markets and trade policy reforms have facilitated the geographical fragmentation of production processes across the globe according to the comparative advantage of the locations. This international fragmentation of production is a powerful source of increased efficiency and firm competitiveness. Today, more than half of world manufactured imports are intermediate goods (primary goods, parts and components, semi-finished products), and more than 70% of world services imports are intermediate services. The emergence of GVCs during the last two decades has implications in many areas, including trade, investment and industrial development. Some of these implications have been explored in recent OECD work but the empirical evidence on GVCs remains limited. The last few years have witnessed a growing number of case studies on the globally integrated value chains at the product level, but such analyses only depict the situation for a specific product. The main objective of the article is to provide more and better evidence allowing to examine the position of countries within international production networks. The author deals with quantitative indicators that give a more accurate picture of the integration and position of countries in GVCs. A detailed assessment of global value chains is provided in six industries: agriculture and food products, chemicals, electrical and computing machinery, motor vehicles, business services, financial services.
40
Madsen, Per Kongshøj. "Working time policy and paid leave arrangements : the Danish experience in the 1990s." Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research 4, no. 4 (November 1998): 692–714. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/102425899800400409.
Full textAbstract:
With regard to the long-run increase in unemployment, trends in Denmark differ little from those in other European and OECD countries. In the last three to four years, however, Denmark has seen a very clear drop in unemployment from a peak of 12.4 per cent in 1994 to 7.7 per cent in 1997. The factors influencing this development have included stronger economic growth, a labour market reform conducted in 1994 and the increasing popularity of a range of programmes for early retirement or paid-leave arrangements. In this contribution, the author outlines the most important steps in working time developments in Denmark, concentrating above all on a description of the paid-leave arrangements which may be regarded as the most innovative component of Danish labour market policy in the 1990s. Paid-leave arrangements are programmes offering financial incentives to workers to take career breaks for purposes of childcare, further training or sabbaticals, etc. They are intended to encourage both employees and unemployed workers to leave the labour market for good or to take a career break. They are linked with the fixed-term recruitment of unemployed workers to the posts vacated. The article contains empirical findings concerning the assessment, take-up rates and employment effects of such paid-leave arrangements.
41
Chen, Muyang. "Infrastructure finance, late development, and China’s reshaping of international credit governance." European Journal of International Relations 27, no. 3 (March 31, 2021): 830–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/13540661211002906.
Full textAbstract:
How is the rise of China affecting international governance? This paper examines the domain of infrastructure finance by focusing on China’s two policy banks, which are the main creditors of China’s overseas infrastructure projects. While the incumbent international credit regimes led by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) distinguish development-oriented aid from commercially oriented export credits, emerging late-developed economies blur this dichotomy by largely funding development projects with state-backed export credits. The way China alters the OECD’s credit governance, this paper argues, demonstrates both the generality of late development and the peculiarity of “Chinese” development. Rather than directly subsidizing firms’ international business with the state’s fiscal revenue, policy banks financialized host country’s state-owned and state-coordinated assets using various market instruments. By doing so, they gave Chinese firms a comparative advantage in the markets of less developed regions, allowing them to undertake projects that firms from advanced industrial countries cannot. This financing mechanism has reshaped the international development regime by transforming the dominant means of credit allocation from state-led aid-giving to market-based exchange, and rewritten the liberal rules of the international export credit regime by financing the developing world in a both statist and liberalist manner. As a result, China has built a paralleled regime in regions insufficiently covered by the existing financial schemes of incumbent credit regimes.
42
Nobilis, Benedek, and András Svraka. "Hungarian small business tax and possibilities to minimize distortions from capital income taxation." Society and Economy 37, s1 (December 2015): 87–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/204.2015.37.s.6.
Full textAbstract:
Governments throughout the EU and OECD countries rely on revenues raised on capital income. Albeit several arguments can be made for keeping these taxes, in their widespread form they hinder capital accumulation and significantly lower potential growth due to their savings and investment distorting nature. At the same time, the actual economic impact of tax types is largely influenced by their structure. An elegant method, which is also simple in its concept, for eliminating the economic distortions of profit taxes is cash-flow taxation which moves income taxes closer to the more growth-friendly value-added taxes. The small business tax, which was introduced in Hungary in 2013, was designed along these principles. In this paper we review the theoretical literature on cash-flow taxation and discuss the main regulatory elements of the small business tax, as well as the solutions elaborated for working out the challenges related to its implementation.
43
Cristiani, Alvaro, and José María Peiró. "Human resource function, unions and varieties of capitalism." Employee Relations 40, no. 6 (October 1, 2018): 1072–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/er-10-2016-0198.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore varieties of capitalism (VoC) as a moderator of the effect of: the strategic HR function role; and the level of union presence on the adoption of different human resource management (HRM) practices categorized as either person-centered or performance-centered. Design/methodology/approach The authors use data on both multinationals and locally owned firms from 14 OECD countries, collected through the Cranet 2009 survey. The hypotheses of the proposed model were tested using hierarchical multiple regression analysis. Findings Evidence shows that the strategic HR function is positively related to the adoption of both types of HRM practices, whereas higher levels of union presence inhibit the adoption of performance-centered practices and promote the adoption of person-centered practices. In addition, although VoC does not show any significant direct effects on HR practices, there is a moderating effect of VoC on the HR function role – HRM practices and union presence – HRM practices relationships. Research limitations/implications The use of survey data with single respondents might produce reliability problems. Additionally, the data used are cross-sectional, which means that causality cannot be determined. Practical implications Managers in multinationals corporations and local firms must be aware of the distinct effects of the strategic HR function and trade union presence in different market economies. In particular, special attention must be paid when a firm expands globally, “outside the reach” of the national market economy or type of capitalism, and operates in different VoC. Originality/value The present paper contributes to better understanding the influence of VoC, not only on HRM practices, as in previous research, but also on the relationships between the HR function role and the level of union presence and the types of practices promoted.
44
Fóti, Klára, and Tibor Takács. "Key features of intra-EU labour mobility and its impact from a sending country perspective: Addressing the consequences in Hungary." Society and Economy 42, no. 2 (June 2020): 208–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/204.2020.00012.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThe main characteristics of intra-EU labour mobility are well documented. There is less focus, however, on the pattern of mobility of the East European (EU-13) EU-mobile citizens. This group constitutes more than half (57%) of all the EU movers and show, to some extent, other features than the rest of the EU mobile citizens (EU-15). The first part of this paper gives a brief overview of some key demographic and labour market characteristics of the East European mobile citizens in the most important destination countries. The perspectives of the sending countries are not analysed frequently enough, and thus the second part of the paper focuses on this issue in the case of Hungary, by asking to what extent the serious labour shortages, ensuing from the outflow of Hungarians, could be compensated by the recent increase of immigration of third country nationals. Using OECD data, the paper quantifies the balance of labour gains and losses for Hungary and compares this with Czechia, Poland, and Slovakia. The analysis concludes that despite the substantial recent inflow of third country nationals into Hungary, it remains to be seen whether this has a real substitution effect for the lost domestic labour force.
45
Martins, António. "The Portuguese intellectual property box: issues in designing investment incentives." Journal of International Trade Law and Policy 17, no. 3 (September 17, 2018): 86–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jitlp-11-2017-0044.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to discuss tax and accounting issues related to the evolution of the intellectual property box in Portugal and present a preliminary view of its impact. In 2014, Portugal adopted an Intellectual Property (IP) box, exempting from corporate taxation half of the gross revenue obtained from selling IP rights. In 2016, the country adopted a new IP regime, in line with BEPS’ recommendations, with stricter rules for exempting income. The “modified nexus approach”, recommended by the OECD, was the cornerstone of legal changes. The research questions addressed in this paper are as follows: was the Portuguese IP box, set up in 2014, internationally competitive in terms of the scope of qualifying assets and the tax rate when compared to other EU countries? Could its legal design induce potential corporate tax avoidance? Does the new IP box framework reduce avoidance opportunities and does it increase tax and accounting complexity for companies and tax auditors? Design/methodology/approach The methodology used in this paper is based on the legal research method combined with a case study analysis of the IP box in Portugal. The economic motivation for legal changes, the interaction between the tax authorities and the policy makers in the wake of BEPS’ recommendations, and the economic crisis that Portugal faced, influenced legislative options. A multidisciplinary approach is required to analyse the IP box modifications, and the methodology follows this line of enquiry. Findings The author concludes that the 2014 IP box was not competitive in terms of the scope of qualifying assets and the tax rate. However, it could be a potential tool for tax avoidance, mainly linked to transfer pricing strategies. Legal changes, introduced in 2016, by enacting stricter rules for granting tax benefits, fit a worldwide trend of restraining profit shifting opportunities linked to intangibles. The new framework clearly impacts tax and accounting complexity, for companies and tax auditors. Preliminary data, for 2014 and 2015, show a negligible impact of the IP box on corporate taxation. Practical implications The “modified nexus approach” is not a definitive panacea for fighting tax avoidance. Multinationals may move resources (e.g. highly specialized persons) to entities that are developing IP, curtailing the restriction associated with acquiring services from related parties. Tax authorities may fight these schemes, but face a challenging task. The grandfathering option and new accounting choices related to expense allocation are delicate issues. Not all countries adopted BEPS’ recommendations at the same time, which may impact international profit shifting activities and increase tax authorities’ costs to control them. The paper also provides preliminary and exploratory evidence that IP boxes, per se, do not suddenly raise the R&D activity of firms. Originality/value The analysis highlights legal, accounting and economic issues in dealing with changes in investment incentives and can or may be a useful remainder for countries in the process of setting up, or amending, IP boxes.
46
Vasconcelos, Cleiton Rodrigues de, and Daniel Pereira da Silva. "Intellectual property challenges for the roads of innovation in Brazil." Innovation & Management Review 16, no. 2 (May 15, 2019): 185–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/inmr-02-2019-0010.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose This paper aims to present reflections and points of interest on the performance of Brazil and highlight the advances and challenges in relation to the intellectual property (IP) system; the authors highlight some scientific, economic and technological indicators on the main IP objects registered in the National Industrial Property of Brazil (INPI). Design/methodology/approach A structured literature reviews the main indicators of IP of Brazil (2013-2017), related to the scientific and economic factors more evidenced in the global scenario, with emphasis on the investment of national GDP in R&D activities, the allocation of resources from the government sector and private initiative, as in other emerging economies, such as the BRICS. Findings Despite Brazil’s progressive efforts to achieve greater efficiency in the public IP management system, GDP investment in R&D activities for 2019 is still below the OECD average of 2.3 per cent, and the IP indicators in the areas of patent registration, industrial designs and technology contracts have been declining. Research limitations/implications Because of the difference between the laws of the countries on IP rights, the more incisive comparison could not be established among the emerging economies, highlighting the need for a standardization between the different international legislations. Originality/value In the scientific field, this paper allows understanding the performance of the Brazilian IP system, and the categories that require greater investments, strengthen the IP culture and stimulate integration between the international IP systems, as it is a recurrent discussion in different research studies. Originally, the paper brought together economic and scientific indicators going beyond the traditional approach that deals with IP only restricting to the quantitative of patents.
47
Previtali, Pietro, and Paola Cerchiello. "Structuring supervisory board for an anti-corruption strategy: a new application of a compliance system." Corporate Governance: The International Journal of Business in Society 17, no. 1 (February 6, 2017): 48–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cg-09-2015-0126.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose The aim of this paper is to examine a relevant innovation in terms of how corporate supervisory boards are structured for an effective measure of anti-corruption that concerns a new application of Italian Legislative Decree No. 231/2001 in compliance with the obligations set out by OECD Convention of 17 September 1997 on the fight against corruption. Design/methodology/approach The research hypotheses which lead the study are based on an empirical analysis of 119 nursing homes with the aim of investigating the state-of-the art of this innovative application especially regarding the composition, effectiveness and functioning of the supervisory board in the unique case when this compliance system becomes compulsory. Findings The results show how, even though a certain level of uncertainty and ambiguity have led to great variance in the ways the compliance system is drafted, was possible to identify a positive relation between supervisory board composition and performance – that is the effectiveness of anti-corruption system – and a negative relation between board size and performance. Finally, the results suggest the relevance of supervisory board in fostering knowledge as mediating role. Research limitations/implications The authors believes that future work using inter-temporal modelling could build upon and extend the insights presented here. A second area arises from those contrasts in board characteristics that are present across countries and/or across company’s size, small- and medium-sized enterprises or multinational companies and/or across industrial sectors. Practical implications The authors offers a more nuanced understanding of the linkages between corporate governance and anti-corruption. In particular, the paper suggests that for an effective anti-corruption strategy, larger supervisory board sizes are associated with weaker performance, and a greater external composition is preferable to an internal one. Originality/value The paper depicts a first and relevant step toward the identification of best practices of corporate governance as anti-corruption system, relating to an innovative and unique – to the date – application of a compliance system based on the supervisory board.
48
Wright, Gerald. "Review: Relations among OECD Countries: Europe and Japan." International Journal: Canada's Journal of Global Policy Analysis 43, no. 2 (June 1988): 349–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002070208804300214.
Full text
49
Song, Backhoon, and Ahreum Oh. "How does the duration of FTAs and BITs affect FDI attraction?" Journal of Korea Trade 23, no. 1 (March 4, 2019): 50–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jkt-07-2018-0055.
Full textAbstract:
PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to analyze the effect of the duration of free trade agreement (FTA) and bilateral investment treaty (BIT) on the foreign direct investment (FDI) flows between OECDs and different level of income countries such as upper- and lower-middle-income countries.Design/methodology/approachThe authors applied the gravity model by adding more variables of interest such as trade openness, export volume, dummy and cumulative variables of FTA and BIT to find out the proper determinants of FDI attraction. Through Hasuman test, the authors find the fixed model is appropriate methodology. Hence, the authors basically use the fixed models to find the effect of the duration of FTA and BIT on FDI flows between different groups of countries.FindingsThe main results of the study are briefly summarized briefly as follows. First, the effects of FTA dummy variables and its cumulative variables are greater than those of BIT dummy variables and cumulative variables. If an FTA signifies attracting FDI as well as bilateral trade, and contains an investment agreement provision in it is included in the FTA, it can be seen that the FTA is more effective way of attracting FDI than BIT because FTA is more comprehensive agreement dealing with not only investment issues but also non-investment ones. Second, the BIT effect on FDI is only meaningful when developed countries invest in developing countries. In other words, when a country decides to invest in a developing country with a relatively poor investment environment, whether to enter into a BIT will provide investors with investment stability to gage the investment climate of the host country. Third, the BIT cumulative year effect showed a positive and significant results on FDI inflow and outflow of all cases, unlike the BIT effect. While the fact that BIT cumulative effect has a relatively less positive effect than the BIT dummy effect, implying that BIT effect was evident as time elapsed after fermentation.Originality/valueThe main contribution of this study is that we consider the duration of FTA and BIT explicitly in the model. Previous related studies tried to find out the effects of FTA and BIT on FDI by simply applying dummy variables of them. In this paper, by applying both dummy variables and cumulative variables of FTA and BIT that capture the duration effect, we can deeply understand the effects of national agreements dealing with investment clauses on FDI more dynamically.
50
He, Pinglin, Jing Ning, Zhongfu Yu, Hao Xiong, Huayu Shen, and Hui Jin. "Can Environmental Tax Policy Really Help to Reduce Pollutant Emissions? An Empirical Study of a Panel ARDL Model Based on OECD Countries and China." Sustainability 11, no. 16 (August 13, 2019): 4384. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11164384.
Full textAbstract:
Under the background that environmental tax has increasingly become the main means of environmental governance in various countries, it is particularly important to study the effect of environmental tax on reducing pollutants and then put forward suggestions for building a scientific and rational environmental tax system. The novelty of this paper is the investigation of the pollutant emission reduction effects of environmental taxes in Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries and Chinese provinces at the same time, and further comparison of the pollutant emission reduction effects of environmental taxes in OECD and China under different environmental tax collection scales, industrial added value levels, and economic development conditions based on Auto-Regressive Distributed Lag Modelling Approach (ARDL). The data are derived from environmental taxes and pollutants of OECD countries from 1994 to 2016 and Chinese provinces from 2004 to 2016. The results show that from the overall regression results, environmental taxes really help to reduce pollutant emissions, both in OECD countries and China. From the grouping regression results, the OECD countries and Chinese inland provinces with small-scale or medium-level of environmental tax revenue and higher level of economic growth all show better emission reduction effects, while OECD countries with low industrial added value and Chinese inland provinces with high industrial added value have more significant effects on pollutant emission reduction via environmental taxes.