Academic literature on the topic 'Industrial productivity – Great Britain – History'
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Journal articles on the topic "Industrial productivity – Great Britain – History"
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Allen, Robert C. "American Exceptionalism as a Problem in Global History." Journal of Economic History 74, no. 2 (May 16, 2014): 309–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002205071400028x.
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The causes of the United States’ exceptional economic performance are investigated by comparing American wages and prices with wages and prices in Great Britain, Egypt, and India. American industrialization in the nineteenth century required tariff protection since the country's comparative advantage lay in agriculture. After 1895 surging American productivity shifted the country's comparative advantage to manufacturing. Egypt and India could not have industrialized by following American policies since their wages were so low and their energy costs so high that the modern technology that was cost effective in Britain and the United States would not have paid in their circumstances.
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EWEN, SHANE. "Insuring the industrial revolution: fire insurance in Great Britain, 1700–1850." Economic History Review 57, no. 4 (November 2004): 777–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0289.2004.00295_6.x.
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BROADBERRY, STEPHEN, and CARSTEN BURHOP. "Resolving the Anglo-German Industrial Productivity Puzzle, 1895–1935: A Response to Professor Ritschl." Journal of Economic History 68, no. 3 (September 2008): 930–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050708000685.
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This response offers a critical appraisal of the claim of Albrecht Ritschl to have found a possible resolution to what he calls the Anglo-German industrial productivity puzzle, which arose as the result of a new industrial production index produced in an earlier paper by the same author. Projection back from a widely accepted 1935/36 benchmark using the Ritschl index showed German industrial labor productivity in 1907 substantially higher than in Britain. This presented a puzzle for at least two reasons. First, other comparative information from the pre—World War I period, such as wages, seems difficult to square with much higher German labor productivity at this time. Second, a direct benchmark estimate produced by Stephen Broadberry and Carsten Burhop, using production census information for Britain and industrial survey material of similar quality for Germany, suggested broadly equal labor productivity in 1907. Broadberry and Burhop also showed that if Walther Hoffmann's industrial output index was used instead of the Ritschl index for Germany, the puzzle largely disappeared.
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Seligmann, Matthew S. "Torpedo: inventing the military-industrial complex in the United States and Great Britain." First World War Studies 6, no. 2 (May 4, 2015): 214–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19475020.2015.1111031.
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Spear, Brian. "Coal – Parent of the Industrial Revolution in Great Britain: The early patent history." World Patent Information 39 (December 2014): 85–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wpi.2014.06.002.
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Harris, Richard, and Catherine Robinson. "INDUSTRIAL POLICY IN GREAT BRITAIN AND ITS EFFECT ON TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY IN MANUFACTURING PLANTS, 1990-1998." Scottish Journal of Political Economy 51, no. 4 (September 2004): 528–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0036-9292.2004.00319.x.
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RITSCHL, ALBRECHT. "The Anglo-German Industrial Productivity Puzzle, 1895–1935: A Restatement and a Possible Resolution." Journal of Economic History 68, no. 2 (June 2008): 535–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050708000399.
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International productivity comparisons are often plagued by discrepancies between benchmark estimates and time series extrapolations. Broadberry and Burhop present both types of evidence for the Anglo-German comparison. For their preferred data, they find only a minimal German productivity lead prior to World War I, while use of a revised industrial output series for Germany by Ritschl leads to implausible results. This article presents further time series revisions and substantial corrections to the Broadberry and Burhop benchmark estimate. Results strongly suggest a considerable German productivity lead over Britain prior to World War I, which eroded during and after the war.
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Wrigley, E. Anthony. "Reconsidering the Industrial Revolution: England and Wales." Journal of Interdisciplinary History 49, no. 1 (June 2018): 9–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jinh_a_01230.
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In the mid-sixteenth century, England was a small country on the periphery of Europe with an economy less advanced than those of several of its continental neighbors. In 1851, the Great Exhibition both symbolized and displayed the technological and economic lead that Britain had then taken. A half-century later, however, there were only minor differences between the leading economies of Western Europe. To gain insight into both the long period during which Britain outpaced its neighbors and the decades when its lead evaporated, it is illuminating to focus on the energy supply. Energy is expended in all productive activities. The contrast between the limitations inherent to organic economies dependent on the annual round of plant photosynthesis for energy and the possibilities open to an economy able to make effective use of the vast quantity of energy available in coal measures is key both to the understanding of the lengthy period of Britain’s relative success and to its subsequent swift decline.
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Popović, Goran, Ognjen Erić, and Jelena Bjelić. "Factor Analysis of Prices and Agricultural Production in the European Union." ECONOMICS 8, no. 1 (June 1, 2020): 73–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/eoik-2020-0001.
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AbstractCommon agricultural policy (CAP) is a factor of development and cohesion of the European Union (EU) agriculture. The fundamentals of CAP were defined in the 1950s, when the Union was formed. Since then, CAP has been reforming and adapting to new circumstances. Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union defines the goals of CAP: stable (acceptable) prices of agricultural products, growth, productivity and technological progress in agriculture, growth in farmers’ income and supplying the common market. Factor analysis of the prices and production goals of CAP directly or indirectly involves the following variables: prices of agricultural and industrial products, indices of the prices of cereals, meat and milk, indices of the prices of agricultural products in France and Great Britain, agricultural GDP and EU GDP. The analysis results come down to 2 factors. The first – “internal factor” is a set of indicators homogenous in terms of greater impact of CAP on their trends (the prices of agricultural products in France, income from agriculture, the prices of agricultural products in EU and Great Britain and the milk price index). The second - “external factor” is made of general and global indicators (cereals prices, EU GDP and prices in industry). Factor analysis has confirmed high correlation of goals: production growth, productivity and technological progress in agriculture as well as “reasonable” prices in agriculture. The analysis shows high correlation between agricultural and industrial products, indices of the prices of cereals, meat and milk, indices of the prices of agricultural products in France and Great Britain, agriculture GDP and EU GDP (classified into internal and external factors). In general, the results of the factor analysis justify the existence of CAP, while the EU budget support brings wider social benefits.
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Kumari, Renu, Priya Sharma, and Dr Qysar Ayoub Khanday. "Industrial Revolution and Deindustrialization of Indian History – An Overview." International Journal of All Research Education & Scientific Methods 10, no. 05 (2022): 278–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.56025/ijaresm.2022.10502.
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The idea that India suffered deindustrialization during the 19th century has a long pedigree. The image of skilled weavers thrown back on the soil was a powerful metaphor for the economic stagnation Indian nationalists believed was brought on by British rule. However, whether and why deindustrialization actually happened in India remains open to debate. Quantitative evidence on the overall level of economic activity in 18th and 19th century India is scant, let alone evidence on its breakdown between agriculture, industry, and services. Most of the existing assessments of deindustrialization rely on very sparse data on employment and output shares. Data on prices are much more plentiful, and this paper offers a new (price dual) assessment of deindustrialization in 18th and 19th century India supported by newly compiled evidence on relative prices. A simple model of deindustrialization links relative prices to employment shares. We think the paper sheds new light on whether and when deindustrialization happened, whether it was more or less dramatic in India than elsewhere, and what its likely causes were. The existing literature primarily attributes India’s deindustrialization to Britain’s productivity gains in textile manufacture and to the world transport revolution. Improved British productivity, first in cottage production and then in factory goods, led to declining world textile prices, making production in India increasingly uneconomic (Roy 2002). These forces were reinforced by declining sea freight rates which served to foster trade and specialization for both Britain and India. As a result, Britain first won over India’s export market and eventually took over its domestic market as well. This explanation for deindustrialization was a potent weapon in the Indian nationalists’ critique of colonial rule (see e.g. Dutt 1906/1960, Nehru 1947). The historical literature suggests a second explanation for deindustrialization in the economic malaise India suffered following the dissolution of Mughal hegemony in the 18th century. We believe the turmoil associated with this political realignment ultimately led to aggregate supply-side problems for Indian manufacturing, even if producers in some regions benefited from the new order. While deindustrialization is easy enough to define, an assessment of its short and long run impact on living standards and GDP growth is more contentious and hinges on the root causes of deindustrialization.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Industrial productivity – Great Britain – History"
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Gottwald, Carl H. "The Anglo-American Council on Productivity: 1948-1952 British Productivity and the Marshall Plan." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1999. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc279256/.
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The United Kingdom's postwar economic recovery and the usefulness of Marshall Plan aid depended heavily on a rapid increase in exports by the country's manufacturing industries. American aid administrators, however, shocked to discover the British industry's inability to respond to the country's urgent need, insisted on aggressive action to improve productivity. In partial response, a joint venture, called the Anglo-American Council on Productivity (AACP), arranged for sixty-six teams involving nearly one thousand people to visit U.S. factories and bring back productivity improvement ideas. Analyses of team recommendations, and a brief review of the country's industrial history, offer compelling insights into the problems of relative industrial decline. This dissertation attempts to assess the reasons for British industry's inability to respond to the country's economic emergency or to maintain its competitive position faced with the challenge of newer industrializing countries.
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Grinevich, Vadim Vladimirovich. "Sectoral patterns of productivity growth and the university-industry interface : a cross-regional comparison for the UK, 1998-2002." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.609978.
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Bottomley, Sean David. "The British patent system during the Industrial Revolution, 1700-1852." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2013. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/252288.
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Withall, Caroline Louise. "Shipped out? : pauper apprentices of port towns during the Industrial Revolution, 1750-1870." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:519153d8-336b-4dac-bf37-4d6388002214.
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The thesis challenges popular generalisations about the trades, occupations and locations to which pauper apprentices were consigned, shining the spotlight away from the familiar narrative of factory children, onto the fate of their destitute peers in port towns. A comparative investigation of Liverpool, Bristol and Southampton, it adopts a deliberately broad definition of the term pauper apprenticeship in its multi-sourced approach, using 1710 Poor Law and charity apprenticeship records and previously unexamined New Poor Law and charity correspondence to provide new insight into the chronology, mechanisms and experience of pauper apprenticeship. Not all port children were shipped out. Significantly more children than has hitherto been acknowledged were placed in traditional occupations, the dominant form of apprenticeship for port children. The survival and entrenchment of this type of work is striking, as are the locations in which children were placed; nearly half of those bound to traditional trades remained within the vicinity of the port. The thesis also sheds new light on a largely overlooked aspect of pauper apprenticeship, the binding of boys into the Merchant service. Furthermore, the availability of sea apprenticeships as well as traditional placements caused some children to be shipped in to the ports for apprenticeships. Of those who were still shipped out to the factories, the evidence shows that far from dying out, as previously thought, the practice of batch apprenticeship persisted under the New Poor Law. The most significant finding of the thesis is the survival and endurance of pauper apprenticeship as an institution involving both Poor Law and charity children. Poor children were still being apprenticed late into the third quarter of the nineteenth century. Pauper apprenticeship is shown to have been a robust, resilient and resurgent institution. The evidence from port towns offers significant revision to the existing historiography of pauper apprenticeship.
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Halton, Maurice J. "L. Gardner and Sons Limited : the history of a British industrial firm : a study with special reference to markets, workplace industrial relations, and manufacturing engineering technology, 1955-1986." Thesis, University of Bolton, 2010. http://ubir.bolton.ac.uk/263/.
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Investigating a range of commonly asserted characteristics relating to British family firms, this study concluded that, although they retained ownership and control and did not adopt mass-production, no persuasive evidence was found to suggest that the family managers of L. Gardner and Sons behaved unprofessionally or irrationally during the first eighty-seven years of the firm?s existence. Analysed from the perspective of markets and workplace industrial relations, it was found that the Gardner family managers coped reasonably well with most of the macroenvironmental shifts that occurred between 1955 and 1975. However, two serious errors were made: the first, which caused a short-term loss of revenue and a long-term loss of market leadership, was a result of negligence, the second stemmed from an outdated authoritarian approach to industrial relations that resulted in intense discord in the workplace, alleviated only after the management was replaced by a more astute and enlightened regime. A third error occurred after Gardner was sold to Hawker Siddeley, a large British industrial group, in 1977. Based on a perception that Gardner's plant was outdated, the new owners invested in expensive computer controlled manufacturing systems, and increased the volume of subcontracted components, strategies that caused disruptions to production schedules, eroded quality standards, and failed to improve output. As a result, Gardner's superlative reputation for reliability and service became tarnished and its market share plummeted. In 1986, when mounting trading losses became unacceptable, the firm was sold-on to a competitor and production effectively ceased. This thesis asserts that, as a family firm, Gardner traded profitably and provided incomes for thousands of employees for more than a century. Moreover, the sale to Hawker Siddeley conferred wealth on the family shareholders and financial security on their descendents. Gardner was not therefore, a failure either between 1898 and 1955, or before 1978.
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Redman, Lydia Catherine. "Industrial conflict, social reform and competition for power under the Liberal governments 1906-1914." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2014. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.708257.
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Tan, Hock Beng. "The changing character of research associations in the United Kingdom from 1970 to 1989 and beyond." Thesis, University of Stirling, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/25420.
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The main purpose of this study has been to establish the chanoino character of the RAs (Research Associations) in the UK from 1970 to 1989 and beyond. The last major piece of research carried out on the RAs was the Bessborough Report which was undertaken in 1972. One of the main problems encountered was the availability of secondary data on the RAs. Most of the data, especiall y statistical ones, had to be generated from primary sources e.g. Annual Reports of RAs, internal papers of RAs and interviews. Consequently, a great amount of time and effort went into the accumulation of data. The thesis is divided into five parts. Part 1 consists of the research methodology. Part 2 and 3 provide the necessary background information in order to map out the changes in the RAs over the two decades. Part 4 forms the core of the thesis and it presents the results of the research model used. Part 5 presents the conclusions and recommendations of the study.
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Lyddon, Dave. "Craft unionism and industrial change : a study of the National Union of Vehicle Builders until 1939." Thesis, University of Warwick, 1987. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/67116/.
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This thesis is about how the members of a long-established multi-craft union, originating in the coachmaking trade, coped with the massive changes in the means of transport, culminating in the dominance of mass production motor car firms. Part I explores changes in the nineteenth and early twentieth century with the rise of railways and motor cars. In both, some coachmaking skills were made redundant, while others were very necessary. The rise of the motor industry, far from destroying coachmaking unionism, wrenched it out of a long period of stagnation. Part II focusses on the interwar period, which witnessed major changes in car body production. Brush painting and varnishing was. replaced by cellulose spraying; wooden framed bodies were replaced by all-steel ones; assembly lines came into use, and the division of labour greatly increased, with large numbers of semi-skilled workers employed in the biggest firms. Analysis of the main technical changes, and the changing state of the car industry, shows that, despite massive unemployment among its members, and a membership decline of over one third, in the early 1930s, the RUVB did not suffer "technological unemployment". Although there was a material basis for craft unionism in much of the car body industry in the 1920s, and in the rest of vehicle building during the whole interwar period, the union still tried to organise semi-skilled workers. But when an "Industrial Section" was created in 1931, it was a response to the union's financial crisis caused by unemployment payments, and no serious recruitment of mass production operatives took place. The contrasting experiences in Coventry and Oxford in the 1920s and 1930s are analysed in detail. The study is not a conventional head office-based union history, instead favouring case studies of the organisation of work, technical developments, industrial structure, and local union organisation.
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Moses, Julia Margaret. "Industrial accident compensation policies, state and society in Britain, Germany and Italy, 1870-1925." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.609115.
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Marfella, Claudia. "Art, industrial design, science and popular culture : modernism and cross-disciplinarity in Italy and Great Britain, 1948-1963." Thesis, Kingston University, 2015. http://eprints.kingston.ac.uk/33746/.
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Conceived inside a chronological frame, which starts in 1948, the year the Institute of Contemporary Arts in London founded, and ends in 1963, when Gillo Dorfles wrote a crucial essay on industrial design, concluding more than a decade of discussions, the thesis aims to examine some artistic and cultural phenomena identified in Italy and Great Britain, and seen as the acknowledgement or as the reaction to modernity. Topics and fields taken in consideration within the thesis are technology, science (fact and fiction), vision of the future, the relationship between arts and the awareness of industrial design as a new discipline. All these aspects, that might seems unusual in relationship with visual arts, are perceived as the expression of a second phase of Modernism. The British personalities included in the thesis are Reyner Banham, Richard Hamilton, Nigel Henderson, John McHale, Eduardo Paolozzi, Alison and Peter Smithson, all members of the Independent Group. With the presence of architects, visual artists, photographers, critics and, in a broader sense, designers, the group encompassed a variety of popular interests, with the inclusion of mass‐produced goods. The Italian figures presented in the thesis – Gillo Dorfles, Bruno Munari, Ettore Sottsass and Giuseppe Pinot‐Gallizio – focused on industrial design objects, viewed as a new artistic branch, to promote, to plan or to question. Other recurring figures analysed in the thesis are Max Bill, Asger Jorn and Tomás Maldonado, who give international connections to the themes and British and Italian personalities examined. In order to provide a wider understanding of the 1950s and their crucial function in the story of post‐war Europe, the thesis aims to emphasise the role played at different level by British and Italian visual artists, designers and critics, and explain the reasons that, in the following decade, would push Italy in its industrial miracle and Great Britain at the peak for its popular culture, pop music and fashion creativity.
Books on the topic "Industrial productivity – Great Britain – History"
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E, Caves Richard, ed. Britain's productivity gap. Cambridge [Cambridgeshire]: Cambridge University Press, 1987.
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Jim, Tomlinson, ed. The conservatives and industrial efficiency, 1951-1964: Thirteen wasted years? London: Routledge, 1998.
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Joseph, Melling, and McKinlay Alan 1957-, eds. Management, labour, and industrial politics in modern Europe: The quest for productivity growth during the twentieth century. Cheltenham, UK: E. Elgar, 1996.
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Tiratsoo, Nick. The conservatives and industrial efficiency, 1951-64: Thirteen wasted years? London: Routledge, 1998.
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Mark, Overton, ed. Production and consumption in English households, 1600-1750. London: Routledge, 2004.
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Patricia, Rice. Spatial determinants of productivity: Analysis for the regions of Great Britain. London: Centre for Economic Performance, London School of Economics and Political Science, 2004.
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Hoskins, M. D. Industrial pay and labour productivity in Great Britain, 1973-1985. [Leicester]: University of Leicester, Dept. of Economics, 1987.
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Hoskins, M. D. Industrial pay and labour productivity in Great Britain 1973-1985. Leicester: University of Leicester. Department of Economics, 1987.
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Peter, Huntley, and Donnelly Tracey, eds. Great Britain: An industrial requiem. Preston: TAS Partnership, 1994.
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A, Charters J., and Economic History Society, eds. Pre-industrial Britain. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishers, 1994.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Industrial productivity – Great Britain – History"
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"Chapter 6. Industrial Growth: Material Empires, 1800-1914." In An Environmental History of Great Britain, 148–91. Edinburgh University Press, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9781474472609-007.
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"Chapter 8. A Post-industrial World, 1950 to the Present." In An Environmental History of Great Britain, 237–324. Edinburgh University Press, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9781474472609-009.
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Bonner, Thomas Neville. "An Uncertain Enterprise: Learning to Heal in the Enlightenment." In Becoming a Physician. Oxford University Press, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195062984.003.0005.
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There was no more turbulent yet creative time in the history of medical study than the latter years of the eighteenth century. During this troubled era, familiar landmarks in medicine were fast disappearing; new ideas about medical training were gaining favor; the sites of medical education were rapidly expanding; and the variety of healers was growing in every country. Student populations, too, were undergoing important changes; governments were shifting their role in medicine, especially in the continental nations; and national differences in educating doctors were becoming more pronounced. These transformations are the subject of the opening chapters of this book. These changes in medical education were a reflection of the general transformation of European society, education, and politics. By the century’s end, the whole transatlantic world was in the grip of profound social and political movement. Like other institutions, universities and medical schools were caught up in a “period of major institutional restructuring” as new expectations were placed on teachers and students. Contemporaries spoke of an apocalyptic sense of an older order falling and new institutions fighting for birth, and inevitably the practice of healing was also affected. From the middle of the century, the nations of Europe and their New World offspring had undergone a quickening transformation in their economic activity, educational ideas, and political outlook. By 1800, in the island kingdom of Great Britain, the unprecedented advance of agricultural and industrial change had pushed that nation into world leadership in manufacturing, agricultural productivity, trade, and shipping. Its population growth exceeded that of any continental state, and in addition, nearly three-fourths of all new urban growth in Europe was occurring in the British Isles. The effects on higher education were to create a demand for more practical subjects, modern languages, and increased attention to the needs of the thriving middle classes. Although Oxford and Cambridge, the only universities in England, were largely untouched by the currents of change, the Scottish universities, by contrast, were beginning to teach modern subjects, to bring practical experience into the medical curriculum, and to open their doors to a wider spectrum of students.
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Toprani, Anand. "Introduction." In Oil and the Great Powers, 1–22. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198834601.003.0010.
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The struggle for oil has been at the center of international politics since the beginning of the twentieth century. Securing oil—or, more precisely, access to it—has also been at the heart of many great powers’ grand strategies during that time, particularly those in oil-poor Europe. The Continent’s geographical and geological endowments, particularly its rich coal seams, had facilitated its rise to global predominance following the conquest of the New World and the start of the Industrial Revolution, but they conspired against it during the Age of Oil. Rather than accept their relegation to second-tier status, Britain and Germany developed elaborate strategies to restore their energy independence. These efforts wound up compromising their security by inducing strategic overextension—for Britain in the Middle East, and for Germany in the Soviet Union—thereby hastening their demise as great powers. For these reasons, the history of oil is also a chapter in the story of Europe’s geopolitical decline....
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Goldman, Lawrence. "Britain in the 1880s." In Reform and Its Complexities in Modern Britain, 140–59. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192863423.003.0007.
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This chapter explores a key theme in the history of Victorian social investigation and social contestation: the centrality of arguments over living standards and the extent of poverty. It concerns the Industrial Remuneration Conference, held in London in January 1885. This brought together leading representatives from politics, intellectual life, business, trade unions and other working-class organizations, to discuss the maldistribution of wealth and the proceeds of industry in Britain. It also considered the reforms required to give working people higher incomes and better life-chances. The statistics of daily life and working-class consumption dominated discussion. The recent Presidential Address to the Statistical Society of London by the civil servant Robert Giffen on ‘The Progress of the Working Class’, delivered in 1883, was roundly condemned for its roseate and optimistic views of material progress over the past half-century in Britain. Many delegates contested Giffen’s statistics on wage rates and prices. The Conference reached no consensus and conclusions. It is a further example, however, of the so-called ‘re-discovery of poverty’ in the 1880s and an important context for the origins of Charles Booth’s great inquiry into the Life and Labour of the People of London, one of the most significant of all British social investigations, which began in the following year.
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Oermann, Nils Ole, and Hans-Jürgen Wolff. "Trade wars and economic warfare in history." In Trade Wars, 35–54. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192848901.003.0003.
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Abstract The chapter describes the many, mostly violent, trade wars and instances of economic warfare from around 1500 to 1956, the year of the Suez Crisis. It shows the predatory European expansion into the Americas, Asia, and Africa, and the attending introduction of mass slavery. It deals with the East India Company and its Dutch equivalent. It shows that China and Russia expanded their empires, too. It concentrates, though, on the experience and example of Great Britain, because that country proved exceptionally successful in trade and economic warfare, and formed the entire international system during the nineteenth century. It shows how geography, institutional reforms like the rule of law and reliable finance, naval mastery and the fortunes of war, progress in ideas about trade, and the industrial revolution, all helped Britain to achieve its towering position, and how in the twentieth century the United States took over most of Britain’s former role.
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Robertson, Michael. "Locating Nowhere." In The Last Utopians, 17–36. Princeton University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691154169.003.0002.
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This chapter examines the proliferation of utopian literature in the United States and Great Britain during the late nineteenth century, mainly due to the economic and social upheavals resulting from industrial capitalism. In particular, it shows how writers such as Edward Bellamy and Thomas More came up with their visions of peaceful and egalitarian future worlds in response to the turbulence of their era. The chapter first provides an overview of the Great Depression experienced by both the United States and Great Britain between 1873 and 1896, a period characterized by extreme poverty and unemployment, before discussing the history of More's Utopia (1516). It then considers how utopian socialists in Europe and the United States, including Henri de Saint-Simon, Robert Owen, and Charles Fourier, devised schemes for the total reconstruction of society. It also analyzes Henry George's utopian vision, which he articulated in his 1879 book Progress and Poverty.
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Roberts, Patrick. "The Tropical ‘Anthropocene’ A Modern Battleground or a Long-Term Framework?" In Tropical Forests in Prehistory, History, and Modernity. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198818496.003.0012.
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Although referencing temperate, rather than tropical, rainforest destruction in the United States of America the above passage highlights the shift in landscape valuation driven by modern demographic and economic pressures. Firstly, as a greater proportion of the world’s population shifts to the tropics over the course of the twenty-first century, more and more local smallholders will rely on tropical forests as a source of freshwater, agricultural land, and urban land, as well as timber, medicine, and food (Ghazoul and Sheil, 2010; The State of the Tropics Project, 2016). Furthermore, rather than solely being contexts for local subsistence and use, tropical forests are now also national and international ‘mines’ that provision high value wood, minerals, fuels, and land for multi-national businesses and markets. Notions that tropical forests should be removed, rather than managed or maintained, in order to increase local productivity and land value, have led to them becoming the most threatened terrestrial environments on the face of the Earth after the polar ice-caps. Certainly, the increasingly dramatic impacts these pressures are having upon them form part of broader discussions of a new, human-driven era of earth systems domination known as the ‘Anthropocene’ (Malhi et al., 2014). Disproportionate biodiversity, the regulatory role these habitats play in local and regional soil structure and chemistry, and their position within local, regional, and even global climate systems mean that human alterations to tropical forests, that have been argued to have changed in nature and scale since the European industrial revolution of the eighteenth century and the ‘Great Acceleration’ of the 1960s, have massive implications for the planet as a whole (Malhi et al., 2014; Malhi, 2017). As a result, tropical forests are a focal political, economic, and cultural battlefield between local populations reliant upon living within them, and business and governmental interests seeking to extract from them. This chapter explores the tensions that exist in the human occupation and use of global tropical forest regions today, including the advance of urbanism and industrialization, exploitation of mineral, floral, and faunal resources by local groups and multi-national corporations, and their key position in discussions of anthropogenically induced climate change.
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Mazzuca, Sebastián. "Independence and State Failure, 1808–45." In Latecomer State Formation, 48–78. Yale University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12987/yale/9780300248951.003.0003.
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This chapter analyzes the state-formation in Latin America that occurred under extremely auspicious international economic and geopolitical conditions. It describes the century that spans from Napoleon's defeat at Waterloo to the outbreak of World War I as the most peaceful period in world history, hosting the first global expansion of modern capitalism. It also talks about Great Britain's centrality throughout the century, as both the undisputed international hegemon and the pioneer industrial economy, which gave the period its proper name, the Pax Britannica. The chapter details how the Latin American and British elites shared the project of creating a new relationship between their economies in the preludes to the independence movements of the 1810s. It mentions Latin American leaders, who expected that the partnership with Great Britain would put an end to decades of economic stagnation caused by the mercantilist policies.
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Polishchuk, Rostyslav. "THE DEVELOPMENT OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORTS IN PARALLEL WITH THE FORMS OF AXIAL PRODUCTIVITY OF SOCIETY." In Integration of traditional and innovative scientific researches: global trends and regional aspect. Publishing House “Baltija Publishing”, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/978-9934-26-001-8-3-4.
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This article describes the hypothesis that sport originated and developed with forms of axial performance. It is noted that the physical education tradition was formed and modernized according to the axial principles of development of each era. What determines the transition of society from one level of development to another? Among the many reasons, the most important are socio-cultural revolutions, such as agricultural, industrial and scientific information. That is, it is progress, certain evolutionary steps that affect the development of society as a whole. We propose to consider the concept of axial time for each era (a combination of axial and wave approaches), ie the axial principle and the impact of human civilization on the formation and formation of physical education and sports culture. D. Bell considers the "axial principle" of the division of civilization "axis of production" and the knowledge used. For example, for industrial society such a criterion is the use of machines for the production of goods, and for post-industrial - scientific and primarily theoretical knowledge (which is a strategic resource, the axial principle of society). According to our concept, the whole historical process can be divided into large stages. The change of each of them is a change of the basic qualitative characteristics of the corresponding step of the historical process. The concept of the principle of axial productivity is not only production, but also the formation of a new worldview, which can be such a basis that describes the great qualitative steps in the development of world history. The revolution in the worldview is an integral part of the historical process. With its help there are profound qualitative changes in socio-cultural life, in political and economic relations, the public consciousness changes. In these periods, socio-cultural relations, on the one hand, are approaching the leading productive forces, and on the other hand, they themselves create a new level, which gives impetus to generate new worldview principles. Worldview trends were the guiding factor first in the formation and then the transformation of the system of physical education, physical culture and sports. Each stage of such development was permeated with the spirit of the corresponding cultural and historical epoch. It is emphasized that compared to the sport of the last century, the sport of the XXI century will develop much faster and more powerfully, and its main task will be to take care of leisure and human health in the economic globalization of the information society.
Conference papers on the topic "Industrial productivity – Great Britain – History"
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Nezhadmasoum, Sanaz, and Nevter Zafer Comert. "Historic-geographical and Typo-morphological assessment of Lefke town, North Cyprus." In 24th ISUF 2017 - City and Territory in the Globalization Age. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/isuf2017.2017.6254.
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Historic-geographical and Typo-morphological assessment of Lefke town, North Cyprus Sanaz Nezhadmasoum¹, Nevter Zafer Comert² Department of Architecture. Eastern Mediterranean University. Famagusta. North Cyprus.Via Mersin 10. Turkey E-mail: sanaz.nezhadmasoum@gmail.com, nzafer@gmail.com Keywords: Historic-geographic approach, Typo-morphology, Urban form, Lefke town Conference topics and scale: Urban morphological methods and techniques Morphological analysis in cities have been employed to conduct the research on the urban form and fabric of the place, that helps to determine the conservation plans or strategies of towns that reveal clues to their own history (Whithand,2001). Such analysis methods are a process that reviews the evolution and evaluation of towns throughout history. This paper focuses on, Conzen’s and Caniggia’s ideas, MRG Conzen’s historic-geographical approaches (1968) on planning level and Caniggia’s typo-morphological process (2001) on architectural level. Those methodologies help to understand the transformation procedure of different regions of city throughout the years and recovering how the city elements and urban hierarchy are interrelated. Additionally, the focus of this paper is to study the town’s morphological transformations, regarding its spatial, geographical and historical combinations. Within this context, Geographical and historical surveys done on the whole town of Lefke, in north-west Cyprus, and a detailed explanation on the typo-morphological analyses of some particular regions will be given in this article. One of the significant character that makes the town unique is its historical background which lay down with an organic urban pattern from Ottoman period. Lefke town was first formed with a medieval character, and through centuries of functional and physical transformations, has been highly influenced by British extensions, which were either prearranged modifications affected by socio- natural, economic, and political situations, or instinctive and spontaneous changes. All these historical factors, along with its geographical features, make Lefke an interesting case to be studied with an urban typo-morphological approach. References Caniggia G, Maffei G., 2001, Interpreing Basic building Architectural composition and building typology Alinea editrice, Firenze, Italy Cömert, N. Z., & Hoskara, S. O. (2013) ‘A typo-morphological study: the CMC industrial mass housing district, lefke, northern cyprus’, Open House International, 38(2), 16-30. Conzen, M. R. G. (1968) ‘The use of town plans in the study of urban history’, in Dyos, H. J. (ed.) The study of urban history (Edward Arnold, London) 113-30. Larkham, P. J. (2006) ‘The study of urban form in Great Britain’, Urban Morphology, 10(2), 117. Moudon, A. V. (1997) ‘Urban morphology as an emerging interdisciplinary field’, Urban morphology, 1(1), 3-10. Whitehand, J. W. (2001) ‘British urban morphology: the Conzenion tradition’, Urban Morphology, 5(2), 103-109.
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AlRammah, Ahmed Mustafa, Saleh Saad AlFuwaires, and Fadhel Ghuwainem. "Sea Water Injection Department's Unmanned Operation." In ADIPEC. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/211046-ms.
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Abstract By exploiting forth industrial revolution technologies such as advanced facility data analytics, robotics for inspection, and highspeed network connectivity through fiber optics and industrial wi-fi Saudi Aramco's Sea Water Injection Department was able to disturb conventional operation and transition its UWIP1 to a smartly operated plant. UWIP1 has been transferred from manned operation into unmanned operation. Aramco's Sea Water Injection Department (SWID) is pioneering industry-leading Digital Transformation (DT) initiatives in advanced facility data analytics, robotics for inspection, and industrial Wi-Fi through an evolving "Integrated Intelligent Operation for Seawater Treatment". Reservoirs distant from the Gulf used to require significant quantities of saline, non-potable groundwater for injection. To replace most withdrawals from this source, Aramco built in 1979 the Qurayyah Seawater Treatment Plant (QSWP), the world's largest for reservoir pressure maintenance. SWID operates QSWP together with a vast associated pipeline network over a large geographic area covering Ghawar, one of the largest conventional oil fields in the world, as well as Khurais, development of which was the largest crude oil expansion program in oil industry history. Seawater is conveyed to hundreds of injection wells. Operating this system is challenging, with the compound effects of massive throughput, complex network, ageing equipment, corrosive seawater, and the "Great Crew Shift" onboarding young talent in place of experienced ones. To resolve these challenges, SWID tapped into the transformational power of DT technologies across the end-to-end water injection value chain to yield benefits in productivity, sustainability and workforce engagement.