Academic literature on the topic 'Industrial-Port pollution'
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Journal articles on the topic "Industrial-Port pollution":
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Li, Fan Xiu, Xing Ping Wen, and Shao Jin Yi. "Numerical Measurement and Data Processing of Air Pollution." Applied Mechanics and Materials 577 (July 2014): 1219–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.577.1219.
Abstract:
Relational analysis method was a data process method used to sort out the correlation extent of effect factors in a system with uncertain information. Common mathematical methods were not applicable for describing the relationship. A new method, equivalent numerical relational degree (ENRD) model was developed to evaluate the effect of different factors on air pollution. The effects of different factors-the port throughput, amount of coal, industrial output, and motor vehicle ownership, investment in fixed assets, real estate development and construction of housing construction area on the quality of atmospheric environment were studied. The degrees of correlation were calculated according to ENRD and the values of the port throughput, amount of coal, industrial output, motor vehicle ownership, investment in fixed assets, real estate development and construction of housing construction area were 0.7947, 0.7943, 0.7289, 0.7238, 0.6702 and 0.6527, respectively. From these values, the relations of these factors to the quality of atmospheric environment could be described and evaluated, and the port throughput and amount of coal were relatively major.
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Yudhiyono, Yudhiyono, Jaya Alamsyah, and Mohamad Nurdin. "MARUNDA AIR QUALITY INDEX BASED ON CONTENT OF PM 2.5 AND PM 10 ACCORDING TO THE CRITERIA DETERMINED BY ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY OF UNITED STATE OF AMERICA." Meteor STIP Marunda 16, no. 1 (July 13, 2023): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.36101/msm.v16i1.269.
Abstract:
Marunda is an area located in North Jakarta, several Industrial and warehousing located in this area, as well as special port such as: Millitary port, coal and sand loading and unloading. As a Industrial and warehousing area, tranportation marunda dominated by Container Truck and heavy Equipment. Main source of energy for industrial area came from coal and petroleum, and main source of energy for transportation activity came from petroleum, this is the main cause of air pollution in Marunda. Indication of high levels of air pollution can be seen by amount of dust (fine particles) that scattered on the floor. Based on existing studies has been known that air pollution has negative impact for human health. In this articles will be discussed level of air pollution in marunda based on the content of particulate matter 2.5, particulate matter 10 and Nitrogen Dioxide in the air.
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Song, Hyojin, Jae Hyung Jung, and Suhyun Jeong. "The New Direction of the Port Environmental Management Policy Based on the Air Pollution Status in the Port Hinterland: Focusing on the Concentrations of Ambient Coarse Particulate Matter (PM10) in the Hinterland of Busan New Port (Changwon)." Crisis and Emergency Management: Theory and Praxis 17, no. 7 (June 30, 2021): 83–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.14251/crisisonomy.2021.17.7.83.
Abstract:
The ultimate purpose of this study is to explore the possibility of air pollution and damage to the hinterland that may be caused by the development and operation of the port, and to examine it by using especially analysis and optimization methods. The Busan New Port which is the largest trading port in Korea operating across Busan and Changwon (Gyeongnam) have been undertaken. Two field experiments on the concentration of coarse particulate matter (PM10, Hereafter PM10) and the level of influence of PM10 were investigated at two sites in the industrial and residential areas behind Busan New Port (Changwon). As the results, the concentration of PM10 was different for each site. In particularly, the actual air quality was exceeded the standard set as PM10 100㎍/㎥ for the case of the industrial area within the port area. Beside that, the observated values at the residential area did not exceed the standard, but were higher than other areas’s such as Noksan-dong and Gyeonghwa-dong. In order to effectively manage air pollution in the hinterland of ports, not only environmental and technical measures, but also cooperation with the private sector and local governments should be take into account.
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Akintola, O. A., A. Y. Sangodoyin, and F. O. Agunbiade. "Evaluation of environmental pollution effects on domestic roof-harvested rainwater in Southern part of Nigeria using impact indices." Water Practice and Technology 8, no. 2 (June 1, 2013): 244–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2013.026.
Abstract:
The effects of environmental factors, roof materials and age of roof on some metals usually found in Domestic Roof-Harvested Rainwater (DRHRW) from southern Nigeria were investigated. Samples were collected in Ibadan (residential), Lagos (industrial) and Port-Harcourt (gas-flaring). Four roof types (corrugated-iron-sheet, long-span-aluminium, asbestos and step-tiles) and three ages of roof (<5, 5–10 and >10 years in service conditions) were considered. Sample preparations, handling and analysis were carried out using standard procedures. Enrichment-Factor, Transfer-Factor and Pollution-Load-Index were estimated to identify roof polluting severity, rate of transfer of each metal detected into the DRHRW as well as atmospheric contribution to the overall pollution effects observed. Metal enrichment was generally low indicating low metal transfer into DRHRW from the sites. Occasional moderate enrichment was recorded for Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca and Mg suggesting their natural presence in the environment. Extremely high enrichment observed for Pb and Cd in industrial and gas-flaring rainwater samples as compared with residential indicated that metal contaminations in these locations are higher compared to residential samples which serve as background. Rate of metal transfer from roof material to rainwater was generally low. Thus, the possible source of the metal contaminants found in DRHRW in the areas investigated was the atmosphere. Mean Pollution-Load-Index of 0.95, 0.99 and 1.06 for rainwater samples in Ibadan, Lagos and Port-Harcourt areas respectively suggested higher pollution load in gas-flaring than residential and industrial regions. Pollution-Load-Index applied to age and roof-type indicated that long-span-aluminium and asbestos roofs that are less than 5 years could contaminate rainwater.
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Chmieliński, Mirosław. "Contemporary dimension of security for hazard and pollution in sea ports." AUTOBUSY – Technika, Eksploatacja, Systemy Transportowe 19, no. 6 (September 7, 2018): 73–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.24136/atest.2018.040.
Abstract:
The article discusses selected issues regarding contemporary security dimensions in the aspect of combating threats and pollution in seaports. Analyzing the problems of the modern dimension of safety on sea areas, the concept of maritime safety was clarified. Potential sources of hazards and pollution of port waters are sewage outlets discharging sanitary, industrial and rainwater sewage, transhipment processes carried out on quays, construction, renovation or maintenance works,
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Makri, Panayota, Demetrios Hermides, George Kontakiotis, Stergios D. Zarkogiannis, Evangelia Besiou, Hammad Tariq Janjuhah, and Assimina Antonarakou. "Integrated Ecological Assessment of Heavily Polluted Sedimentary Basin within the Broader Industrialized Area of Thriassion Plain (Western Attica, Greece)." Water 14, no. 3 (January 27, 2022): 382. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14030382.
Abstract:
The Thriassion Plain, the Saronikos Gulf and Eleusis Bay, Western Attica in Greece, receive pressures from the enormous industrial activity, as well as the Athens metropolitan area and the Piraeus port. Therefore, it is considered as brownfield in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea. The multi-component industrial activity has impacted the soil, the groundwater of Thriassion Plain and the coastal marine sediments of the adjacent Eleusis Bay, part of Saronikos Gulf as well as a brackish lagoon, Koumoundourou Lake. The industrial activity is expressed by high contents of metals, and oil products. This study presents the pollution record of selected published papers that indicate the temporal evolution of legislated polluting compounds, supporting researchers to provide solutions and policy makers to focus on the whole spectrum of potential policy alternatives.
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Musayeva, Zh K., E. K. Musayev, S. E. Koibakova, and S. Syrlybekkyzy. "USE OF MODERN METHODS OF IDENTIFICATION OF HYDROCARBON CONTAINING MICROORGANISMS ISOLATED FROM THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT OF THE CASPIAN SEA." REPORTS 6, no. 334 (December 15, 2020): 96–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.32014/2020.2518-1483.141.
Abstract:
Currently, the problem of the negative impact of petroleum hydrocarbons in the Caspian Sea has become catastrophic. Intensive pollution of marine waters by oil and oil products, from production, transportation and storage of hydrocarbons leads to the oppression of the sea ecosystem. Mechanical and physico-chemical methods for cleaning the marine environment are characterized by low efficiency, secondary pollution and high cost. The most promising is the use of microbiological methods for cleaning waters from oil pollution. In the article presents the results of the identification of reactive oxidizing bacteria isolated from the marine environment of the Caspian Sea, for further use in new biopreparation from oil pollutions. From the sea water in bulk berths Aktau sea port and the port of Bautino (North Caspian) allocated 27 hydrocarbon isolates of microorganisms having the ability to oil degradation of these strains selected the 4 most active cultures, which were identified as Bacillus cereus (2 strains), strain Bacillus sr.13 and Acinetobacter sr.10. Article is written by results of the scientific project of grant financing of Committee of Science of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan "Activization of the self-clearing ability of sea water of the Caspian Sea from oil products". Article is issued thanks to the international project Tempus of IV IEMAST of "Establishing Modern Master-level Studies in Industrial Ecology".
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Moyebi, Omosehin D., Brian P. Frank, Shida Tang, Gil LaDuke, David O. Carpenter, and Haider A. Khwaja. "Ambient Size-Segregated Particulate Matter Characterization from a Port in Upstate New York." Atmosphere 13, no. 6 (June 18, 2022): 984. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13060984.
Abstract:
Air pollution impacts human health and the environment, especially in urban cities with substantial industrial activities and vehicular traffic emissions. Despite increasingly strict regulations put in place by regulatory agencies, air pollution is still a significant environmental problem in cities across the world. The objective of this study was to evaluate the environmental pollution from stationary and mobile sources using real-time monitoring and sampling techniques to characterize size-segregated particulate matter (PM), black carbon (BC), and ozone (O3) at the Port of Albany, NY. Air pollution monitoring was carried out for 3 consecutive weeks under a 24-hour cycle in 2018 at the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC) site within the Port. Sampling was done with an AEROCET 531, optical particle sizer (OPS), ozone monitor, and MicroAeth AE51. Higher mass and number concentrations of size-segregated particles were observed during the daytime. PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations ranged from 1 to 271 micrograms per cubic meter (µg/m3) and 1 to 344 µg/m3, respectively. While these values do not exceed the level of the USEPA 24-hour standards, frequent sharp peaks were observed at higher concentrations. Size-segregated PM at sizes 0.3 µm and 0.374 µm recorded maximum concentrations of 101,631 particle number per cubic centimeter (#/cm3) and 43,432 #/cm3, respectively. Wide variations were observed in the particle number concentrations for 0.3 µm, 0.374 µm, and 0.465 µm sizes, which ranged from 1521 to 101,631 #/cm3; 656 to 43,432 #/cm3; and 311 to 29,271 #/cm3, respectively. BC concentration increased during morning and evening rush hours with the maximum concentration of 11,971 ng/m3 recorded at 8:00 AM. This suggests that mobile sources are the primary contributor to anthropogenic sources of BC within the Port. Episodic elevations in the concentrations of size-segregated PM and BC confirmed the contribution of industrial and vehicular activities around the Port of Albany. This study underscores the importance of measuring particles on a size-segregated basis in order to more fully understand the contributions of the multiple sources present within and surrounding a port environment.
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Kozlov, G., M. Pushkarev, I. Belyaeva, A. Maksimova, S. Shvidkoy, and D. Belyaev. "Fluctuating asymmetry of the needles of Pinus brutia var. pityusa (STEVEN) SILBA, 1985, growing in industrial and recreational areas in Tuapse." E3S Web of Conferences 224 (2020): 04044. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202022404044.
Abstract:
The paper provides information on the index of fluctuating asymmetry of the Pitsunda pine in industrial and recreational areas in the city of Tuapse (the Russian Black Sea coast of the Caucasus). It is shown that pollution is localized in the port area, and in the city center, the fluctuating asymmetry index is comparable to that for resort areas at a considerable distance from the Tuapse port. The necessity of taking into account the climate when using the coefficient of fluctuating asymmetry of the needles of the Mediterranean (Pitsunda) pine in assessing the degree of ecological well-being of various areas is shown.
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Dimitrova, Ivanka, Jordan Kosturkov, and Albena Vatralova. "Industrial surface water pollution in the region of Devnya, bulgaria." Water Science and Technology 37, no. 8 (April 1, 1998): 45–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0307.
Abstract:
The main purpose of this study is to establish the degree of contamination of the rivers and sources of pollution in the great industrial region of Devnya, situated near the Black Sea, so that appropriate technical means for water quality protection and restoration can be developed. A significant problem arises when untreated or partially treated alkaline industrial wastewater is discharged into the water bodies causing sediment formation in the system of the Devnya and Provadiiska rivers, Beloslavsko lake and Varna-West port. All that leads to serious damages to water environment and enormous losses of human, material and financial resources because of the necessity to dredge the sediments that accumulate in the harbour. A lot of available information about the river water quality and flowrates as well as the industrial wastewater for the period 1948–1996 is gathered. Typical physico-chemical parameters for this industrial wastewater namely, suspended solids, dissolved solids, pH, calcium, chlorides, etc., and some biological and radiological characteristics are determined. The sources of pollution are identified and the degree of contamination is determined. An evaluation of the river water quality according to the standards is made and the trends of the rivers water pollution are shown.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Industrial-Port pollution":
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Bartolotti, Fabien. "Le port de Marseille face aux bouleversements économiques des années 1945-1992 : rythmes, stratégies des acteurs, enjeux environnementaux." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021AIXM0031.
Abstract:
Cette thèse entend prolonger les recherches historiques menées depuis une vingtaine d’années sur l’économie marseillaise à l'époque contemporaine. Les mutations de la seconde moitié du vingtième siècle (1945-1992) ont entraîné la disparition progressive d’un système pluriséculaire où se conjuguaient importation de matières premières ultramarines, transformation dans les espaces littoraux, puis réexportation des produits obtenus vers l'hinterland ou le foreland. Parallèlement à l’affaiblissement des branches emblématiques de ce système – huilerie-savonnerie, chimie minérale, activités agro-alimentaires –, certaines entreprises résistent à la vague de fermetures, tandis que d'autres filières émergent – pétrole, sidérurgie, logistique conteneurisée – en lien avec l’expansion occidentale des infrastructures portuaires vers Lavéra à partir de 1952, puis vers le golfe de Fos-sur-Mer dès 1968. Faute d'un accès aisé aux documents de la période dans les centres d'archives publics, les causes, rythmes, acteurs et modalités précises de ces phénomènes restent méconnus. Les dossiers du Port autonome de Marseille créé en 1966, complétés par les archives des autorités portuaires qui l’ont précédé, permettent d'y apporter un nouvel éclairage depuis la fin de la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Renfermant une riche documentation sur les stratégies, les discours et les représentations des acteurs ainsi que des données quantitatives inédites, ils autorisent également un examen des problématiques environnementales posées par la création du complexe de Fos, symbole d’un modèle de croissance productiviste, polluant et énergivore en plein cœur des « Trente Glorieuses »This PhD thesis aims to pursue the historical research carried out over the last twenty years on the economy of Marseille in the contemporary era. The changes that took place in the second half of the twentieth century (1945-1992) led to the gradual disappearance of a centuries-old system that combined the import of raw materials from colonial overseas, processing in coastal areas, and then re-exporting the resulting products to the hinterland or foreland. At the same time as the iconic branches of this system were weakening – oil and soap, mineral chemicals, food processing activities – some companies resisted the wave of closures, while other sectors were emerging – oil, steel, container logistics – in connection with the western expansion of port infrastructures towards Lavéra from 1952, then towards the Gulf of Fos-sur-Mer from 1968.Without easy access to the documents of the period in public archives, the causes, rhythms, stakeholders and precise details of these phenomena remain unknown. The files of the Port autonome de Marseille (Autonomous Port of Marseille) created in 1966, supplemented by the archives of the port authorities that preceded it, have shed new light on the situation since the end of the Second World War. Containing rich documentation on the strategies, discourses and representations of the stakeholders as well as unpublished quantitative data, they also allow an examination of the environmental issues raised by the creation of the Fos complex, symbol of a productivistic, polluting and energy-consuming model of development at the very heart of the "Glorious Thirties"
Books on the topic "Industrial-Port pollution":
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Grose, Nolan. A two part internship with ReSources: The Port of Bellingham and G-P land deal and industrial stormwater research. Bellingham, Wash: Huxley College of the Environment, Western Washington University, 2005.
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Hammermeister, Timothy J. Trace metals analysis of stormdrain sediments draining to the east waterway of Port Gardner Bay, Everett, Washington. 1993.
Book chapters on the topic "Industrial-Port pollution":
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Rizzetto, F., and F. L. Hooimeijer. "Reloading Landscapes: Democratic and Autotrophic Landscape of Taranto." In Regenerative Territories, 267–80. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-78536-9_17.
Abstract:
AbstractCities are like “heterotrophic organisms” because they are dependent on inflows of air, water, food, matter, and energy. Unlike nature, they pollute their own habitat through the production of waste outflows and emissions, extending beyond their own footprint. Data on the ecological footprint of cities have quantified, emblematically, the imbalance between in- and outflows but also what remains: polluted air, water, and soil. The rapid growth of urbanization is a matter of serious concern, but as a part of new development, it can be turned around with an approach in which cities become an “autotrophic organism”.In 2012 Taranto, a coastal city in Southern Italy with an important commercial and military port, was declared as the city “with the highest risk of environmental crisis” in Italy due to a large industrial area developed in the proximity of a highly populated urban settlement.The cause of pollution, a steel production plant, directly employs approximately 12.000 people and another 8.000 contractors indirectly, making it Taranto’s main economic driver.The conflict between economy and environment in the city of Taranto, make it a peculiar case study to be approached with the concept of a Democratic Landscape. This concept reads the territory beyond the natural environment, also recognizing the wellbeing of the inhabitants.After the analysis of a Democratic Landscape in relation to the concept of an “autotrophic organism”, this contribution explores the transformation by regeneration of the ecosystem and the economic regime. In redeveloping a city like Taranto, changing its function from a heterotrophic organism to an autotroph organism, the approach of the so-called “linking open-loop system circularity” is more appropriate. It more adequately describes the system than what is commonly understood for circularity at the building scale of “reduce, reuse, recycle of resources”. Circularity as an attitude brings together many elements that can be considered generic for each project: it can be about recycling or reuse, cutting costs or time, and output of CO2 through reducing material inflow and the transport of materials.In the context of the Democratic Landscape and an autotropic organism, the approach of “linking open-loop system circularity” is tested on two scales in Taranto. One, on the large scale, proposing multiple reuses of agricultural crops after remediation and two, at the local scale, in rebuilding a portion of the city by reusing the demolished buildings materials.The need to rethink and redesign the flow of resources such as building materials, water, food, and energy is essential to the future sustainability of cities. It involves thinking about how to use existing resources rather than dispose of them as in the linear model. It also means establishing new economic models in order to make a sustainable city, flows of intelligent growth and the creation of an identity for a communal sense of belonging. Together, these create a democratic, autotrophic landscape that can sustain a future.
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St. Louis, Daphenide, Ammcise Apply, Daphnée Michel, and Evens Emmanuel. "Microplastics and Environmental Health: Assessing Environmental Hazards in Haiti." In Environmental Health [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.98371.
Abstract:
Microplastics (MP) refer to all plastic particles that are less than 5 mm in size. Over the past decades, several studies have highlighted the impact of microplastics (MP) on living organisms. In addition to being pollutants themselves, these synthetic polymers also act as vectors for the transport of various types of chemicals in natural ecosystems. MP has been ubiquitously detected in a wide range of shapes, polymers, sizes and concentrations in marine water, freshwater, agroecosystems, atmospheric, food and water environments. Drinking water, biota, and other remote places. According to the World Bank, over 80% of the world’s marine litter is plastic and the concentration of litter on Caribbean beaches is often high, with a high presence of single-use plastics and food containers. In its work, the World Health Organization (WHO) suggests an in-depth assessment of microplastics present in the environment and their potential consequences on human health, following the publication of an analysis of the state of research on microplastics in drinking water. It also calls for reducing plastic pollution to protect the environment and reduce human exposure. In Haiti, the bay of Port-au-Prince is the natural receptacle of all the urban effluents generated by human activities in the Metropolitan Zone. This urban wastewater carries household waste, sludge from pit latrines and sewage, industrial wastewater which largely contributes to the pollution of the bay. Furthermore, 1,673,750 tonnes per year of household waste, including 93,730 tonnes of plastic waste, are not collected. What are the environmental dangers represented by the MP contained in those wastes for living organisms in exposed tropical ecosystems? The purpose of this paper is: (i) to do a bibliographical review of the physical and chemical properties, as well as the toxicological profile of MP, (ii) to identify the environmental hazards associated with MP contained in urban waste in the metropolitan area of Port-au-Prince.
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Born, Charles-Hubert, and Hendrik Schoukens. "Biodiversity Litigation Before the Court of Justice of the European Union." In Biodiversity Litigation, 293—C11N208. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192865465.003.0011.
Abstract:
Abstract The EU is arguably one of the major players in the field of international biodiversity governance and has ratified most of the prominent treaties in the field of nature conservation. During the past decades, the EU has, moreover, adopted a set of progressive directives and regulations, which aim for the recovery of the EU’s most threatened habitats and species and, indirectly, implement its biodiversity-related pledges. This chapters addresses the litigation strategies aimed at ensuring a better compliance with international biodiversity law (IBL). The picture that emerges is distinct: on the one hand, the supranational character of the EU legal order guarantees a more effective application of IBL whereas, on the other hand, it limits the added value of IBL. Only in a limited numbers of cases, has the Court of Justice of the EU (CJEU) referred to IBL. At the same time, however, the past decades have seen an increased rise in the legal protection that is provided for in nature protection cases, especially before the national courts. A plethora of decisions of the CJEU underlines the sharp teeth of many of the protection regimes that apply in EU law to endangered species and habitats, also in the context of economically important sectors, such as port expansion, intensive agriculture practices, and industrial facilities. The limited access for NGOs in direct annulment proceedings before the CJEU, however, underlines the lack of effective protection against unsustainable decisions for biodiversity adopted at the EU level. In future years, one can expect a rise of strategic biodiversity-based lawsuits, that focus on more systemic challenges to biodiversity, such as climate change, nitrogen pollution, and habitat fragmentation.
Conference papers on the topic "Industrial-Port pollution":
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Guo, Jianqun, Zhonglian Jiang, Zhen Yu, and Jianglong Ying. "Spatial and Temporal Evolution Characteristics of Water Quality in the Port Waters - A Case Study of Zhanjiang Port, China." In ASME 2023 42nd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2023-104716.
Abstract:
Abstract As an important part of the integrated transport system, ports contribute greatly to the prosperity and development of international shipping. Port construction, loading and unloading operations, incoming and outgoing of vessels, and sewage discharge have certain impact on the port water quality. Meanwhile, the deterioration of port water quality will inevitably affect the marine ecological environment. This paper utilizes the pollutant monitoring data of state-controlled cross-sections in the watershed of Zhanjiang Port area from 2015 to 2022, analyzes the characteristics and correlation of its temporal-spatial variations, and thus overviews its driving factors. The results present a positive correlation between total phosphorus (TP) and NH3N with a correlation coefficient r = 0.752, while a negative correlation is found between TP and dissolved oxygen (DO) with a correlation coefficient r = −0.638. The pH value of the water body has increased steadily while no significant variations have been found in the annual temporal-spatial distribution of DO and TP. The chemical oxygen demand (COD) has shown a fluctuating downward trend while the variation of total nitrogen (TN) appears a “U” shape pattern, reaching a minimum value between June to August each year. In general, the water quality of Zhanjiang Port is poor in summers and good in winters. Human activities and industrial production are the main drivers of water quality pollution. The increasing trend of major water quality parameters indicates that timely countermeasures should be taken to improve water quality of Zhanjiang Port.
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Gore, Daniel J. "Maritime Administration’s Formulation of a Maritime Energy and Clean Emissions Program." In ASME 2002 Internal Combustion Engine Division Spring Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ices2002-462.
Abstract:
The Environmental Protection Agency promulgation of “Control of Emissions of Air Pollution from New Marine Compression Ignition Engines at or above 37 kW,” on December 29, 1999, marked the first time federal air pollution regulations were directly applied to marine engines for commercial U.S. ships. Perhaps surprisingly, these regulations are not having as much impact as are individual State Implementation Plans (SIP) for Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) attainment, and local political pressures. These regional plans and pressures are forcing many domestic marine operators and ports to get a quick education on the cause and mitigation of air pollution. Cases in point, include: • The State of Alaska now fines passenger vessels that enter ports with greater than allowable stack gas opacities. One cruise operator has opted to plug into shore power when its vessels are tied up to pier. • In the Ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach vessel operators have been asked to slow vessel speeds below normal while entering and exiting in a voluntary attempt to reduce NOx emissions. • Environmentalists in the San Francisco Bay Area are applying significant political pressures to ensure proposed new ferry systems emit a minimum of air pollution. • The State of Texas briefly considered stopping all industrial equipment in the Port of Houston for twelve hours per day as a method of decreasing area ozone formation. • Potential NOx emissions generated during imminent channel dredging in the Port of New York and New Jersey is impeding the development of the latest State Implementation Plan. Local pressures are likely to continue to grow, federal regulations are set to become more stringent, and international conventions loom on the horizon. However, as expected in such a competitive industry, concerns are often focused on the bottom line in which cost of operations is a pre-eminent factor. It was in view of these dynamics that the federal Maritime Administration (MARAD) recently launched the Maritime Energy and Clean Emissions Program. This paper introduces the Program, including the background, evolution, and progress of each strategic goal. This paper is intended to be an overview. Attention is paid to the potential transferability and/or development of technologies not previously deployed in the U.S. marine environment. Any of the specific projects described could become the basis for a separate technical paper.