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1
Morales-Lage, Rafael, Aurelia Bengochea-Morancho, and Immaculada Martínez-Zarzoso. "Are CO2 emissions converging in the European Union? Policy implications." Notas Económicas, no. 49 (December 6, 2019): 63–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/2183-203x_49_5.
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This paper focuses on the process of convergence in per capita CO2 emissions that would occur if the measures taken by the European Union to meet the Kyoto Protocol commitments had been effective. We apply a time series and cross-sectional analysis to test for the existence of convergence among countries and for different economic sectors. The sample covers data for the 28 member countries from 1960 to 2012. The results show weak absolute convergence across countries but clear evidence of conditional convergence, with GDP, the weight of industrial sector and the use of renewable energies being the main drivers of divergence. Concerning sectors, there is an increase of emissions in the agricultural sector, but a reduction in the industrial and energy sectors. Different patterns arise in the energy subsectors where manufacturing and electricity notably reduced their emissions while the transport sector increased them in all countries.
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Bošković, Gorica, and Ana Stojković. "Industrial Policy As The European Union Competitiveness Factor On The Global Market." Economic Themes 52, no. 3 (September 1, 2014): 297–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ethemes-2014-0019.
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Abstract The union of the most developed European countries and their heavy industry based economies after the World War II, seemed like the only answer to USA’s and Japan’s powerful economies. At the same time, it was the only chance for Europe to become competitive in the global market. That was achieved through various forms of economic communities, formed in Europe in the second half of XX century. Since the 1992. Maastricht Treaty, they are known as the European Union. European Union industrial policy had the same priorities since the very beginning – to make Europe the leader of global economy, through investments in knowledge and high-tech inovation. However, that still hasn’t happened and considering all the economical and political crisis shaking the Union lately, chances are it can hardly happen at all. Reasons are numerous and different, both inside and outside the Union. The implicit question being posed here is have the most developed world countries and their economies reached their peak and can the EU achieve further growth on the supersaturated global market? This paper investigates the role of industrial policy as one of the key factors for solution to many problems in the past as well as in the future of the EU, which would make this economic and political community of European countries much more competitive on the global market.
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Sokolov, Roman, Evgeniya Mikhailovna Rogozhina, and Aleksandra Dmitrievna Tikhomirova. "Modern environmental policy of the European Union: the struggle for resources and conflict of interests in various market segments." Конфликтология / nota bene, no. 2 (February 2022): 75–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0617.2022.2.37793.
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The object of research in this paper is the modern environmental policy of the European Union, while the subject of research is the relationship and mutual influence of the EU environmental policy in the context of the ongoing conflict of interests on this issue in various market segments. Also in this article, the authors tried to trace the dependencies of the mechanism of implementation of the environmental policy of the European Union, establishing what impact it has on the society of European countries and their economies, and what reverse impact these areas have on environmental policy. The "European Green Course" has become the central subject of research, since the effectiveness and mechanisms of its implementation at the pan-European and national levels reveal the essence of the modern environmental policy of the European Union. The authors identify the criteria for the formation of the EU environmental policy, as well as analyze the basic principles of the implementation of pan-European legislation on environmental policy. It is concluded that the environmental policy of the European Union has one interesting feature: it is one and different at the same time. The norms and rules of each specific country differ in their strength and target areas, while the result of the application of these norms, the targets, remain equal for all countries of the Union. The compactness factor of the European Union plays a significant role in shaping the principles of implementing and building a coherent environmental policy: any environmental incident has consequences for almost all EU member states, geographically the countries are located compactly, and the current relationship between the industrial concerns of EU countries makes them extremely sensitive to supply chain disruptions.
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Lytvynchuk, Anna. "Environmental aspects of agricultural policies of the European Union countries." University Economic Bulletin, no. 50 (August 31, 2021): 136–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.31470/2306-546x-2021-50-136-144.
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At present, the state of the economy of the agricultural sector in many countries of the world, including in the countries of the European Union (EU), inherent in developed industry, has led to the transition to a new environmentally oriented agricultural policy. An important role is assigned to state support of agricultural producers, through subsidies, preferential credit policy, and in some countries, the complete abolition of taxation of entrepreneurial activity in rural areas, which confirms the relevance and national economic significance of the article. In domestic agroeconomic science and practice, there is no scientific concept of state participation in the process of bringing the agricultural sector out of the crisis. Research objectives – consider the development policy of the agricultural sector of the EU countries; study the level of state support for agricultural producers. The purpose of the work is to consider the degree of development of the agricultural policy of the EU countries in the context of ensuring food security. The methods and methodology of the research were general scientific, particular methods of cognition, including the historical and logical, the method of observation and comparison. Shows the main approaches to state regulation of the development of the agro-industrial sector at the level of the European Union as a whole and in the context of member countries; characteristic features and principles that determine the success and integrity of a unified agricultural policy; factors contributing to the productivity of agricultural land; agro-ecological requirements restricting the import of genetically modified products; the main tasks in the development of a new policy of the agrarian sector of the economy; priority directions of regulation of measures to support agricultural producers, integrated development of rural areas, increasing the competitiveness of the EU agricultural sector. The practical significance of the work lies in the fact that this study will allow the state bodies of Belarus to better understand how it is necessary to form an agricultural policy in the context of ensuring food security.
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Benner, Maximilian. "Industrial Policy in the EU and Its Neighbourhood: Learning from Policy Experimentation." Economies 7, no. 2 (May 10, 2019): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/economies7020044.
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Newer approaches of industrial policy that focus on catalytic and facilitating interventions of government have become a rivalling model to neoclassical laissez-faire approaches. Inspired by the success stories of East Asian newly industrialised economies (NIEs), newer approaches advocate a more experimental policy stance. Newer industrial policies, including the concept of the “entrepreneurial state”, call upon governments to play a catalytic and facilitating role in increasing innovation and, thus, economic growth. During the past three decades, countries have experimented with some of these new approaches, and so has the European Union (EU). Currently, two major policy frameworks of the EU, Horizon 2020 and smart specialisation, shape the European approach to industrial policy and are gaining in importance for enlargement and neighbourhood countries, too. At the same time, these countries outside the EU have pursued their own experiments in industrial policy. The article argues that to better understand what contributes to the success or failure of industrial policies, learning from experiences made both by the EU and its neighbours is valuable. The article draws conclusions from three countries in the EU’s neighbourhood, Israel, Tunisia, and North Macedonia. In particular, the article examines the role EU approaches and programs, such as smart specialisation or Horizon 2020, can play in anchoring more entrepreneurial industrial policies in enlargement and neighbourhood countries and addresses problems to be expected when governments are to engage in policy experimentation.
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Foden, David. "Trade union proposals towards EMU." Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research 4, no. 1 (February 1998): 88–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/102425899800400110.
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This article provides an overview of the debate within the trade union movement on Europe's forthcoming economic and monetary union. It reviews the reasoning behind the ETUC's critical support for EMU and outlines the main issues in the trade union debate in ten European countries. It finds that the general political debate at national level has a significant influence on the discussion within the trade unions, and that the sector of the economy within which individual unions organise is also of relevance. Nevertheless, these specific concerns are placed within the framework of policy defined by the ETUC.
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GUDZ, PETER, MARYNA GUDZ, and BARBARA DĄBROWSKA. "COMMON POLICIES OF THE EUROPEAN UNION IN THE SPHERE OF INDUSTRY: PROBLEMS AND CHALLENGES IN THE NEW REALITY OF POSTPANDEMIC." Economic innovations 23, no. 3(80) (August 20, 2021): 85–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.31520/ei.2021.23.3(80).85-100.
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Topicality. The urgency of studying the problems and challenges of the European Union's common industrial policy in the post-pandemic is due to the need to overcome the recession caused by the epidemic crisis and find innovative ways and means to transform European economies to rebuild the economy for the welfare of citizens and environmental security. Another prerequisite for the intensification of industrial policy as a driver of development of the EU common market is the realization of competitive advantages over the economies of the United States and China.Aim and tasks. The aim of the work is to analyze the problems and general challenges of the European Union's industrial policy in the new realities after the pandemic. The COVID-19 crisis has created many problems and posed many challenges to the European Union, but this is not the first crisis it has faced. The paper analyzes the challenges that have arisen during the measures taken to correct the economic downturn, as well as plans for the recovery and development of the European Union, including on the basis of digitization of the common industrial policy.Research results. The day, the genesis of the new, the fourth stage of the development of the industrial policy of the European Union has been designated. Established, according to the main method of industrial policy, and at the same time, 24 industrial halls of the 27 countries ЄC to improve the competitiveness of the European industry, as a step towards the development of the age of the mainstream of work. It was approved by the tools for the implementation of the industrial policy and criteria and indicators of evaluation and development. Sectoral analysis of industry, allowing you to camp for 2018 p. advanced development of machinery and equipment for the indicator of additional costs for production of coke and products of naphtha processing, automobiles, hairstyles and applications, industrial production of metal products for machinery. An analysis of the indicator of security to the given variability in the industrial spheres has taken into account the tendency to the concentration of security in the five countries of the world, some of the economies of Nimechchin. Analyzed the Eurocomisin's praise for April 2020. The plan for the development of Europe and the plan for the middle of the initial ones is the concept of industrial ecosystems. The concept of Europe is a light leader and ecology of the economy, realizing the industry and economy of the state government, the energy and economics of the program “Green Ladies”, as well as the economics of the economy.Conclusion. Problems and directions of overcoming challenges, determined by coronary crisis in industry and economy in general are identified: assistance in resumption of activity of industrial enterprises, coordination of partnership principles, limitation of pandemic expansion, preservation of jobs, tax benefits and credit policy of national banks aimed at investment development, financial assistance governments to support small and medium-sized businesses, assistance to relevant sectors of economic activity. The common industrial policy of the European Union covers many areas. Therefore, it is known that in times of the COVID-19 pandemic, the common industrial policy will face many challenges and problems. The article highlights not only the difficulties that the European Union had to overcome, but also the measures and measures it has taken to solve these problems. Putting the safety of its citizens first, the European Union has temporarily suspended its common industrial policy to focus on priorities. The most important aim was to help the most needy Member States and to support the economic sectors most affected. In addition, the Union has also launched a ten- action plan to rebuild Europe. The reconstruction plan for Europe allowed the European Union authorities to focus on the original goals of the Union, thus putting the new industrial strategy for Europe into effect. The European Council plans not only to increase the global competitiveness of its industry as well as its autonomy and resilience, but also to increase the resilience of the single market and ensure the leading role of the EU in the ecological and digital transformation.
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Ploom, Illimar, Tarmo Kalvet, and Marek Tiits. "Defence industries in small European states: Key contemporary challenges and opportunities." JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL STUDIES 15, no. 4 (December 2022): 112–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.14254/2071-8330.2022/15-4/7.
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This study addresses the challenges and opportunities that small European states face when weighing their defence industrial policy options. The article builds on a technology–based small state industry governance model by adding a defence industry–specific layer. This model is used to analyse how defence industries of small states could contribute to the European Union common defence industrial policy, and how the latter could likewise be beneficial to small member states. The paper discusses defence industrial policy challenges and opportunities both from the wider European Union and small state perspective. Global and regional geopolitical trends are explored among other specific topics, as are aspects of regional and domestic governance like the market structure, procurement, and R&D. The article concludes that small European states could both win and lose with the establishment of a common defence market, depending on the market design. Ideally, it should be combined with the simultaneous creation of an EU defence industrial policy that enables smaller, and especially less developed, member states to maintain and advance their own industries, preferably participating within the value chains of defence industries of the larger countries.
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Dudauri, Tamar. "REGULATION OF LEGAL MIGRATION FROM GEORGIA TO EU COUNTRIES AND INTEGRATION INTO THE LABOR MARKET." International Journal of Social Science and Economic Research 07, no. 12 (2022): 4017–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.46609/ijsser.2022.v07i12.018.
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Migration processes have become not only an important factor in modern international relations, but also have a serious impact on the state's domestic policy. In addition to combating illegal migration, protecting borders and providing asylum, an integral part of migration policy is also regulation of legal migration channels, including labor migration. Effective management of legal migration is in the common interest of EU member states and the EU as a Union. The paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the stages and principles of the formation of the supranational component of the regulation of legal migration in the European Union. The author pays special attention to the political and legal component, methods and tools of migration regulation in the European Union. The assessment of the current situation of the common migration policy of the European Union is of interest for the integration processes and the future development of the European Union.
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Mahmutefendic, Tahir. "The Eu Enlargement. How to be Like the Irish and not the Greek?" ECONOMICS 7, no. 2 (December 1, 2019): 49–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/eoik-2019-0021.
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Abstract Apart from the former EFTA members (Iceland, Lichtenstein, Norway and Switzerland) and a few former republics of the Soviet Union (Bjelorussia, Moldova and Ukraina) the countries of the Western Balkans are the only European states outside of the European Union. They are very keen to join the Union. The Balkans have always been the poorest part of Europe. The appeal of the wealthy European Union is apparent. Access to the largest market in the world, investment, modern technologies and generous regional funds give a hope that by joining the EU the Western Balkans countries will join the rich club. At the moment performance of the Western Balkan countries does not guarantee that they will become rich by joining the European Union. Their current production and trade structure makes it likely that the Western Balkan countries will be locked in inter-industry trade in which they will export products of low and medium technological and developmental level and import products of high technological and developmental level. This might lead to divergence rather than convergence between them and the European Union. In other to overcome this problem the Western Balkan countries need to conduct radical reforms in the public sector, fiscal policy, industrial trade and investment policy. They also need to tackle corruption, simplify administrative procedure, strenghten property rights and the lawful state. All this with the aim to change economic structure and shift from achievements of the second and third to fourth technological revolution. Only if these reforms are successfuly implemented the Western Balkan countries can hope to avoid the Greek scenario and possibly experience the Irish scenario.
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Brandl, Bernd, and Alex Lehr. "A problem of embeddedness." Employee Relations 40, no. 3 (April 3, 2018): 500–514. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/er-04-2017-0075.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to propose a general micro-theoretical framework that helps to understand the embeddedness of trade unions within the European system of industrial relations, and the consequences of this embeddedness for industrial relations outcomes. First, starting from the paradoxical observation of a trend towards homogeneity within a complex, multi-layered European industrial relations system consisting of heterogeneous and autonomous agents, the paper aims to explicate the mechanisms which produce these similarities. Second, the paper seeks to analyse potential mechanisms for transnational trade union cooperation and, third, it concludes by outlining its applicability as the basis for methodological approaches which enable realistic and policy relevant analyses. Design/methodology/approach This paper is conceptual and focusses on the development of a general micro-theoretical framework which captures European industrial relations actors’ behaviour and outcomes. It integrates theoretical and empirical accounts from differing social science disciplines and from various methodological starting points on trade union action and interaction into one general micro-theoretical framework. Findings Starting from a typology of trade union goals, the authors show how various social mechanisms lead to interdependencies between trade unions and review empirical evidence for their consequences. The authors, then, identify a set of motives for transnational cooperation that would allow outcomes that are in line with trade union objectives. Originality/value Against the background that previous studies on trade union action and cross-national interaction have paid less attention to the puzzling stylised fact that industrial relations outcomes are mimicked by heterogeneous and autonomous agents actors in different countries, the authors address this research gap by developing a novel general micro-theoretical framework for the analysis of transnational trade union action and interaction in order to better understand the underlying causal mechanisms for the common behaviour and outcomes of autonomous actors.
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Bosch, Gerhard, and Alexandra Wagner. "Service economies in Europe - challenges for employment policy and trade union activities." Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research 8, no. 3 (August 2002): 392–414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/102425890200800306.
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This contribution discusses how service-employment growth can be promoted. After considering some methodological issues in the comparison of service societies, the EU countries are compared in respect of the degree of tertiarisation of their economies, on the basis of which a typology of European service societies is developed. The authors then identify, with reference to empirical data, the driving forces behind the growth of service employment in the EU countries. A central result of the analysis is that service employment does not automatically increase with continued economic growth, but is more closely tied to social innovations than is commonly thought. The authors argue for an orientation model of service employment in the future that both meets employees’ interests in high-quality employment, adequate earned income and social protection, and is economically feasible and socially acceptable. European service societies differ clearly from the US model, and the European model is closely linked to strong trade unions and forms of social dialogue.
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Rastvortseva, Svetlana, and Aizhan Amanalieva. "The concept of technological proximity in the development of European Union national innovative systems." Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series 51, no. 51 (March 1, 2021): 35–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bog-2021-0003.
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Abstract The development of national innovative systems is intended to solve a number of issues: from decreasing socio-economic inequality in countries and regions to creating environments favourable to new high-tech production and diversification of industrial composition. Determination of the possibilities for expanding the set of innovative types of economic activity must be scientifically substantiated, since significant financial, material and human resources may be consumed in creating and supporting new economic sectors within the framework of state policy. This article contains an attempt to create a mechanism for revealing promising trends in the development of an innovative economic sphere, taking into account comparative advantages in the commodity composition of exports by determining technological proximity indicators. The article aims to substantiate the possibility of using the concept of technological proximity in developing national innovative systems. The study employs technological proximity indicators based on the revealed comparative advantages (RCA) of countries by commodity groups of export. A matrix of technological proximity in the industrial fields (at a six-unit level) for 28 countries of the European Union in 2007–18 was made. The results revealed comparative advantages by groups of high-tech products in EU countries in real time. The analysis of technological proximity in the industrial sector has shown the types of economic activity connected with the innovative sector, which was used to determine the countries’ degree of participation in the manufacture of high-tech products. The proposed mechanism can be used in the development and implementation of national and regional policy in the sphere of innovative systems, since it allows promising areas for creation and support of new high-tech productions to be determined.
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Jovanovic, Mihailo. "Inter-state trade within the European Union." Medjunarodni problemi 57, no. 1-2 (2005): 58–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/medjp0502058j.
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Trade is the most important integration link in the overall world production. After the Second World War it induced the establishment of economic integrations. In the last three decades international trade has been more dynamic than the growth of the world production. The data show that the commodity trade is the strongest component of the world purchase and sale, although the international trade in services has grown a bit faster than the commodity trade. However, the share of services in the world trade does not exceed 20 per cent. International trade has most developed among developed countries, keeping up the mutual development of foreign direct investments and know-how and technology transfer. The empirical research shows that apart from the benefits gained by capitalisation of comparative advantages the trade growth is also influenced by benefits resulting from the impact of the economy of scale, competition and spreading of knowledge. Reduction of tariff and elimination of non-tariff barriers constantly opens new opportunities to benefit from international trade in commodities and services. Commodity trade of OECD countries confirms that the volume of trade does not depend only on liberalisation of tariff and non-tariff barriers, but growth to a certain degree reflects the size of the country, geographic elements and transport costs. Therefore, the empirical works predominantly analyse the power of trade as an indicator of the manifested commodity trade, embracing the characteristics such as competition pressures, but not including some deeper political meaning. The previously mentioned factor is significant, since given the policy and competition small countries are naturally more dependent on foreign trade, although competition pressures among big countries largely result from competition inside themselves. A significant change in the trade structure has been recorded in the period of over two years. At first, intra-industrial trade became equal to traditional inter- industrial production, and afterwards it has even exceeded it. For a long time the factors of foreign trade growth have been disputable. The works of Baier and Berstrand show that income growth and reduction of customs produce the main impact on foreign trade growth. In their opinion liberalisation of trade within GATT and WTO is one of the main driving forces in international trade. Reduction of trade costs also produces some impact on foreign trade growth, while approximation of incomes is less significant. Badlinger and Breuss have explored the elements that in the last four decades of the last century made an impact on faster growth of inter-trade of EU-15 member countries. They have estimated the relative impact of the income growth, income equalisation as well reduction of tariffs and trade costs on the intra-trade of EU-15 member countries. The results show that the income growth increases by 70 per cent the intra-trade of these countries. Also, the European integration and liberalisation of GATT and WTO increase by 25 per cent the commodity intra-trade of EU-15.
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Pastore, Jose. "Industrial Relocation and Labour Relations: The Case of Central and Eastern Europe." International Journal of Comparative Labour Law and Industrial Relations 23, Issue 1 (March 1, 2007): 35–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/ijcl2007003.
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Industrial relocation is one of the main concerns of industrial relations practitioners, policy-makers, union leaders and researchers in general. For many companies the critical choice is no longer between producing at home or abroad, but rather between cutting costs or losing market share. One of the ways to increase competitiveness is to move east. By facilitating company relocation, the Central and Eastern European countries are guaranteeing the future of companies facing competition in Germany, France, Italy, and other European countries. But relocation often involves the loss of jobs in the country of origin and job creation in the countries of destination as well as many changes in industrial relations practice of both sides. This paper focuses on the impact of the integration of eight former communist countries in the European Union in 2004. Data for 2004-2006 show that differences in terms of salaries and working conditions are related to changes in the industrial relations systems of Western Europe on the one hand, and Central and Eastern Europe on the other. The eastern countries are growing fast, but a high rate of unemployment has led to frustration and dissatisfaction in most of the new Member States. In the Western countries, to avoid further company relocation to the eastern countries, pressure has been exerted on employees to make deep concessions in terms of salaries, bonuses, working time and other labour conditions. The paper explores the future prospects for these developments, as well as their repercussions for other emerging nations.
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Babic, Blagoje. "China-European union relations: A developing geoeconomic axis." Medjunarodni problemi 62, no. 3 (2010): 418–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/medjp1003418b.
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China and the European Union are very interested in developing their mutual relations. They strengthen their positions in the world business by their co-ordinated acting. In their mutual relations, they apply Geoeconomics? methods. They do not regard each other as a military threat but as one of the main economic partners. Their economies are highly complementary. ?The common economic interests? have a decisive role in China EU policy and EU China policy, respectively. EU is China?s largest economic partner. It is its largest export market, the largest source of new technologies and equipment and one of the largest sources for foreign investments. China is the second important source of industrial products import to EU and the fastest growing export market for EU. The EU enlargement to the East both favourably and unfavourably affects China?s interests. The main cause of friction in China-EU relations is a high Chinese surplus in their mutual trade, high competitiveness of Chinese products on the EU market and China?s pursuit of energy sources in the parts of the world that Western countries, including the leading EU member states, regard as traditionally ?forbidden? such as the Middle East and Africa. China and EU have created mechanisms to settle conflicts of interest in their mutual trade through dialogue.
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Rіeznikov, Valeriі. "State industrial policy in conditions European integration of Ukraine." Public administration and local government 45, no. 2 (July 23, 2020): 146–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.33287/102030.
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Since the beginning of 2020, there have been crisis phenomena around the world due to the global slowdown in economic growth and the introduction of quarantine due to the coronavirus pandemic. In this situation, the most vulnerable are developing countries with a small margin of safety, which, unfortunately, also applies to Ukraine, whose economy is open and highly dependent on external markets.
Due to the slowdown in the growth of the global economy, the situation in one of the main export industries of Ukraine – industry is deteriorating first of all. The European Union has become one of the important export markets for Ukraine’s industrial products in recent years, which has raised the issue of shaping a relevant state industrial policy in today’s challenging environment. The purpose of the article is to determine the directions of formation and implementation of state industrial policy in the conditions of European integration of Ukraine in modern conditions. In 2020, due to the economic crisis and the pandemic of the coronavirus, the Ukrainian industry may lose even more due to low demand for ferrous metals in world markets, including in EU countries.
The Agreement on Conformity Assessment and Acceptance of Industrial Products is a way of eliminating technical barriers to trade between Ukraine and the EU. The Agreement on Conformity Assessment and Acceptance of Industrial Products is a type of mutual recognition agreement that requires a partner country to align its legislation, practices and infrastructure with EU rules.It is envisaged that in the sectors covered by this Agreement, Ukrainian exporters will be able to label their products with the CE mark and to sell them freely on the EU market without additional EU certification. Potentially, the Agreement on Conformity Assessment and Acceptance of Industrial Products could cover up to a fifth of Ukraine’s exports to the EU, notably mechanical engineering products. The formation and implementation of state industrial policy in the conditions of European integration of Ukraine should take place using the following algorithm:1. Study of the new EU Regulation 2019/1020 of 20.06.2019 on market surveillance and conformity of products and elaboration of relevant amendments to the legislation of Ukraine.2. Concentration of the function of legal coordination of draft regulatory acts (including technical regulations) aimed at implementing the Association Agreement and preparation for the Agreement on Conformity Assessment and Acceptance of Industrial Products in one state instance, equipped with specialized personnel with adequate knowledge of EU law and languages.3. Strengthening the requirements for the accreditation and oversight process for accredited bodies, as well as the process of designating and monitoring conformity assessment bodies to ensure that their technical competence is adequate and to prevent fraud and the use of fraudulent practices.4. In the absence of a rapid prospect of concluding an Agreement on Conformity Assessment and Acceptance of Industrial Products, the harmonization of procedures and requirements that are too burdensome for exporters and importers, first and foremost.5. Paying particular attention to capacity building of state market surveillance authorities.6. Raising awareness of business entities and enhancing the role of business associations in raising such awareness.7. Increasing the EU’s interest in providing Ukraine with effective technical assistance for the development of legislation and the proper functioning of quality infrastructure and market surveillance authorities.
Introduce the position of Deputy Prime Minister for Industry and launch support programs for the real economy.
Thus, Ukraine’s further integration with the European Union is largely linked to the formulation and implementation of relevant industrial policy, which should be to continue reforming all sectors of the economy, in particular, to modernize the industrial complex. And the signing of the Agreement on Conformity Assessment and Acceptance of Industrial Products in the three priority sectors («industrial visa waiver») in the medium term should become one of the main foreign economic priorities of Ukraine’s European integration in the face of the current challenges of today.
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PIDORYCHEVA, Iryna. "SCIENTIFIC-TECHNOLOGICAL AND INNOVATIVE COOPERATION BETWEEN UKRAINE AND THE EUROPEAN UNION: PERSPECTIVES AND STRATEGIC DIRECTIONS OF DEVELOPMENT." Economy of Ukraine 2022, no. 2 (March 12, 2022): 50–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/economyukr.2022.02.050.
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In the conditions of normality 2.0, cardinal technological transformations taking place in the world economy under the influence of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, the deepening of international cooperation that will promote sustainable development of countries becomes a priority. At the heart of Ukraine's strategic foreign policy course is the European integration, which involves the development of relations with the European Union and its member states in many areas of common interest. One of these areas is science and technology and innovation, which is key in terms of ensuring the competitiveness and technological security of countries in the long run. The peculiarities of the EU's innovation policy in the context of the implementation of its new strategic course on building a climate-neutral, greener, digital, resilient and democratic Europe are studied. The approaches that are the basis of modern EU innovation policy are identified: the approach of smart specialization and the approach to mission-oriented innovation. Particular attention is paid to the latter, the essence of missions and mission-oriented innovation policy is highlighted, their role in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals is shown. Strategic priority areas of scientific-technological and innovation cooperation between Ukraine and the EU are identified, taking into account national and global challenges, potentials and achievements of domestic science, new strategic goals of the European Union and features of European innovation policy. The expediency and prospects of cooperation between the parties in four of the selected areas, which provide for the development of cooperation in the following areas: first, security, defense-technical and defense-industrial cooperation; second, health and pharmacology, biotechnology and genomics; third, agriculture and the food industry, in particular organic farming and precision farming; fourth, digitization and development of digital technologies. The institutional principles of cooperation between Ukraine and the EU in these areas are summarized and proposals are provided to strengthen the scientific, technological and innovation-industrial potential of Ukraine as a prerequisite for its effective integration into the European Research Area.
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Nevskaya, A. "European Union Building Strategic Value Chains: the Case of Battery Industry." World Economy and International Relations 65, no. 12 (2021): 109–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2021-65-12-109-117.
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The article analyzes the EU’s experience in transformation of its industrial policy, which is designed to help the EU to overcome the gap with competitors in technology and innovation, as well as to set new standards for the functioning of industrial sectors in the conditions of greening and digitalization. The basic principles of building the strategic value chains are considered. The method of lifecycle analysis is used, as well as the theoretical basis of research on economic policy in new industries. Among the main principles on which support measures for new industries are based, we highlight the desire to ensure the legal and regulatory dominance of the EU, the desire for maximum transparency of business processes, the emphasis on the complex systemic effect for the entire European economy. The analysis of new projects implemented in the EU is conducted using the empirical base from the battery industry. The analysis includes the new instruments of industrial policy – Important Projects of the Common European Interest and others. An attempt has been made to assess the effectiveness of these mechanisms. It has been shown that the value-added chain of automotive batteries currently being built in the EU is not fully European, and dependence on suppliers of raw materials and services from third countries persists. The EU production spots are concentrated mostly in the middle parts of the value chain – like cell production and battery assembly. This configuration allows for regulatory opportunities in the industry, giving an advantage to European companies with extensive experience in measuring and reducing the climate footprint of their products. There are prerequisites for the involvement of a large number of small business players in the new chains and an increased diffusion of innovation. In addition, the EU is successfully addressing the challenge of demonstrating the potential of its Green Deal and increasing consumer confidence in new products.
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Takács, Vera, Ákos Máté, and Sándor Gyula Nagy. "Changes in tax structures in European Union Member States." Society and Economy 37, s1 (December 2015): 137–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/204.2015.37.s.9.
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The European Union does not have a comprehensive common tax policy and substantial changes in this specialized policy area are not likely in the foreseeable future. Albeit common rules, requirements, minimum rates for certain tax types were implemented in the last few decades, they barely limit the Member States in using their tax policies as one of the worthiest elements of their arsenal in increasing competitiveness or quite the contrary, to undermining their own international competitiveness inadvertently through a misguided tax policy. In this article, we put the tax policies of the Visegrad Group and the Eurozone core countries (Germany, Austria and the Netherlands), as well as changes in these policies under the magnifying glass, in terms of the impact of tax structure changes on economic growth and employment in the last decade.
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Vanhutte, Henk. "Basic steps in assessing the compliance of PPE with EU requirements." Okhrana truda i tekhnika bezopasnosti na promyshlennykh predpriyatiyakh (Labor protection and safety procedure at the industrial enterprises), no. 9 (September 11, 2020): 65–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/pro-4-2009-12.
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The online conference "PPE – New Challenges in the New World" became a platform for discussing topical issues of the development of the standardization system in Russia and abroad, their impact on solving industrial policy issues, improving the quality of PPE products and labor protection in a new reality. We bring to your attention an interview with the speaker of the conference, Henk Vanhutte, Secretary General of the European Security Federation, on the legislation and current practices of the countries of the European Union.
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Papież, Monika, Sławomir Śmiech, and Katarzyna Frodyma. "The role of energy policy on the decoupling processes in the European Union countries." Journal of Cleaner Production 318 (October 2021): 128484. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.128484.
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Nykolaieva, Valentyna, Natalia Malyarchuk, and Lidiia Ovcharova. "MODELS OF SOCIAL POLICY AND SOCIAL WORK IN THE EUROPEAN UNION: FEATURES AND CHARACTERISTICS." Scientific journal of Khortytsia National Academy, no. 2021-4 (December 4, 2021): 184–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.51706/2707-3076-2021-4-17.
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The article analyzes the range of European models of social policy and highlights some features for further consideration concerning the implementation of the EU social standards in the social work system of Ukraine. The following research methods were used to clarify the current state of the problem: analysis, comparison and generalization of data from scientific and educational literature and periodicals, etc. It is proved that in the works of Ukrainian researchers the main emphasis is placed on the correlation between social policy and social work. Different classifications of social policy models, social protection and social services are given by features: the role of the state, the basics of distribution, the correspondence of economic and social policy in the implementation of an effective social work system. Basic models of social protection in the countries with industrialized economy are given according to E. Andersen: liberal, conservative and social-democratic. According to R. Titmuss’s classification, there are 3 models: residual, institutional-redistributive, industrial achievements / action. Various pension systems according to the classification of J. Paime are revealed: institutional, residual, for merits at work, civil. Quite an interesting distribution of models of social protection, among which the lion's share belongs to European countries, can be traced in the works of S. Leibfried and R. Mishra, where in addition to the residual and institutional models, there is also a "socialist" model. The research of the Slovak scholar M. Beblavy, who made an attempt to typologize the model of the welfare state of Central and Eastern Europe, deserves attention. A. Antonnen and J. Sipila are noted; they classify the models of social services in European countries according to the level of development of various social services and from the view of institutional subjects. Another effective model of the welfare state is described – it is a social investment welfare state. Thus, extensive experience in implementing social policy and social work in the European Union has shown that these countries have gone from charity in social support to the formation of a "welfare state" that guarantees its citizens an optimal system of social security and social protection.
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Burnete, Sorin, and Abiola E. Ogunmokun. "European Union: Spearhead of the Environment Protection Movement." Human and Social Studies 6, no. 3 (October 1, 2017): 37–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hssr-2017-0023.
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Abstract Industrialization laid the foundation for contemporary civilization but also begot environmental problems, which have been building up and remained unsolved to this day. There is widespread belief that, if industrial manufacturing lies at the root of environment degradation through endless spewing of residual waste, trade among nations is to blame for scattering residual waste the world over. Yet paradoxically, it is the very international trade that might be the ground for major remedies thereto. The 20th century witnessed the shift from free trade to fair trade; it is about time to shift from fair trade to clean trade. Nevertheless, such serious problems had barely been dealt with until the post-World War II period. An awareness-raising effort in this line was made by the European Union (EU) which, since the early 1970s, has been dealing with environmental and social issues, especially the ones deriving from international trade, in a decisive and responsible manner. Still, EU’s new policy in the field of environment protection has a downside in that it affects trade relations with partners from outside the Union, both developing and developed countries, thereby drawing fierce international reaction. The good part is that EU’s actions will most likely prompt other nations to follow suit.
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Török, Ádám. "Industrial Policy in the New Member Countries of the European Union: A Survey of Patterns and Initiatives Since 1990." Journal of Industry, Competition and Trade 7, no. 3-4 (July 24, 2007): 255–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10842-007-0020-z.
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Callao, Susana, José I. Jarne, and David Wroblewski. "Do the burst of financial crisis and European Union membership impact Earnings Management. Evidence from emerging Eastern European countries." Journal of East European Management Studies 25, no. 4 (2020): 608–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/0949-6181-2020-4-608.
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The paper studies earnings management in developing European countries. We investigated if membership in the European Union and the recent global financial crisis affected the decisions of managers in Eastern European countries to engage in earnings management. By analyzing a sample of 4,627 firms from four developing Eastern European countries (the Czech Republic, Poland, Hungary, and Slovakia) over the period of 2002-2009, our findings suggest there was a decrease in earnings management over the period leading up to the accession of these countries to the European Union. Additionally, we found that there was an increase in earnings management after the burst of the financial crisis. The results contribute to the debate in the accounting literature regarding the variations in earnings management related to the changes in environmental factors influencing companies. These results have several implications for standard setters and regulators; in particular, companies’ incentives are strongly influenced by the general conditions and circumstance of their home countries. Additionally, the study explores the still unexplored developing markets of Eastern European countries.
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Bree, Axel. "The Organisation of Waste Management in the European Union Member States." Journal for European Environmental & Planning Law 2, no. 6 (2005): 478–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187601005x00471.
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AbstractThe organisation of waste management raises an important question: Who has access to waste - the public waste management services or private waste management companies ? The answer has important economic consequences, since waste management is a significant market. At the same time, environmental concerns have to be observed. The framework legislation of the European Community leaves the organisational structure of waste management to the national legislation of the Member States. However, under Community legislation waste is subject to the principle of the free movement of goods, which may be restricted on environmental grounds. Furthermore EU law draws a distinction between waste for disposal, for which shipment can be restricted more easily, and waste for recovery, which is subject to less stringent control procedures. Given the broad European framework, this article explores the national legislation in most EU countries. It aims to analyse the approach taken by the national legislators to find a way between public service and private autonomy. In conclusion, it seems clear that in the countries examined an important distinction is made between household and industrial waste. Only Germany has adopted the European distinction between waste for recovery and waste for disposal as a major criterion for the allocation of the waste streams between public and private entities, whereas in the other Member States this criterion only plays an insignificant, if any, role at all.
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Hoa, Phan Thi Thuy, Nguyen Thi Hoa, and Pham Thi Minh Chau. "Policy for Industrial Development in Era 4.0 In Some Pioneering Countries and Proposing to Vietnam." European Journal of Engineering Research and Science 4, no. 9 (September 19, 2019): 129–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2019.4.9.1527.
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Vietnam is considered to be a country with the advantage of a young and abundant labor force, which will not be a strength because robots will replace all manual jobs. In the future, people will lose their jobs, because robot technology can affect all industries such as textiles, services, entertainment to health, transportation, education. The paper analyzes policies that pave the way for 4.0 industry development in the eight most representative countries of the European Union. The author points out the most basic content and clarifies the key points of the policy that the so-called countries have followed, including identifying policy space, pursuing goals, and supply. funding, efficiency brought about, the focus and impacts of policies, governance and implementation, specific barriers and obstacles in each country. From there, draw lessons learned in planning, as well as implementing policies at the national level on industry 4.0 in Vietnam today. The author also made some suggestive suggestions about the policy direction to create a solid condition for Industry 4.0 to develop.
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Hoa, Phan Thi Thuy, Nguyen Thi Hoa, and Pham Thi Minh Chau. "Policy for Industrial Development in Era 4.0 In Some Pioneering Countries and Proposing to Vietnam." European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research 4, no. 9 (September 19, 2019): 129–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejeng.2019.4.9.1527.
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Vietnam is considered to be a country with the advantage of a young and abundant labor force, which will not be a strength because robots will replace all manual jobs. In the future, people will lose their jobs, because robot technology can affect all industries such as textiles, services, entertainment to health, transportation, education. The paper analyzes policies that pave the way for 4.0 industry development in the eight most representative countries of the European Union. The author points out the most basic content and clarifies the key points of the policy that the so-called countries have followed, including identifying policy space, pursuing goals, and supply. funding, efficiency brought about, the focus and impacts of policies, governance and implementation, specific barriers and obstacles in each country. From there, draw lessons learned in planning, as well as implementing policies at the national level on industry 4.0 in Vietnam today. The author also made some suggestive suggestions about the policy direction to create a solid condition for Industry 4.0 to develop.
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Soldatenko, Darya. "Industrial Intellectual Property as the EU’s Innovative Development Factor." Contemporary Europe 104, no. 4 (August 1, 2021): 107–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.15211/soveurope42021107118.
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The article addresses correlation between the use of different intellectual property objects and the general goals of innovation policy of the EU. The subject of the research is industrial intellectual property along with trademarks and patents for inventions. The research period is limited to 2010‒2019. Based on the data from annual European innovation board and analysis of the dynamics of the activity of the EU member states in the field of intellectual property, the author identifies a group of EU countries that have the biggest potential in the use of the stipulated industrial property. It is show that trademark protection is mostly used in the medium and high-tech industries of the sample countries. However, there is a certain differentiation in the scale and dynamics of its application. Moreover, the author points out a high interest of the third countries such as USA, Japan and China in obtaining competitive advantages in the EU market through registration of a trademark in the European Union intellectual property office. The unified patent system in the EU is still at the preliminary stage as the most used national patent systems within the EU are the German and the French ones. The analysis demonstrates advantages of intellectual property systems in the Netherlands and Sweden. The author concludes that the successful implementation of the EU innovation policy through the creation of a system of exclusive industrial property rights is under way.
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Kovalevskaia, Natalia Vladimirovna, Maria Anatolievna Tikhotskaia, and Yan Nikolaevich Shevchenko. "“Digital Geopolitics” in the Regional Context: Challenges and Prospects of the European Union on its Way towards Information Sovereignty." Мировая политика, no. 4 (April 2021): 52–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-8671.2021.4.36957.
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The COVID-19 pandemic and the coronacrisis have clearly exposed the strong dependence of modern companies on data governance, the stability of information networks and digitalisation and significantly strengthened the Europeans' belief in the need to achieve strategic autonomy in the development of their own digital solutions. The article aims to define the place of the European Union in the international information and communication space in the context of global data governance policy. The methodology is based on the principles of the multi-paradigm method used for extrapolating some provisions of Robert Gilpin’s hegemonic stability theory on the modern technological competition among the countries on the international arena through a regional approach. The article considers the term “information sovereignty” based on the principles of international law within a constantly changing international environment. The research addresses such documents as “A New Industrial Strategy for Europe”, “A European Strategy for Data”, and the decision of the European Court of Justice concerning the transatlantic Privacy Shield agreement. As an example of the European digital policy, it examines the ambitious GAIA-X project designed to create an open digital ecosystem and common requirements for a European data infrastructure. The article formulates the recommendations in order to ensure effective governance in the digital sector and proposes a multi-stakeholder model, which would help achieve information sovereignty based on European values and ideals.
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Xu, Chenglei, Huan Zhou, and Yonghe Sun. "Research on the Development Characteristics of Green Energy Industry in Main Developed Countries." E3S Web of Conferences 194 (2020): 02020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202019402020.
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Green energy is regarded as the breakthrough of the fourth technological revolution of mankind, which is highly concerned by the whole world. By analysing the development strategies of major developed countries to promote green energy industry, this paper constructs a theoretical framework from four aspects: government policy, green consumption, technology and capital, so as to summarize the typical characteristics of the development of green energy industry. The study found that government policy and technology are the main driving force for the development of green energy industry in major developed countries, the resource-rich United States leads the industrial development with policy, and the European Union obtains new energy development through policy and technological innovation at the same time. Japan continues to innovate and take the lead in technology to break the limitations of innate conditions. The conclusions of the study will help countries with the same resource base, policy environment and consumption concept to sort out the development ideas of green energy, and provide some reference and reference for the formulation of effective development strategies.
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Kovacevic, Maja. "EU’s revised enlargement methodology: Emperor’s new clothes as the new iron curtain falls in Europe." Medjunarodni problemi 74, no. 3 (2022): 339–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/medjp2203339k.
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The nature of the European Union (EU) as a global actor has long been the subject of academic debate. Proponents of understanding the EU as a normative, civilian force agree that its greatest transformative power lies in its enlargement policy, which allows it to shape reforms in countries that wish to become its members through strong conditioning. It is in this context that we will analyse the new methodology of accession negotiations, with the basic premise that it represents a debatable attempt of the EU to preserve its transformative power in relation to candidate countries despite the crisis of the enlargement policy and to further strengthen the already strong mechanisms of conditionality that accompany this process. Two years have passed since the new methodology was adopted, yet there have been no significant changes. Meanwhile, the dramatic change in the geopolitical situation, caused by the outbreak of war in Ukraine in February 2022, has led to a sudden fall of the new Iron Curtain on the continent, creating additional controversies regarding the enlargement policy: Will it apply also to Eastern European countries in the future, and will it become part of a differentiated integration? Also, the question of whether the EU can act strategically towards establishing new relations in Europe is being raised once again.
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Markey, Raymond. "Non-Union Employee Representation in Australia." Journal of Industrial Relations 49, no. 2 (April 2007): 187–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022185607074918.
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Non-union representative employee participation recently has attracted increasing international attention in employment relations due to the growing representation gap in many countries as union membership declines, and mounting evidence of the benefits of representative employee participation for enterprise flexibility and efficiency. However, relatively little is known about Australian experiments in employee participation, although it is essential to learn from Australian experience in order to develop effective public policy. This case study represents a contribution to this larger project. SMEC is a non-union employee representative body that has adopted a European works council organizational model. The case study evaluates SMEC's effectiveness as a non-union form of representative employee participation. It concludes that the opportunities for the formation of genuinely independent works council style organs of employee participation remain severely constrained by the current Australian regulatory environment, which tends to encourage a union substitution role.
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Radic-Milosavljevic, Ivana, and Spasimir Domaradzki. "The EU’s raison d’état in the Western Balkans: Can the new enlargement methodology help?" Medjunarodni problemi 74, no. 3 (2022): 391–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/medjp2203391r.
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By employing the concept of raison d??tat, the article questions the European Union?s role in the so-called Western Balkan region. While the region continues to be covered by the EU?s enlargement policy, we argue that the policy has been in paralysis. We explore whether the heightened geopolitical tensions in Europe have brought the EU to a turning point at which it would use its enlargement policy decisively to pursue its strategic interests in the region. We start with a theoretical discussion of raison d??tat and its instrumentalization in the context of the European Union as a non-state actor. Then, we use the conceptual benchmarks of the raison d??tat to analyze its empirical implementation through the EU?s relations with Western Balkan countries. We explore the EU?s available enlargement policy tools and the diverging positions within the EU towards enlargement. We pay special attention to the ?New enlargement methodology? devised by the Commission in 2019. We argue that despite the Commission?s efforts to promote the EU?s common interest in the region framed in a geopolitical narrative, the diverging national interests still preclude the EU from aggregating its own and pursuing its raison d??tat towards the region. The ?new methodology? does nothing to overcome this situation. What is more, by insisting on a ?stronger political steer? and by further facilitating the reversal of the accession process, the document pushes the Union further away from a common ground regarding the enlargement.
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Pasinovych, Iryna, and Olha Sych. "Industrial policy as a driver of economic growth: experience of European Union member states for Ukraine." Regional Economy, no. 1(91) (2019): 56–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.36818/1562-0905-2019-1-7.
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The article analyzes the experience of reforming of industrial policy of the EU member states on the way to sustainable economic development. Based on the conducted analysis the priority areas of high added value in Ukraine are outlined: transport, aerospace, energy engineering, production of equipment for alternative energy, including new materials and energy storage devices; production of weapons, military and special equipment; information and communication technologies. The development of the diversified and high-tech industries, especially the processing industry, is the key to ensuring the economic growth in Ukraine. The de-industrialization in Ukraine in recent years has been slowing down the movement towards the stable and sustained growth. To estimate trends in the structure of Ukraine’s GDP and their impact on economic growth, the taxonomic indicator of development level has been calculated. The units of the statistical aggregate (data from Germany, Poland and Ukraine) were mapped. The relative position of the state was determined as the distance from the statistical aggregate unit to the selected reference base (reference point). The smaller the value of the taxonomic indicator of development is, the closer the country is to the standard. The indicators of GDP, GDP growth rate and the share of industrial production belong to stimulants; the level of inflation and the share of agriculture in GDP - to disincentives. The corresponding calculations permit to draw the following conclusions: - Poland was the closest to the standard in 2000 (index 0.650), although Ukraine demonstrated at that time the highest growth rates and the biggest share of industry in GDP; - in 2017 the gap was increasing - Ukraine was inferior to both countries (with indicators 0.325 and 0.336), due to lower rates of economic growth and a decrease in the share of industrial production against the backdrop of inflationary phenomena. Ukraine should take into account that no country focused on agricultural development has succeeded in economic development. Progressive foreign experience can highlight the criterion of positive changes - an increase in the proportion of technologically complex productions with high added value in the structure of reproduction.
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Żurawski vel Grajewski, Przemysław. "Twelve EU Countries on the Eastern Flank of NATO: What about Ukraine?" East/West: Journal of Ukrainian Studies 8, no. 2 (October 18, 2021): 49–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.21226/ewjus514.
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The Trimarium Initiative (TI) is a platform for co-operation of twelve central and eastern European (CEE) countries of the eastern flank of the European Union (EU), introduced by Poland and Croatia in 2015. The TI is based on member co-operation in the development of transport and communication, energy, raw materials (gas and oil) transfer infrastructure, and digitization. The region is an important and rapidly growing market, and the TI goal is to boost economic co-operation among these twelve countries. Ukraine is not an EU member state, so it cannot be a full member of the TI; however, several TI infrastructural projects are open to Ukrainian companies. As Russia’s aggressive energy policy impacts Poland, Ukraine, the Baltic states, Scandinavia, and Slovakia, the TI has a potential to meet this challenge. Transport and communication and energy transit infrastructure are promising areas of co-operation among TI countries and Ukraine. U.S. support has added optimism and prestige to the initiative.
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Kovalevskaia, Natalia Vladimirovna, Maria Anatolievna Tikhotskaia, and Yan Nikolaevich Shevchenko. "“Digital geopolitics” in the regional context: certain challenges and prospects of the European Union on the path towards information sovereignty." SENTENTIA. European Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, no. 1 (January 2022): 32–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/1339-3057.2022.1.37196.
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The COVID-19 pandemic and coronacrisis have clearly exposed the strong dependence of modern companies on the approaches towards data management, stability of information networks and digitalization, as well as significantly strengthened the assertion of the Europeans in the need to achieve strategic autonomy with regards to development of the own digital solutions. The article aims to determine the place of the European Union in the international information and communication space in the context of global data management policy. Research methodology leans on the principles of the multi-paradigm method used for extrapolating some provisions of Robert Gilpin’s hegemonic stability theory on the modern technological competition among the countries on the international arena within the framework of regional approach. The article examines the term “information sovereignty” based on the principles of international law in a constantly changing international environment. The research addresses such documents as “New Industrial Strategy for Europe”, “European Data Strategy”, and the decision of the European Court of Justice concerning the Transatlantic Privacy Shield Agreement. As an example of the European digital policy, the author examines the ambitious GAIA-X project intended to create an open digital ecosystem and develop common requirements for the European data infrastructure. The article formulates the recommendations aimed at ensuring effective management in the digital sector, and offers the model of multilateral participation, which would allow reaching information sovereignty based on the European values and ideals.
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Zaika, Artem. "Forming Digital Literacy in Students Based on the Experience of EU Countries." Comparative Professional Pedagogy 9, no. 4 (December 1, 2019): 67–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rpp-2019-0039.
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AbstractThe article analyzes the tendencies in the development of digital literacy of citizens of European Union member states in educational institutions. The urgency of the study is driven by the need to develop the skills needed to communicate effectively in the epoch of 4 – the Industrial Revolution. This study focuses on analyzing the approaches needed to build digital literacy, as well as identifying its key development criteria in the education systems of the UK, Slovenia, the Netherlands, Lithuania and Estonia. Attention is drawn to the existing documents and programs that formulate conceptual trendsways for digital literacy across Europe. At the same time, in the European Union there is no common model that reflects the ways and methods of digital literacy, each country defining its priorities for achieving the goals. It is noted that digital literacy is characterized as one of the key skills for developing the professional competencies of a teacher and a competitive specialist. Based on the study of digital literacy experience abroad, it is possible to define a clear public policy focused on high levels of digital literacy and digital skills. The digitalization status of educational establishments and the population of Ukraine, which is defined as low, is compared. The main directions of the concept of development of the digital economy and society of Ukraine for 2018–2020 are described which aim to bridge the “digital divide” in comparison with the developed EU countries. It is concluded that it is precisely the educational institutions need significant reform. Based on the analysis of digital literacy approaches abroad, this study identifies priority areas for reforming education systems in the European Union in line with current labor market and digital society requirements.
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Popović, Svetlana. "Inflation convergence in new EMU members." Ekonomija: teorija i praksa 15, no. 4 (2022): 56–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/etp2204056p.
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The European Central Bank is responsible for managing the common monetary policy for 19 countries that are geographically and economically very heterogeneous. The question is whether the common monetary policy suits all of them. We focused on countries that joined the Monetary union since 2007 (new members), to understand if they managed to "fit in". Those countries made impressive progress in macroeconomic and price stability, but is it enough to simply enjoy net benefits from EMU membership? After analyzing statistical characteristics of their inflation processes since 1997 (mean and median inflation, standard deviation and coefficient of variations), we wanted to understand if their inflation rates have converged towards EMU average inflation rate and if they tend to form a more homogeneous group of countries. We conducted a unit root test to statistically check the significance of the convergence process, and analyzed autocorrelation coefficients of inflation rates to assess the influence of the common monetary policy on the persistence of inflation. The results did not statistically confirm the existence of absolute convergence of inflation rates in New EMU members.
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Ryłko-Polak, Iwona, Wojciech Komala, and Andrzej Białowiec. "The Reuse of Biomass and Industrial Waste in Biocomposite Construction Materials for Decreasing Natural Resource Use and Mitigating the Environmental Impact of the Construction Industry: A Review." Materials 15, no. 12 (June 8, 2022): 4078. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15124078.
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The construction industry is the world’s largest emitter of greenhouse gases. The CO2 emission levels in the atmosphere are already reaching a tipping point and could cause severe climate change. An important element is the introduction of a technology that allows for the capture and sequencing of carbon dioxide levels, reducing both emissions and the carbon footprint from the production of Portland cement and cement-based building materials. The European Union has started work on the European Climate Law, establishing the European Green Deal program, which introduces the achievement of climate neutrality in the European Union countries. This includes a new policy of sustainable construction, the aim of which is to develop products with a closed life cycle through proper waste management. All efforts are being made to create generated waste and thus to support their production and/or use as substitutes for raw materials to produce biocomposites. This article reviews environmental issues and characterizes selected waste materials from the agri-food, mineral, and industrial sectors with specific properties that can be used as valuable secondary raw materials to produce traditional cements and biocomposite materials, while maintaining or improving their mechanical properties and applications.
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Mikulić, Davor, Željko Lovrinčević, and Andrea Galić Nagyszombaty. "Regional Convergence in the European Union, new Member States and Croatia." South East European Journal of Economics and Business 8, no. 1 (March 1, 2013): 9–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jeb-2013-0001.
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Abstract Over the past two decades, the issue of regional convergence in the European Union has been the subject of a wide range of empirical research. This paper aims to provide more information on the differences in regional growth patterns of new member states (NMS), as well as Croatia, in addition to the factors influencing regional disparities within each country. This research provides an analysis of regional convergence in the period 2001-2008 at the NUTS II and NUTS III level. The most widely used model for testing convergence hypotheses is beta-convergence analysis. Other factors commonly included in the econometric modelling of convergence are demographic variables, labour market conditions, industrial structure, institutional factors and overall government policy. The main hypothesis is that the process of regional convergence in NMS and Croatia is not strong enough to dominate over other factors, influencing regional potential growth (mainly industry structure and quality of human capital). Absolute β-convergence can be found at the national level for EU countries. Convergence also can be found for NMS regions, but the pace of convergence on the regional level is lower in comparison to the national level and the estimated β-convergence parameter is less significant.
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Ćurčić, Mihailo, Stefan Slovak, and Stevan Mitrović. "Revitalisation of agriculture of the Republic of Serbia as a factor of economic development." Western Balkan Journal of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development 3, no. 2 (2021): 123–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/wbjae2102123c.
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Today, in the era of industrial expansion of developing countries, the Republic of Serbia strives to maintain the required level of progress and join the European Union. On this path of transition, it is necessary to use the comparative advantages in relation to the countries of the region, but also the EU member states. Analysing the available data, it can be established that an important comparative advantage of Serbia lies in the agricultural sector. The aim of this paper is to point out the mentioned comparative advantages, primarily by using the historical-comparative method, and to provide a basis for further decision-making to economic policy makers at the regional and national level. The concept of agricultural and economic policy should be based on the complete revival of agriculture, its revitalization, financial consolidation, innovation and affirmation of the intensification of the production framework.
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Golitsis, Petros, Sotirios K. Bellos, and Anastasios Alexandridis. "The EMU-REER Spillovers on Southeastern European Economies: A G-VAR Model." Applied Economics Quarterly: Volume 66, Issue 4 66, no. 4 (October 1, 2020): 259–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3790/aeq.66.4.259.
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In this paper, we empirically investigate the spillovers of Real Effective Exchange rate of European Monetary Union (EMU-REER) on Industrial Production, Real Effective Exchange rate, Foreign Reserves and interest rates for the South Eastern European (SEE) economies of Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece, North Macedonia, Romania, and Slovenia, using monthly data over 2002–2016. In a global vector autoregressive framework with EMU-REER as a global variable, we show that the EMU variable has a lasting impact on the SEE variables and economies. Specifically, we provide strong evidence that this impact of EMU-REER is not only of a greater importance compared to the importance of the domestic variables, but also that it negatively affects the competitive stance of the investigated SEE economies, which is partly compensated by the lower interest rates that certain SEE countries face in return. Our results offer potential policy implications with respect to monetary policy coordination and discretion.
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Panagos, Panos, Marc Van Liedekerke, Yusuf Yigini, and Luca Montanarella. "Contaminated Sites in Europe: Review of the Current Situation Based on Data Collected through a European Network." Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2013 (2013): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/158764.
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Under the European Union (EU) Thematic Strategy for Soil Protection, the European Commission has identified soil contamination as a priority for the collection of policy-relevant soil data at European scale. In order to support EU soil management policies, soil-related indicators need to be developed which requires appropriate data collection and establishment of harmonized datasets for the EU Member States. In 2011-12, the European Soil Data Centre of the European Commission conducted a project to collect data on contaminated sites from national institutions in Europe using the European Environment Information and Observation Network for soil (EIONET-SOIL). This paper presents the results obtained from analysing the soil contaminated sites data submitted by participating countries. According to the received data, the number of estimated potential contaminated sites is more than 2.5 million and the identified contaminated sites around 342 thousand. Municipal and industrial wastes contribute most to soil contamination (38%), followed by the industrial/commercial sector (34%). Mineral oil and heavy metals are the main contaminants contributing around 60% to soil contamination. In terms of budget, the management of contaminated sites is estimated to cost around 6 billion Euros (€) annually.
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Polegkyi, Oleksii. "The Intermarium in Ukrainian and Polish Foreign Policy Discourse." East/West: Journal of Ukrainian Studies 8, no. 2 (October 18, 2021): 29–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.21226/ewjus562.
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The ongoing Russian-Ukrainian conflict, crises in the European Union (EU), and armed conflicts in the EU neighbourhood have influenced the prospects of future development in eastern and central Europe. A search for new security architecture on the margins of the EU and regional collaborations that prevail across formal EU borders have forced national elites in Poland and Ukraine to redefine their efforts regarding regional and security co-operation. Rationales for joining an Intermarium (a regional, transnational project involving successor states of the former Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth countries) are based on the perception of a threat coming from Russia. This article analyzes the Intermarium concept, first, from the perspective of “geopolitical imaginary” with emphasis on periphery-centre relations and, second, in the light of regional “security dilemma” as it appears in attempt of “smaller” states to counteract Russian threats.
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Landabaso, Mikel. "Guest editorial on research and innovation strategies for smart specialisation in Europe." European Journal of Innovation Management 17, no. 4 (October 7, 2014): 378–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ejim-08-2014-0093.
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Purpose – This Special Issue of the European Journal of Innovation Management sheds new light on the burning issue of Research and Innovation Strategies for Smart Specialisation (RIS3), both in terms of their policy formulation and their practical implementation in the field. This new policy approach refers to the process of priority setting in national and regional research and innovation strategies in order to build “place-based” competitive advantages and help regions and countries develop an innovation-driven economic transformation agenda. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – This is an important topic both in the current debate about a new industrial policy for Europe and as a policy option for a successful crisis exit strategy led by public investments in the real economy. Moreover, smart specialisation is promoted by the European Commission as an ex ante conditionality for all regions in Europe to receive European Structural and Investment Funds in the field of innovation. Thus, it has become a pre-requisite for accessing fresh funds for investing in badly needed innovation-driven productivity growth throughout the European Union (EU). Findings – The six papers in this Special Issue are the fruit of ground-breaking research and policy testing by nearly 20 leading academics and policy makers throughout the EU. They explore the early smart specialisation concept and its further developments, examine the methodological tools at its disposal and advance specific policy proposals and governance considerations based on actual experimentation in the field. Originality/value – All these make the present Special Issue of the European Journal of Innovation Management an important research milestone. This Special Issue is the fruit of a call towards the European academic and research community to help shaping and advancing the smart specialisation concept and thus contribute to better position regions and countries in the global economy through innovation-driven policies.
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Bojnec, Štefan, and Alan Križaj. "Electricity Markets during the Liberalization: The Case of a European Union Country." Energies 14, no. 14 (July 17, 2021): 4317. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14144317.
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This paper analyzes electricity markets in Slovenia during the specific period of market deregulation and price liberalization. The drivers of electricity prices and electricity consumption are investigated. The Slovenian electricity markets are analyzed in relation with the European Energy Exchange (EEX) market. Associations between electricity prices on the one hand, and primary energy prices, variation in air temperature, daily maximum electricity power, and cross-border grid prices on the other hand, are analyzed separately for industrial and household consumers. Monthly data are used in a regression analysis during the period of Slovenia’s electricity market deregulation and price liberalization. Empirical results show that electricity prices achieved in the EEX market were significantly associated with primary energy prices. In Slovenia, the prices for daily maximum electricity power were significantly associated with electricity prices achieved on the EEX market. The increases in electricity prices for households, however, cannot be explained with developments in electricity prices on the EEX market. As the period analyzed is the stage of market deregulation and price liberalization, this can have important policy implications for the countries that still have regulated and monopolized electricity markets. Opening the electricity markets is expected to increase competition and reduce pressures for electricity price increases. However, the experiences and lessons learned among the countries following market deregulation and price liberalization are mixed. For industry, electricity prices affect cost competitiveness, while for households, electricity prices, through expenses, affect their welfare. A competitive and efficient electricity market should balance between suppliers’ and consumers’ market interests. With greening the energy markets and the development of the CO2 emission trading market, it is also important to encourage use of renewable energy sources.
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Lehndorff, Steffen. "From "collective" to "individual" reductions in working time ?" Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research 4, no. 4 (November 1998): 598–620. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/102425899800400404.
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A survey of working time trends in the countries of the European Union over the past twenty years reveals the diminishing role of general collectively agreed working time reductions. The increasing importance of part-time work is interpreted less as a shift in emphasis from "collective" to "individual" working time reductions than as a concomitant of increasing, female labour market participation which may represent a transition to equal status of men and women in working life. On the basis of the European experiences reported in the other articles contained in this issue, the author discusses possible paths to a revival of collective bargaining and statutory policy in the working time field.
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Komarova, Oksana. "Analysis of regional differentiation in waste generation and conclusions for Russia." E3S Web of Conferences 208 (2020): 01008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202020801008.
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The problem of waste generation and utilization is one of the most important goals of sustainable development in the modern world. The article provides a statistical analysis of the level of waste generation and utilization in Russia, which is assessed as high in comparison with the European Union countries. Based on statistical analysis, a high level of regional differentiation in waste generation and utilization in Russia was determined. On the basis of theoretical and empirical analysis it was revealed that regional differentiation is based on different provision of aregions with natural resources and degree of industrial production development. The key directions for reducing regional differentiation are environmental industrial policy, formation of regional environmental institutions and environmentally-oriented behavior of all economic subjects of the regional economy.