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Journal articles on the topic 'Industrial organic pigments'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Lebeau, Juliana, Thomas Petit, Mireille Fouillaud, Laurent Dufossé, and Yanis Caro. "Alternative Extraction and Characterization of Nitrogen-Containing Azaphilone Red Pigments and Ergosterol Derivatives from the Marine-Derived Fungal Talaromyces sp. 30570 Strain with Industrial Relevance." Microorganisms 8, no. 12 (December 3, 2020): 1920. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8121920.

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Many species of Talaromyces of marine origin could be considered as non-toxigenic fungal cell factory. Some strains could produce water-soluble active biopigments in submerged cultures. These fungal pigments are of interest due to their applications in the design of new pharmaceutical products. In this study, the azaphilone red pigments and ergosterol derivatives produced by a wild type of Talaromyces sp. 30570 (CBS 206.89 B) marine-derived fungal strain with industrial relevance were described. The strain was isolated from the coral reef of the Réunion island. An alternative extraction of the fungal pigments using high pressure with eco-friendly solvents was studied. Twelve different red pigments were detected, including two pigmented ergosterol derivatives. Nine metabolites were identified using HPLC-PDA-ESI/MS as Monascus-like azaphilone pigments. In particular, derivatives of nitrogen-containing azaphilone red pigment, like PP-R, 6-[(Z)-2-Carboxyvinyl]-N-GABA-PP-V, N-threonine-monascorubramin, N-glutaryl-rubropunctamin, monascorubramin, and presumed N-threonyl-rubropunctamin (or acid form of the pigment PP-R) were the major pigmented compounds produced. Interestingly, the bioproduction of these red pigments occurred only when complex organic nitrogen sources were present in the culture medium. These findings are important for the field of the selective production of Monascus-like azaphilone red pigments for the industries.
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2

Peters, A. T. "Industrial organic pigments. Manufacture properties and application." Dyes and Pigments 8, no. 6 (1987): 485–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0143-7208(87)85041-6.

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3

Silva, Samara C., Isabel C. F. R. Ferreira, Madalena M. Dias, and M. Filomena Barreiro. "Microalgae-Derived Pigments: A 10-Year Bibliometric Review and Industry and Market Trend Analysis." Molecules 25, no. 15 (July 28, 2020): 3406. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25153406.

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Microalgae productive chains are gaining importance as sustainable alternatives to obtain natural pigments. This work presents a review on the most promising pigments and microalgal sources by gathering trends from a 10-year bibliometric survey, a patents search, and an industrial and market analysis built from available market reports, projects and companies’ webpages. The performed analysis pointed out chlorophylls, phycocyanin, astaxanthin, and β-carotene as the most relevant pigments, and Chlorella vulgaris, Spirulina platensis, Haematococcus pluvialis, and Dunaliella salina, respectively, as the most studied sources. Haematococcus is referred in the highest number of patents, corroborating a high technological interest in this microalga. The biorefinery concept, investment in projects and companies related to microalgae cultivation and/or pigment extraction is increasingly growing, particularly, for phycocyanin from Spirulina platensis. These pieces of evidence are a step forward to consolidate the microalgal pigments market, which is expected to grow in the coming years, increasing the prospects of replacing synthetic pigments by natural counterparts.
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Lebeau, Juliana, Thomas Petit, Mireille Fouillaud, Laurent Dufossé, and Yanis Caro. "Aqueous Two-Phase System Extraction of Polyketide-Based Fungal Pigments Using Ammonium- or Imidazolium-Based Ionic Liquids for Detection Purpose: A Case Study." Journal of Fungi 6, no. 4 (December 18, 2020): 375. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof6040375.

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Demand for microbial colorants is now becoming a competitive research topic for food, cosmetics and pharmaceutics industries. In most applications, the pigments of interest such as polyketide-based red pigments from fungal submerged cultures are extracted by conventional liquid–liquid extraction methods requiring large volumes of various organic solvents and time. To address this question from a different angle, we proposed, here, to investigate the use of three different aqueous two-phase extraction systems using either ammonium- or imidazolium-based ionic liquids. We applied these to four fermentation broths of Talaromyces albobiverticillius (deep red pigment producer), Emericella purpurea (red pigment producer), Paecilomyces marquandii (yellow pigment producer) and Trichoderma harzianum (yellow-brown pigment producer) to investigate their selective extraction abilities towards the detection of polyketide-based pigments. Our findings led us to conclude that (i) these alternative extraction systems using ionic liquids as greener extractant means worked well for this extraction of colored molecules from the fermentation broths of the filamentous fungi investigated here; (ii) tetrabutylammonium bromide, [N4444]Br-, showed the best pigment extraction ability, with a higher putative affinity for azaphilone red pigments; (iii) the back extraction and recovery of the fungal pigments from ionic liquid phases remained the limiting point of the method under our selected conditions for potential industrial applications. Nevertheless, these alternative extraction procedures appeared to be promising ways for the detection of polyketide-based colorants in the submerged cultures of filamentous fungi.
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5

Vega Gutierrez, Sarath, R. Van Court, Derek Stone, Matthew Konkler, Emily Groth, and Seri Robinson. "Relationship between Molarity and Color in the Crystal (‘Dramada’) Produced by Scytalidium cuboideum, in Two Solvents." Molecules 23, no. 10 (October 9, 2018): 2581. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules23102581.

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Pigments from wood-decay fungi (specifically spalting fungi) have a long history of use in wood art, and have become relevant in modern science due to their longevity and colorfastness. They are presently under investigation as colorants for wood, bamboo, oils, paints and textiles. Major hurdles to their commercialization have been color repeatability (in that the same strain of the same species of fungus may produce different colors over time), and the binding of the pigments to glass storage containers. This is persistent as they do not naturally exist in a loose form. Due to these issues, the ‘standard’ color for each was historically determined not by the amount of pigment, but by the color in a solution of dichloromethane (DCM), using the CIE L*a*b colorspace. This method of standardization severely limited the use of these pigments in industrial applications, as without a dry form, standard methodologies for repeatable color processing into other materials could not be easily implemented. Recent studies have developed a method to crystalize the red pigment from Scytalidium cuboideum (Sacc. & Ellis) Sigler & Kang, producing a highly pure (99%) solid crystal named ‘Dramada’. Herein a method is detailed to compare the molarity of this crystallized pigment to variations in the color, to determine a color saturation curve (by weight) for the pigment from S. cuboideum in DCM and acetone. The molarities for this experiment ranged from 0.024 mM to 19 mM. Each molarity was color read and assigned a CIEL*a*b* value. The results showed that there was a correlation between the molarity and color difference, with the maximum red color occurring between 0.73 mM and 7.3 mM in DCM and between 0.97 mM to 0.73 mM in acetone. Extremely low molarities of pigment produced strong coloration in the solvent, and changes in molarity significantly affected the color of the solution. Having a saturation and color curve for the crystal ‘Dramada’ from S. cuboideum will allow for the reliable production of distinct colors from a known quantity (by weight) of pigment, erasing the final hurdle towards commercial development of the crystallized pigment from S. cuboideum as an industrial dyestuff.
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6

Hendriks, Laura, Irka Hajdas, Ester S. B. Ferreira, Nadim C. Scherrer, Stefan Zumbühl, Markus Küffner, Leslie Carlyle, Hans-Arno Synal, and Detlef Günther. "Selective Dating of Paint Components: Radiocarbon Dating of Lead White Pigment." Radiocarbon 61, no. 2 (October 18, 2018): 473–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rdc.2018.101.

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ABSTRACTLead white is a man-made white pigment commonly used in works of art. In this study, the possibility of radiocarbon dating lead white pigments alone and in oil paints was explored using well-dated lead white pigments and paints. Resulting14C ages on lead white pigments produced following the traditional stack process, where carbonate groups results from the incorporation of CO2originating from fermentation, matched the production years, while radiocarbon dating of lead white made using other industrial processes indicate that14C depleted CO2was used in their production. The method was applied to two case studies, where lead carbonate samples were dated in two oil paintings, one Baroque and one from the 20th century. We hereby show that the lead white pigment can be dated by14C and used as proxy for the time of creation of an artwork. Additionally, a two-step method was developed to allow14C analysis of both the lead white pigment and oil binder from the same sample. A single lead white paint sample can yield two distinct radiocarbon ages, one from the carbonate and one from the natural organic binder. This study thus proposes new strategies for14C dating of artworks.
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7

Kaul, B. L. "Coloration of plastics using organic pigments." Review of Progress in Coloration and Related Topics 23, no. 1 (October 23, 2008): 19–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-4408.1993.tb00093.x.

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8

Christie, Robert, and Adrian Abel. "Diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) pigments." Physical Sciences Reviews 6, no. 7 (June 29, 2021): 281–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/psr-2020-0167.

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Abstract Since their industrial introduction in the 1980s, DPP pigments now constitute a highly important group of high-performance carbonyl pigments. The DPP system was first discovered by accident in 1974, and was subsequently re-investigated by Ciba Geigy who recognized its potential to provide commercial organic pigments. DPP pigments exhibit strong similarities compared with quinacridone pigments, in terms of their molecular and crystal structures and their properties, including low solubility and excellent fastness properties. X-ray crystal structural analysis has demonstrated that their technical performance is the result of intermolecular hydrogen bonding and π–π stacking interactions in the crystal lattice structure. Based on a simple retrosynthetic analysis, an efficient synthetic process was developed by Ciba Geigy for their large-scale manufacture. DPP pigments currently provide orange through to reddish violet shades and have become of special importance in providing brilliant saturated red shades with the outstanding durability required for applications such as automotive paints.
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9

Erk, Peter. "Industrial Organic Pigments. Production, Properties, Applications. Von Willy Herbst und Klaus Hunger." Angewandte Chemie 116, no. 34 (August 27, 2004): 4493–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.200385186.

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10

Dragnea, Draga, Dragos Gudovan, Elena Zaharia, and Costin Sorin Bildea. "The Treatment of Aluminium Pigments with Inorganic Polymers for Environment-Friendly Applications." Revista de Chimie 69, no. 12 (January 15, 2019): 3353–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.18.12.6748.

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Aluminium pigments are used in industrial and decorative coatings, automotive industry and printing inks. The encapsulation of aluminium pigments is used because the industry wants to avoid the organic solvents, for environmental reasons, by shifting towards water-borne systems. However, aluminium pigments easily react with water and a large amount of hydrogen is released leading to degradation of optical properties. This work presents experimental results concerning the encapsulation of aluminium pigments in silica matrices, by a sol-gel method using TEOS as precursor and ethylendiamine or ammonia as catalysts for the hydrolysis and condensation reactions. The samples of encapsulated pigments were characterized by gas stability tests: a boiling method and a gassing method.
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11

Všianský, Dalibor. "Plaster Pigments in Traditional Folk Architecture - A Case Study from Moravia (Czech Republic)." Advanced Materials Research 1000 (August 2014): 289–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1000.289.

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The results of analyses of coloured plasters are given in the paper. The samples come from traditional folk earth houses from SE and Central Moravia and were chosen so as all of the most common colours of the Central European folk architecture are present among them: red, yellow, blue, green, and black. The analyses were conducted by the means of light microscopy, which is also a powerful tool for stratigraphical analyses, X-ray diffractometry, Raman spectrometry, end electron microanalysis. Hematite of industrial origin was identified as the red pigment, the yellow one was formed by yellow earth, which also may be a precursor for traditional production of red dye. The widest used blue pigment was ultramarine in the 19th and the first half of 20th century in Moravia. The analysed green pigments were formed by an organic dye of green earth and the black one consisted of soot. Based on the sort and composition of pigment and plaster, the age of the material is also discussed.
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12

Sanchez, Clément, and Bénédicte Lebeau. "Design and Properties of Hybrid Organic–Inorganic Nanocomposites for Photonics." MRS Bulletin 26, no. 5 (May 2001): 377–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs2001.91.

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The possibility of combining the properties of organic and inorganic components in a unique composite material is an old challenge that dates to the beginning of the industrial era. Some of the earliest and most well-known organic–inorganic representatives are derived from the paint and polymer industries, where inorganic pigments or fillers are dispersed in organic components such as solvents, surfactants, and polymers to yield or improve optical and mechanical properties.
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13

Abd El-Wahab, H., A. M. Hassan, A. M. Naser, O. A. Fouad, A. M. El-Din, and O. A. G. Wahba. "Preparation and evaluation of nanosized mixed calcium iron oxide (CaFe2O4) as high heat resistant pigment in paints." Pigment & Resin Technology 44, no. 3 (May 5, 2015): 172–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/prt-12-2013-0114.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper was to prepare and evaluate a nanosized mixed calcium iron oxide as a high heat-resistant pigment. Heat-resistant pigments can be defined as chemical substances that impart color to a substrate or binder and retain their color and finish at elevated temperatures. Mixed metal oxides have been widely used as pigments in coating formulations. Design/methodology/approach – This work presents synthesis of nanosized calcium iron oxide as an inorganic pigment by using simple synthesis technique, namely, solid-state calcination method, to study its heat and corrosion resistance. The prepared pigment was characterized by using X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and inductive coupling plasma. It was incorporated into paint formulations, and the heat, corrosion and mechanical resistance of dry paint film was evaluated. Findings – In this work, the prepared calcium iron oxide pigment showed excellent heat and corrosion resistance. Research limitations/implications – Heat-resistant coatings are required for industrial applications, mainly for reactors, exhaust pipes, space craft, stacks and similar equipments that are permanently and occasionally exposed to elevated temperatures. It was previously quite difficult to formulate heat-resistant organic coatings because of binder deficiencies; new vehicles for such applications are now available. Thus, the development of silicon resins has markedly advanced the utility of heat-resistant paints. High-temperature pigments are inorganic chemical compounds that impart and retain their color and finish to a substrate or binder at elevated temperatures. Practical implications – The nanosized mixed calcium iron oxide could be used as a pigment in paint formulations. It was found that it significantly enhances the heat, corrosion and mechanical resistance. It can also find numerous applications in other paint formulations for surface coating. Originality/value – The paper shows how the pigment consisting nanosized mixed calcium iron oxide could be used in heat-resistant paint formulations for coating metal surfaces.
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Mezzomo, Natália, and Sandra R. S. Ferreira. "Carotenoids Functionality, Sources, and Processing by Supercritical Technology: A Review." Journal of Chemistry 2016 (2016): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/3164312.

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Carotenoid is a group of pigments naturally present in vegetal raw materials that have biological properties. These pigments have been used mainly in food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. Currently, the industrial production is executed through chemical synthesis, but natural alternatives of carotenoid production/attainment are in development. The carotenoid extraction occurs generally with vegetal oil and organic solvents, but supercritical technology is an alternative technique to the recovery of these compounds, presenting many advantages when compared to conventional process. Brazil has an ample diversity of vegetal sources inadequately investigated and, then, a major development of optimization and validation of carotenoid production/attainment methods is necessary, so that the benefits of these pigments can be delivered to the consumer.
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15

Novotný, Martin, and Dalibor Všianský. "Regional Variations of Traditional Folk Houses Plaster Pigments in South East and Central Moravia, Czech Republic." Solid State Phenomena 296 (August 2019): 85–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.296.85.

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Colouring of folk houses, its variations in time and sorts of pigments used has been very little explored in the region of interest so far. The paper shows the results of the investigation of twenty four coloured plaster and render samples from six object from two ethnographic regions of Moravia, Czech Republic. Polarizing microscopy, powder X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy were the principal analytical methods were. The results show that all the blue colours were due to ultramarine application, red one was caused by industrial by-product of iron processing and the yellow one by ochre. The deep green was due to organic synthetic pigment, whereas the lighter shades due to green earth, a natural glauconite clay in these cases. Based on the examined set of samples, no qualitative difference in the composition of pigments were found between South Eastand Central Moravia. In both the regions not only lime but also plaster or Paris or a mixture of both the material was used to produce plasters and renders in the past.
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Erk, Peter. "Industrial Organic Pigments. Production, Properties, Applications. 3rd Edition. By Willy Herbst and Klaus Hunger." Angewandte Chemie International Edition 43, no. 34 (August 27, 2004): 4393–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.200385186.

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17

Lomax, Joseph F., Suzanne Q. Lomax, and Thomas J. T. Moore. "Synthesis of Historical Azo Pigments: The Challenge and Opportunity of the Nearly Forgotten." MRS Advances 2, no. 37-38 (2017): 2007–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2017.105.

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ABSTRACTSynthetic organic pigments (SOPS) find wide use in modern and contemporary works of art. These laboratory-made pigments are used in many fields, including industrial and architectural paints, printing inks, plastics, textiles, and artists’ materials. They have been examined by a variety of techniques including spectroscopic methods such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman, and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) as well as chromatographic or mass spectrometric techniques such as pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) and laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry (LDI-MS). Often, a combination of techniques has been used to examine these pigments. Previously, we used a combination of Raman spectroscopy and LDI-MS to characterize commercially available SOPS. However, many pigments, termed “historical” are no longer manufactured, and therefore, may not have been characterized. This paper describes the synthesis of members of several classes of SOPS and their characterization.
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Sirichokthanasarp, Jittinat, Dang Trung Tri Trinh, Du Ang Dao Channei, Kantapat Chansaenpak, Wilawan Khanitchaidecha, and Auppatham Nakaruk. "Influence of Preparation Methods of TiO2 Nano-Particle on Photodegradation of Methylene Blue." Materials Science Forum 998 (June 2020): 84–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.998.84.

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The dye-pigments and organic compounds are known as significant pollutants in wastewater of textile industrial. Among of treatment technologies, the photocatalysis using TiO2 nano particles has potential on-site process for removing the dye-pigments and organic compounds, due to no hazardous waste and inexpensive. In this work, the TiO2 nanoparticles were synthesized by two different methods of hydrothermal and sol-gel. Nanoparticle of TiO2 synthesized by hydrothermal method contained pure anatase phase as similar as the TiO2 nanoparticles synthesized by sol-gel method. However, the TiO2 synthesized by hydrothermal method provided the higher specific surface area and pore volume rather than the another TiO2. Further, the high efficiency 86% of methylene blue photodegradation was observed during the by using TiO2 synthesized by hydrothermal method as photocatalyst, whereas the efficiency was only 72% for TiO2 synthesized by sol-gel method.
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19

Karimi, Sajjad, Nasrollah Mahboobi Soofiani, Amir Mahboubi, and Mohammad Taherzadeh. "Use of Organic Wastes and Industrial By-Products to Produce Filamentous Fungi with Potential as Aqua-Feed Ingredients." Sustainability 10, no. 9 (September 14, 2018): 3296. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10093296.

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Organic-rich waste and industrial by-product streams, generated in enormous amounts on a daily basis, contain substantial amounts of nutrients that are worthy of recovery. Biological conversion of organic-waste streams using filamentous fungi is a promising approach to convert nutrients into value-added bioproducts, such as fungal biomass. High-protein fungal biomass contains different kinds and levels of amino acids, fatty acids, immunostimulants, antioxidants, pigments, etc., which make it a potential choice for application in animal feed supplementation. Considering the challenges long faced by the aquaculture industry in fishmeal production due to the increasing prices and environmental concerns, the aquaculture industry is forced to provide alternative protein-rich sources to replace conventional fishmeal. In this review, the possibilities of utilization of filamentous fungi biomass cultivated on organic-rich waste streams, as an alternative nutrient source in fish feed, were thoroughly reviewed.
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20

Chernyshev, V. M., and N. P. Shabelskaya. "Comparative Analysis of Catalytic Activity in Complex NiO-CuO-Fe2O3-Cr2O3 Oxide System of Different Production Technologies." Materials Science Forum 870 (September 2016): 118–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.870.118.

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The paper presents the comparative analysis of phase formation in NiO-CuO-Fe2O3-Cr2O3 system at salt decomposition reactions. Spinel phase formation is proven for each material. Synthesized materials are examined with X-ray phase analysis, low temperature nitrogen absorption, electronic microscope scanning. Highly dispersed spinel samples are proven to be obtained through synthesis at organic precursor presence. High catalytic activity of synthesized materials in the process of methyl orange oxidative destruction at hydrogen peroxide presence is determined. The fact is extremely useful for industrial sewage water treatment materials development for enterprises that employ organic pigments or colorants at their production process.
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21

Viera, Isabel, Antonio Pérez-Gálvez, and María Roca. "Green Natural Colorants." Molecules 24, no. 1 (January 2, 2019): 154. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24010154.

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Although there is no legal and clear definition of the term “natural food colorant”, the market trends, and consequently industrial and commercial interest, have turned to foods with added natural pigments. This progressive substitution of artificial colorants has faced chemical complications with some colors, with a lack of stable green hues being one of them. Several strategies have been applied for green color stabilization in processed foods, from the formation of metallochlorophylls to the microencapsulation of green pigments. However, at present, the utilization of green coloring foodstuffs, which are considered an ingredient in the EU, seems to be the more successful solution for the market. Besides those topics, the present review aims to clarify the current confusion between the different chlorophyll compounds that form part of the authorized green food colorants. In this sense, legislations from different countries are compared. Finally, and in line with current concerns, the knowledge gathered so far in relation to the absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of all green natural food colorants is reviewed.
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Silva, Gabriel F. Pantuzza, Eliana Pereira, Bruno Melgar, Dejan Stojković, Marina Sokovic, Ricardo C. Calhelha, Carla Pereira, Rui M. V. Abreu, Isabel C. F. R. Ferreira, and Lillian Barros. "Eggplant Fruit (Solanum melongena L.) and Bio-Residues as a Source of Nutrients, Bioactive Compounds, and Food Colorants, Using Innovative Food Technologies." Applied Sciences 11, no. 1 (December 25, 2020): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11010151.

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Consumers are very concerned with following a healthy diet, along with some precautions that may influence environmental impact. Solanum melongena L. is one of the most consumed vegetables due to its excellent nutritional value and antioxidant action. Associated with its high consumption, considerable amounts of agro-food wastes are produced. This work targets the valorization of this matrix, through the use of its bio-residues to study the obtention of coloring pigments, applying innovative technologies. Its nutritional value, chemical composition, and bioactive potential were evaluated, and the ultrasound-assisted extraction to obtain coloring pigments of high industrial interest was optimized. Considering the results, low contents of fat and carbohydrates and energy value were evident, as well as the presence of compounds of interest (free sugars, organic acids, unsaturated fatty acids, and phenolic acids). In addition, the antioxidant and antimicrobial potential was detected. Response surface methodology was performed to optimize the extraction of natural pigments, showing a concentration of 11.9 mg/g of anthocyanins/g of extract, applying optimal conditions of time, solvent, and solid/liquid ratio of 0.5 min, 68.2% (v/v) and 5 g/L, respectively. S. melongena proved to be a good source of bioactive compounds and natural pigments, which can generate great interest in the food industry.
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Christie, Robert, and Adrian Abel. "Dioxazine pigments." Physical Sciences Reviews, June 29, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/psr-2020-0168.

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Abstract This chapter provides an overview of the structural and synthetic chemistry, and the industrial applications, of dioxazine pigments, a small group of high performance organic pigments. The color violet (or purple) has frequently assumed a prominent position in history, on account of its rarity and cost. The natural colorant Tyrian purple and the first synthetic textile dye, Mauveine, are prime examples of this unique historical feature. CI Pigment Violet 23, also referred to as Dioxazine Violet or Carbazole Violet, is one of the most universally used organic pigments, by far the most important industrial pigment in the violet shade area. Dioxazine Violet is also unique as the dominant industrial violet pigment providing a brilliant, intense violet color and an excellent all-round set of fastness properties. The pigment has a polycyclic molecular structure, originally described wrongly as a linear arrangement, and later shown to adopt an S-shaped arrangement on the basis of X-ray structural analysis. Two other dioxazine pigments are of rather lesser importance. The synthesis and manufacturing route to CI Pigment Violet 23 is described in the review. Finally, a survey of the principal current applications of the individual dioxazine pigments is presented.
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Pfaff, Gerhard. "Carbon black pigments." Physical Sciences Reviews, April 21, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/psr-2020-0152.

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Abstract Carbon black pigments are manufactured today mainly by modern chemical processes in industrial scale production. They are the most important representatives of black pigments. Carbon black pigments have a number of advantages compared with other inorganic black pigments and with black organic colorants. Hiding power, color stability, solvent resistance, acid and alkali resistance as well as thermal stability are excellent good properties that are not achieved from other blacks. Carbon black pigments are applied in most of the pigment relevant systems, such as printing inks, paints and coatings, plastics, and cosmetics. They are produced by several industrial processes. Furnace blacks, channel blacks and gas blacks have the highest importance among the various carbon blacks. Particle size, particle size distribution, surface quality and structure determine the coloristic and application technical properties of the individual pigments. Oxidative aftertreatment is used in many cases to modify the surface of the pigments concerning the stability and the compatibility with the application system. Particle management, aftertreatment and the provision of pigment preparations are suitable ways for the improvement of the pigments and the optimization of the dosage form.
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Christie, Robert, and Adrian Abel. "Organic pigments: general principles." Physical Sciences Reviews, July 1, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/psr-2020-0187.

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Abstract This introductory chapter presents an overview of the general principles underlying the structural chemistry, manufacturing processes, and application technology of organic pigments. The coverage provides a fundamental theoretical and practical basis for the chapters that follow in this series that are devoted to specific chemical classes of industrially significant organic pigments of the azo, phthalocyanine, carbonyl, dioxazine, and metal complex classes. The initial sections cover the fundamental differences which mean that dyes and pigments are considered universally as two separate types of colorant, based on their solubility characteristics. They also provide discussions of the contrasting chemical, technological, and performance features of organic and inorganic pigments. An outline of the most important historical features in the development of the synthetic organic pigment industry is then presented, from its origins in the 19th century that followed soon after the development of the industrial synthetic dye industry, through its expansion in the 20th century, to its current position as a mature global industry. A section then follows that describes the functions that organic pigments are required to perform in their application, mainly their optical functions that include not only color properties, including hue, strength, brightness, but also the contrasting requirements for transparency or opacity as demanded by specific applications. The pigments are also required to resist the conditions and agencies that they might encounter in applications, assessed as fastness properties, such as fastness to light, heat, solvents and chemicals, amongst many others, to an extent that specific applications demand. The principles, in broad terms, of the ways in which chemical structures determine colour and performance of organic pigments are discussed, with focus not only on the influence of molecular structure, but also on the effect of the crystal structural arrangement and the particulate structure, including particle size and shape and its distribution, on application performance. This is important as these pigments are applied as a dispersion of finely divided crystalline solid particles that are insoluble and are ultimately trapped mechanically in their application medium, often a polymer. The manufacture of organic pigments is discussed in broad terms. The overall process may be considered in stages, initiated by the chemical synthetic sequence in which the pigment is formed, followed by a conditioning stage where the crude product thus obtained is modified to optimise its performance properties, and finally finishing where the product is processed into a form, or preparation, that is suitable for its intended applications. Finally, the technological principles underlying a broad range of the most important application areas for organic pigments, which are mainly in paints, inks, and plastics, are discussed.
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26

Christie, Robert, and Adrian Abel. "Disazo (Bishydrazone) pigments based on pyrazolones." Physical Sciences Reviews, June 29, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/psr-2020-0171.

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Abstract The most important classical orange organic pigments are disazopyrazolones, also referred to as diarylide oranges. The first pigment in this series, CI Pigment Orange 13, was discovered in 1910 although it was a further 20 years before it was introduced as a commercial product. Currently, two orange disazopyrazolones are extremely important industrial organic pigments, while two red products are of lesser importance. The products are structurally analogous to the disazoacetoacetanilides (diarylide yellows), which are discussed in a separate chapter. For example, they are symmetrical compounds that exist in the bis-ketohydrazone tautomeric form. The pigments also exhibit similar technical and color properties compared with disazoacetoacetanilide pigments, for example providing high color strength and transparency, features that determine their importance as printing ink pigments. They are manufactured in a process that parallels those used for the disazoacetoacetanilide (diarylide) yellows, but with coupling components containing the pyrazolone heterocyclic system, in place of acetoacetanilides.
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27

Christie, Robert, and Adrian Abel. "Metal complex pigments." Physical Sciences Reviews, July 1, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/psr-2020-0181.

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Abstract There are several commercially significant metal complex organic pigments that are based on first row transition metals. The most important of these are the copper phthalocyanine blue and green pigments which find virtually universal use in paints, printing inks, and plastics. These pigments are of such prime importance that they are dealt with separately in three other chapters in this series. This paper describes a group of pigments that are complexes of iron, copper, nickel, and cobalt with polydentate colored ligands of azo, azomethine, oxime, and isoindoline chemical types. The oldest metal complex organic pigment that still finds some use is CI Pigment Green 8, an octahedral oxime iron complex. In the 1970s and 1980s, there was considerable industrial research effort aimed at developing metal complex pigments based on azomethine and isoindoline structures, many of which were found to offer excellent lightfastness, good solvent resistance and thermal stability, although they exhibited rather dull colors. However, several products provide brilliant effects when used in combination with metallic and pearlescent pigments in automotive paints. Many of the pigments introduced have since been withdrawn by the original manufacturers, but a few remain on the market. The synthesis of metal complex pigments generally involves the preparation of the colored ligand, which is then complexed with the transition metal ion
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28

"Industrial inorganic pigments." Additives for Polymers 1994, no. 1 (January 1994): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0306-3747(94)90036-1.

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29

Christie, Robert, and Adrian Abel. "Quinacridone pigments." Physical Sciences Reviews, June 30, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/psr-2020-0195.

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Abstract This chapter surveys the structural and synthetic chemistry and the industrial applications of quinacridones, a small but extremely important group of high-performance carbonyl (or polycyclic) organic pigments. They are based on one of the most important new chromophoric systems developed specifically for pigment applications after the introduction of the phthalocyanines, and currently occupy a prominent position in the red to violet shade areas. A historical perspective on the discovery and commercial development of the quinacridones is presented initially. There then follows an illustrated discussion of the structural chemistry of the pigments, encompassing both molecular and crystal structures. Throughout the chapter, specific features of their molecular structures and the nature of the intermolecular association within the crystals are related to their influence on the color and technical performance in application, in which they exhibit some of the highest standards of heat stability, solvent resistance, and fastness to light and weather encountered in organic pigments. Finally, a survey of the principal current applications of the specific individual commercial quinacridone pigments is presented.
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"Dry organic pigments." Additives for Polymers 1994, no. 11 (November 1994): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0306-3747(94)90339-5.

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31

"Organic pigments for polyolefins." Additives for Polymers 1994, no. 2 (February 1994): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0306-3747(94)90596-7.

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32

"High performance organic pigments plant." Additives for Polymers 1991, no. 5 (May 1991): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0306-3747(91)90474-z.

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33

"High-heat organic pigments from Engelhard." Additives for Polymers 1997, no. 6 (June 1997): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0306-3747(97)89178-6.

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34

"Black organic pigments for LCD filters." Additives for Polymers 1997, no. 9 (September 1997): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0306-3747(97)80922-0.

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35

Hizbullahi, M. U., A. A. Farouq, A. S. Baki, A. D. Ibrahim, B. A. Hauwa, and F. I. Jumare. "Biocolorants Production by Pigment-Producing Bacteria Isolated from Soil." Asian Journal of Biotechnology and Bioresource Technology, March 9, 2019, 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ajb2t/2018/v4i430047.

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Background: The use of synthetic organic colors has been acknowledged for many years as the most reliable and economical method of restoring some of the food’s original shade to the processed products. However, from the health safety point of view, they are not accepted by consumers because they produce skin allergies, less stable and also produce highly toxic wastes that pose a threat to the environment. The Aim of the Study: The aim was to isolate and identify pigment-producing bacteria from soil and to study various growth parameters for their pigment production. Materials and Methods: Soil samples were collected from different site within Sokoto State metropolis and were screened on nutrient agar for isolation of pigment-production bacteria. The isolated pigment-producing bacteria were subjected morphological, biochemical and molecular characterization. The phylogenetic analyses of bacterial isolates were carried out using Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis (MEGA 6 software). Ethanol, methanol and chloroform were used for pigments extraction and the extracted pigments were characterized using Ultraviolet-Visible spectroscopy, Fourier Transformed Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and thin-layer chromatography (TLC). The effects of growth medium, pH, temperature, incubation time, shaking and static conditions on pigments production was determined. The stability of the pigments was tested toward pH and temperature. Results: Three (3) isolates that showed purple, orange and blue-green pigment were selected for pigment productions. The isolates were identified as Chromobacterium violaceum, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salinococcus roseus. The optimization studies revealed that the Chromobacterium violaceum produced highest purple pigment in nutrient broth at pH 8 for 96 hours of incubation at 35°C under shaking condition while Pseudomonas aeruginosa produced green pigment in nutrient broth at pH 7, 72 hours of incubation at 37°C under shaking condition and Salinococcus roseus produced highest orange pigment on nutrient broth at pH 7, after 96 hours of incubation at 40°C under shaking condition. The characteristics of the pigments corresponded to that violacein, pyocyanin and zeaxanthin based on their FTIR, UV-visible spectroscopy and TLC results. It was found that all the pigments showed good stability at the temperatures of 200°C and fairly stable at lower pH (2). Conclusion: It therefore concluded that the soil could be the source for isolating pigment-producing bacteria that would offer various industrial applications such textile industries.
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36

Christie, Robert. "Azo (Hydrazone) pigments: general principles." Physical Sciences Reviews, April 22, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/psr-2020-0148.

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Abstract This paper presents an overview of the general chemical principles underlying the structures, synthesis and technical performance of azo pigments, the dominant chemical class of industrial organic pigments in the yellow, orange, and red shade areas, both numerically and in terms of tonnage manufactured. A description of the most significant historical features in this group of pigments is provided, starting from the discovery of the chemistry on which azo colorants are based by Griess in the mid-nineteenth century, through the commercial introduction of the most important classical azo pigments in the early twentieth century, including products known as the Hansa Yellows, β-naphthol reds, including metal salt pigments, and the diarylide yellows and oranges, to the development in the 1950s and 1960s of two classes of azo pigments that exhibit high performance, disazo condensation pigments and benzimidazolone-based azo pigments. A feature that complicates the description of the chemical structures of azo pigments is that they exist in the solid state as the ketohydrazone rather than the hydroxyazo form, in which they have been traditionally been illustrated. Numerous structural studies conducted over the years on an extensive range of azo pigments have demonstrated this feature. In this text, they are referred to throughout as azo (hydrazone) pigments. Since a common synthetic procedure is used in the manufacture of virtually all azo (hydrazone) pigments, this is discussed in some detail, including practical aspects. The procedure brings together two organic components as the fundamental starting materials, a diazo component and a coupling component. An important reason for the dominance of azo (hydrazone) pigments is that they are highly cost-effective. The syntheses generally involve low cost, commodity organic starting materials and are carried out in water as the reaction solvent, which offers obvious economic and environmental advantages. The versatility of the approach means that an immense number of products may be prepared, so that they have been adapted structurally to meet the requirements of many applications. On an industrial scale, the processes are straightforward, making use of simple, multi-purpose chemical plant. Azo pigments may be produced in virtually quantitative yields and the processes are carried out at or below ambient temperatures, thus presenting low energy requirements. Finally, provided that careful control of the reaction conditions is maintained, azo pigments may be prepared directly by an aqueous precipitation process that can optimise physical form, with control of particle size distribution, crystalline structure, and surface character. The applications of azo pigments are outlined, with more detail reserved for subsequent papers on individual products.
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37

"Improving the heat stability of organic pigments." Additives for Polymers 1990, no. 4 (April 1990): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0306-3747(90)90344-2.

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38

"Organic pigments - health, safety and environmental aspects." Additives for Polymers 1991, no. 9 (September 1991): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0306-3747(91)90412-f.

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39

"Pigments." Additives for Polymers 1993, no. 11 (November 1993): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0306-3747(93)90246-a.

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40

"Pigments." Additives for Polymers 17, no. 5 (May 1987): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0306-3747(87)90162-x.

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41

"Holliday Pigments to close UK pigments plant." Additives for Polymers 2007, no. 8 (August 2007): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0306-3747(07)70150-1.

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42

"Fusible pigments." Additives for Polymers 1992, no. 11 (November 1992): 13–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0306-3747(05)80027-2.

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43

"Pigments plant." Additives for Polymers 19, no. 11 (November 1989): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0306-3747(89)90181-4.

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44

"Luminescent pigments." Additives for Polymers 1990, no. 7 (July 1990): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0306-3747(90)90025-w.

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45

"Encapsulated pigments." Additives for Polymers 1990, no. 11 (November 1990): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0306-3747(90)90261-y.

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46

"Electroconductive pigments." Additives for Polymers 1990, no. 2 (February 1990): 17–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0306-3747(90)90433-3.

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47

"Red pigments." Additives for Polymers 1992, no. 2 (February 1992): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0306-3747(92)90118-j.

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48

"Microlen pigments." Additives for Polymers 1992, no. 2 (February 1992): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0306-3747(92)90119-k.

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49

"Aluminium pigments." Additives for Polymers 1992, no. 4 (April 1992): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0306-3747(92)90240-z.

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50

"Pigments/Colorants." Additives for Polymers 1993, no. 2 (February 1993): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0306-3747(93)90087-t.

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