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Strand, Julian, Reem Freij-Ayoub, and Shakil Ahmed. "Simulating the impact of coal seam gas water production on aquifers." APPEA Journal 52, no. 1 (2012): 545. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj11042.
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Derived from a larger scale project, which studied geomechanical issues associated with coal seam gas (CSG) production, this paper investigates a hypothetical case study based on the Latrobe Valley, Gippsland Basin, Victoria. The paper focuses on examining aquifer water management associated with CSG production-related water extraction. As such, the paper limits itself to determining the volume of water production from a hypothetical case study area in the Latrobe Valley. A simplistic property model and methane production strategy has been used. The impact of extraction of this water on the hydraulic head in aquifers underlying the produced seams is quantified. The Latrobe Valley Depression contains 129,000 million tonnes of coal resources and is one of the world’s largest, and lowest cost, energy sources. Most of Victoria’s electricity is generated using coal from the Loy Yang, Morwell and Yallourn mines. In addition to these massive operations, significant additional coal resources are available and unallocated at this time. Opportunities exist for the continued usage of these resources for electricity production, gasification, liquefaction and other coal conversion processes, as well as solid fuel for industrial, domestic and other uses. The existence of data from the Victorian Department of Primary Industries 2003 coal resource model was the main reason for the selection of the case study, and their data was used to form a model of the stratigraphy of the Latrobe Valley. Aquifer models were simulated in MODFLOW, based on extraction figures modelled in the CSG simulator COMET3.
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MacKnight, C. C., and Phillip Pepper. "What Did Happen to the Aborigines of Victoria: Volume I, the Kurnai of Gippsland." Labour History, no. 52 (1987): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/27508837.
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Fletcher, Meredith, and P. D. Gardner. "A Gippsland Union: the Victorian Coal Miners Association 1893-1915." Labour History, no. 87 (2004): 275. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/27516020.
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Lee, Tristan, Kyall R. Zenger, Robert L. Close, and David N. Phalen. "Genetic analysis reveals a distinct and highly diverse koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) population in South Gippsland, Victoria, Australia." Australian Mammalogy 34, no. 1 (2012): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am10035.
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Population genetics can reveal otherwise hidden information involving a species’ history in a given region. Koalas were thought to have been virtually exterminated from the Australian state of Victoria during the koala fur trade of the late 1800s. Koalas in the South Gippsland region of Victoria were examined using microsatellite markers to infer population structure and gene flow and to locate a possible remnant gene pool. The results indicate that the South Gippsland koala population had higher genetic diversity (A = 5.97, HO = 0.564) than other published Victorian populations, and was genetically distinct from other koala populations examined. South Gippsland koalas, therefore, may have survived the population reductions of the koala fur trade and now represent a remnant Victorian gene pool that has been largely lost from the remainder of Victoria. This paper illustrates that historic anthropogenic impacts have had little effect on reducing the genetic diversity of a population in the South Gippsland region. However, the South Gippsland population is now subject to threats such as logging and loss of habitat from housing and agriculture expansion. Our results suggest that the South Gippsland koalas require an alternative conservation management program.
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Radford, James Q., and Andrew F. Bennett. "Terrestrial avifauna of the Gippsland Plain and Strzelecki Ranges, Victoria, Australia: insights from Atlas data." Wildlife Research 32, no. 6 (2005): 531. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr04012.
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The rate and spatial scale at which natural environments are being modified by human land-uses mean that a regional or national perspective is necessary to understand the status of the native biota. Here, we outline a landscape-based approach for using data from the ‘New Atlas of Australian Birds’ to examine the distribution and status of avifauna at a regional scale. We use data from two bioregions in south-east Australia – the Gippsland Plain and the Strzelecki Ranges (collectively termed the greater Gippsland Plains) – to demonstrate this approach. Records were compiled for 57 landscape units, each 10′ latitude by 10′ longitude (~270 km2) across the study region. A total of 165 terrestrial bird species was recorded from 1870 ‘area searches’, with a further 24 species added from incidental observations and other surveys. Of these, 108 species were considered ‘typical’ of the greater Gippsland Plain in that they currently or historically occur regularly in the study region. An index of species ‘occurrence’, combining reporting rate and breadth of distribution, was used to identify rare, common, widespread and restricted species. Ordination of the dataset highlighted assemblages of birds that had similar spatial distributions. A complementarity analysis identified a subset of 14 landscape units that together contained records from at least three different landscape units for each of the 108 ‘typical’ species. When compared with the 40 most common ‘typical’ species, the 40 least common species were more likely to be forest specialists, nest on the ground and, owing to the prevalence of raptors in the least common group, take prey on the wing. The future status of the terrestrial avifauna of the greater Gippsland Plains will depend on the extent to which effective restoration actions can be undertaken to ensure adequate representation of habitats for all species, especially for the large number of species of conservation concern.
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Buckmaster, A. J., and C. R. Dickman. "Early onset of reproduction in the agile antechinus, Antechinus agilis." Australian Mammalogy 35, no. 1 (2013): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am11046.
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Ovulation in the agile antechinus, Antechinus agilis, usually occurs when the rate of change of photoperiod in spring is increasing at 127–137 s day–1. We report responses to a much slower rate of change of photoperiod in a population in far east Gippsland, Victoria, and discuss the ecological consequences and management significance of early breeding.
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Wedrowicz, Faye, Jennifer Mosse, Wendy Wright, and Fiona E. Hogan. "Using non-invasive sampling methods to determine the prevalence and distribution of Chlamydia pecorum and koala retrovirus in a remnant koala population with conservation importance." Wildlife Research 45, no. 4 (2018): 366. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr17184.
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Context Pathogenic infections are an important consideration for the conservation of native species, but obtaining such data from wild populations can be expensive and difficult. Two pathogens have been implicated in the decline of some koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) populations: urogenital infection with Chlamydia pecorum and koala retrovirus subgroup A (KoRV-A). Pathogen data for a wild koala population of conservation importance in South Gippsland, Victoria are essentially absent. Aims This study uses non-invasive sampling of koala scats to provide prevalence and genotype data for C. pecorum and KoRV-A in the South Gippsland koala population, and compares pathogen prevalence between wild koalas and koalas in rescue shelters. Methods C. pecorum and KoRV-A provirus were detected by PCR of DNA isolated from scats collected in the field. Pathogen genetic variation was investigated using DNA sequencing of the C. pecorum ompA and KoRV-A env genes. Key results C. pecorum and KoRV-A were detected in 61% and 27% of wild South Gippsland individuals tested, respectively. KoRV-A infection tended to be higher in shelter koalas compared with wild koalas. In contrast with other Victorian koala populations sampled, greater pathogen diversity was present in South Gippsland. Conclusions In the South Gippsland koala population, C. pecorum is widespread and common whereas KoRV appears less prevalent than previously thought. Further work exploring the dynamics of these pathogens in South Gippsland koalas is warranted and may help inform future conservation strategies for this important population. Implications Non-invasive genetic sampling from scats is a powerful method for obtaining data regarding pathogen prevalence and diversity in wildlife. The use of non-invasive methods for the study of pathogens may help fill research gaps in a way that would be difficult or expensive to achieve using traditional methods.
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Green, K., A. T. Mitchell, and P. Tennant. "Home range and microhabitat use by the long-footed potoroo, Potorous longipes." Wildlife Research 25, no. 4 (1998): 357. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr97095.
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Long-footed potoroos were studied at two widely-separated sites in Victoria, one in regenerating eucalypt forest in East Gippsland and the other in old-growth forest in Central Gippsland. Trap-revealed use of microhabitat at Bellbird (East Gippsland) showed a change from the 1980s to 1990s, with an increased amount of foraging in more open, drier areas. Over the same period, there was an increase in the size of home range of animals and a near-doubling of the minimum numbers of animals known to be alive on the trapping grid at Bellbird. These changes occurred over a period when few environmental changes occurred on the grid other than control of feral predators. Radio-tracking data from 12 animals at the two sites showed a similar trend in use of microhabitat by most animals, but there was individual variation. Differences between the sites were that home-range size was smaller at the Riley trapping grid (Central Gippsland), there was greater overlap in home range, and animals there foraged for significantly shorter bouts. This confirmed earlier speculation from reproductive and dietary studies that there is better quality habitat at Riley, but the sites were so dissimilar that differences in home range and foraging could not be ascribed to either the logging regime or to geographical differences between the sites.
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Jan Forbes, Rouve, and Julie Williams. "The role of acknowledgment in the psychosocial recovery of young adults in disaster events." April 2021 10.47389/36, No 2 (April 2021): 42–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.47389/36.2.42.
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In 2009, 4 major bushfires destroyed vast areas of Gippsland in eastern Victoria including the areas around Delburn, Bunyip, Churchill and Wilsons Promontory. These are collectively known as the 2009 Gippsland bushfires. Research was conducted to investigate the psychosocial recovery of young adults in these areas. Twenty young adults participated in the study and, while these young adults are not an homogenous group, commonalities were identified across their stories. Asked what would have helped their recovery, the participants all said that acknowledgment of their personal and age-specific needs was the single most important factor that enabled or impeded recovery. This paper describes some of their stories. The paper looks at how participants viewed acknowledgment and the effects of its absence on their psychosocial recovery and how they felt unacknowledged in local recovery supports. The paper reports on the findings of this research and suggests an approach for management and longer-term recovery support that is inclusive of the specific needs of young adults.
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Mitchell, PJ, R. Bilney, and RW Martin. "Population-Structure and Reproductive Status of Koalas on Raymond Island, Victoria." Wildlife Research 15, no. 5 (1988): 511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9880511.
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In December 1980, 87 adult (>1-year-old) koalas (36 males, 51 females) were captured and marked on Raymond Island, in the Gippsland Lakes of Victoria. A further 85 adults and 34 juveniles (6-12 months old) were sighted but not captured. In August 1985, 25 females and 24 males were captured and examined. The proportions of animals in the older age classes (age classes 4 and above) were 61% in 1980 and 39% in 1985, while the reproduction rates were 38 and 40%, respectively. The low reproduction rates, and the high proportions of older animals in 1980, were attributed to reproductive tract disease, although the presence of this disease did not prevent the population from increasing to a density at which trees were being overbrowsed.
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van Eeden, Lily, Julian Di Stefano, and Graeme Coulson. "Diet selection by the brush-tailed rock-wallaby (Petrogale penicillata) in East Gippsland, Victoria." Australian Mammalogy 33, no. 2 (2011): 162. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am10038.
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Resource selection by animals is assumed to have fitness benefits so quantifying resource selection can help determine suitable conditions for species persistence and be used to inform management plans. We studied diet selection by the ‘Critically Endangered’ Victorian brush-tailed rock-wallaby (Petrogale penicillata) by comparing proportions of plant functional groups consumed with their availability in the three remaining rock-wallaby colonies in East Gippsland, Victoria. We estimated availability using an adaptation of the point transect method, identifying 63 plant functional groups and their abundance within the foraging range. Using microhistological analysis of faecal pellets we determined diet composition at the resolution of plant functional groups: ferns, forbs, monocots, shrubs and trees. At all sites the plant functional groups constituting most of the diet were forbs, monocots and shrubs. However, diet composition and selection was different among the sites, particularly with regards to the consumption and selection of monocots, which appeared to be favoured at two sites, and of shrubs, which were favoured at the third site. Overall, the diet composition suggested that brush-tailed rock-wallabies consume a diverse range of food types. The results can be used to improve current management by increasing the availability of preferred food types, perhaps through targeted fire regimes, and to guide the selection of reintroduction sites.
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Leahy, Anne, Joanne Loundes, Elizabeth Webster, and Jongsay Yong. "Industrial Capabilities in Victoria." Economic and Labour Relations Review 15, no. 1 (June 2004): 74–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/103530460401500104.
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Chapman, D. F., B. R. Cullen, I. R. Johnson, and D. Beca. "Interannual variation in pasture growth rate in Australian and New Zealand dairy regions and its consequences for system management." Animal Production Science 49, no. 12 (2009): 1071. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an09054.
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The profitability of dairy farms in Australia and New Zealand is closely related to the amount of pasture dry matter consumed per hectare per year. There is variability in the pasture growth curve within years (seasonal variation) and between years (interannual variation) in all dairy regions in both countries. Therefore, the biological efficiency of production systems depends on the accuracy and timeliness of the many strategic and tactical decisions that influence the balance between feed supply and demand over an annual cycle. In the case of interannual variation, decisions are made with only limited quantitative information on the range of possible pasture growth outcomes. To address this limitation, we used the biophysical simulation model ‘DairyMod’ to estimate mean monthly herbage accumulation rates of annual or perennial ryegrass-based pastures in 100 years (1907–2006) for five Australian sites (Kyabram in northern Victoria, Terang in south-west Victoria, Ellinbank in Gippsland, Elliott in north-west Tasmania and Vasse in south-west Western Australia) and in 35 years (1972–2006) for three sites in New Zealand (Hamilton in the Waikato, Palmerston North in the Manawatu and Winchmore in Canterbury). The aim was to evaluate whether or not a probabilistic approach to the analysis of pasture growth could provide useful information to support decision making. For the one site where annual ryegrass was simulated, Vasse, the difference between the 25th and 75th percentile years was 20 kg DM/ha.day or less in all months when pasture growth occurred. Irrigation at Kyabram and Winchmore also resulted in a narrow range of growth rates in most months. For non-irrigated sites, the 25th–75th percentile range was narrow (10–15 kg DM/ha.day) from May or June through to September or October, because plant available soil water was adequate to support perennial ryegrass growth, and the main source of interannual variability was variation in temperature. Outside of these months, however, variability in growth was large. There was a positive relationship between total annual herbage accumulation rate and mean stocking for four southern Australian regions (northern Victoria, south-west Victoria, Gippsland and Tasmania), but there was evidence of a negative relationship between the co-efficient of variation in pasture growth and stocking rate. The latter suggests that farmers do account for risk in pasture supply in their stocking rate decisions. However, for the one New Zealand region included in this analysis, Waikato, stocking rate was much higher than would be expected based on the variability in pasture growth, indicating that farmers in this region have well defined decision rules for coping with feed deficits or surpluses. Model predictions such as those presented here are one source of information that can support farm management decision making, but should always be coupled with published data, direct experience, and other relevant information to analyse risk for individual farm businesses.
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Coulson, GM, and JA Raines. "Methods for Small-Scale Surveys of Grey Kangaroo Populations." Wildlife Research 12, no. 2 (1985): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9850119.
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Small-scale survey methods which have previously been applied to grey kangaroos were evaluated on a population of known size. The total population size of free-ranging eastern grey kangaroos, Macropus giganteus, on Rotamah Island in the Gippsland Lakes of Victoria was determined by a drive count. Two types of small-scale survey methods were evaluated against this total: line transect counts and faecal pellet counts. The line transect estimates were not significantly different from the known population size, and grey kangaroos appear to meet the critical conditions of the models. Counts of individual faecal pellets gave an acceptable estimate of population density, whereas counts based on pellet groups had significant positive bias.
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Dexter, Nick, and Andy Murray. "The impact of fox control on the relative abundance of forest mammals in East Gippsland, Victoria." Wildlife Research 36, no. 3 (2009): 252. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr08135.
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Predation by European red foxes is believed to be the major cause of the extinction and decline of a large number of native medium-sized terrestrial mammals in Australia. We examined the impact of poisoning of foxes on the relative abundance of a group of medium-sized mammals in an experiment conducted in three large forest blocks in south-eastern Australia. The blocks consisted of paired sites, as follows: one site where poison baiting was used to control foxes (treatment site) and one where foxes were not controlled (non-treatment site). At all six sites, the population responses of a range of mammals were measured, and compared between treatment and non-treatment sites. The relative fox abundance, as indexed by bait-take, declined during the course of the study at treatment sites and to a lesser extent at non-treatment sites. The decline in bait-take at non-treatment sites was most likely due to treatment sites acting as ecological traps, so that reduced intra-specific competition attracted foxes from non-treatment to treatment sites, where they were subsequently poisoned. There was a significant treatment effect for the abundances of total mammals, long-nosed potoroos, southern brown bandicoots and common brushtail possums, with higher abundances at treatment sites than at non-treatment sites. Common ringtail possums increased in abundance during the course of the study, with no significant difference between treatment and non-treatment sites. There was no significant effect of time or treatment on the abundance of long-nosed bandicoots. The increase in the abundance of native mammals at treatment sites was most likely due to a lower predation pressure by foxes brought about by fox control, and the smaller increase in abundance in non-treatment blocks was likely due to the ecological-trap effect because of fox baiting at treatment sites. The present study demonstrated that broad-scale fox control can lead to increases in the abundance of native mammals in forested habitats, without recourse to aerial baiting or fences. The study also demonstrated that the influence of fox control on the fox abundance can extend well beyond the perimeter of the area baited.
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Norman, FI, and L. Mumford. "Studies on the Purple Swamphen, Porphyrio porphyrio, in Victoria." Wildlife Research 12, no. 2 (1985): 263. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9850263.
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Details are presented of gonad parameters and reproductive status, body measurements, moult, and food taken by purple swamphens collected in the Gippsland Lakes area between July 1971 and July 1973. Information from other studies is also discussed. Plant material (76% estimated average volume) dominated gizzard contents, particularly when inorganic material (23%) was discounted, and animal remains (c. 1%) were found in only 51 of the 234 gizzards with food examined. Mostly semi-aquatic plants were eaten, predominantly from Gramineae (59%), Cyperaceae (17%) and Hydrocharitaceae (11%), and Phragrnites australzs was the main species identified. The proportion of roots, rhizomes and tubers in gizzards increased in autumn samples. Monthly variations in the grit content of gizzards were significant; males (which were larger than females) held more large-sized fragments than females, and there was a moderate negative correlation between hard seeds and grit. Ovarian follicles were generally largest between July and November and seminiferous tubule diameters in males increased from June and July to reach a maximum from September to November; sperm were present from July to November. There were no simple correlations between gonad parameters and local rainfall in the preceding 30 days. The presence of a bursa of Fabricius did not successfully exclude reproductively active birds, but male swamphens with cloaca1 papillae and no bursa had larger testes than those with a bursa but no papillae. Colour scores for bill and tarsus showed some seasonal variation in subsamples of males and females. Management of wetlands for this species must take account of its requirement for a relatively restricted range of food types.
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Bramley, E., I. J. Lean, W. J. Fulkerson, and N. D. Costa. "Feeding management and feeds on dairy farms in New South Wales and Victoria." Animal Production Science 52, no. 1 (2012): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an11214.
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Feeding practices in Australian dairy herds were recorded in 100 dairy herds in five districts of two states. A questionnaire about the feeding practices was completed and pasture samples were also collected, where applicable, for analysis. Data and pasture samples were collected once from each farm with visits to regions occurring at different times of the year. Diets were evaluated for nutritional adequacy using the CPM Dairy program. Average milk yield on the day of sampling was 22.8 L/day. The combination of grazed pasture with grain fed during milking was the most prevalent feeding system (54%) in all areas. This was followed by combination of pelleted grain/by-products combined with pasture grazing (25%). Only one herd in the study was not feeding any form of concentrates at the time of sampling. The estimated percentage of concentrate in the diet ranged from 25% ± 11.6 to 44% ± 12.0. Wheat, which was fed at up to 9.8 kg/cow.day DM was the most prevalent grain in all areas, except for Gippsland. The predominant sources of protein in all areas were canola meal, cottonseed meal and lupins. By-products were prevalent, with brewers grain and wheat millrun the most commonly used, fed at 2.8 and 1.6 kg/cow.day DM, respectively. Most farms (81/100) incorporated at least one type of ‘buffer’ in the ration, and limestone (67%) was the most prevalent mineral additive. Monensin and virginiamycin were fed in all areas, with a varying prevalence. Feeding or dose rates used for minerals and rumen modifiers were not always appropriate to those recommended for mineral needs or control of rumen function. This paper demonstrated that a wide variety of feeding systems are used in Australian dairy herds and provides information on nutritive characteristics of pastures.
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Reinten, Ron. "Esso Australia's process safety management process." APPEA Journal 49, no. 2 (2009): 570. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj08043.
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Safety is a core value at Esso Australia. We strive to observe the highest standards of safety to ensure that nobody gets hurt in our operations. We believe this goal can be achieved through a broadly shared commitment to personal and process safety—both of which are managed using our operations integrity management system (OIMS). In the Gippsland region of Victoria, Esso Australia operates oil and gas production facilities ranging from sub-sea completions to substantial staffed offshore facilities, an onshore crude stabilisation, three gas processing plants and a natural gas liquids fractionation plant, all interconnected by a network of offshore and onshore pipelines. Every day Esso’s Gippsland operations produce millions of litres of crude oil and millions of cubic meters of natural gas. Having all this fuel energy flowing through these plants each day at high pressures, and widely ranging temperatures, it is imperative that it is safely controlled and contained by the process equipment. How do we do this? With process safety systems. Process safety is a crucial component of OIMS that ensures Esso’s assets are operated and maintained in keeping with corporate and industry safety standards. In this presentation we show how process safety is managed within OIMS and how the people within Esso individually and collectively contribute to it. Our work in this area has recently been captured in a training package that includes a DVD shown at the conference. It was created to raise the awareness and understanding of all Esso employees about the principles that underpin Esso’s approach to process safety. This abstract outlines how we approach process safety across the life-cycle of our facilities and the role people play in managing this very important aspect of our work. Our training reinforces the message that responsibility for effective management of process safety lies with every employee and how OIMS is designed to assist people to achieve the desired results where all risks are appropriately managed. We have sought to connect the concepts used to manage personal safety, which are well understood by the workforce, with those that are needed to understand how to manage process safety.
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Bluff, Lucas A., Lucy Clausen, Amie Hill, and Michael D. Bramwell. "A decade of monitoring the remnant Victorian population of the brush-tailed rock-wallaby (Petrogale penicillata)." Australian Mammalogy 33, no. 2 (2011): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am10037.
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Historically, the brush-tailed rock-wallaby (Petrogale penicillata), occurred throughout the Great Dividing Range from southern Queensland to western Victoria. Within Victoria, this extensive range has now contracted to a single remnant population in the Little River Gorge in East Gippsland, and the species is classified as ‘Critically Endangered’. Here we summarise the key results from 10 years of monitoring and management of the Little River Gorge population. The count of individuals detected biannually rose from one in 2000 to 12 in 2008, but this increase was at least partially due to variation in monitoring methodology. Apparent mortality rate in the first year of life was 69%, suggesting that predation was the strongest extrinsic factor limiting the population. Fecundity rate among fertile females was estimated at 1.14 births per annum. Rainfall did not significantly predict birth rate, juvenile mortality or sex ratio. Comparison of three monitoring techniques (cage traps, remote camera surveillance and genetic analysis of scats) revealed that each detected a different subset of the population in this study. These techniques should be considered complementary, rather than substitutable, in future monitoring of small Petrogale populations.
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L. Close, R., M. D. B. Eldridge, J. N. Bell, and J. Reside. "A genetic study of the Brush-tailed Rock Wallaby Petrogale penicillata in East Gippsland and relevance for management of the species in Victoria." Pacific Conservation Biology 1, no. 4 (1994): 367. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc940367.
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Within the Australian macropod genus Petrogale (rock wallabies) nine chromosomally distinct species occur along the Great Dividing Range of eastern Australia (Sharman et al. 1990; Eldridge et al. 1991a; Eldridge and Close 1992). However, Close et al. (1988) found Petrogale from the Grampians, Victoria and from Jenolan Caves, New South Wales, to be remarkably similar despite their 800 km separation (Fig. 1). Standard and C-banded karyotypes of both populations were typical of Petrogale penicillata and were identical except that one Grampians animal was heterozygous for absence of a C-band on chromosome 2. Apart from their smaller physical size, the only difference was that the Grampians animals were homozygous for a unique Pgm allele.
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Nelson, JL, and BJ Morris. "Nesting Requirements of the Yellow-Tailed Black-Cockatoo, Calyptorhynchus Funereus, in Eucalyptus Regnans Forest, and Implications for Forest Management." Wildlife Research 21, no. 3 (1994): 267. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9940267.
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The nesting requirements of the yellow-tailed black-cockatoo (Calyptorhynchus funereus) were studied at 68 sites in Eucalyptus regnans forest in the Strzelecki Ranges, South Gippsland, Victoria. Nest trees were located and their characteristics related to forest stand variables. Eighteen nest hollows were found. Nest trees had a mean diameter at breast height of 2.5 m, a mean estimated age of 221 years, a mean height of 58 m and for live nest trees a mean crown diameter of 22 m. The currently proposed rotation time for silvicultural systems of 80-150 years will reduce the number of hollow-bearing trees suitable for nesting yellow-tailed black-cockatoos. Adequate numbers of trees must be retained in logged areas and wildlife corridors and reserves, and protected to ensure a continual supply for yellow-tailed black-cockatoos and other hollow-dependent species. If agonistic behaviour is operating between female yellow-tailed black-cockatoos, nesting potential may be enhanced if trees retained on coupes are evenly distributed rather than clumped. Silvicultural systems that facilitate the protection of trees retained on coupes would benefit the conservation of the yellow-tailed black-cockatoo.
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Reidy, B. L., and G. W. Samson. "An Assessment of a Low-Cost Wastewater Disposal System after Twenty-Five Years of Operation." Water Science and Technology 19, no. 5-6 (May 1, 1987): 701–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1987.0249.
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A low-cost wastewater disposal system was commissioned in 1959 to treat domestic and industrial wastewaters generated in the Latrobe River valley in the province of Gippsland, within the State of Victoria, Australia (Figure 1). The Latrobe Valley is the centre for large-scale generation of electricity and for the production of pulp and paper. In addition other industries have utilized the brown coal resource of the region e.g. gasification process and char production. Consequently, industrial wastewaters have been dominant in the disposal system for the past twenty-five years. The mixed industrial-domestic wastewaters were to be transported some eighty kilometres to be treated and disposed of by irrigation to land. Several important lessons have been learnt during twenty-five years of operating this system. Firstly the composition of the mixed waste stream has varied significantly with the passage of time and the development of the industrial base in the Valley, so that what was appropriate treatment in 1959 is not necessarily acceptable in 1985. Secondly the magnitude of adverse environmental impacts engendered by this low-cost disposal procedure was not imagined when the proposal was implemented. As a consequence, clean-up procedures which could remedy the adverse effects of twenty-five years of impact are likely to be costly. The question then may be asked - when the total costs including rehabilitation are considered, is there really a low-cost solution for environmentally safe disposal of complex wastewater streams?
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Elsner, W. K., A. T. Mitchell, and J. A. Fitzsimons. "Distribution of the long-footed potoroo (Potorous longipes) and the spot-tailed quoll (Dasyurus maculatus) in the Goolengook Forest, East Gippsland, Victoria." Australian Mammalogy 34, no. 1 (2012): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am11026.
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A survey to assess the distribution of two endangered marsupial species, the long-footed potoroo (Potorous longipes) and the spot-tailed quoll (Dasyurus maculatus) in the south and east of the Goolengook Forest Management Block was conducted in September and October 2006. Survey techniques consisted of hair-tubing, camera surveillance, collecting scat of target species and predators, and searching for activity and tracks of the target species. Eleven sites were surveyed. Twenty-eight records of long-footed potoroo were confirmed at nine of the sites, while one spot-tailed quoll record was confirmed from one of the sites. A record of the long-footed potoroo in the eastern Blackwatch Creek catchment extended, by several kilometres, the boundary of the known East Gippsland distribution at the time of the survey. Long-footed potoroos are distributed widely within the study area and are likely to form part of a contiguous population that extends across the Goolengook Forest and into adjacent forest.
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D. Lunt, Ian. "Variation in flower production of nine grassland species with time since fire, and implications for grassland management and restoration." Pacific Conservation Biology 1, no. 4 (1994): 359. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc940359.
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The impact of time since fire on flower production was examined in a temperate Themeda triandra grassland in Gippsland, Victoria. Flower production by nine species (Arthropodium strictum, Bulbine bulbosa, Burchardia umbellata, Chrysocephalum apiculatum, Craspedia variabilis, Diuris punctata, Helichrysum scorpioides, Leptorhynchos squamatus and Pimelea humilis) was compared between areas burnt six months and two years previously. Thick grass in the area burnt two years previously inhibited flowering by most species. All species except C. apiculatum and D. punctata flowered most abundantly in the area burnt six months earlier, and flower production by B. bulbosa, A. strictum and C. variabilis was largely restricted to that area. There were over 100 times as many flowering plants of B. bulbosa in the most recently burnt area. C. apiculatum produced similar quantities of flowers in both zones, but D. punctata countered the general pattern for greater flower production in the most recently burnt area by flowering most abundantly in the area burnt two years previously. Some of the species studied form transient seed banks, so maximum recruitment may be attained by burning sites the year immediately after a season of high flower production, rather than delaying burning until later years, when little flowering occurs and few seeds are present for recruitment. Annual autumn burning could eliminate the threatened orchid, D. punctata.
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Bilney, Rohan J., Raylene Cooke, and John White. "Change in the diet of sooty owls (Tyto tenebricosa) since European settlement: from terrestrial to arboreal prey and increased overlap with powerful owls." Wildlife Research 33, no. 1 (2006): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr04128.
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The current diet of the sooty owl (Tyto tenebricosa) was determined by analysing freshly regurgitated pellets collected beneath their roosting sites in East Gippsland, Victoria. Comparisons were then made with: (i) prehistoric and historic diet from bone deposits found in cave roosts, and (ii) diet of a sympatric owl species, the powerful owl (Ninox strenua). Sooty owls consumed a large array of terrestrial mammal species before European settlement, but only three terrestrial species were detected in their current diet, a reduction of at least eight species since European settlement. To compensate, sooty owls have increased their consumption of arboreal prey from 55% to 81% of their diet. Arboreal species are also a major component of the powerful owl diet and this prey shift by sooty owls has increased dietary overlap between these two species. Predation by foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and other feral species is likely to have reduced the amount of terrestrial prey available to sooty owls since European settlement. Investigation of changes in the diet of sooty owls may offer a unique monitoring system for evaluating the ability of fox-control strategies to influence increases in numbers of critical-weight-range mammals.
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Belcher, CA. "Diet of the tiger quoll (Dasyurus maculatus)." Wildlife Research 22, no. 3 (1995): 341. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9950341.
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The diet of the tiger quoll (Dasyurus maculatus) in East Gippsland, Victoria, was investigated by systematically collecting scats from two latrines between December 1990 and May 1993. From the analysis of these scats, the tiger quoll was found to be a predator of vertebrate prey, largely dependent on mediumsized mammals (500 g to 5 kg). The most important prey species were the European rabbit, the common brushtail possum and the common ringtail possum. Other prey included Antechinus species, bush rats, echidnas, macropods, wombats, birds, invertebrates and reptiles. Some variation in diet occurred between seasons, due to seasonal availability of prey. A shift in diet detected between years was attributed to the variation in rainfall and the effect this had on prey species abundance. Significant differences in diet were found between adult and subadult tiger quolls. Subadult quolls consumed significantly more small mammals, ringtail possums, invertebrates and reptiles and significantly fewer rabbits than did adult quolls. Further analysis of the tiger quolls' diet, by estimating the mass contribution of prey taxa to the diet, revealed that medium-sized prey contributed more than 80% of the biomass of prey consumed.
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Brown, M., and R. Ferris. "The Industrial Relations Commission of Victoria: A Decade of Change." Journal of Industrial Relations 31, no. 3 (September 1989): 291–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002218568903100301.
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The Industrial Relations Commission of Victoria and its Conciliation and Arbitration Boards were established by the Industrial Relations Act 1979. The Act introduced some fundamental structural and procedural changes into the Victorian system, though the traditional emphasis on an informal and participatory approach to industrial regulation, which had made the system so distinctive, was preserved. Since 1979 many amendments to the Act and procedural changes to this system of industrial relations have been made. A number of the changes to the system may be characterized as cosmetic, as they do not affect the informal approach of the system. Others, however, are more intrinsic to the system, altering the structures, powers and operations of the tribunal. This paper examines the circumstances under which change has occurred, and it is argued that, in overcoming operational and jurisdictional problems, the changes of the last ten years have introduced a degree of formality into the Victorian Commission.
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Kariuki, Maina. "Modelling the impacts of various thinning intensities on tree growth and survival in a mixed species eucalypt forest in central Gippsland, Victoria, Australia." Forest Ecology and Management 256, no. 12 (December 2008): 2007–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2008.07.035.
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Basu, Soumya, and Anton N. Isaacs. "Profile of transcultural patients in a regional Child and Adolescent Mental Health Service in Gippsland, Australia: The need for a multidimensional understanding of the complexities." International Journal of Social Psychiatry 65, no. 3 (March 18, 2019): 217–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020764019835264.
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Background: Several childhood stressors related to immigration have been documented, and it is important for clinicians to understand and address the various factors that may lead to or act as maintaining factors of mental disorders in children and adolescents. Aims: To describe the cultural profile of transcultural patients presenting to a Child and Adolescent Mental Health Service (CAMHS) in regional Victoria and identify the most common disorders and psychosocial stressors they presented with. Method: Descriptive analysis was applied to 101 case records of patients with a transcultural background who attended the CAMHS of Latrobe Regional Hospital in Gippsland Victoria from 2013 to 2017. The Adverse Childhood Experience questionnaire was retrospectively applied to capture psychosocial stressors such as ‘bullying’, ‘racism’ and ‘family conflict’, sexual abuse, physical violence, parents with mental illness and parental substance use. Results: Almost 60% of patients were male and over 46% Aboriginal. Those from a non-Aboriginal background belonged to 19 different cultural entities, the most common of which was a mixed Asian and European heritage. The most common diagnoses were disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (38.6%), attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (32.7%) and developmental trauma disorder (26.7%). The most common psychosocial stressors were conflict and death in the family (44.6%), domestic violence (41.6%) and emotional abuse (34.7%). ‘Parent in jail’ and ‘domestic violence’ were associated with having an Aboriginal background ( p < .005). ‘Cultural differences with parent’ was associated with a non-Aboriginal background ( p < .005). Conclusion: This study provides a snapshot of challenges faced by children from different cultural backgrounds while adjusting in a rural area in Australia. A broad-based formulation and cultural awareness by clinicians can enable a better understanding of the complexities, guide management plans and inform public health policies for primary prevention and early intervention.
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Brown, M., and R. Ferris. "Getting Agreement: A Review of Industrial Agreements in Victoria 1981-1990." Journal of Industrial Relations 33, no. 1 (March 1991): 53–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002218569103300104.
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The role of industrial tribunals in promoting or hindering flexibility in industrial relations practices and outcomes is central to the debate concerning the future direction of industrial relations in Australia. In Victoria, flexibility within the existing institutional framework is provided by Part I V of the Industrial Relations Act 1979, by allowing for the registration of industrial agreements. Although these provisions are potentially far reaching, an analysis of the agreements registered in the period under review indicates that the parties have been reluctant to fully utilize these provisions. The flexibility currently available to the parties through the award system, it is argued, has tended to mitigate against the use of the Part IV provisions.
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Robinson, Randall W., Paul I. Boon, and Paul Bailey. "Germination characteristics of Melaleuca ericifolia Sm. (swamp paperbark) and their implications for the rehabilitation of coastal wetlands." Marine and Freshwater Research 57, no. 7 (2006): 703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf06006.
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Swamp paperbark, Melaleuca ericifolia Sm., is a small, clonal tree that occupies fresh- and brackish-water wetlands across south-eastern Australia. Seeds collected from Dowd Morass, a secondary-salinised Ramsar-listed wetland of the Gippsland Lakes region in eastern Victoria, showed very low viability (< 6%), with less than 50% of the seeds germinating even under ideal laboratory conditions. Greatest germination occurred with surface-sown seeds, germinated in darkness at a mean temperature of 20°C and salinity < 2 g L–1. At 20°C, maximum germination occurred at a salinity of 1 g L–1; germination fell rapidly at a near constant rate with increasing salinity. Lower temperatures, while moderating the inhibitory effects of salinity, markedly reduced germination; higher temperatures increased the inhibitory effects of salinity and light and reduced overall germination rates. Seeds subjected to brief inundation with saline water germinated rapidly if flushed by, and subsequently grown under, freshwater conditions. Specific timing of management interventions, particularly manipulations of water regime to control salinity regimes, are required if germination of M. ericifolia on the landscape scale is to be successful. Even so, the low overall viability of the seeds would present difficulties to large-scale, seed-based rehabilitation efforts.
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Elliott, Bridget, and Dorothy Thompson. "Queen Victoria: Gender and Power." Labour / Le Travail 28 (1991): 371. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/25143544.
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Robinson, Marc. "Workers Compensation in Victoria: From WorkCare to WorkCover." Journal of Industrial Relations 36, no. 2 (June 1994): 213–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002218569403600202.
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When the Victorian Labor government created the WorkCare system in 1985, it believed that the government takeover of the workers compensation system from private insurers would permit the creation of a system that could provide more generous and compassionate benefits for injured workers. while first containing and then reducing costs to employers. The WorkCare system never succeeded in reconciling these goals. Instead, it became enmeshed in financial difficulties and failed to acquire either stability or political legitimacy throughout its seven years of existence. This failure made it possible for the incoming Coalition government to bring down the curtain on the WorkCare system at the end of 1992, and to replace it with a scheme based on harsh and ungenerous treatment of injured workers. Coalition policy is that this new 'WorkCover' scheme will be privatized once its financial position is stabilized. However. there is considerable uncertainty about whether privatization ultimately will occur.
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Knightbridge, Stephen M., Robert King, and Timothy J. Rolfe. "Using Participatory Action Research in a Community-Based Initiative Addressing Complex Mental Health Needs." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 40, no. 4 (April 2006): 325–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/j.1440-1614.2006.01798.x.
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Objective: This paper describes the first phase of a larger project that utilizes participatory action research to examine complex mental health needs across an extensive group of stakeholders in the community. Method: Within an objective qualitative analysis of focus group discussions the social ecological model is utilized to explore how integrative activities can be informed, planned and implemented across multiple elements and levels of a system. Seventy-one primary care workers, managers, policy-makers, consumers and carers from across the southern metropolitan and Gippsland regions of Victoria, Australia took part in seven focus groups. All groups responded to an identical set of focusing questions. Results: Participants produced an explanatory model describing the service system, as it relates to people with complex needs, across the levels of social ecological analysis. Qualitative themes analysis identified four priority areas to be addressed in order to improve the system's capacity for working with complexity. These included: (i) system fragmentation; (ii) integrative case management practices; (iii) community attitudes; and (iv) money and resources. Conclusions: The emergent themes provide clues as to how complexity is constructed and interpreted across the system of involved agencies and interest groups. The implications these findings have for the development and evaluation of this community capacity-building project were examined from the perspective of constructing interventions that address both top-down and bottom-up processes.
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Moate, P. J., S. R. O. Williams, C. Grainger, M. C. Hannah, D. Mapleson, M. J. Auldist, J. S. Greenwood, et al. "Effects of wild-type, AR1 and AR37 endophyte-infected perennial ryegrass on dairy production in Victoria, Australia." Animal Production Science 52, no. 12 (2012): 1117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an12126.
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A 3-year experiment compared the effects of wild-type ryegrass endophyte and two novel endophytes on milk production in dairy cattle. On three 9.9-ha farmlets in West Gippsland, Victoria, pasture swards were established that were dominant in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) infected with either wild-type, AR1 or AR37 endophytes. Each farmlet was stocked with 25 spring-calving Holstein–Friesian cows, which rotationally grazed nine paddocks within their farmlet during three lactations over 3 years. The three endophytes are known to produce different alkaloids, with wild-type producing ergot alkaloids, lolitrems and peramine, AR1 producing peramine and AR37 producing epoxy-janthitrems. These alkaloids were present in fresh pasture as well as hay and silage made from that pasture. Grazed pasture comprised 53% of estimated annual DM intake. The proportion was least from December to March when the daily ration of 2 kg DM/cow.day cereal grain was increased to 6 kg/day and forage supplements were fed consisting of purchased lucerne (Medicago sativa) hay and pasture silage grown on the farmlets. There were no differences in pasture accumulation rates or nutritive characteristics of ryegrass pastures on the three farmlets and no differences in the production of milk, fat or protein by cows grazing pasture infected with the three endophytes. Ryegrass staggers was only observed in four cows consuming the wild-type-infected ryegrass in the first year when the highest concentrations of lolitrem B were recorded in pasture. Soil samples showed lower numbers of root aphids (Aploneura lentisci), mealybugs (Pseudococcidae) and pasture tunnel moths (Philobota spp.) beneath ryegrass infected with the AR37 endophyte compared with the other two endophytes. Numbers of redheaded (Adoryphorus couloni) and blackheaded (Aphodius tasmaniae) cockchafers did not differ between treatments. Under dairy management and supplementary feeding regimes common to south-eastern Australia, the novel endophytes AR1 and AR37 had no effect on the milk production compared with the wild-type endophyte, and did not cause ryegrass staggers.
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Watson, Ian. "Kennett’s Industrial Relations Legacy: Impact of Deregulation on Minimum Pay Rates in Victoria." Journal of Industrial Relations 43, no. 3 (September 2001): 294–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1472-9296.00018.
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Geneve, Robert L., Evan W. Janes, Sharon T. Kester, David F. Hildebrand, and Derrick Davis. "Temperature Limits for Seed Germination in Industrial Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.)." Crops 2, no. 4 (October 21, 2022): 415–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/crops2040029.
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Industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) as a grain and fiber crop is experiencing a resurgence in North America. Due to governmental prohibition, there has been limited information on regional agronomic production systems including basic information on seed germination. This study was initiated to provide basic information on the relationship between temperature and germination in hemp seed. Germination was measured at constant temperatures ranging from 3 to 42 °C. Cardinal temperatures were determined for two industrial oil crop hemp cultivars (‘Georgina’ and ‘Victoria’). The optimal germination temperature indicated by a high mean germination percentage and rate was between 19 and 30 °C. Optimal (29.6 °C), base (3.4 °C) and ceiling (42.6 °C) temperatures were calculated from a linear regression of the germination rates to reach 50% germination for each temperature. The thermal time for ‘Georgina’ and ‘Victoria’ to reach 50% germination at suboptimal temperatures was 694 and 714 °C h, respectively. The osmotic and solid matrix-primed hemp seeds germinated faster than the untreated seeds, but the final germination percentages were not different. The primed seeds germinated faster at supraoptimal temperatures but did not impact final germination percentages in the thermally inhibited seeds.
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Frances, Raelene. "Gender, Skill and the Regulation of Labour Markets: Victoria 1890-1930." Journal of Industrial Relations 40, no. 3 (September 1998): 401–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002218569804000306.
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Curthoys, Ann, and Kathryn Cronin. "Colonial Casualties: Chinese in Early Victoria." Labour History, no. 48 (1985): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/27508741.
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Forsyth, Anthony. "Industrial legislation in Australia in 2016." Journal of Industrial Relations 59, no. 3 (May 22, 2017): 323–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022185617693876.
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After three years of trying, the Coalition Government finally succeeded in obtaining passage of several key workplace reform statutes in 2016. This followed the outcome of the federal election held on 2 July, delivering the Government a differently composed Senate and a new opportunity to secure support for its legislative program. This review article explains key aspects of the industrial legislation passed by federal Parliament in 2016, including statutes abolishing the specialist road transport industry tribunal, re-establishing the Howard-era regulator for the construction industry, and setting up a new agency to enforce enhanced governance and accountability standards for registered unions and employer organisations. Legislative amendments aimed at resolving the long-running bargaining dispute in Victoria’s Country Fire Authority are also considered, along with the Government’s muted response to the 2015 Productivity Commission review of the workplace relations framework. The article then examines developments at state level, including a major rewrite of Queensland’s industrial legislation, structural changes in New South Wales, and proposed changes to long service leave and the labour hire sector in Victoria. It concludes by noting the irony that just as the federal Government has tasted some success after a long legislative ‘dry spell’, its labour law reform agenda appears limited and piecemeal.
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Rawling, Michael, and Eugene Schofield-Georgeson. "Industrial legislation in Australia in 2017." Journal of Industrial Relations 60, no. 3 (April 20, 2018): 378–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022185618760088.
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This article examines key industrial legislation passed by federal Parliament in 2017. The main development in federal industrial legislation for this year, which passed with bipartisan support, saw a weakened Coalition Government (forced from its traditional industrial relations (IR) stance) act to improve protections for vulnerable workers. This initiative introduced extended liability provisions regulating franchisors and holding companies. However, these provisions are a narrow response to an economy-wide problem because they do not establish measures to better regulate supply chains, labour hire and gig economy arrangements for the protection of vulnerable workers. Back in more familiar territory, the Coalition Government managed to implement part of its agenda to further regulate unions by establishing legislation that criminalises bargaining payments by employers to unions. A constitutional crisis over the citizenship status of federal Parliamentarians prevented the Coalition Government from passing legislation designed to curtail trade union activities. The article also considers significant State legislative developments including the introduction of mandatory labour hire licensing laws in South Australia and Queensland, industrial manslaughter laws in Queensland and regulation of ridesharing arrangements in Victoria. The article concludes by contrasting federal criminal penalties against union activity with civil penalties for businesses that exploit vulnerable workers, before suggesting future directions in industrial legislation.
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Lingard, Helen, and Andrew Saunders. "Occupational rehabilitation in the construction industry of Victoria." Construction Management and Economics 22, no. 10 (December 2004): 1091–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0144619042000241426.
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McPherson, Kathryn, James R. Conley, Gillian Creese, Peter Seixas, Elaine Bernard, Michael J. Piva, and Raymond Leger. "Workshop on Canadian Working-Class History Victoria, May 1990." Labour / Le Travail 27 (1991): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/25130250.
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Shields, John. "Book Reviews : The Politics of Work: Gender and Labour in Victoria, 1880-1939." Journal of Industrial Relations 36, no. 4 (December 1994): 557–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002218569403600409.
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Frost, Lucy, and David Goodman. "Gold Seeking: Victoria and California in the 1850s." Labour History, no. 70 (1996): 255. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/27516438.
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Burr, Christina, and Raelene Frances. "The Politics of Work: Gender and Labour in Victoria, 1880-1939." Labour / Le Travail 34 (1994): 356. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/25143888.
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Love, Peter. "Book Review: Fighting Back: The Politics of the Unemployed in Victoria in the Great Depression." Journal of Industrial Relations 43, no. 3 (September 2001): 350–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0022185601043003008.
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Bongiorno, Frank. "Class, Populism and Labour Politics in Victoria, 1890-1914." Labour History, no. 66 (1994): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/27509235.
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Head, Brian, Mark Considine, Brian Costar, Bron Stevens, and John Wanna. "Trials in Power: Cain, Kirner and Victoria, 1982-1992." Labour History, no. 68 (1995): 241. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/27516383.
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Warburton, Rennie. "The Workingmen's Protective Association, Victoria, B.C., 1878: Racism, Intersectionality and Status Politics." Labour / Le Travail 43 (1999): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/25148939.
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