Relevant bibliographies by topics / Industrial location – European Union countries

Academic literature on the topic 'Industrial location – European Union countries'

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Published: 10 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Industrial location – European Union countries"

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BUSCH, MARC L., and ERIC REINHARDT. "Industrial Location and Voter Participation in Europe." British Journal of Political Science 35, no. 4 (August 22, 2005): 713–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007123405000360.

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Does the geographic concentration of industry ‘matter’ outside the United States? Observers have long speculated that while geographically concentrated industries may be influential in American politics, this is probably not the case in countries where the electorate votes more as a national constituency. Others disagree, urging that clustered industries have an advantage regardless of how the political map is drawn. We sharpen the terms of debate and weigh in with empirical evidence from a cross-sectional analysis of intended voter turnout in eight member-states of the European Union and a multi-year study of voter turnout in the Netherlands. These tests uniformly show that, across different types of electoral systems, including those in which voters vote as a national constituency, thereby removing any effects of electoral geography per se, workers in traded industries that are physically concentrated are, in fact, substantially more likely to vote than employees in traded but geographically dispersed sectors.
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Gold, Michael, Lutz Preuss, and Chris Rees. "Moving out of the comfort zone? Trade union revitalisation and corporate social responsibility." Journal of Industrial Relations 62, no. 1 (December 17, 2019): 132–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022185619854473.

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In recent decades, trade unions have employed a range of revitalisation strategies aimed at regaining lost power. A relatively neglected area within the literature on revitalisation concerns union engagement with corporate social responsibility. Locating trade unions within a classification of civil society organisations from the political science literature, this article presents a typology of the multiple ways in which trade unions can engage with corporate social responsibility. Data from a pan-European study across 11 countries are used to illustrate the various ways in which unions are attempting to move out of their traditional ‘comfort zone’ with respect to corporate social responsibility, each of which presents them with both new opportunities and challenges. We show how trade unions are working on different ‘pressure points’ and act as purposeful agents within certain organisational parameters and particular national frameworks. In sum, the article considers the potential that corporate social responsibility provides for trade unions, and reflects on the likely direction of revitalisation debates.
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Pries, Ludger. "Cost competition or innovation competition? Lessons from the case of the BMW plant location in Leipzig, Germany." Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research 12, no. 1 (February 2006): 11–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/102425890601200104.

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Globalisation and increasing inter- and intra-company competition raise the question whether industrial production has any future in the European Union. This article argues that company decisions on where to locate production are based not only on ‘hard factors' (such as labour costs), but also on ‘soft factors' (such as labour flexibility and working time schemes). Whereas there is no doubt about the importance of ‘hard factors’, and indeed the argument of cost competition and the need for cost reduction is repeated in almost every management declaration, the significance of ‘soft factors' is often underestimated and less discussed. Taking the case study of BMW's decision to locate a completely new car production plant in Leipzig, Germany, this article argues that western European countries could have an advantage in ‘soft factors' like work relations on the shop floor, the nature of employment contracts and arrangements for employee participation. In the case of BMW Leipzig, work and working time flexibility, as well as a culture of ‘cooperative conflict partnership’, played a decisive role in counterbalancing the disadvantages in direct labour costs. Focusing on innovation competition and on ‘soft factors' of competition could be a sustainable alternative to a business model based exclusively on cost competition.
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Kashintseva, Valentina, Wadim Strielkowski, Justas Streimikis, and Tatiana Veynbender. "Consumer Attitudes towards Industrial CO2 Capture and Storage Products and Technologies." Energies 11, no. 10 (October 17, 2018): 2787. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11102787.

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This paper discusses and elicits consumer attitudes towards industrial carbon dioxide (CO2) capture and storage (ICCS) products and technologies. It presents a comprehensive review of the relevant research literature on consumer attitudes towards ICCS represented by the willingness-to-pay (WTP) and willingness-to-accept (WTA) negative externalities and outcomes of the carbon capture and storage (the so-called “not-in-my-backyard” (NIMBY) approach). In addition, it employs a concise empirical model that uses the data from the online questionnaire survey conducted in 7 European Union (EU) countries with and without ICSS sites. Our results demonstrate that having at least one ICCS site significantly reduces the WTA for the ICCS products and technologies. It is shown that further increase of ICCS sites, including those in the neighboring regions and countries, leads to the increase of negative consumer attitudes to the ICCS technologies and renewable energy policies. It becomes apparent that the majority of consumers are willing to support industrial CO2 capture and storage only if it happens far away from their dwellings. The outcomes of this paper might be informative for the EU local industries and policy-makers who are planning the location of ICCS sites and optimizing the public support for their endeavors. Moreover, they might be relevant for the stakeholders dealing with the threat of climate change and the necessity for the decarbonization of the economy.
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Mencel, Marian Tadeusz. "Ogniwa kontaktów chińsko-kubańskich. Migracje, gospodarka, polityka." Studia Gdańskie. Wizje i rzeczywistość XIV (June 3, 2018): 309–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.5410.

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Cuba, due to the geographical location, is geostrategically important in the region, which was understood by the leaders of the United States, the Soviet Union, and in recent years also by the People's Republic of China. The history of the Cuban-Chinese contacts dates back to the days of creating of cultural and civilization governance by European invaders in Latin America, but it was not established by the political and economic relations, which began just after World War II, the creation of Communist Cuba and China. In the article, the author took an attempt to present the cultural, political and economic changes in relations of the two countries over more than 500 years in a variety of conditions arising from changes in the international environment and the position of China and Cuba in the context of the international relations.
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Styrta, Z. V., and V. M. Mahniuk. "Sanitary-and-epidemiological substantiation of the conditions forthelocation of modern low-capacity enterprises for manufacture of asphalt concrete taking into account changes in technology." Environment & Health, no. 4 (97) (December 2020): 46–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.32402/dovkil2020.04.046.

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Objective: We performed sanitary-and-epidemiological and ecological-and- hygienic substantiation of the conditions for the location of low-capacity enterprises for the manufacture of asphalt concrete, developed the hygienic criteria for their location taking into account the newest home sanitary, ecological and town-planning legislations and requirements of the European Union directives. Materials and methods: In the article we used results of sanitary-and-epidemiological examination of the project materials and applied bibliosemantic, analytical methods. Results: Тhe sanitary legislation of Ukraine of 1971 and 1996 in the normalization of sanitary-and-protection zone for the above mentioned enterprises was analyzed and compared with the analogous standards in the European countries. According to the results of the scientific sanitary-and-epidemiological examination of the project materials on the substantiation of the sanitary-and-protection zone for home low-capacity enterprises for the manufacture of asphalt concrete (80% of them were put into operation before 1996), the following was established. All investigated enterprises work with the prepared bitumen with the implementation of nature protection measures by means of the use of high-efficiency dust and gas cleaning systems, that shortened the gross emissions of the pollutants in ambient air to a large extent and decreased influence on the environment and adjoining settlement territory, that complies with the requirements of the Directive of 2010/75/EС of European Parliament and Council on the industrial emissions (integrated prevention and control of contamination), November 24, 2010. Implementation of nature protection measures with the use of the high-efficiency dust and gas cleaning systems at the existent low-capacity enterprises for the manufacture of asphalt concrete provided the absence of the exceed of MPC of the specific pollutants at the distances that were 1.5-3.0 times less than standard sanitary-protective zone that was a cause for the substantiation of the use of new approach at the establishment of sanitary-and-protection zone by the calculation method at building of the new or reconstruction of the existent low-capacity enterprises for the manufacture of asphalt concrete.
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Kacare, Marika, Ieva Pakere, Armands Grāvelsiņš, and Dagnija Blumberga. "Spatial Analysis of Renewable Energy Sources." Environmental and Climate Technologies 25, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 865–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rtuect-2021-0065.

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Abstract Renewable energy sources are expanding opportunities for industrial development and can boost economic growth and create new jobs. In all European Union (EU) countries, including Latvia, it is possible to use renewable energy resources cost-effectively. The world is now at the beginning of the global energy transformation. Cost-effective renewable energy technologies provided an opportunity for sufficient development to reach ambitious climate targets of the EU Directive 2009/28/EC. Some systems are not only dependent on the interaction of many elements and dynamics over time, but they are also variable in space. In this context, energy production from local and renewable resources is one of the most relevant examples. It is characterized by many spatially variable elements, such as biomass availability, wind speed, solar radiation, location of power plants, transmission network infrastructure, energy demand, etc. It is crucial to explore the spatial distribution of resources to plan territorially-unified development of renewable energy and, consequently, promote efficient use of resources. This paper describes the data acquisition process of the spatial distribution of renewable energy sources. ArcGIS PRO and data collected from the various databases were used to describe the energy sectors according to resources, spheres of consumption and regions.
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Aznar, Juan, Josep Maria Sayeras, Ricard Lascorz, and Borja Raventós. "European macroeconomic imbalances at a sectorial level: Evidence from German and Spanish food industry." Intangible Capital 14, no. 1 (February 16, 2018): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3926/ic.1101.

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Purpose: This research has analyzed the structural differences observed comparing medium size Spanish and German firms in the food industry, specifically biscuit production. A second objective has been to analyze if the different macroeconomic conditions in Spain and Germany have affected the performance of firms.Design/methodology/approach: Using financial information from AMADEUS data base, a sample of firms (135 observations) in the food industry from Spain and Germany have been analyzed, considering the changes observed in the periods 2007-2009, 2010-2012 and 2013-2015. Productivity, real investment, cost per employee, profitability and interests paid by the firms are among the variables considered. The different hypotheses proposed have been tested using non-parametric tes, mainly, Mann-Whitney test and Rho Spearman coefficient.Findings: Medium size German firms are bigger, using number of employees, than Spanish firms and show a higher profitability (using ROE) whatever the period consider. The evidence suggests that after a certain threshold size the correlation between size and productivity is negative. An interesting result is the negative correlation between interest rate and labour productivity; financial conditions can have a clear effect on firm’s performance. At this sector level there is no evidence of the process of internal devaluation, probably because the growth observed either by increase in real investment or sales have been accompanied by the need to hire skilled labour.Research limitations/implications: The main limitation is that this research has only focused on particular economic activity, biscuit producers, to include others firms in the food industry must be considered in future research.Practical implications: Size is a strategic decision that managers must face, to understand how labour productivity and financial performance is affected by size will help to take the optimum decision. The performance of the firm is also partially affected by the interest rate that the firm faces, the negative correlation found between interest rate and labour productivity is important in informing right decisions about increasing firm’s debt level.Social Implications: Europe is rethinking industrial policy in the aftermath of the financial crisis (2008-2009) and in a global context with an increasing number of industrial activities locating in low labour costs destinations. Understanding the structural differences that industries across the European countries show is a key factor in deciding an efficient industrial policy.Originality/value: The last decade has accentuated the macroeconomic differences, in terms of long term interest rates or levels of unemployment between the core of Europe, Germany, and the periphery, including countries like Spain. This research is one the first ones in analyzing how these differences are affecting financial performance and structural differences in a particular industry, that is one of the most important exporters of the European Union.
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Simonović, Aleksandar, and Dragan Kostić. "Free zones of the Republic of Serbia: Business results 2011-2021 and future development." Serbian Journal of Management 17, no. 2 (2022): 463–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/sjm17-40294.

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Free zones are an effective economic instrument that provide the host country with a rapid influx of investments, increased employment, access to new technologies, education, work, industrialization and increased exports. Serbian free zones specialize in industrial production intended for export. They provide their tenants (companies who use the zones) with ease in doing business by exempting them from customs and tax duties. Within certain free zones in Serbia, there are benefits offered by local self-government and they can contribute to a more favorable investment environment compared to other locations. About 10,000 free zones in the world participate in the daily battle for investors, including 82 free zones in the European Union. By offering various services, free zones fight to retain existing and attract new investors, and the platform of free zones provides the fastest and most practical way of flexible development in international trade and increasing the attractiveness of countries for productive international investments. A detailed analysis of the results of the establishment and operation of free zones in Serbia has never been done until now. Previous analyzes were limited to textual and tabular presentations of the results of free zone operations in the previous year and did not provide any relevant conclusions and did not propose measures to improve the operation of both free zones and free zone user companies, nor the applied concept of free zones in Serbia.
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Larsson, Bengt. "Trade Union Channels for Influencing European Union Policies." Nordic Journal of Working Life Studies 5, no. 3 (October 1, 2015): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.19154/njwls.v5i3.4809.

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This paper analyzes what channels trade unions in Europe use when trying to influence European Union (EU) policies. It compares and contrasts trade unions in different industrial relations regimes with regard to the degree to which they cooperate with different actors to influence EU policies, while also touching on the importance of sector differences and organizational resources. The study is based on survey data collected in 2010–2011 from unions affiliated with the European Trade Union Confederation and from below peak unions in 14 European countries. Results of the survey show that the ‘national route’ is generally the most important for trade unions in influencing EU policies in the sense that this channel is, on average, used to the highest degree. In addition, the survey delineates some important differences between trade unions in different industrial relations regimes with regard to the balance between the national route and different access points in the ‘Brussels route’.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Industrial location – European Union countries"

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Campbell, Carolyn. "The impact of association with the EU on domestic industrial policy making : the case of Poland 1990-1995." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1999. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:51fa56c3-5e4c-4cfc-ad8e-f0073dd8063d.

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This thesis is a case study of the effects of association with the EU on domestic industrial policy making in Poland during 1990-1995 from a liberal intergovernmentalist perspective, showing how association affected the industrial policy-making autonomy of the Government in relation to other domestic actors in two ways. First, because domestic interests were weak and divided in transition-era Poland, the EU provided political leaders with a sharper focus and allowed them to consolidate domestic support for government industrial policy initiatives. Second, where domestic opposition arose, association helped political leaders to overcome it by giving industrial policy initiatives greater legitimacy and allowing them to be portrayed as "mandatory" for EU membership. The manner in which the Government handled domestic pressure for intervention from state enterprises seeking to avoid painful adjustments and restructuring during the transition offers a prime test of the effects of EU association on industrial policy-making autonomy. In most areas, the pro-market, pro-competition policies mandated by EU association were incompatible with the nature and level of governmental involvement in industry under socialism, requiring an end to state subsidies and other forms of discretionary support enjoyed by state enterprises for nearly four decades. Incorporating case studies of the steel and textiles sectors, this thesis illustrates how in the context of transition, the Government's commitment to EU association was stronger than for other recent EU members and ensured that the Government would deviate from the course charted in the Association Agreement only in cases of intense domestic pressure, and even then only temporarily. Accordingly, in a new twist to liberal intergovernmentalism, Poland's transitional domestic situation coupled with the country's enduring commitment to eventual EU membership ensured that the effects of association on policy-making autonomy were more pronounced in Poland than in existing member states.
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Faber, Pierre Anthony. "Industrial relations, flexibility, and the EU social dimension : a comparative study of British and German employer response to the EU social dimension." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1999. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:959fa1ee-cd08-450b-8e94-68b9858dd9e3.

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This study sets out to explore employer response to the EU social dimension, in answer to the question, "How are employers in the UK and Germany responding to the EU social dimension, and why?" Using case study evidence from nine large British and German engineering companies, as well as material from employers' associations at all levels, it is argued that there is little employer support for extending the social dimension. Focusing on micro-economic aspects of the debate, it is also argued that a common feature in both British and German employer opposition is a concern for the impact of EU industrial relations regulation on firm-level flexibility. This stands in direct contradiction of the EU Commission's own contentions about the flexibility-enhancing effects of its social policy measures, and appears paradoxical in light of earlier research findings of a German flexibility advantage over UK rivals on account of the country's well-structured regulatory framework for industrial relations. Evidence from participant companies, however, suggests that, in the global environment of the late 1990s, much of Germany's former flexibility advantage has been eroded, and the regulation-induced limitations on both the pace and scale of change are increasingly onerous to German companies. German managers perceive a need for targeted deregulatory reform of their industrial relations system; by strengthening (and often extending) existing industrial relations regulation, EU social policy measures meet with firm disapproval. In the UK, by contrast, the changed context has contributed to a significant increase in firm-level flexibility. British companies now operate to levels of flexibility often in advance of their German counterparts, at far lower 'cost' in terms of the time taken, and the extent to which change measures are compromised, to reach agreement. For British managers, EU social policy measures are perceived as a threat to these beneficial arrangements, and vigorously opposed. The thesis concludes by suggesting that such fixed opposition, in the face of Commission determination to extend the EU social dimension, points to an escalation of the controversy surrounding the social dimension.
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Galgau, Olivia. "Essays in international economics and industrial organization." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210773.

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The aim of the thesis is to further explore the relationship between economic integration and firm mobility and investment, both from an empirical and a theoretical perspective, with the objective of drawing conclusions on how government policy can be used to strengthen the positive impact of integration on investment, which is crucial in moving and maintaining countries at the forefront of the technology frontier and accelerating economic growth in a world of rapid technical change and high mobility of ideas, goods, services, capital and labor.

The first chapter aims to bring together the literature on economic integration, firm mobility and investment. It contains two sections: one dedicated to the literature on FDI and the second covering the literature on firm entry and exit, economic performance and economic and business regulation.

In the second chapter I examine the relationship between the Single Market and FDI both in an intra-EU context and from outside the EU. The empirical results show that the impact of the Single Market on FDI differs substantially from one country to another. This finding may be due to the functioning of institutions.

The third chapter studies the relationship between the level of external trade protection put into place by a Regional Integration Agreement(RIA)and the option of a firm from outside the RIA block to serve the RIA market through FDI rather than exports. I find that the level of external trade protection put in place by the RIA depends on the RIA country's capacity to benefit from FDI spillovers, the magnitude of set-up costs of building a plant in the RIA and on the amount of external trade protection erected by the country from outside the reigonal block with respect to the RIA.

The fourth chapter studies how the firm entry and exit process is affected by product market reforms and regulations and impact macroeconomic performance. The results show that an increase in deregulation will lead to a rise in firm entry and exit. This in turn will especially affect macroeconomic performance as measured by output growth and labor productivity growth. The analysis done at the sector level shows that results can differ substantially across industries, which implies that deregulation policies should be conducted at the sector level, rather than at the global macroeconomic level.
Doctorat en sciences économiques, Orientation économie
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Barker, Roger M. "Competition, parties and the determinants of change in European corporate governance : a macro-comparative analysis /." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2008. http://ora.ouls.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:31d9f1df-60e4-413d-80b2-e35e8790bac9.

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Šerić, Adnan. "Three empirical essays on determinants of industry and investment location patterns in the context of economic transition and regional integration : the evidence from Central and Eastern European countries." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/2098.

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The factor determinants of industry and investment location patterns in transition economies can be expected to differ from those frequently observed in developed countries. Historically, centrally planned economies have suffered from inefficient industrial policies that are generally assumed to have had distortive effects on spatial location of industry. The process of economic transition and regional integration that followed the demise of socialist structures is assumed to have subsequently affected the geographical distribution of economic activities within and between countries of the region. Given the above this thesis capitalises on the quasi-natural experiment setting to further explore industry and investment location decisions in transition economies. In particular, the research presented here follows three main objectives. First, it intends to provide a comprehensive picture of changes in industry location patterns over time. Second, it aims to contribute to the debate on factor determinants of industry location at various levels of spatial aggregation. Third, it seeks to explore location determinants of foreign direct investors in particular, given their pivotal role for economic development of transition economies. In all instances, the research is geared towards a better understanding of the role of institutional factors, such as reforms and policies, in affecting distribution of economic activity across space. Thus, the work conducted qualifies as a further contribution to the analysis of structural changes that have affected the economies under examination. In broad terms, the findings presented here point towards significant changes in spatial location patterns of industry and investments that are leading to increased polarisation of economic landscape over time. Nonetheless, we find evidence that certain institutional factors qualify as viable policy levers, thereby providing ample scope for policy makers to impact existing location patterns of economic activity.
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Dufresne, Anne. "Les stratégies de l'euro-syndicalisme sectoriel: étude de la coordination salariale et du dialogue social." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210769.

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The main contribution of my thesis is the analysis of substantial empirical material that I have collected from Community trade union actors. My analysis focuses on the institutional strategies of the sectoral European trade union federations and their implications for the Europeanisation of wages policy. I have demonstrated that the development of European coordination processes of national collective bargaining, particularly at sectoral level, has contributed to reviving the concept of collective bargaining and professional relations in the European Area, which until then had been covered in the literature by the social dialogue. I have identified three obstacles to collective negociations at a European level: the “depoliticised” wage in the economic partnership, employers identified as the “lobby partner” in the sectoral social dialogue, and the difficulties encountered in the Europeanisation of trade unions.

L’apport majeur de notre thèse est l’analyse d’un matériel empirique conséquent que nous avons collecté auprès des acteurs syndicaux communautaires. Notre analyse se concentre sur les stratégies institutionnelles des fédérations syndicales sectorielles européennes et sur leurs implications en matière d’européanisation de la politique salariale. Nous avons démontré que le développement des processus de coordination européenne des négociations collectives nationales, en particulier au niveau sectoriel, peut contribuer à renouveler la conception de la négociation collective et des relations professionnelles dans l’espace européen jusqu’alors appréhendée dans la littérature par le dialogue social. Nous avons identifié trois obstacles à la négociation collective européenne :le salaire « dépolitisé » dans le partenariat économique, le patronat devenu « partenaire-lobby » dans le dialogue social sectoriel, et la difficile européanisation syndicale.


Doctorat en sciences sociales, Orientation sociologie
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Nogueira, Pedro Sá Ferreira Amaral. "A localização económica na União Europeia." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/14941.

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Mestrado em Economia Internacional e Estudos Europeus
Este trabalho é um estudo sobre a localização dos sectores de atividade económica na União Europeia, um elemento fundamental para compreender as estruturas económicas dos seus países membros. Com enfoque empírico, é feita a análise da especialização dos países e da concentração e distribuição de todos os sectores económicos, com destaque para o sector industrial, no período entre 1995 e 2014, com recurso à informação da base de dados STAN da OCDE. Procurou-se também avaliar os impactos na localização económica de acontecimentos relevantes que ocorreram no período, nomeadamente a introdução do euro, o alargamento da União Europeia aos países do Leste, e a crise financeira de 2008. Os resultados obtidos evidenciam o impacto assinalável destes acontecimentos e revelam tendências no período como a convergência global da estrutura económica dos países e a concentração de atividade na maioria dos sectores, concentração especialmente intensa no sector industrial.
This is a study about the location of economic activity in the European Union, a key element for the understanding of the economic structures of its member states. With an empirical focus, this work measures countries specialization and the concentration and distribution of economic activities, with a focus on the industrial sector, between 1995 and 2014, based on data from the OECD STAN database. Also present was a search for the consequences of major events that occurred during that period, namely the introduction of the euro, the eastern enlargement of the European Union, and the 2008 financial crisis. The results show these events to have had a significant impact and also reveal the global convergence of economic structures during that time frame and the growing concentration of most economic activities, namely those on the industrial sector.
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PARKS, Louisa. "In the corridors and in the streets : a comparative study of the impacts of social movement campaigns in the EU." Doctoral thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/25335.

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Defence date: 9 January 2009
Examining Board: Prof. Donatella della Porta (EUI/External Supervisor); Prof. Laszlo Bruszt, EUI; Prof. Sidney Tarrow, Cornell University; Prof. Carlo Ruzza, University of Leicester
First available online on 12 March 2019
This doctoral thesis aims to trace the impacts of campaigns carried out by coalitions of social movement organisations in the transnational arena of the EU. In order to accomplish this task, an original approach to process tracing is adopted using methods used in social movement studies. The internal aspects of campaigns are investigated using a dynamic, cross-time and multi-level, frame analysis, while the contexts of the campaigns are analysed through political and discursive opportunity approaches adapted to the peculiarities of the EU arena. Four case studies, including two campaigns concerned with environmental / public health policy (GMOs and coexistence, and the REACH legislation) and two concerned with broadly defined social policy (the mid-term review of the Lisbon agenda and the Services directive), make up the empirical part of the study. Drawing on documentary evidence as well as semi-structured interviews with staff members from the core SMOs involved in each campaign at the Brussels level, the processes leading to access, agenda, or policy outcomes (or indeed non-outcomes) are traced using the analytical methods mentioned above. These processes provide the basis for preliminary conclusions on the nature of campaigning in the EU. Elite allies are found to be important in securing desired outcomes in campaigns, as are solid, previously agreed shared frames between coalition organisations. The cases also show that the EU is not an arena where conventional tactics (i.e. lobbying) are always enough – indeed the ability to campaign effectively at multiple levels using appropriate tactics is identified as a major factor in campaigns that saw positive outcomes. This finding challenges the idea that the EU arena is unsuitable to protest actions (e.g. Marks and McAdam 1996). Finally, the study uncovers the beginnings of a divide between ‘technical’ and ‘political’ campaigns in the EU. Stemming from the finding that national contexts still provided the opportunities or threats that appeared most important in campaign outcomes, the cases showed that where campaigns were more ‘political’ - in that they were more ideologically charged - groups were more likely to be able to mobilise grassroots members and secure their desired outcomes. In more ‘technical’ cases, where the European Commission played a greater role, mobilisation efforts were subdued as groups sunk their resources in long cycles of consultation and knowledge production geared to the needs of the Commission.
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GILLI, Andrea. "Unipolarity, technological change and arms manufacturing : explaining industrial alliances in the European defense industry." Doctoral thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/32132.

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Defence date: 11 June 2014
Examining Board: Professor Anand Menon, King’s College London Professor Ulrich Krotz, European University Institute Dr. Antonio Missiroli, European Union Institute for Security Studies Professor Pascal Vennesson, European University Instiute/Rajaratnam School of International Studies (Supervisor).
The European Defence Agency and the Egmont Institute awarded Andrea Gilli, author of the EUI PhD thesis, the 2015 EDA-Egmont PhD prize for his research work on armaments cooperation.
The EDA-Egmont PhD prize was created in 2013 to stimulate research in the field of European defence, security and strategy. The prize rewards research work undertaken as part of a PhD thesis carried out at a recognised academic institution.
Why do countries cooperate for the production of some weapon systems and not some others? Existing IR theories cannot fully answer these questions. In this thesis, I focus on Europe – the area in the world where armaments cooperation has been pursued more extensively. Drawing from the existing literature in international relations theory, in management studies and industrial organization, I make two claims. First, the stability of the post-Cold War era has generally given European countries – although to different extents – an incentive to gear their defense policies towards the protection of domestic jobs and the promotion of military export rather than towards capabilities development. Second, in order to achieve these goals, EU countries have strategically cooperated on the production of some specific weapon systems rather than others. By altering the structure of the market, and thus creating winners and losers, technological change can explain this variation. In my dissertation I show that European countries were more likely to pursue cooperation in armaments production when either an exogenous and relatively major technological change made their defense industries less competitive in export markets (architectural change) or when extremely advanced components were necessary to compete in global armament markets (modular innovations). Conversely, European countries were less likely to cooperate when either an industry was characterized by linear improvements (evolutionary change) – and thus cooperation could only harm domestic industry and employment – or when a revolutionary innovation emerged (radical change). In this latter instance, each country had a strong interest in pursuing its own program so to create a domestic industrial base and, eventually, establish the industry’s dominant design, thus becoming market leader. 2 I test my theory on three case studies. Building on industry statistics, specialized publications and structured and unstructured interviews w
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SMISMANS, Stijn. "Functional participation in European occupational health and safety policy : democratic nightmare or additional source of legitimacy?" Doctoral thesis, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/4787.

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Defence date: 14 January 2002
Examining Board: Prof. G. de Búrca (EUI Law Department), co-supervisor ; Prof. R. Dehousse (Institut d'Etudes Politiques, Paris/ former EUI Law Department), supervisor ; Judge K. Lenaerts (Court of First Instance/ and Katholieke Universiteit Leuven) ; Prof. P.C. Schmitter (EUI Department of Political and Social Sciences)
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digitised archive of EUI PhD theses completed between 2013 and 2017
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Books on the topic "Industrial location – European Union countries"

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Combes, Pierre-Philippe. The spatial distribution of economic activities in the European Union. [London]: Centre for Economic Performance, London School of Economics and Political Science, 2003.

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Industrial organization: A European perspective. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001.

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Jovanović, Miroslav N. Evolutionary economic geography: Location of production and the European Union. Abingdon, Oxon, [England]: Routledge, 2008.

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1965-, Kassim Hussein, and Menon Anand 1965-, eds. The European Union and national industrial policy. London: Routledge, 1996.

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Piotet, F. Policies on health and safety in thirteen countries of the European Union. Loughlinstown, Dublin: European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions, 1996.

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European Commission. Directorate-General for Development. and European Commission, eds. Industrial and economic co-operation between the European Union and the developing countries. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 1995.

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1963-, Darmer Michael, and Kuyper Laurens 1945-, eds. Industry and the European Union: Analysing policies for business. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, 2000.

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Economic citizenship in the European Union: Employment relations in the new Europe. London: Routledge, 1999.

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Cini, Michelle. Competition policy in the European union. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1998.

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Lee, McGowan, ed. Competition policy in the European Union. 2nd ed. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008.

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Book chapters on the topic "Industrial location – European Union countries"

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Rieber, Arsène, and Thi Anh-Dao Tran. "Catching-Up Process, South-South Integration and Location of Industrial Activity." In Integration, Growth and Cohesion in an Enlarged European Union, 131–50. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/0-387-22854-3_6.

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Pain, Nigel, and Ulrich Grosch. "Fiscal Policies, European Integration and Structural Changes in the Location of German Foreign Direct Investment." In Foreign Direct Investment in the Real and Financial Sector of Industrial Countries, 99–146. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-24736-4_5.

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Celeste, Edoardo, and Federico Fabbrini. "Competing Jurisdictions: Data Privacy Across the Borders." In Palgrave Studies in Digital Business & Enabling Technologies, 43–58. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54660-1_3.

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Abstract Borderless cloud computing technologies are exacerbating tensions between European and other existing regulatory models for data privacy. On the one hand, in the European Union (EU), a series of data localisation initiatives are emerging with the objective of preserving Europe’s digital sovereignty, guaranteeing the respect of EU fundamental rights and preventing foreign law enforcement and intelligence agencies from accessing personal data. On the other hand, foreign countries are unilaterally adopting legislation requiring national corporations to disclose data stored in Europe, in this way bypassing jurisdictional boundaries grounded on physical data location. The chapter investigates this twofold dynamic by focusing particularly on the current friction between the EU data protection approach and the data privacy model of the United States (US) in the field of cloud computing.
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Can, Hamit, and Daniela Minkovska. "The Energy Policy of Bulgaria." In CSR and Socially Responsible Investing Strategies in Transitioning and Emerging Economies, 120–36. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-2193-9.ch007.

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Energy is considered the main input for economic and industrial development. In this context, it is important that countries develop sustainable energy policies in order to meet economic growth and energy demand. Government policies play a critical role in economic growth and incentives for innovation. This chapter summarizes Bulgaria's energy policies as an increasingly important energy transit country due to its strategic location. These policies were presented in line with the European Union energy policies and the solutions of the characteristics of the country. Some of the targets to be implemented are as follows: ensuring energy supply security, achieving RES share targets, energy efficiency improvements, development of a competitive energy market, safe energy needs and protection of consumers, establishment of the necessary infrastructure and diversification of energy resources, strengthening the external relations and solidarity coordinated in the field of energy.
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Can, Hamit, and Daniela Minkovska. "The Energy Policy of Bulgaria." In Research Anthology on Clean Energy Management and Solutions, 1841–57. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-9152-9.ch081.

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Energy is considered the main input for economic and industrial development. In this context, it is important that countries develop sustainable energy policies in order to meet economic growth and energy demand. Government policies play a critical role in economic growth and incentives for innovation. This chapter summarizes Bulgaria's energy policies as an increasingly important energy transit country due to its strategic location. These policies were presented in line with the European Union energy policies and the solutions of the characteristics of the country. Some of the targets to be implemented are as follows: ensuring energy supply security, achieving RES share targets, energy efficiency improvements, development of a competitive energy market, safe energy needs and protection of consumers, establishment of the necessary infrastructure and diversification of energy resources, strengthening the external relations and solidarity coordinated in the field of energy.
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Arpacı, Öncü Yanmaz, and Ferda Esin Gülel. "Are European Union Member and Candidate Countries Ready for Industry 5.0?" In Practice, Progress, and Proficiency in Sustainability, 52–66. IGI Global, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-6113-6.ch003.

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Industry 4.0 is currently one of the significant subjects in academic, managerial, and engineering research. After Industry 4.0, Industry/Society 5.0 philosophy is a brand-new world of unmanned technologies and a super smart society with the purpose of using the technology all over the world. The aim of this study is to interpret the readiness of the European Union and candidate countries for Society 5.0 in line with their position in Industry 4.0. In this research, spatial clustering analysis method was applied for EU member and candidate countries by utilizing some Industry 4.0 variables. The researchers found that the countries with similar economic development are in the same clusters. Developed country experiences can be the most important factors that accomplish Industry 4.0. Because the countries that make this progress will first be able to achieve success in Industry 4.0, they will be able to adapt more easily to Industry 5.0, which is the next industrial revolution.
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Sozen, Adnan, and Fatih Cipil. "Efficiency Analysis of Turkey's Transportation System Using Decision Support Model." In Advances in Civil and Industrial Engineering, 61–92. IGI Global, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-8648-9.ch003.

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Since the European Union has certain targets and criteria that must be fulfilled by its members, Turkey's situation in transportation compared to the EU member countries (23 countries whose data were accessed) was examined through the approaches of decision support models (Data Envelopment Analysis and Malmquist Index). This study investigates whether Turkey utilizes its road, airway and railway transportation indicators efficiently or not within the framework of the European Union (EU) accession process. In addition, it aims to demonstrate Turkey's current position compared to other EU countries by performing relative efficiency analysis on road, airway and railway transportation indicators. The conclusions of this study will help policymakers to determine Turkey's policy objectives for its integration to the EU in terms of transportation indicators.
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Mkrttchian, Vardan, Leyla Ayvarovna Gamidullaeva, Svetlana Panasenko, and Arman Sargsyan. "Big Data Analytics and Internet of Things in Industrial Internet in Former Soviet Union Countries." In Advances in Data Mining and Database Management, 359–78. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-7432-3.ch020.

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The purpose of this chapter is to explore the integration of three new concepts—big data, internet of things, and internet signs—in the countries of the former Soviet Union. Further, the concept of big data is analyzed. The internet of things is analyzed. Information on semiotics is given, and it reduces to the notion of internet signs. Context concepts and the contribution of big data, internet of things, and internet of signs to contextual simplification are analyzed. The chapter briefly outlines some potential applications of the integration of these three concepts. The chapter briefly discusses the contribution of the study and gives some extensions. These applications included continuous monitoring of accounting data, continuous verification and validation, and use of big data, location information, and other data, for example, to control fraudsters in the countries of the former Soviet Union.
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Bastian, Jens. "The Rise, Fall, and Return of Promotional Banking in Greece." In The Reinvention of Development Banking in the European Union, 283–305. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198859703.003.0011.

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This chapter studies the case of Greece as one of the few countries in which a fully-fledged development bank is still lacking at the time of writing. While a Hellenic Development Bank is in the making, development finance took a contested trajectory over the past thirty years. Beginning with the conglomeration and then privatization of the former industrial development bank, ETBA, Greece became familiar with a fragmented and crowded field of development finance domestically, populated by Greek, foreign, and multilateral development actors. In the context of severe crisis and stark political tensions over the past decades, it is unclear what success a new national development institution will have.
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Karan, Ulaş. "The Impact of the Court of Justice of the European Union on the Turkish Legal System." In The Impact of the European Court of Justice on Neighbouring Countries, 115–40. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198855934.003.0006.

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This chapter explores whether the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) produces any impact on the Turkish legal system and, if so, its possible underlying causes. Protection of intellectual, industrial, and commercial property rights, competition, trade defence instruments, government procurement, direct and indirect taxation have been regarded as the main areas of ‘approximation of legislation’. Accordingly, laws adopted mostly in the past three decades show that the influence of EU law is valid only in certain fields of law, such as intellectual property law, labour law, and competition law, and this is also where we find most CJEU citations. This influence forms part of the EU accession process, which requires Turkey to harmonize its laws with the acquis. According to the research, despite the existence of a long-standing accession process and legislation based on the acquis in certain fields of law, on the whole, the Turkish judiciary does not seem committed to follow EU law in general or CJEU jurisprudence in particular.
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Conference papers on the topic "Industrial location – European Union countries"

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Pope, Ronald B., Deborah Kopsick, Shih-Yew Chen, Ray Turner, and Martin Magold. "Addressing the Monitoring and Transport of Radioactively Contaminated Scrap Metal: An International Approach." In ASME 2006 Pressure Vessels and Piping/ICPVT-11 Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2006-icpvt-11-93668.

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The international metal processing industries are very concerned about the importation of scrap metal contaminated by radioactivity. Many of the problems are being identified while these materials, either unprocessed scrap, or processed materials, are being transported in the public domain. Because of this concern, the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE), with the support of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) circulated a survey to various countries and interested groups. Following assessment of the survey, a meeting was convened in April 2004 to discuss and evaluate the issues. Three major issues were identified at the initial meeting. • First, an internationally acceptable scrap metal radiation monitoring and response protocol is needed. • Second, international training programs are needed to address multiple areas, almost all having emphasis on the transport mode; these include addressing such topics as protocol implementation, optimum location of monitors, acceptable detector sensitivities, calibration and maintenance needs, incident reporting, handling radioactive materials after detection. • Third, international information exchange within the scrap metal industry is needed to share data and experiences on contaminated scrap incidents, especially those occurring at international borders during the transport of these materials. The “open border” policy of the European Union makes the collection and dissemination of this information sharing particularly time critical. The paper reviews the results of the initial meeting, and elaborates on the efforts undertaken since that meeting.
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Eren, Miraç, and Selahattin Kaynak. "Analysis of Innovation Performances of European Union Member Countries." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c08.01852.

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Together with the transition from the industrial society to the information society, Innovation at the forefront of the countries' development arguments has strategic significance for companies, industries, and countries and it is emerging as the main element of being in the market. Also, Innovation has vital importance in determining the policies of countries because of increasing social welfare and living standards of individuals. Countries having effective innovation policies and systems are rapidly advancing in the development race. Even in countries with low innovation performance, demand for innovative products and services are high. According to the Lisbon Strategy, it is important to know the innovation performances of the member countries of the European Union, which see the innovation as the basic element of economic growth, and to measure their activities. For these reasons, the purpose of this research is to analyze the innovation performances of the EU member countries. So, Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) to measure the performance of each member country against the other member countries in the group consisting of European Union countries was considered. Therefore, the variables that are used in determining the level of innovation of the member states of the European Commission were respectively considered as Input Variables (Human Research, Research Systems, Finance, and Support) and Output Variables (Innovators, Economic effects). Tone (2001)'s Slack-Based Model and Lotfi & Poursakhi (2012)'s dynamic DEA Model was considered together to measure the efficiency of the countries in few periods instead of a single period.
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Alsarayreh, Malak Mohammad Mustafa, Maryam Faraj AlSuwaidi, Reem AbdulMajid Al Sharif, and Adeeb A. Kutty. "The Factors Affecting CO2 Emission in the European Union Countries: A Statistical Approach to Sustainability across the Food Industry." In 2020 IEEE 7th International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Applications (ICIEA). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iciea49774.2020.9102066.

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BANU, Constantin, Lile RAMONA, Tiberiu IANCU, Mihaela MOATĂR, Dora ORBOI, Carolina ȘTEFAN, and Sorin STANCIU. "COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE ROMANIAN AND THE MAIN EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES’ NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEMS." In Rural Development 2015. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2015.039.

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In the European Union, forests and other wooded areas cover a total of 177.8 million hectares, which represents approximately 40% of the EU total area and an area similar to that used for agricultural purposes (183.9 million hectares). Germany, Spain, France, Finland and Sweden make up over three-fifths of the area covered by forests in the EU. Our paper shows the distribution of forested areas in the EU and their importance in comparison with the agricultural area of each Member State. In 2014, the EU represents about 12 % of global timber volume harvested timber from forests and woodlands on its surfaces rising to 392.9 million m3. Forestry, logging and related services covering timber production and extraction and harvesting of forest products that grow in the wild. In addition to industrial round wood, forests produce firewood, too. In some regions, non-timber forest products are also an important source of local income. In the research approach, we considered necessary and appropriate to perform a comparative analysis of the situation of Romanian forest similar to that of the main European Union countries, to identify measures that some of them have tried, and even managed to increase a rational exploitation of afforested areas forest resources. The results conducted to a comparative analysis of the National Forest and the main EU countries’ Systems, to identify possible starting points for grounding new sustainable development strategies, given their similar experience.
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Belet, Nuran. "European Energy Association (EEA) and Turkey's Regional “Energy Hub” Possibility: Opportunities and Challenges." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c07.01763.

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European Union Commission declared its vision on European Energy Association EEA including comprehensive changes on energy strategy about energy cooperation and climate changes, as well as conversion and its multi-dimensional cooperation objectives with its report European Commission, Energy Union Package, COM 2015-80. Current cost of energy to the European Union damages its competitiveness in the international market due to its high dependence on energy supply. EU will play an active role in the international energy market with EEA on both energy dependence and on energy supply security. Only four countries are listed on the EEA vision document among alternative producers, cooperation with transit countries and strategic partners: Algeria, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan and Turkey. Due to its geo-strategic location Turkey is the most affordable and reliable energy transit route between Central Asia and Europe. In this study Turkey’s place as a strategic transit country and its partnership in TAP/TANAP projects as well as its possibility to become a regional energy hub and an oil corridor in the East-West route will be discussed in detail as it is stated in EEA vision document. In this context, possibilities, challenges and related macro-economic policies will be evaluated.
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Stepina, Mairita, and Modrite Pelse. "European Union funding support to Latvian municipalities for degraded areas revitalization." In Research for Rural Development 2022 : annual 28th international scientific conference proceedings. Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/rrd.28.2022.033.

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The formation and existence of degraded areas is one of the consequences of civilization, which has a negative impact on both the environment and economic development in the municipality. The problem of degraded areas has been faced by all countries worldwide, including Latvia, when as a result of the change of the state political system in the 1990s after the collapse of the Soviet system, a large number of inactive production companies appeared, resulting in a significant number of polluted / degraded areas. To solve the existing problem, local governments in Latvia use European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) funding under the Operational Program ‘Growth and Employment’ 5.6.2, specific support objective ‘Revitalization of territories by regenerating degraded areas in accordance with local government integrated development programs’ (SSO 5.6.2) to ensure the sustainable development of the territory by revitalizing degraded areas. In the implementation of projects, local governments must ensure the fulfilment of the indicators planned in the projects in the following groups of indicators: the area of degraded areas has been renewed, adapted for the location of new businesses or expansion of existing businesses in order to promote employment and economic activity in local governments; new jobs created in supported areas; non-financial investments made by businesses located in the supported territory in their own intangible investments and fixed assets. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the indicators of the implemented projects in order to be able to draw conclusions about the financial aspects of the project implementation and the progress of the project implementation.
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Panagoreţ, Andreea, Dragos Panagoreţ, and Tomislav Kandyija. "Sustainable Development and Environmental Policy of the European Union." In G.I.D.T.P. 2019 - Globalization, Innovation and Development, Trends and Prospects 2019. LUMEN Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18662/lumproc/gidtp2022/16.

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Sustainable development approaches the concept of quality of life in all its complexity, from an economic, social and environmental point of view, promoting the idea of ​​the balance between economic development, social equity, efficient use and conservation of the environment. By its very nature, sustainable development represents the need for responsibility and education for environmental protection, and this aspect is reflected in the evolution of community policy in recent years, a policy marked by the transition from an approach based on constraint and sanction, to a more flexible, based one on incentives. Thus, it is acting in the direction of a voluntary approach, in order to promote this environmental responsibility and to encourage the use of environmental management systems. The environmental policy does not act independently, but reflects the interest of civil society in this direction, manifested by the creation of numerous environmental movements and organizations. Moreover, in some countries the creation and development of "green" political parties has been achieved, with real success in the political arena. However, resistance - or, more properly, the restraint and inertia that manifests itself, should not be forgotten, when environmental objectives seem to limit industrial competitiveness and economic growth; but this aspect only emphasizes once again the need for a concerted approach at European level and the need for an active and integrated environmental policy, capable of responding to the challenges that appear economically. The European environmental policy is based on the principles of precaution, prevention, correction of pollution at source and "polluter pays". The precautionary principle is a risk management tool that can be invoked if there is scientific uncertainty about a possible risk to human health or the environment, arising from a particular action or policy.
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İncekara, Ahmet, and Burcu Kılınç Savrul. "Regional Development Policies of the European Union: An Evaluation in the Framework of Structural Funds and Other Financial Instruments." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c02.00307.

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Regional policy of the European Union (EU) is implemented in order to improve welfare and quality of life in specific regions of EU member countries, minimize inter-regional income differences and restructure less developed industrial areas. regions of the EU countries has urban and regional development differences in themselves. Regional policies have gained importance in the process of EU enlargement. Increases regional disparities has been observed to occur with the first expansion. Although the tools that the Community could use for regional inequality were initially limited, they began to increase over the years in the process of development of regional policy of the EU. In this respect, this study will focus primarily on the EU regional development policies, the structural funds in line with the measures taken to ensure economic and social cohesion in EU countries and European Investment Bank and the new tools such as community tool will be discussed.
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Özdemir, Abdullah, Mehmet Mercan, and Erkan Dendeş. "The Relationship between Energy Consumption and Growth in the Transition Economies of Central Asian Republics." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c04.00691.

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The transition period from the socialist system to the capitalist system is used to describe economies in transition. With the dissolution of the Soviet Union in the 1990s, with Central and Eastern European Countries, the Countries in Central Asia have entered into this process. Central Asian Countries haven’t entered into this process providently a lot in transitional stage. At the end of secession process from the Soviet Union, these countries had only limited industrial plants and natural resources. However, reserves of energy resources that these countries have in their economic growth have been a pusher factor. No doubt, increasing energy consumption has a significant effect in the development of the countries. The main purpose of this study is to test the existence of growth relation and energy consumptions in Central Asian Countries that live the transition period accordingly. This study investigates relationship between economic growth and energy consumption for Central Asian Countries over the period 1990-2010 by using panel data analysis. As a conclusion it is reached that there is a significant correlation between energy consumption and economic growth for these countries.
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Ashkhotov, V., M. Marzhokhova, and L. Khalishkhova. "Perfection of The Mechanism of Management of Information and Consulting Support of the Agro-Industrial Complex on the Basis of the Experience of the Countries of the European Union." In Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference "Far East Con" (ISCFEC 2018). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/iscfec-18.2019.206.

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