Dissertations / Theses: 'Industrial emission'

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Crowther, Timothy Guy. "Application of chemical acoustic emission to industrial processes." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/29804.

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This thesis reports on two chemical acoustic emission studies of importance to Canadian Industry. The first demonstrated that the rate of evolution of hydrogen and oxygen from electrodes in an electrolysis cell may be conveniently monitored via its ultrasonic acoustic emission, in a non-intrusive manner. The apparatus used in this work consisted of a nickel anode, a stainless steel cathode, and a saturated calomel reference electrode, all situated in a three-chamber cell containing sodium hydroxide electrolyte solutions of various concentrations. The potential necessary for evolution of both hydrogen and oxygen was conclusively determined by the onset of bursts of acoustic emission. Individual acoustic emission signals, captured using a broadband transducer mounted on the working electrode, contained frequencies from 16 kHz to as high as 800 kHz. These were correlated with the release of streams of bubbles from the electrode's surface, both visually and via a chart recorder trace of peak acoustic intensity vs. time. Trends in several time-domain signal descriptors were observed with an increase in the applied voltage. Acoustic power spectra were obtained by averaging spectra from many acoustic signals. Estimates of rate of emission were made by integration of the peak acoustic level. The effects of applied potential and electrolyte concentration on the multiple bursts of acoustic emission were characterized and are presented as a system response surface. Increasing the applied potential resulted in greater rates of bubble emission, which increased the intensity of acoustic emission, but produced, essentially, an identical acoustic power spectrum. The extent of acoustic emission at high concentrations (2.0 M) and high applied potentials (3.0 - 4.0 V) was less than expected, which suggested a decrease in efficiency under these conditions. Evolution of gas from the electrolysis was compared with the root mean square (RMS) voltage of the acoustic signal. The acoustic RMS was found to correlate linearly with gas volume produced, and consequently it correlated linearly with current measurements. Further studies indicate that the formation of oxides on a clean electrode surface was accompanied by limited acoustic activity, but no such emissions were found for electrodes in which the oxide coating was already present. The second study sought to improve the method that industry uses to determine the sensitivity of compounds to impact. This method is particularly important in measuring the safety of handling explosive compounds in transport, and in storage. The apparatus used presently involves the dropping of a weight from a height onto a small sample, which is confined in a specially designed enclosure. A positive result only occurs when enough energy was supplied to cause an explosion. Whether a result is positive or negative is somewhat open to the interpretation of the operator. Signs of a positive result include smoke, piercing of a diaphragm, or the formation of a dark residue within the sample enclosure. The amount of potential energy (height x weight) required to cause a positive result in at least 50% of tests is termed the sensitivity value. Used in this conventional fashion, the instrument produced a single YES/NO decision per experiment. Many experiments were required to characterize each sample, in what is a very tedious procedure. In this present work it is shown that acoustic emission can be used to effectively monitor controlled explosive reactions occurring within the drop weight tester sample cavity. The acoustic emission resulting from the impact was captured using a broadband transducer mounted on a clip, which rested on the sample holder. Frequencies from 100 kHz to 1 MHz were captured. This has resulted in an automatic method for distinguishing between a positive and a negative result in calibration and solid sample tests. Spectrogram (plots time vs. frequency emission) analysis suggests that acoustic emission may be used to probe the mechanism of the explosion within the sample container. The high irrepeatability of results for the nitromethane samples was due to the piercing of the "O-ring" surrounding the sample, rather than the expected rupture of the diaphragm situated above it. The results show that better design of the present drop weight apparatus must be undertaken to improve the reproducibility. Acoustic emission will provide a useful means to quantify that improvement.
Science, Faculty of
Chemistry, Department of
Graduate

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Al-Fawaz, Abdullah Daifullah. "High efficiency, low emission oil and gas-fired industrial combustors." Thesis, University of Leeds, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.289804.

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Lindqvist, Jonas, and Linus Lund. "Emission allowance origination and trading : How does it affect ABB and its Group Treasury Operations?" Thesis, Linköping University, Linköping University, Production Economics, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-16570.

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The purpose of the thesis is to determine how ABB’s treasury department (GTO) should respond to an increasing awareness and interest in the carbon credit markets. Emission caps have been introduced on national levels and also for certain industries in Europe as a consequence of the Kyoto Protocol. This allows for trading of certain carbon credits as well as for the creation of new credits. ABB is a company which has many solutions for efficient energy use; solutions that aim to reduce electricity cost and in the prolongation also emissions. The awareness of the carbon market is growing within ABB, but no carbon credit generating projects have been completed and the initiatives are scattered. The thesis describes the Kyoto Protocol and its implementation within EU, the markets available for trading by companies as well as what instruments and derivatives exist. With the underlying regulations described an empirical study of ABB’s involvement is conducted. The study shows that ABB has few installations with emissions caps and that the potential for generating new credits as a way to increase profit is quite big. However, there have been no carbon generating projects registered up to this point and there are many barriers to overcome before ABB receives any carbon credits.To ensure a thorough analysis, a model of factors affecting ABB’s carbon credit involvement is formed. The model is based on the available literature on the subjects organizational performance, transfer pricing, project- and financial risk and risk management.GTO’s immediate response should be to set up a pool to which subsidiaries with compliance requirements are to send their carbon credits. The pool will then redistribute the credits so that each subsidiary’s needs are fulfilled and finally settle the net remainder on the open market. A unit independent of GTO, called Group Carbon Operations (GCO) in the thesis, should be formed in the near future with responsibility to actively follow the progress of CDM pilot projects and to facilitate their implementation. Depending on the outcome of these pilot-projects ABB can then either, in case of a negative outcome, quickly end the direct CDM involvement and reach closure or, in case of a positive outcome, further develop the GCO department to profit from ABBs involvement in the CDM market. In case of a positive outcome, the GTO should be further involved regarding risk handling and internal pricing.

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Leggett, Suzanne McCarthy. "Volatile organic compound emission reduction strategies for industrial printing and coating processes." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.264655.

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Medalha, Giuliano Cardozo. "Nova metodologia para monitoramento dimensional de peças, em processo, utilizando uma retificadora cilíndrica." Universidade de São Paulo, 2001. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18135/tde-10042017-154137/.

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Atualmente, a maior parte das indústria de manufatura utiliza seus operadores de máquinas para fazer a verificação dimensional das peças usinada. Esses operadores geralmente escolhem algumas amostras aleatoriamente, num determinado período de tempo, para fazer a inspeção manual, ou utilizam dispositivos de medição automáticos no lote todo. Esses procedimentos podem implicar em perda de tempo, ou grandes investimentos, o que eleva os custos do produto final. Este trabalho propõe uma nova metodologia para a medição de peças em processo de retificação, utilizando uma máquina retificadora com funções inteligentes. As tecnologias de um encoder incremental óptico rotacional e de um chip contador são utilizadas para fazer o monitoramento da posição do cabeçote porta rebolo. Utilizando um sistema de cooordenadas baseado no Comando Numérico (CN) da máquina, associado a inspeção por Emissão Acústica (EA) pode-se monitorar a posição do rebolo do ponto de início ciclo de retificação até o início do contato com a peça. Os erros associados a deformação térmica da máquina e o desgaste do rebolo são levados em consideração e compensados. Desta maneira, é possível medir a dimensão e a excentricidade das peças geradas pela operação imediatamente anterior, com uma precisão suficiente. Este sistema pode ajudar na redução do nível de refugo e do tempo total de e produção, criando um diferencial para o aumento da confiabilidade do processo e da automação.
Most of the industries today use their machine operators to make the Workpiece dimensional verification. For this task they generally chose samples, doing manual inspection, or use automatic measuring devices in a whole lot. These procedures can implies in loss of time, a high investment, what may raise the costs of the final product. This work proposes a new methodology for in-process workpiece gagging, using a grinding machine associated with intelligent functions. The technology of an incremental rotational optical encoder and an external counter chip are used to perform the wheel head position monitoring. Using a NC (Numerical Control) coordinate system associated with AE (Acoustic Emission) inspection it was possible to get the position of the grinding wheel from the start of the grinding cycle until the first contact with the workpiece. The errors associated with the grinding machine deformation and wheel wear are considered and compensated. Thus, it is possible to measure the dimension and the run out of the workpiece, generated by a previous operation, with enough precision. This system may help to reduce the scrap leveI and the overall production time, creating a differential for process reliability and automation.

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Bauner, David. "Towards a sustainable automotive industry : experiences from the development of emission control systems." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Industriell dynamik, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-4630.

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From the mid-1970s and on, the contribution to air pollution of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides from gasoline passenger cars in the developed world has been reduced through co-evolution of regulation and commercial introduction of catalytic emission control technology, now part of hundreds of millions of cars, trucks and buses worldwide. This dissertation is a disaggregated study of the global introduction of catalytic emission control technology as a measure to reduce local air pollution. The introduction of the “three-way” catalyst for gasoline passenger cars is studied for four countries. Present innovation in diesel engine emission control is studied. Technological change is analyzed regarding the process of innovation, the innovation system and its stakeholders. Results are evaluated for implications for innovation and regulatory policy for coming environmental challenges. Automotive catalysis is an example of environmentally motivated innovation, including problem definition, public regulation, corporate market and non-market strategies, invention, variety, selection, technology transfer, mass diffusion and the ongoing coevolution of emission-abating policies and technical development. Common denominators for successful technological or market innovations is a participatory dialogue around structured and tiered regulatory roadmaps, international competition, support by international networks and conducive local public opinion. The near-global introduction of the three-way catalyst was complex and highly dependent on local context and conditions, suggesting that any general “global” innovation and regulation strategy to address present and future local or global problems must be reviewed with an understanding of local barriers and drivers for environmentally motivated innovation. Given the stakeholders and technical challenges of different technological regimes to mitigate climate change, it is concluded that increased fuel efficiency and the introduction of plug-in hybrids are possible trajectories for sustainable mobility.
Sedan mitten av 1970-talet har utsläppen av kolmonoxid, kolväten och kväveoxider från bensindrivna personbilar reducerats genom samordnad utveckling av lagstiftning och kommersiell introduktion av katalytisk avgasrening, som nu är en del av hundratals miljoner bilar, lastbilar och bussar över hela jorden. Denna avhandling är en disaggregerad studie av den i det närmaste globala introduktionen av katalytisk avgasrening för fordon, som åtgärd för att minska lokala luftföroreningar. Introduktionen av ”trevägskatalysatorn” för bensinbilar studeras i fyra länder. Pågående innovation för dieselavgasrening studeras. Teknisk förändring analyseras med avseende på innovationsprocessen, innovationssystemet och dess respektive intressenter. Resultaten används för att analysera konsekvenser för styrmedel för att åtgärda miljöproblem i vardande. Fordonskatalys är ett exempel på en miljömotiverad innovation, inklusive problemdefinition, lagkrav, företagens marknadsstrategier och marknadspåverkan, innovation, utbud och urval, tekniköverföring, storskalig spridning samt den fortlöpande ömsesidiga utvecklingen av teknik och policy för att reducera emissioner. Gemensamma nämnare för exempel på lyckosamma introduktionsprocesser är en inkluderande dialog kring etappvisa lagkrav, internationell konkurrens, stöd och samarbete i internationella nätverk samt en tydlig opinion för förändring. Introduktionen av trevägskatalysatorn var och är komplex och beroende av lokal kontext och regionala villkor. Kommande ”globala” teknikförändringar måste utvecklas med en förståelse för varje enskild nation eller marknad och dess specifika barriärer och drivkrafter för miljömotiverad innovation. Givet intressenter och tekniska utmaningar i olika teknologiska regimer med potential att reducera klimatförändringar är ökad bränsleeffektivisering och introduktion av s.k. plug-in-hybrider möjliga utvecklingsvägar för hållbar mobilitet.
Desde los años 70 y adelante, la contribución a la polución atmosférica de emisiones de monóxido de carbono, hidrocarburos y óxidos de nitrógeno proveniente de la combustión de los autos a gasolina, ha sido mitigado, por co-evolución entre regulación e introducción comercial de sistemas catalíticos de control de emisiones. Esos sistemas ahora forman parte de cientos de millones de autos, camiones y buses en todo el mundo. La presente tesis es un estudio desagregado de la introducción cerca de global de sistemas de control de emisiones catalíticos, como medida para reducir la contaminación atmosférica local. Se examina el proceso de introducción del convertidor catalítico “de tres vías” para autos a gasolina en cuatro países. Se estudia la innovación presente en el área de sistemas de control de emisiones de motores diesel. El cambio tecnológico es analizado viendo el proceso y el sistema de innovación y los distintos grupos de interés. Los resultados se usan para analizar las implicaciones en cuanto a innovación y política de regulación para enfrentar los desafíos medioambientales actuales. Catálisis automotriz es un ejemplo de innovación motivado ambientalmente, incluyendo definición del problema, regulación pública, estratégicas corporativas dentro y fuera de mercado, variedad, selección, transferencia de tecnología, difusión masiva y la coevolución continuo entre política de reducción de emisiones y desarrollo tecnológico. Denominaciones comunes para innovaciones exitosas, tecnológicas o de mercado, son un diálogo dinámico sobre planes de regulación estructurados en etapas, competición internacional, apoyo y coordinación de redes internacionales, y opinión local beneficiario. La introducción global del catalizador de tres vías fue compleja y altamente relacionada con el contexto local y condiciones locales, sugiriendo que estrategias “globales” de innovación y regulación para tratar los desafíos de hoy y mañana deben ser diseñados con entendimiento de factores locales a favor y en contra para innovación ambientalmente motivado. Dado los grupos de interés, los desafíos tecnológicos y las trayectorias presentes en el área de mitigación del cambio climático, se concluye que el aumento de uso eficiente de combustible y la introducción de vehículos híbridos enchufables (plug- in) son alternativas viables para el transporte sustentable.
(japanese) 1970年代の中頃から今日に至るまで，先進国においては，自動車触媒技術の導入と規制との相互作用によって、ガソリン乗用車から排出される一酸化炭素CO，炭化水素HC，窒素酸化物NOxによる大気汚染への寄与率は減少している。現在では、この自動車触媒はディーゼル乗用車、トラックやバスなどを含めて何億台もの自動車で使われている。この論文は，各地域での大気汚染を解決する手段としての触媒の地球規模での導入に関する調査研究である。ガソリン乗用車への三元触媒導入の過程を４か国比較で行うと共に，現在取り組まれているディーゼル機関の排出ガス制御についても研究した。これらの例の技術革新について、その内容を、技術革新に係る利害関係者（ステークスホルダー）の観点から技術の変革について分析した。これらの結果から，将来の環境問題に対応するためのイノベーションと規制に関する政策への示唆を行なった。自動車用触媒は，問題定義，規制，市場原理に基づくないしは市場原理に基づかない戦略，開発，多様性，選択，技術移転，技術普及，そして今もなお進化する排出ガス削減に関する規制（政策）と技術開発との相乗効果，等々を含んだ「環境保護に起因する技術革新」の良い例である。技術革新、および普及の成功例に共通していることは， 1. 構造的かつ段階的な「目標へのロードマップ」を巡る相方向の会話， 2. 国際競争力， 3. 国際的ネットワークによるサポート， 4. 地域社会に支持された意見, 等が挙げられる。三元触媒の導入はほぼ全世界に及ぶが，その過程は複雑で、地域（国）の事情に強く依存する。つまり、現在または未来の、各国（地域的）または地球規模の問題に焦点を当てた「世界的」技術革新や規制戦略は、地域よって異なる障害の存在や、環境保護の視点に立った技術革新を推進する潜在力への理解なしには成り立たないことを意味するのである。気候変動を緩和するための様々な技術体系からの技術的挑戦および関係者（ステークスホルダー）の意見を考慮すると，燃費向上とプラグイン・ハイブリッドの導入が，交通部門における持続可能な発展への道のりであると言える。
QC 20100517

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Zhang, Fu-Li. "An experimental and theoretical study of new phosphors for full color field emission displays." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/31003.

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Jofred, Petter, and Peder Öster. "CO2 Emissions from Freight Transport and the Impact of Supply Chain Management : A case study at Atlas Copco Industrial Technique." Thesis, KTH, Industriell ekonomi och organisation (Inst.), 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-36060.

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Freight transport is a large contributor to emissions of CO2 and to mitigate its environmental impact is essential in strive for a sustainable future. Existing reports usually discuss the issues from a national or global perspective, but rarely provide any concrete or practical information on an organizational level. This report aims to describe the key driving factors of CO2 emissions caused by freight transport and recommend suitable measures for organizations to mitigate their environmental impact. To do this, a case study at Atlas Copco’s business area Industrial Technique (ITBA) is performed, four different business scenarios are created and the emissions from the scenarios are simulated. ITBA is a decentralized organization with most of the production sites and sub suppliers in Europe. Over 90% of the finished goods are sent to a distribution center in Belgium and then delivered to the customers. Today, most customers are located in Europe and this market accounts for nearly 80% of the distributed weight. However, ITBA believe in a strong growth in the North American and Asian markets and that the customer base will look much different in 2020. More customers at longer distances from the distribution center will lead to a heavily increased use of air freight, resulting in higher emission levels. This study shows a clear correlation between the total CO2 emissions and the share of air freight. In order for ITBA to expand their business and at the same time lower their emissions, actions are required. This report shows that a lower share of air freight and the use of several decentralized distribution centers can reduce the emissions significantly. Other means to lower the emissions include relocation of production sites, education to increase the awareness within the organization and including environmental performance when evaluating third party logistics.

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Abaad, Abdelmanam. "Design, techno-economic and environmental risk assessment of aero-derivative industrial gas turbine." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2012. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/7929.

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Increased availability of natural gas has boosted research and development efforts to further increase gas turbine performance. Performance has been increased remarkably and unit cost reduced due to achievements gained in improving thermodynamic cycles and cooling technologies. However, increased complexity in power industry regulations and fluctuations in fuel price have indicated that all the aforementioned improvements in gas turbine performance could not cope with the increased competition in the gas turbine industrial market. Innovation within the aero-derivative concept has enabled further significant improvement in the performance of industrial gas turbines. It allows a more beneficial approach than developing new designs of industrial gas turbines owing to reduced designing time and cost. Objectives in this project focus on developing a methodology of design and assessing aeroderivative gas turbine engines derived from a 130-seat aircraft engine. Developed methodology includes techno-economic and environmental assessment, conducted through further developments of models based on Techno-economic and Environmental Risk Assessment (TERA) philosophy, to be applied in further industrial applications. Tools used in this investigation include a significant literature research on the development of aero-derivative gas turbine technologies, including thermodynamic cycles and its land-based applications. Turbomatch is a homebased code developed in Cranfield University, used in calculating design point and predicting off-design performance of parent aero-engine and the aeroderivative engines developed. Excel and FORTRAN code are also used in calculating engine’s design parameters, and creating a model of life estimation Creep. Moreover, FORTRAN code is used for building emission and economic models for power generation and combined heat and power applications. Finally, MATLAP code is used in creating a small model for generating performance TXT files, and running marine integrated models platform. All models needed to develop the methodology have been created, and calculations of an engine’s performance and assessment were conducted based on this developed methodology. Sensible results are generated from the investigated methodology and they show acceptable designs of aero-derivative engines on different thermodynamic cycles. Based on the acceptable level of technology and material thermal barriers, all design and off-design performance limitations of new developed aero-derivative engines have been determined for a wide range of ambient conditions. Techno-economic and environmental assessment performed through implementing the developed aero-derivative engines on power generation and marine applications under different operating scenarios. Results of operating the engines on power generation and marine applications have been investigated and compared. It is observed that engines respond differently when operating under different environmental profiles, depending on the number of units engaged and their thermodynamic cycle as well as mechanical configurations. Also, the selected specific gas turbine engine can be the best economical choice for operating on determined scenario, while it cannot be when operating in different scenarios. Assessment of developed engines on the investigated application shows how the lowest specific cost (small engine size) can constitute important criteria in engine selection.

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Pitkäaho, S. (Satu). "Catalytic oxidation of chlorinated volatile organic compounds, dichloromethane and perchloroethylene:new knowledge for the industrial CVOC emission abatement." Doctoral thesis, Oulun yliopisto, 2013. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789526201672.

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Abstract The releases of chlorinated volatile organic compounds (CVOCs) are controlled by strict regulations setting high demands for the abatement systems. Low temperature catalytic oxidation is a viable technology to economically destroy these often refractory emissions. Catalysts applied in the oxidation of CVOCs should be highly active and selective but also maintain a high resistance towards deactivation. In this study, a total of 33 different γ-Al2O3 containing metallic monoliths were studied in dichloromethane (DCM) and 25 of them in perchloroethylene (PCE) oxidation. The active compounds used were Pt, Pd, Rh or V2O5 alone or as mixtures. The catalysts were divided into three different testing sets: industrial, CVOC and research catalysts. ICP-OES, physisorption, chemisorption, XRD, UV-vis DRS, isotopic oxygen exchange, IC, NH3-TPD, H2-TPR and FESEM-EDS were used to characterise the catalysts. Screening of the industrial catalysts revealed that the addition of V2O5 improved the performance of the catalyst. DCM abatement was easily affected by the addition of VOC or water, but the effect on the PCE oxidation was only minor. Based on these screening tests, a set of CVOC catalysts were developed and installed into an industrial incinerator. The comparison between the laboratory and industrial scale studies showed that DCM oxidation in an industrial incinerator could be predicted relatively well. Instead, PCE was always seen to be oxidised far better in an industrial unit indicating that the transient oxidation conditions are beneficial for the PCE oxidation. Before starting the experiments with research catalysts, the water feed was optimised to 1.5 wt.%. Besides enhancing the HCl yields, water improved the DCM and PCE conversions. In the absence of oxygen, i.e. during destructive adsorption, the presence of water was seen to have an even more pronounced effect on the HCl formation and on the catalysts’ stability. In the DCM oxidation, the addition of the active compound on the catalyst support improved the selectivity, while the enhancing effect on the DCM conversion was only small. The high acidity together with the increased reducibility was seen to lead to an active catalyst. Among the research catalysts Pt/Al2O3 was the most active in the DCM oxidation. With PCE the addition of the active compound proved to be very beneficial also for the PCE conversion. Now Pt and Pd supported on Al2O3-CeO2 were the most active. The enhanced reducibility was seen to be the key feature of the catalyst in PCE oxidation
Tiivistelmä Klooratuille orgaanisille hiilivedyille (CVOC) on asetettu tiukat päästörajoitukset niiden haitallisten vaikutusten takia. Tästä johtuen myös puhdistusmenetelmien tulee olla tehokkaita. Katalyyttinen puhdistus on teknologia, jolla nämä usein vaikeasti käsiteltävät yhdisteet voidaan taloudellisesti tuhota. Käytettävien katalyyttien tulee olla aktiivisia ja selektiivisiä sekä hyvin kestäviä. Tässä työssä tutkittiin yhteensä 33 erilaista γ-Al2O3-pohjaista hapetuskatalyyttiä metyleenikloridin (DCM) käsittelyssä, niistä 25 testattiin myös perkloorietyleenin (PCE) hapetuksessa. Aktiivisina metalleina katalyyteissä käytettiin platinaa, palladiumia, rhodiumia ja vanadiinia yksin tai seoksina. Katalyytit jaettiin kolmeen ryhmään: teolliset-, CVOC- ja tutkimuskatalyytit. Aktiivisuuskokeiden lisäksi katalyyttejä karakterisoitiin ICP-OES-, fysiorptio-, kemisorptio-, XRD-, UV-vis DRS-, isotooppivaihto-, IC-, NH3-TPD-, H2-TPR- ja FESEM-EDS-pintatutkimusmenetelmillä. Koetulokset osoittivat, että vanadiini paransi teollisuuskatalyyttien aktiivisuutta ja selektiivisyyttä. VOC-yhdisteen tai veden lisäys paransi DCM:n hapettumista, mutta PCE:n hapettumiseen niillä ei ollut vaikutusta. Testien perusteella kehitettiin CVOC-katalyytit, jotka asennettiin teolliseen polttolaitokseen. Laboratoriossa ja teollisuudessa tehdyissä testeissä havaittiin, että DCM:n hapettuminen oli laboratoriokokeiden perusteella ennustettavissa. Sen sijaan PCE hapettui teollisuudessa aina paljon paremmin kuin laboratorio-olosuhteissa. Tämä osoittaa, että muuttuvat hapettumisolosuhteet vaikuttivat positiivisesti PCE:n hapettumiseen. Veden määrä syöttövirrassa optimoitiin 1,5 %:iin ennen tutkimuskatalyyttien testausta. Selektiivisyyden lisäksi vesi paransi DCM:n ja PCE:n konversiota. Hapettomissa olosuhteissa, ts. tuhoavien adsorptiokokeiden aikana, vesi paransi reaktion selektiivisyyttä HCl:ksi ja CO2:ksi vielä entisestään. Tämän lisäksi vesi lisäsi katalyytin stabiilisuutta. DCM:n hapetuksessa aktiivisen metallin lisäys paransi selektiivisyyttä, mutta sen sijaan vaikutus DCM:n konversioon oli hyvin pieni. Tulokset osoittivat, että aktiivisella DCM:n hapetuskatalyytillä tulee olla korkea happamuus ja hyvä pelkistyvyys. Pt/Al2O3 oli testatuista tutkimuskatalyyteistä aktiivisin. PCE:n hapetuksessa aktiivisen metallin lisäys paransi selektiivisyyden lisäksi huomattavasti myös konversiota. Katalyytin lisääntyneen pelkistymiskyvyn todettiin olevan keskeisin ominaisuus PCE:n hapettumisessa. Pt/Al2O3-CeO2 ja Pd/Al2O3-CeO2 olivat tutkimuskatalyyteistä aktiivisimpia

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Svedberg, Urban. "Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy in Industrial Hygiene Applications : Assessment of Emissions from and Exposures in Wood Processing Industries." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala : Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis : Univ.-bibl. [distributör], 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-4225.

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Galyas, Éva. "Concentrations of lead, copper and zinc in forest soils near industrial areas." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för ekonomi, teknik och naturvetenskap, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-40363.

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Environmental contamination with heavy metals, especially of soils, has been a continuousproblem worldwide since the beginning of the industrial revolution. Heavy metal emissionshave increased continuously since 1900 and the metals accumulate in the environment. Pulpand paper mill factories, and factories which produce sulphuric acid emit heavy metals,among others lead (Pb), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn). Results from previous studies showedthat the soils near factories had higher concentrations of these pollutants than the controlplace. In this study I want to determine the effects of industrial heavy metal emissions of onehistoric and one present industry on nearby soil heavy metal concentrations.Samples were taken near one historically heavily contaminated site, the old sulphite factoryin Rydöbruk (1897-1944) and near the present Stora Enso paper mill in Hyltebruk. As acontrol site, I compared these with Rocknen nature reserve area.At each site I took 6 soil samples, representing the top 15-20 cm of soil and organic material.Samples were analysed with an Atomic Absorption Spectrometer and the concentrations oflead, copper and zinc were determined per ashed dry material.I analyzed the samples at the laboratory using the guideline from the Swedish StandardInstitute for water analysis.The concentrations of the soil samples showed no significant difference between the naturereserve area and the industrial sites (One-way ANOVA). This was due to very variableorganic content within and between the sites.Organic content of the samples has a significantly effect on the metal concentrations for Pband Cu (Linear Regression test). In conclusion, metals can accumulate in the vegetation, andin case of Pb and Cu there is a correlation between their concentration and the amount oforganic matter. Therefore in future studies it is best if soil with very high organic content orvegetation is used to determine if forest soil near industries are affected by past or presentindustrial emissions of heavy metals.

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Teles, Diógenes Barbosa. "Projeto e validação de válvula industrial do tipo esfera para baixa emissão fugitiva." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/134891.

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Nos últimos anos é notável a preocupação mundial com o controle de taxas de emissões fugitivas em equipamentos instalados na indústria do petróleo e gás. Os prejuízos com a perda de produção e impacto ambiental direcionam as empresas do segmento a buscarem projetos mais eficientes, principalmente com relação às válvulas industriais, que são equipamentos utilizados para gerenciamento de fluidos com a função de bloquear, direcionar ou controlar o fluxo de determinado produto fluente em uma planta industrial. As emissões fugitivas são vazamentos de produtos químicos, que se apresentam para atmosfera de forma inesperada ou indesejada em equipamentos. O objetivo deste estudo foi desenvolver e validar um projeto de válvula industrial do tipo esfera para aplicações que requerem baixas emissões fugitivas. Inicialmente foram identificados e avaliados os requisitos apresentados na norma ISO 15848-1, quanto aos ensaios que devem ser executados em protótipo de válvula do tipo bloqueio para qualificação de projeto, onde foi possível elaborar um procedimento de ensaio. Foi realizado o dimensionamento dos sistemas de vedações para um protótipo de válvulas do tipo esfera, Top Entry, Trunnion, bitola NPS 4”, classe de pressão CL600, utilizando como padrões construtivos as normas API 6D, ASME B16.34 e ABNT NBR 15827. Fabricou-se um protótipo deste equipamento o qual foi utilizado na realização dos ensaios de qualificação do projeto. Foram realizados ciclos de abertura e fechamento do obturador da válvula, utilizando a pressão máxima de trabalho, conforme padrões construtivos e como fluido de teste foi utilizado o gás Hélio. Os ensaios foram realizados em uma câmara de ciclagem de válvulas instrumentada com um espectrômetro de massa de Hélio, onde foi possível monitorar e registrar os dados do ensaio, tais como: vazamentos, número de ciclos, pressão de teste, temperatura e torque durante os acionamentos da válvula. Os resultados obtidos com relação aos requisitos da norma ISO 15848-1 foram: número de ciclos 2500 atendendo a classificação CO3, classe de vazamento Classe B, temperatura de qualificação de -29 °C a 200 °C. Também foi realizado a qualificação Fire Test conforme norma ISO 10497 como complemento. Conclui-se que este trabalho atingiu os objetivos pré-estabelecidos quanto à homologação do protótipo e contribuiu com a preservação do meio ambiente, pois a concepção de projetos eficazes, que minimizam as taxas de poluição para a atmosfera, contribuí com a preservação dos ecossistemas.
In recent years is remarkable worldwide concern over control rates fugitive emissions in equipment installed in the oil and gas industry. The loss of production and environmental impact, leads segment companies to seek more efficient projects, mainly with respect to industrial valves, which are devices used for fluid management with the function to block, to direct or to control the flow of fluent product in an industrial plant. Fugitive emissions are leaks of chemicals which present themselves to atmosphere in a manner unexpected or undesired in equipment. The objective of this study was to develop and validate a model of industrial ball valve design for applications requiring low fugitive emissions. Initially were identified and assessed the requirements of ISO 15848-1 standard, how much to the appropriate tests to be executed on the prototype of block valve for qualification. It was possible to develop a test procedure. It was made the design of the seals systems for a ball valve prototype, type Top Entry, Trunnion, NPS 4", pressure class CL600. Was used API 6D, ASME B16.34 and NBR 15827 as construction standards. A prototype of this equipment has manufactured and used in the realization of design qualification tests. Were performed opening and closing cycles of the valve plug by using the maximum working pressure conform construction standards and was used Helium gas as test fluid. The tests were performed in a valve cycling chamber instrumented with a Helium mass spectrometer, where it was possible to monitor and record the test data as: leaks, number of cycles, pressure, temperature and torque for the valve actuators. The results obtained with respect to the ISO 15848-1 standard requirements were: number of cycles 2500 attending to CO3, classification leakage Class B, qualification temperature of -29 ° C to 200 ° C. It was also performed the qualification Fire Test ISO 10497 standard as a complement. In conclusion, this work has reached the pre-established objective about the approval of the prototype and contributed to the preservation of the environment, because the conception of effective projects that minimize pollution rates to the atmosphere, contributes to the preservation of ecosystems.

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Khenaifes, Maurício. "Investigação de novas ferramentas estatísticas e utilização de microcontrolador no monitoramento da queima na retificação plana tangencial /." Bauru : [s.n.], 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/90807.

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Resumo: Na indústria moderna, a precisão e o custo são fundamentais para a qualidade do produto e competitividade no mercado. Desenvolver sistemas mais velozes, dinâmicos e autoajustáveis aplicando técnicas de controle é um objetivo dos pesquisadores de todas as áreas da engenharia. A retificação de materiais é um sistema complexo que possui muitas variáveis relacionadas, principalmente por possuir múltiplas arestas de corte associado a altas velocidades e potências de retificação. Para aumentar o domínio sobre o processo, sinais de emissão acústica e de potência de acionamento do rebolo têm sido monitorados em várias pesquisas. Nesse trabalho foram realizadas experiências utilizando a retificação plana tangencial com o aço ABNT 1020 e rebolo de óxido de alumínio, onde foi determinado a ocorrência e o início da queima através da variação da profundidade de corte, tendo-se o cuidado de manter os outros parâmetros constantes, inclusive a superfície de corte do rebolo através da operação de dressagem. Os sinais de emissão acústica e de potência elétrica foram adquiridos durante uma passada do rebolo sobre a peça, numa taxa de 2.5 milhões de amostras por segundo, e pro cessados através de um ferramental matemático, onde foram propostos outros parâmetros, para a análise da ocorrência da queima. Observou-se também a detecção do início da queima, onde o parâmetro proposto VARPO obteve bons resultados. Paralelamente foi realizado um estudo sobre os microcontroladores, onde foram inseridos os cálculos de detecção da queima do processo de retificação num PIC18F452, mostrando a viabilidade de um monitoramento.
Abstract: In modern industry, the accuracy and cost are extremely important to the quality of product and market competition. The development of faster dynamic and robust systems by applying control techniques is the goal of researchers of all engineering areas. The grinding process is a complex system which contains many related variables mainly because its multiple cutting edges associated with high speed and power. In order to improve the knowledge on the process, acoustic emission and power signals have been monitored in several research investigations. In this work, surface grinding tests with ABNT 1020 steel and aluminum oxide grinding wheel were carried out in which the burning occurrence as well as the onset of it were studied. This was done by varying the depth of cut and maintaining the other grinding parameters constant, including the grinding wheel surface through the dressing operation. Acoustic emission and electrical power signals were acquired during a single grinding pass of the grinding wheel over the work-piece at 2.5 million of samples per second rate. The signals were digitally processed through many statistic algorithms among which new parameters for burn detection have been proposed. Also, the onset of burning occurrence was observed and remarkably detected for the proposed parameter dubbed VARPO. In addition, a study on microcontrollers was performed, and the implementation of the algorithms previously mentioned were carried out into the microcontroller PIC18F452, showing the monitoring feasibility.
Orientador: Paulo Roberto de Aguiar
Coorientador: Eduardo Carlos Bianchi
Banca: Paulo José Amaral Serni
Banca: Leonardo Roberto da Silva
Mestre

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15

Nisal, Tejas V. "Monitoring of Surface Grinding process using Acoustic Emission (AE) with emphasis on Cutting Fluid selection." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1404341563.

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Khenaifes, Maurício [UNESP]. "Investigação de novas ferramentas estatísticas e utilização de microcontrolador no monitoramento da queima na retificação plana tangencial." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/90807.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:24:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-06-26Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:32:13Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 khenaifes_m_me_bauru.pdf: 11653802 bytes, checksum: 00691f8a0498d00bcda7c19abcca703d (MD5)
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Na indústria moderna, a precisão e o custo são fundamentais para a qualidade do produto e competitividade no mercado. Desenvolver sistemas mais velozes, dinâmicos e autoajustáveis aplicando técnicas de controle é um objetivo dos pesquisadores de todas as áreas da engenharia. A retificação de materiais é um sistema complexo que possui muitas variáveis relacionadas, principalmente por possuir múltiplas arestas de corte associado a altas velocidades e potências de retificação. Para aumentar o domínio sobre o processo, sinais de emissão acústica e de potência de acionamento do rebolo têm sido monitorados em várias pesquisas. Nesse trabalho foram realizadas experiências utilizando a retificação plana tangencial com o aço ABNT 1020 e rebolo de óxido de alumínio, onde foi determinado a ocorrência e o início da queima através da variação da profundidade de corte, tendo-se o cuidado de manter os outros parâmetros constantes, inclusive a superfície de corte do rebolo através da operação de dressagem. Os sinais de emissão acústica e de potência elétrica foram adquiridos durante uma passada do rebolo sobre a peça, numa taxa de 2.5 milhões de amostras por segundo, e pro cessados através de um ferramental matemático, onde foram propostos outros parâmetros, para a análise da ocorrência da queima. Observou-se também a detecção do início da queima, onde o parâmetro proposto VARPO obteve bons resultados. Paralelamente foi realizado um estudo sobre os microcontroladores, onde foram inseridos os cálculos de detecção da queima do processo de retificação num PIC18F452, mostrando a viabilidade de um monitoramento.
In modern industry, the accuracy and cost are extremely important to the quality of product and market competition. The development of faster dynamic and robust systems by applying control techniques is the goal of researchers of all engineering areas. The grinding process is a complex system which contains many related variables mainly because its multiple cutting edges associated with high speed and power. In order to improve the knowledge on the process, acoustic emission and power signals have been monitored in several research investigations. In this work, surface grinding tests with ABNT 1020 steel and aluminum oxide grinding wheel were carried out in which the burning occurrence as well as the onset of it were studied. This was done by varying the depth of cut and maintaining the other grinding parameters constant, including the grinding wheel surface through the dressing operation. Acoustic emission and electrical power signals were acquired during a single grinding pass of the grinding wheel over the work-piece at 2.5 million of samples per second rate. The signals were digitally processed through many statistic algorithms among which new parameters for burn detection have been proposed. Also, the onset of burning occurrence was observed and remarkably detected for the proposed parameter dubbed VARPO. In addition, a study on microcontrollers was performed, and the implementation of the algorithms previously mentioned were carried out into the microcontroller PIC18F452, showing the monitoring feasibility.

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Swankie, William. "Effects of Temperature on the Emission Rate of Formaldehyde from Medium Density Fiberboard in a Controlled Chamber." Scholar Commons, 2017. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/6960.

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Formaldehyde is a colorless gas that is found naturally in the environment. It is a popular additive in many consumer products including composite wood products. Composite wood products are engineered wood panels produced from pressing pieces, chips, particles, or fibers of wood together at high temperatures held together with a bonding agent. This bonding agent is often formaldehyde-containing resins that are known to release formaldehyde over time. This is concerning because of the carcinogenic classification of formaldehyde, the wide spread application of composite wood products, and the increasing amount of time spent in the indoor environment. In a controlled 0.53 m3 chamber, a panel of medium density fiberboard (MDF) with a surface area of 4.49 m2 was subjected to multiple temperatures to measure formaldehyde emissions. The panels were allowed to acclimate for 48 hours followed by a 72 hour sample period using passive diffusive monitors at temperatures: 26.1, 29.3, 34.1, and 38.9 °C. The results of the study found a strong relationship (R2 = 0.9954) between the emission rate of formaldehyde from MDF and temperature. The emission rate increased 192% between 26.1 °C and 38.9 °C. The results of the study indicate that as temperature increases, the amount of formaldehyde emitted from a panel of MDF also increases. This results in higher airborne concentrations of formaldehyde in environments where the panels are present.

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Xiang, Yang. "Analyse dynamique en champ proche de la contribution des sources de composés organiques volatils, en région urbaine sous influence industrielle." Thesis, Littoral, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011DUNK0408.

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À ce jour, l'identification des sources de Composés Organiques Volatils (COV) a fait l'objet de nombreuses études, afin de déterminer leur contribution à la pollution atmosphérique. Néanmoins, le comportement dynamique de l'atmosphère, dans sa dimension micro-météorologique, n'a jamais été pris en compte dans une approche sources-récepteur. Celui-ci est pourtant essentiel dans l'interprétation des mesures physico-chimiques de la pollution de l'air en champ proche, dans une région urbaine sous influence industrielle. La complexité de ces zones d'études provient non seulement des différents modes d'émissions et de la variété des activités industrielles, mais aussi des phénomènes météorologiques à multi-échelles, qui influent la dispersion et le transport à petite échelle spatiale (typiquement quelques kilomètres). En nous appuyant sur la mesure de 85 COV (dont 23 COV oxygénés) sur une durée de plusieurs mois, nous avons développé une méthodologie novatrice, associant lors de l'analyse des résultats d'un modèle sources-récepteur PMF (Positive Matrix Factorization) des grandeurs météorologiques, pour identifier des sources et comprendre leur comportement dynamique. En introduisant la turbulence verticale, pour la première fois dans ce type d'analyse, la température et le rayonnement solaire, comme paramètre d'analyse des facteurs de comportements ont pu être différenciés, permettant de distinguer les modes d'émissions diffuses et canalisées. Ainsi, nous avons pu classer les sources des COV par nature et par mode d'émissions, et également mettre en évidence des masses d'air âgées contenant des espèces secondaires
Recently, sources apportionment of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) has been the subject of a great numbers of studies, in order to determine their contributions to atmospheric pollution. However, the dynamical behavior of atmosphere, within its micro-meteorological scale, has never been taken into account in the sources-receptor approach, yet it is the main factor to interpret near-field physic-chemical measurements of air pollution, in an urban area under industrial influences. The complexity of such a study area results from not only the emission modes and the various industrial activities, but also the meteorological phenomenon in multi-scale, which influences the dispersion and transport in a small scale (tipically several kilometers). With measurements of 85 VOC (including 23 oxygenated VOC) during several months, we have developed an innovative methodology, associating the results of the PMF (Positive Matrix Factorization) modeling and the meteorological parameters, in order to identify the sources and to understand their dynamical behaviors. By introducing the vertical turbulence for the first time in this kind of analysis, the temperature and the solar radiation, as parameters of factor analyses, two behaviors have been distinguished, leading to identify the emissions near ground and in the upper part of surface layer. In this way, we have labeled the sources according to their nature as well as their emission mode, and we have highlighted the aged air mass containing secondary pollutants

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van, der Kamp Jonathan [Verfasser]. "Social cost-benefit analysis of air pollution control measures - Advancing environmental-economic assessment methods to evaluate industrial point emission sources / Jonathan van der Kamp." Karlsruhe : KIT Scientific Publishing, 2017. http://www.ksp.kit.edu.

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Keinz, Jan. "Optimization of a Dry Low NOx Micromix Combustor for an Industrial Gas Turbine Using Hydrogen-Rich Syngas Fuel." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/277234.

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Environmentally friendly and efficiently produced energy from sustainable and renewable resources is of great importance. Carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitric oxides (NOx) are the main emissions of air-breathing gas turbines in power plants. Gas turbines of the power generation industry are normally fueled with liquid fuels, natural gas or syngas in changing qualities. Syngas can be produced by gasification processes in IGCC power plants and consist of varying percentages of the main fractions hydrogen (H2) and carbon monoxide (CO). CO2 emissions can be reduced by a decrease of the CO-share and an increase of the hydrogen-share in the syngas fuel, and by using pre-combustion carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) technology. For low NOx, current gas turbine combustion chamber technologies require diluents, a rather low H2 content and modifications of the combustor hardware. A feasible solution for low NOx hydrogen and syngas combustion in gas turbines is the Micromix principle developed at Aachen University of Applied Sciences. The goal of this doctoral thesis is the research on a Micromix combustor with increased power densities fueled with hydrogen-rich syngas with about 90% by volume hydrogen, and going up to 100% hydrogen in the fuel. Test burner experiments are used to characterize the combustion and emission properties of a multitude of key drivers. Based on this optimization with a variety of scaled model test burners, a prototype dual-fuel hydrogen/syngas Micromix combustor is designed and integrated into the annular combustion chamber of an industrial gas turbine. In the gas turbine, the performance characteristics of the prototype-combustor are investigated under real operational conditions with hydrogen-rich syngas and pure hydrogen.
Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur et technologie
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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Maihani, Binti Ismail. "PUBLIC HEALTH RISK BASED PRIORITIZATION OF HAZARDOUS AIR POLLUTANTS FROM INDUSTRIAL SOURCES : A CASE STUDY FOR A PETROLEUM REFINERY IN SOUTHEAST ASIA." Doctoral thesis, Kyoto University, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/263643.

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Rastan, Soheil. "Development and validation of a novel surface emission sampler for in-situ characterization of sources of indoor air pollution in non-industrial microenvironments : Soheil Rastan." Thesis, McGill University, 2005. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=111837.

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Similar to passive exposure to cigarette smoke, building occupants, in homes and in offices, are passively exposed to volatile organic compounds that are being emitted form surfaces of interior finishes and furnishings. Identifying emissions from surfaces of interior finishes and furnishings requires in-situ sampling. Interior finishes and furnishings used in homes and offices are many and varied. Current available methods used for sampling surface emissions from interior finishes and furnishings require the use of environmental chambers in laboratory settings. The in-situ applications of these lab-based chambers are limited. A novel method for in-situ surface emission sampling is needed. This thesis presents the development and validation of a novel surface emission sampler, the Kappa. Emissions from an interior carpet sample were captured using three different samplers, an ASTM-based chamber, a Field and Laboratory Emission Cell (FLEC) and the novel Kappa. Results were compared qualitatively and quantitatively. Based on the results obtained, the Kappa and the FLEC were comparable in their relative responses with each other and against the ASTM chamber. The Kappa, however, sampled emissions in-situ, whereas the ASTM and the FLEC sampled emissions under laboratory settings. As an in-situ surface emission sampler, the Kappa was able to estimate the contribution of an interior finish such as a carpet to indoor air pollution in real indoor conditions. The Kappa could thus provide representative, appropriate and necessary field data that are required to justify implementation of site-specific remedial action. The latter would help reduce the burden of, and occupants' exposure to emissions from interior finishes and furnishings in non-industrial microenvironments.

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Lowea, D. "Methods of non-destructive testing." Thesis, Київський національний університет технологій та дизайну, 2019. https://er.knutd.edu.ua/handle/123456789/14600.

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Suopajärvi, H. (Hannu). "Bioreducer use in blast furnace ironmaking in Finland:techno-economic assessment and CO₂ emission reduction potential." Doctoral thesis, Oulun yliopisto, 2015. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789526207063.

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Abstract Most of the steel produced in the world is based on the integrated blast furnace-converter route, which is based on the use of virgin raw materials. Large amounts of fossil-based, carbon containing reductants are used in blast furnaces, which results in carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere. Fossil carbon dioxide emissions from steel production can be reduced by new technologies or moving from non-renewable to renewable energy sources. Biomass-based reductants could be one way to reduce the specific emissions from blast furnace-based steel production. The aim of this thesis was to examine the techno-economic and CO₂ mitigation potentials of using bioreducers in blast furnace ironmaking. Bioreducer feasibility was analyzed in the Finnish context, but the research methods used can be applied more widely. The metallurgical properties of bioreducers were evaluated and compared to fossil-based reductants. The impact of bioreducers on blast furnace behavior and on other steel plant processes was evaluated, with an emphasis on the reductions achieved in CO₂ emissions at the plant scale. The CO₂ emissions, energy consumption and production costs of bioreducers were evaluated, as was the availability of energy wood for bioreducer production. The results show that solid, liquid and gaseous bioreducers can be produced with thermochemical conversion technologies. However, their suitability for blast furnace use varies greatly. The highest substitution of fossil-based reductants in a blast furnace is achieved with charcoal injection. The carbon footprint of torrefied wood, charcoal and Bio-SNG is moderate compared to fossil-based reducing agents and their production is energetically feasible. The economic feasibility of bioreducers is currently weak in comparison to fossil-based reducing agents, but competitive when compared to other CO₂ emission reduction measures such as carbon capture and storage. The biomass availability assessment revealed that sufficient amount of energy wood could be available for bioreducer production in the areas where Finnish steel plants are situated. The feasibility of bioreducer production could be improved by producing a number of products from the biomass and taking advantage of the process of integration possibilities
Tiivistelmä Suurin osa maailmassa tuotetusta teräksestä valmistetaan integroidulla masuuni-konvertteri reitillä, joka perustuu neitseellisten raaka-aineiden käyttöön. Masuuniprosessissa käytetään suuri määrä fossiilisia, lähinnä hiilipohjaisia pelkistimiä, jotka aiheuttavat hiilidioksidipäästöjä ilmakehään. Fossiilisia hiilidioksidipäästöjä voidaan teräksenvalmistuksessa vähentää uusilla teknologioilla tai siirtymällä uusiutumattomista energialähteistä uusiutuviin. Biomassasta valmistetut pelkistimet voisivat olla yksi mahdollinen keino alentaa masuunipohjaisen teräksenvalmistuksen ominaispäästöjä. Tämän työn tavoitteena oli tarkastella biopelkistimien käytön teknistaloudellista potentiaalia masuunikäytössä ja aikaansaatavia hiilidioksidipäästövähenemiä eri systeemirajauksilla. Työssä keskityttiin tarkastelemaan biopelkistimien hyödynnettävyyttä lähinnä Suomen tasolla, vaikka käytetyt tutkimusmetodit ovat sovellettavissa myös laajemmin. Työssä arvioitiin biopelkistimien metallurgisia ominaisuuksia, niiden vaikutusta masuuniprosessiin ja laajemmin muihin terästehtaan prosesseihin, pääpainon ollessa saavutettavan CO₂ päästövähenemän tarkastelussa. Työssä tarkasteltiin biopelkistimien valmistuksen CO₂ päästöjä, energiankulutusta ja tuotantokustannuksia sekä energiapuun saatavuutta biopelkistimien tuotantoon. Tulokset osoittavat, että biomassasta voidaan valmistaa kiinteitä, nestemäisiä ja kaasumaisia pelkistimiä termokemiallisilla konversioteknologioilla, joiden soveltuvuus masuunikäyttöön vaihtelee suuresti. Masuuniprosessissa suurin fossiilisten pelkistimien korvaavuus saavutetaan käyttämällä puuhiili-injektiota. Torrefioidun puun, puuhiilen ja Bio-SNG:n hiilijalanjälki on varsin maltillinen verrattuna fossiilisiin pelkistimiin ja niiden tuotanto on energeettisesti järkevää. Biopelkistimien taloudellinen kannattavuus verrattuna fossiilisiin pelkistimiin on tällä hetkellä heikko, mutta kilpailukykyinen verrattuna muihin CO₂ päästöjen vähennyskeinoihin, kuten hiilidioksidin talteenottoon ja -varastointiin. Energiapuun saatavuus biopelkistimien valmistukseen on suurin alueilla, jotka sijaitsevat lähellä Suomen terästehtaita. Biopelkistimien tuotannon kannattavuutta voitaisiin parantaa tuottamalla useita tuotteita ja hyödyntämällä prosessi-integraatiota

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Feizaghaei, Roozbeh. "Improving climate performance of cement production : Developing an assessment framework and applying it to a CEMEX cement production cluster in Germany." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Industriell miljöteknik, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-73643.

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It is very likely that human being is contributing to the process of global warming. Industrial activities such as cement production are among the largest sources of human-induced greenhouse gas emissions. Therefore, there are ongoing efforts to reduce the CO2 emissions attributed to the cement production. In order to be able to systematically identify, classify, and evaluate the most effective, applicable, and feasible CO2 improvement measures, it is essential to have an assessment framework, which has an environmental management perspective. Such a framework should be able to cover the widest range of potential CO2 improvement measures, therefore it has to have a wide system perspective and consider all material, and energy flows within the industry as useful resources. The first part of this thesis uses the concepts of Industrial Ecology and Industrial Symbiosis as the supporting theoretical concepts for developing such assessment framework. The framework has semi-qualitative approach for assessing different measures and is developed in two parts: (1) generic and (2) site-specific assessment. The first part considers general aspects of the measures such as level of Industrial Symbiosis (i.e. complexity of business approach), the potential of each measure for reducing CO2 emissions, and their technological maturity. The second part assesses the feasibility of the measures regarding the conditions of a specific cement producing system. Aspects such as organizational applicability, technical and infrastructural applicability, and the existing level of implementation of each measure are considered. In the second part of this thesis, the developed framework is applied on a selected cement production system which is a cluster composed of three cement plants in Germany (owned by CEMEX) referred to as the Cluster West. The result of the assessment provides insights about the state-of-the-art of CO2 improvement measures in cement industry in general and also demonstrates which of these measures are most (or least) suited for development in the Cluster West. The production system of the Cluster West has effectively applied CO2 improvement measures in areas such as producing blended cement products, using alternative fuels (and renewable fuels) for clinker production. In addition, its clinker production (the Kollenbach plant that is part of the Cluster West) has relatively good energy efficiency. According to the results of the assessment, CO2 improvement measures such as co-generation (producing electricity from excess heat of the plant), using renewable fuels, using alternative materials for clinker production, and increasing the usage of alternative fuels are among the most applicable choices for further implementation.
In relation with LIU-CEMEX Indsutrial Ecology project (2011)

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Montali, Eliza Frattini. "Emissões atmosfericas industriais = uma proposta de indicadores de pressão." [s.n.], 2010. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/267069.

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Orientador: Edson Tomaz
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Quimica
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T13:29:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Montali_ElizaFrattini_M.pdf: 2306207 bytes, checksum: 80f89aa9a4564cc731db710a794c8ed4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010
Resumo: Dentro da gestão ambiental, os indicadores são ferramentas essenciais para a avaliação do desempenho ambiental. Por ser um tema amplo, o indicador ambiental normalmente é subdividido em três tipos: indicadores operacionais, indicadores de condição ambiental, e indicadores gerenciais. O presente trabalho enfoca as emissões atmosféricas da indústria química brasileira, propõe indicadores operacionais para este tipo de poluição e seus efeitos. O objetivo é propor indicadores que condizem com a realidade do país e possam ser aplicados em processos produtivos. Foram desenvolvidos Indicadores de Desempenho Ambiental (IDA) que quantificam o consumo de recursos naturais energéticos e os poluentes primários ou secundários emitidos, expressos em massa de poluentes em relação ao nível de atividade da fonte, e Indicadores de Impacto Ambiental (IIA), expresso em massa de poluentes por ano. Os indicadores de emissão atmosférica utilizam dados quantitativos de emissões e de produção e foram elaborados para poluentes primários: monóxido de carbono, compostos orgânicos voláteis, óxidos de nitrogênio, óxidos de enxofre. Além dos poluentes primários são contemplados indicadores para os efeitos da poluição como acidificação, potencial de formação de ozônio troposférico, potencial de destruição de ozônio estratosférico e o efeito estufa
Abstract: Within the environmental management, the indicators are essential tools for assessment of environmental performance. Because it is a broad topic, the environmental indicator is usually divided into three types: operational indicators, indicators of environmental condition, and management indicators. This paper focuses on atmospheric emissions of the chemical industry in Brazil, proposes operational indicators for this type of pollution and its effects. The goal is to propose indicators that are consistent with the reality of the country and can be applied in production processes. Environmental Performance Indicators (EPI) have been developed that measure the consumption of natural resources and energy and the primary or secondary pollutants emitted, expressed in mass of pollutants in relation to the activity level of the source, and Indicators of Environmental Impact Assessment (IIA), expressed in mass of pollutants per year. Indicators of air emission use quantitative data of emissions and production and are designed for primary pollutants: carbon monoxide, volatile organic compounds, nitrogen oxides and sulfur oxides. In addition to the primary pollutants are covered indicators for the effects of pollution such as acidification, ozone formation potential, potential of depleting stratospheric ozone, and greenhouse effect
Mestrado
Desenvolvimento de Processos Químicos
Mestre em Engenharia Química

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27

YANG, Jinmei. "Projection of Municipal and Industrial Solid Waste Generation in Chinese Metropolises with Consumption and Regional Economic Models." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/85389.

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The increasing volume of solid waste (SW), not only arising from household (Municipal SW, MSW) but also from industrial process (Industrial SW, ISW), has become a serious issue in Chinese metropolises with the economic growth, urbanization, industrialization, and increasing affluence. Growth of industry leads to the expansion of population, while the augment of demand by increasing population stimulates the industrial growth in turn, thereby increasing not only ISW generation, but also MSW generation. Therefore, in order to solve the waste problem for the construction of sustainable waste management system in a city, it is necessary to consider these two types of waste together, in which, the emphasis should be focused on waste reduction from the source. The starting point in adopting this should be a good understanding of the upstream flow of waste and accurate knowledge of the volume and composition of waste that will be generated in the future. However, due to deficient historical records and complex production process, the effective attempts at forecasting SW generation are far from enough, especially for ISW by waste category. A common approach which is based on the limited waste statistics and can be easily popularized into Chinese countries is thus urgent. This paper, therefore, attempts the construction of a systematic approach to make projections of SW generation by waste category from the following issues: (1) to develop household consumer behaviour model taking into account lifestyle of residents and project the demand of private consumption in the future; (2) to quantitatively investigate and project MSW generation fully considering the change in consumer behaviour and waste management policies; (3) to effectively evaluate the present and future industrial structure and their contributions to ISW generation among industries; (4) to carry out a scenario analysis of calculating CO2 emissions in different waste treatment options based on the projected waste quantity and composition in 2015. The approach is applied on a city level as the basic administrative unit of SW management in China. The entire framework comprises four modules-regional macro-economic module, MSW generation module, ISW generation module, and waste treatment module. Further, the study of consumption pattern conducted from the consumer behaviour model in MSW module is a prerequisite for industrial restructuring caused by change in consumption demand in ISW module. Moreover, the regional macro-economic module is to provide a means for economic structural analysis and economic forecasting, considering the influence of national GDP and socioeconomic indicators including world trade. It is found out that the regional model fits the historical records reasonably well and provides an acceptable reproduction. In the MSW generation module for estimating and projecting MSW generation, firstly the per capita total household consumption expenditure is estimated by using total consumption expenditure model; then, household consumption pattern is estimated using an extension of the linear expenditure system (LES); thereafter, MSW generation by composition is quantitatively expressed in terms of the expenditure for consumption category and waste management policies by using ordinary least squares (OLS). Then, five Chinese cities with distinct economic levels are presented by applying the module to determine the waste generation features in different regions. The research findings clearly indicate that 1) the number of variables affecting consumer behaviour in Chinese cities is not one but the integrations of a series of indicators. Aside from Shanghai, saving rate towards consumption (SAV) and natural growth rate (NAGR) are currently the two common factors. However, in Shanghai, consumer behaviour is strongly influenced by SAV and the average number of persons per household (ANPH). 2) The MSW generation model quantitatively demonstrates the linear conversion process from consumption to corresponding waste generation in all cities. For example, education and consumption of food-as the form of consumption expenditure in this research-is the source of generation of food, plastic and paper waste. Further, glass and metal waste is estimated by food expenditure in all cities. 3) Total MSW generation per unit consumption is 0.198~0.225 kg/RMB with an average value of 0.213 kg/RMB. 4) All the waste management policies analyzed in the research will provide feasible experiences or valuable lessons to other Chinese cities. 5) Volume of per capita MSW generated in 2020 will be 1.24-2.18 folds compared to that in 2008 in each city if there were no effective policies implemented advancing to diminishing waste generation. Then, for the forecasting of ISW generation of each waste category by industry, the ISW module is developed, linking three principal models-regional macro-economic model, regional input-output (IO) analysis, and ISW generation model. The approach investigates the influence of industrial restructuring on ISW generation, based on the study of consumption patterns, export composition figures and change in ISW generation coefficient. The principal priorities in the case study on Shanghai are as follows: 1) the approach provides an idea for a way to quantitatively analyze industrial restructuring by adjusting the converter that, in turn, helps assess the impact of these changes on sectoral output. 2) A sensitivity analysis describes that per yuan of increase in consumption on FOOD, CLSH, FUNI, EDUC, TRAN, HLTH and RESI induces to an average increase of 76.41, 76.16, 82.28, 106.54, 93.89, 148.30 and 292.58 g total ISW, respectively. 3) It is verified that ISW generation not only arises from economic growth but also from the onset of industrial restructuring. The unit ISW generation per gross output reduces from 0.16 to 0.14 tons/10 000 RMB as we move from 2002 to 2020. 4) It is investigated that the total volume of ISW generated in 2010, 2015 and 2020 will be 2.07, 2.83 and 4.12 times that of the 2002 levels. The total SW generation of Shanghai in 2020 will be 4.06 times of that in 2002. 5) However, if considering scenario analysis of adjusting ISW generation coefficient, the total SW generation is 1.93 times compared to 2002 and ISW is 2.18 times of MSW generation. 6) Based on our results, the industrial sectors making the biggest contribution to the production of each type of ISW can each be separately identified. Therefore, constraining specific industries or penetrating them with selective technological changes will be useful attempts on the way to meeting the objectives of overall waste reduction. Finally, in the waste treatment module, the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions emitting from the treatment and disposal of waste, including landfill site, waste-to-energy incineration and composting are calculated, respectively. Further, based on the projection of waste quantity and composition of Shanghai in 2015, a scenario analysis is carried out as well concerning the GHG emissions from alternative treatment options. The results confirm that composting and recycling of waste before the treatment are effective attempts at reducing GHG emissions in Shanghai. Further, scenario designed as the integrated waste treatment system makes the biggest reduction of GHG emissions, as 34% as compared to current treatment options with energy recovery. In a word, this research develops the entire systematic approach investigating the upstream flow of waste generation from the viewpoint of economic growth, change in socioeconomic indicators and constitution of waste management policies, and makes a reasonable attempt at projecting SW generation of each type of waste category. Based on the results, it is suggested that for the waste reduction to promote sustainable society, government interventions including promoting green consumption, reducing extra consumption, et al. and waste policies such as increasing recycling and penetrating technological innovation in specific industries will be effective. Further, based on the forecasts of SW generation, the recycling and appropriate treatment of waste generating from municipal and industrial process can be examined from the long view. From the relationship between ISW and MSW generation, the development of industry will promote the growth of service industry and induce greater generation of recyclable items. While the recycling of these items before the waste treatment is essential for effectively reducing GHG emissions which contribute to global warming. In addition, the systematic model can be easily popularized into other Chinese cities even other Asian developing cities, thereby possibly promoting the sustainable waste management of China and Asian countries.
Kyoto University (京都大学)
0048
新制・課程博士
博士(工学)
甲第14928号
工博第3155号
新制||工||1473(附属図書館)
27366
UT51-2009-M842
京都大学大学院工学研究科都市環境工学専攻
(主査)教授松岡譲, 教授森澤眞輔, 准教授倉田学児
学位規則第4条第1項該当

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Lopes, Flávio José Marques. "Legal compliance of atmospheric emissions in industrial sources." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/8531.

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Mestrado em Estudos Ambientais
Developed under the scope of the emissions control, this work is intended to evaluate and analyze the emissions of atmospheric pollutants by industrial sources. Considering the impact of the atmospheric emissions in the environment and in the human health and welfare, it’s of major importance the evaluation of the compliance of the industrial atmospheric emissions. Along the treatment of the data base it was possible to observe that still there’s a high fraction of industries that are far from the desirable limit standards. To better evaluate the results obtained from the measurements of the industrial sources it’s presented a review of the National legislation and it revisions along the years. Analyzing the results from the emission sources for the several parameters is possible to conclude that there’s still much space to improve and to spread the monitoring of industrial atmospheric emissions in the Portuguese territory. It’s from the interest of all that this kind of works, that provide a resumed overview of the efficiency of the emission control tools in Portugal, help to reflect and promote a discussion around the new pathways that the national and international legislations need to follow.
Desenvolvido no âmbito do controle de emissões, este trabalho destina-se a avaliar e a analisar as emissões de poluentes atmosféricos por fontes industriais. Considerando o impacto das emissões atmosféricas no ambiente e na saúde humana e bem-estar, é de grande importância a avaliação da conformidade das emissões atmosféricas industriais. Ao longo do tratamento da base de dados foi possível observar que ainda há uma elevada fracção de indústrias que estão longe dos padrões limite desejáveis. Em alguns casos estas excedências estão relacionadas a um comportamento de negligência ou por desconhecimento. Para melhor avaliar os resultados obtidos a partir das medições das fontes industriais é apresentada uma observação sobre a legislação nacional e das suas revisões ao longo dos anos. Analisando os resultados das fontes de emissão para os vários parâmetros é possível concluir que há ainda muito espaço para melhorar e difundir a monitorização das emissões atmosféricas industriais no território Português. É do interesse de todos que este tipo de pesquisas, que proporcionam uma visão resumida da eficiência das ferramentas de controlo das emissões em Portugal, ajude a reflectir e a promover uma discussão em torno dos novos caminhos que a legislação nacional e internacional precisa de seguir.

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Kassinis, Georgios Ioannis. "Towards an improved procedure for estimating industrial-pollutant emissions." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/67413.

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Zanetti, Cristian. "Valutazione del contributo emissivo in condizioni non-stazionarie alle emissioni totali di una stufa a pellet domestica." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2015. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/9023/.

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The aim of this work is to evaluate the emissions of the main pollutants of a pellet stove, by trying to simulate the real use in domestic operations. All the operating phases of this system were considered: ignition, partial load, increase in power, and nominal load. In each phase, quantity and type of some pollutants in emissions were determined: the main pollutant gases (CO, NOx, SO2, H2S and volatile organic compounds (VOCs)), total dust (PM) and its content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), regulated heavy metals (Ni, Cd, As and Pb), main soluble ions and Total Carbon (TC). Results show that emission factors of TSP, CO, and of the main determined pollutants (TC, Cd and PAHs) are higher during ignition phase. In particular, this phase prevalently contributes to PAHs emissions. During increase in power phase, gas and particulate emissions do not appreciably differ from nominal load ones; nevertheless, PAH emission factors are higher than steady state ones, but lower than ignition phase. Moreover, during not-steady state phases, PAH mixture is more toxic than during steady state phases. In conclusion, this study allowed to go deeper in pellet stove environmental impact, by pointing out how the different operating conditions can modify the emissions. These are different from certificated data, which are based exclusively on measurements in steady state conditions.

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PIRES, LUIZ E. B. "Avaliação e identificação da toxidade (Toxicity Identification Evaluation - TIE) do efluente líquido do pólo industrial de Belford Roxo, RJ, e sua contribuição na qualidade das águas do curso inferior do Rio Sarapuí, sub-bacia do Rio Iguaçú, bacia da Baía da Guanabara, RJ, Brasil." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2006. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/11476.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:52:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0
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Tese (Doutoramento)
IPEN/T
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

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Farrell, Jessica N. (Jessica Nicole). "The role of industrial carbon capture and storage in emissions mitigation." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2008. https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/128403.

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This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Thesis: S.M. in Technology and Policy, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, School of Engineering, Institute for Data, Systems, and Society, June, 2018
Cataloged from student-submitted PDF of thesis. "© 2008." "June 2018."
Includes bibliographical references (pages 126-128).
Carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology holds potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from the industrial sector. Industrial CCS applications, however, are more challenging to analyze than CCS in the power sector - mainly due to the vast heterogeneity in industrial and fuel processes. I focus on emission sources from cement and investigate the estimated costs associated with CCS in cement production. These costs are evaluated based on a variety of factors, including the technological maturity of the capture process, the amount of CO2 captured in different parts of a plant, the percentage of CO2 captured from the entire plant, and the energy requirements to operate the CCS addition. With the goal of integrating industrial CCS into an energy-economic model, the costs obtained from the literature are used to determine two values: the percent increase in total costs for an industrial plant with CCS and the breakdown of costs into shares of capital, labor, fuel, and other costs. I introduce the industrial CCS options into the MIT Economic Projection and Policy Analysis (EPPA) model, a global energy-economic model that provides a basis for the analysis of long-term growth of the industrial sector, and then I discuss different scenarios for industrial CCS deployment in different parts of the world. I find that in scenarios with stringent climate policy, CCS in the industrial sector is an important mitigation option. Industrial CCS reduces global emissions by an additional 5% by cutting industrial emissions by up to 45%, all while allowing for high levels of industrial production throughout the end of the century. In total, industrial CCS can increase welfare and consumption by up to 70% relative to a global economy under a 2-degree Celsius policy without industrial CCS.
by Jessica N. Farrell.
S.M. in Technology and Policy
S.M.inTechnologyandPolicy Massachusetts Institute of Technology, School of Engineering, Institute for Data, Systems, and Society

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Nakapreecha, Nitida. "Carbon emissions management of the petrochemical industries in Thailand." Thesis, Durham University, 2012. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/3449/.

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Petrochemical industry is one of the major industries in Thailand. Although the petrochemical industry is aware of its environmental responsibility and environmental management and controls have been implemented; the industry was motivated to advance their environmental performance in order to be able to tackle: the issue of global climate change, the rising local concern over environmental impact; the new forms of trading barrier; and the national goal towards sustainable growth. This study developed a carbon budget for Thai petrochemical industries, which covered 52 products from upstream, intermediate and downstream petrochemical industries together with plastics and derivatives industries. The study, it evaluated the need for carbon emissions reduction, assessed the possible emissions reduction and identified areas for carbon emissions mitigation. The developed carbon budget of Thai petrochemical industries for the year 2008 was 11 Mtonnes CO2eq (±10%) and the emission intensity was 0.63 ktonnes CO2eq per ktonne of production (±10%). It was found that Thai petrochemical industries had relatively low carbon emissions in comparison to other Thai industries and to chemical industries of other countries. Despite this result and the fact that there was currently no carbon emissions reduction obligation for Thai industries, it was suggested that the petrochemical industries should still advance their environmental performance and technologies, which would help in preparing themselves for the potential future reduction obligations. It would also lead to less environmental management expenditure better green competitiveness, sustainable development of the industries and a better living standard for the country. Accordingly, it was estimated that carbon emissions of Thai petrochemical industries could be reduced by 25-61% through adapting current best practice and the mitigation action should be started with enhancing energy efficiency at onsite utility plants. This result implies that Thai petrochemical industries did not need to resort to difficult or extraordinary solutions to make a substantial emissions reduction. Rather, what is needed is a good investment in existing effective technologies, engineering and environmental management. Other mitigation areas are development of less- or zero- carbon intensive material and energy, development of cleaner technologies, and carbon capture and storage.

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Dang, Xuan Hien, Thi Van Anh Nguyen, Duc Toan Nguyen, and Thanh Son Dang. "Numerical model for estimating greenhouse gas emissions from pulp and paper industrial wastewater treatment systems in Vietnam." Technische Universität Dresden, 2018. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A33073.

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At present, it is difficult and costly to measure directly greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the wastewater treatment system. Application of model will reduce measurement cost and quickly obtain the forecast data set of GHG emissions. This study developed a mathematical model for both steady and dynamic states to calculate GHG (CO2, CH4, and N2O) emissions from wastewater treatment systems for industrial paper processing. These models are constructed based on mass balance equations of species, including substrate balance equations, biomass balance equations for reactors of treatment systems, stoichiometric coefficiences of species in biochemical reactions and biological processes. The obtained equations were solved based on algorithm of Runge-Kutta and the model was programmed by MATLAB. Results of applying the model to calculate GHG emissions from the paper industrial wastewater treatment system at Bai Bang and Tan Mai plants are as follows: total GHG emissions and emission factor are 3,070.3 kgCO2-eq/day, 0.38 kgCO2- eq/m3, respectively for Bai Bang plant (8,000 m3/day) and 7,413.6 kgCO2-eq/day, 0.74 kgCO2- eq/m3, respectively for Tan Mai plant (10,000 m3/day). The research evaluated a number of influencing factors, such as temperature, flow rate of influent, and substrate concentrations, to GHG emissions at the Tan Mai paper plant.
Hiện nay, việc đo đạc trực tiếp phát thải khí nhà kính (KNK) từ hệ thống xử lý nước thải còn khó khăn và tốn kém. Việc áp dụng mô hình sẽ giảm được chi phí đo đạc và nhanh chóng có được bộ số liệu dự báo một cách tương đối về phát thải KNK. Nghiên cứu đã thiết lập được mô hình toán ở trạng thái ổn định và trạng thái không ổn định để tính toán phát thải khí nhà kính (CO2, CH4, N2O) từ hệ thống xử lý nước thải sản xuất giấy. Các mô hình này dựa trên các phương trình cân bằng chất của các cấu tử bao gồm các phương trình cân bằng cơ chất, các phương trình cân bằng sinh khối trong các bể phản ứng và các hệ số tỷ lượng của các chất tham gia các phản ứng sinh hóa. Các phương trình được giải bằng thuật toán Runge-Kutta và mô hình được lập trình trên ngôn ngữ MATLAB. Mô hình được áp dụng tính toán phát thải khí nhà kính từ hệ thống xử lý nước thải tại nhà máy giấy Bãi Bằng và nhà máy giấy Tân Mai, được kết quả như sau: tổng phát thải khí nhà kính (KNK) và hệ số phát thải là 3.070,3 kg CO2-tđ/ngày, 0,38 kg CO2-tđ/m3 tại Nhà máy giấy Bãi Bằng (8.000 m3/ngày) và 7.413,6 kg CO2-tđ/ngày, 0,74 kg CO2-tđ/m3 nhà máy giấy Tân Mai (10.000 m3/ngày). Nghiên cứu đã đánh giá được một số các yếu tố ảnh hưởng như nhiệt độ, lưu lượng nước thải và nồng độ cơ chất dòng vào đến sự phát thải KNK tại nhà máy giấy Tân Mai.

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Saripalli, Raja. "Simulation of combustion and thermal-flow inside an industrial boiler." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2004. http://louisdl.louislibraries.org/u?/NOD,144.

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Thesis (M.S.)--University of New Orleans, 2004.
Title from electronic submission form. "A thesis ... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in the Department of Mechanical Engineering."--Thesis t.p. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

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Liu, Jianqiao. "Three Essays on Environmental Economics and Industrial Organization:Tradable Permits, Environmental R&D and Taxation." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/20195.

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Chapter 1: Tradable Permits under Environmental and Cost-reducing R&D: This chapter models simultaneous investments in both environmental and cost-reducing R&D by asymmetric Cournot duopolist. Pollution rights (emission permits) are allocated by the regulator and can be traded between firms. Both R&D competition and cooperation are considered. In a three-stage game, firms first invest in R&D, then trade permits, and then compete in output. The strategic interaction between different types of R&D investments is analyzed. It is found that giving more permits to one firm induces it to conduct more cost-reducing but less environmental R&D. The second-best optimal allocation of pollution rights is also analyzed. This allocation matters for social welfare under R&D competition, but is irrelevant under R&D cooperation. Moreover, the optimal allocation depends on R&D spillovers. This paper also studies the grandfathering of permits based on historical output. Compared with the second-best optimal allocation, the higher the emissions reduction level, the more likely that grandfathering allocates too few permits to the large firm and too many permits to the small firm. Adding an R&D budget constraint leads firms to under-invest in cost-reducing R&D relative to environmental R&D. Chapter 2: Tradable Permits under Environmental R&D between Upstream and Downstream Industries: This chapter models the simultaneous investments in environmental R&D by both downstream and upstream industries, with two symmetric firms within each industry competing à la Cournot. Pollution rights are allocated by the regulator, and firms can trade permits. R&D competition, intra-industry (horizontal), inter-industry (vertical) and both intra- and inter-industry (generalized) R&D cooperations are considered. In a four-stage game, firms first invest in R&D, then trade permits, then upstream firms compete in intermediate good production, and finally downstream firms compete in final food production. The strategic interactions between R&D investments are analyzed. It is found that an increase in either vertical or horizontal R&D spillovers reduce the permit price but increase production, but the spillover effects on R&D investments are ambiguous and they depend on the number of permits that a firm receives from the government. However, firms undertake more R&D under generalized cooperation than vertical cooperation, irrespective of spillovers and the allocation of permits, and this results in higher social welfare under generalized cooperation than vertical cooperation. The optimal allocation of pollution rights by the regulator is also considered. This allocation matters for social welfare under R&D competition and horizontal cooperation, but is irrelevant under vertical and generalized cooperations. Chapter 3: Is There a Principle of Targeting in Environmental Taxation?: This chapter studies whether the "principle of targeting", which is referred to by Dixit (1985) as the tax formulae for dirty goods have "additivity property" (Sandmo 1975) and externality-generating sources should be directly targeted (Bhagwati and Johnson 1960), can be applicable in the presence of a uniform commodity tax with an additional emissions tax. We consider three perfectly competitive markets, one of them produces a non-polluting good and the other two produce polluting goods. The regulator chooses optimal taxes on all three markets to maximize social welfare and finances an exogenous public expenditure. First all, it is found that the additivity property does not hold under differentiated taxes, and is even further weakened with a uniform commodity tax. It is also shown that the Pigouvian tax is unlikely to apply on the top of the uniform commodity tax. Furthermore, if there is only tax instrument available -- i.e. either the uniform commodity tax or the emissions tax -- then the uniform commodity tax (emissions tax) induces higher social welfare when marginal social damage is low (high).

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Pires, Luiz Eduardo Botelho. "Avaliação e identificação da toxicidade (Toxicity Identification Evaluation - TIE) do efluente líquido do pólo industrial de Belford Roxo, RJ e sua contribuição na qualidade das águas do corso inferior do Rio Sarapuí, sub-bacia do Rio Iguaçú, Bacia da Baía da Guanabara, RJ, Brasil." Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/85/85134/tde-16052012-080425/.

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A qualidade dos efluentes líquidos do Pólo Industrial de Belford Roxo e das águas do Rio Sarapuí foram avaliadas por meio de ensaios de toxicidade aguda com Daphnia similis, Ceríodaphnia dúbia e Danio rerio e ensaios de toxicidade crônica com Ceriodaphnia dúbia e Selenastrum capricornutum. Em associação ao monitoramento ecotoxicológico, foram realizados os procedimentos de Avaliação e Identificação da Toxicidade - AIT (Toxicity Identification Evaluation - TIE) os quais possibilitaram a identificação dos agentes tóxicos para as duas matrizes. Para o efluente, foi identificado o íon cloreto como principal agente tóxico, complementado por efeitos aditivos de metais, amônia e sulfeto. As águas do Rio Sarapuí apresentam os nutrientes fósforo e nitrogênio como principais agentes tóxicos, com toxicidade aditiva de metais, amônia e sulfeto. Embora a Estimativa de Impactos Ambientais a partir dos dados de toxicidade do efluente sugira impactos mínimos por parte do lançamento de efluentes do Pólo no compartimento água superficial, a qualidade das águas desse rio já apresenta por si só um impedimento à manutenção da vida aquática. O constante lançamento de esgoto não tratado compromete a qualidade das águas do rio Sarapuí, culminando num quadro de completa degradação devido ao aumento da concentração de nutrientes e matéria orgânica, que acaba por inviabilizar o correto equilíbrio desse ecossistema e suas interações ecológicas naturais.
The quality of Belford Roxo Industrial Plant effluent and water from Sarapuí River were evaluated with Daphnia similis, Ceriodaphnia dubia and Danio rerio acute and chronic toxicity tests. In association with the ecotoxicological monitoring, the Toxicity Identification Evaluation procedure were performed and the identification of the toxic compounds was possible. The Chloride ion was identified as the major toxic compound in the effluent with additional effects of Metals, Ammonium and Sulfide. For the Sarapuí River, the compounds of Phosphorus and Nitrogen were identified as the major toxic compounds with addictive effects of Metals, Ammonium and Sulfide. Although the environmental impact estimation based on the effluent toxicity suggests a minor impact on the water quality of Sarapuí River, this was already sufficiently contaminated to make impracticable the establishment of an aquatic community. The constant discharge of untreated sludge promotes the eutrophication of this water body and makes impossible the equilibrium of this ecosystem.

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38

Berglund, Åsa. "Responses to reduced industrial metal emissions : An ecotoxicological study on Pied Flycatcher (Ficedula hypoleuca, Aves)." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för ekologi, miljö och geovetenskap, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-33767.

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Metals have been used by humans for thousands of years, and this has resulted in increased concentrations in the biosphere. The environment around point-sources, such as mines and smelters, are of particular concern, as metals may accumulate to high concentrations, and potentially reach levels toxic to the local flora and fauna. This thesis focuses on the effects on pied flycatcher populations of two such point-sources, a lead mine and enrichment plant, and a sulfide ore smelter. Mining activities at the lead mine ceased in 2001 and pied flycatcher populations were assessed before and after the closure. At the sulfide ore smelter, pied flycatchers were studied during the 1980s. Since then, the metal emissions to air from the smelter (e.g. arsenic, cadmium, copper, mercury, lead and zinc) have been greatly reduced (by 93 – 99%). Pied flycatchers from these two contaminated environments differed in their responses to reduced atmospheric deposition. At the mine site, nestling responses reflected the reduced atmospheric deposition and less lead accumulated in their tissues. However, lead levels were still high enough to cause negative effects on blood status (δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase [ALAD], hemoglobin [Hb], hematocrit [ht], and mean cell hemoglobin concentration) and reproduction (reduced clutch size, increased mortality and reduced breeding success), as was observed when the mine was in operation. Along the pollution gradient away from the smelter, nestling concentrations reflected the metal load in the soil pool, accumulating over time, rather than the atmospheric deposition. This resulted in only a minor response to decreased metal deposition (slightly reduced liver lead concentrations at 3.5 – 90 km from the smelter). This suggests that in environments with highly polluted soils, decreased inputs of atmospheric metal deposition have only minor impacts, and recovery from contamination should not be expected within decades. The high metal concentrations in the vicinity of the smelter contributed to poorer blood status (ALAD, Hb and ht), induced oxidative damage and defenses, and decreased reproduction (increased mortality and reduced breeding success). There were only minor improvements in blood and reproductive variables at 3.5 km from the smelter.
Metaller är grundämnen som inte kan bildas eller förstöras av människan. De förekommer i mineraler i berggrunden och finns överallt på jorden. Människans användning av metaller har dock medfört att de återfinns i högre halter i miljön än de annars skulle gjort. Trots att metallerna kan spridas och transporteras långa sträckor med luftmassorna, är det främst kring källorna, såsom metallindustrier, man kan hitta metaller i tillräckligt höga halter för att orsaka skada på växter och djur. I denna avhandling presenteras undersökningar av hur svartvit flugsnappare (Ficedula hypoleuca) påverkas kring två metallindustrier i norra Sverige. Det ena är en numera nedlagd blygruva med anrikningsverk i Laisvall, där vi studerade populationer av svartvit flugsnappare före och efter att industrin stängdes. Det andra är smältverket Rönnskärsverken, utanför Skelleftehamn, som varit i drift sedan 1930-talet. I föroreningsgradienten från smältverket studerades effekter av 20 års kraftigt minskade metallutsläpp till luften som följd av förbättrade reningstekniker. Resultaten kring industrierna visar att fåglarna svarade olika på de minskade metallutsläppen. Kring blygruvan minskade halterna av bly i flugsnapparungar med samma takt som nedfallen (mätt i mossa) och bytesdjuren (myror). Däremot, kring smältverket, var fåglarna fortfarande exponerade för höga halter av de giftiga ämnena arsenik, kadmium, kvicksilver och bly, på i princip samma nivåer som 20 år tidigare, trots att utsläppen minskat med 93 – 98%. Orsaken till detta tros vara skillnader på föroreningsgraden i markens översta lager, mårskiktet. Vi kunde visa att flugsnapparna kring smältverket främst fick i sig metallerna från marken, som efter flera årtionden med utsläpp från industrin innehöll mycket höga metallhalter. Detta kan förklara att fåglarna trots att utsläppen var låga, fortfarande var utsatta för stor metallexponering. Det snabba svaret på minskad metallspridning (bly och zink) som flugsnapparna vid blygruvan visade, antar vi berodde på att mindre mäng metaller fanns i marken. Trots minskningen var metallhalterna i fåglarna vid gruvområdet fortfarande tillräckligt höga för att, liksom vid smältverket, påverka fåglarnas hälsa. De uppvisade bl.a. låga blodvärden och tecken på oxidativ stress. Vidare var ungdödligheten förhöjd, vilket ledde till lägre häckningsframgång. Slutsatsen är att markens innehåll av metaller har stor betydelse för återhämtningsförloppet för svartvit flugsnappare efter minskat metallnedfall, och att en relativt snabb återhämtning kan förväntas i områden med något lägre metallhalter i mårskiktet, medan återhämtning i områden där marken är kraftigt förorenad inte kan förväntas förrän efter flera årtionden, även om nedfallet upphört nästan helt.

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39

Caldwell, Amanda. "Assessment of Transportation Emissions for Ferrous Scrap Exports from the United States: Activity-Based Maritime Emissions Model and Theoretical Inland Transportation Model." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2011. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc103296/.

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Industrial ecology is a field of study that encourages the use of closed-loop material cycles to achieve sustainability. Loop closing requires the movement of materials over space, and has long been practiced in the iron and steel industry. Iron and steel (ferrous) scrap generated in the U.S. is increasingly exported to countries in Asia, lengthening the transportation distance associated with closing the loop on the iron and steel life cycle. In order to understand the environmental cost of transporting this commodity, an activity-based maritime transportation model and a theoretical in-land transportation model are used to estimate emissions generated. Results indicate that 10.4 mmt of total emissions were generated, and emissions increased by 136 percent from 2004 to 2009. Increases in the amount of emissions generated are due to increases in the amount of scrap exported and distance it is transported.

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40

Li, Zhe 1974. "The environmental Kuznets curve reexamined for CO₂ emissions in Canadian manufacturing industries /." Thesis, McGill University, 2004. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=80319.

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Recent studies of the environmental Kuznets curve raise questions regarding the relationship between environmental indicators and GDP and the fundamental reasons that explain this relationship. In response, this thesis presents one-sector and two-sector models to analyze the alternative causal relationships between an environmental indicator and GDP at different stages of economic development. These models analyze how economic scale, technology, preferences, and economic structure influence the causality and shape of the relationship. These theoretical studies are followed by two empirical studies. The first tests the causal relationship between CO2 emissions and GDP in Canadian manufacturing industries. The second explores several factors as the fundamental causes that influence the CO2 emissions in the same industries. Factors, such as economic scale, preferences, technological progress, structural change, and energy input, are found to be crucial in the determination of CO2 emissions. The empirical results are positive, but there are data limitations. The empirical studies can be re-evaluated as more data becomes available.

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41

Al-Sulaiman, Sabah. "The formation, distribution and behaviour of gaseous pollutants in the Shuaiba industrial area (SIA) - State of Kuwait." Thesis, University of Bath, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.267351.

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42

Polimeni, Vallia Nicolas. "Incidenza della qualità del pellet sulle emissioni di una stufa domestica." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2016. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/10016/.

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Questo lavoro si è posto l’obiettivo di valutare come differenti qualità di pellet di legno, in accordo con la norma EN 14961-2, e la diversa potenza termica di una moderna stufa domestica influenzino le relative emissioni prodotte. La norma EN 14961-2 prevede una serie di proprietà per il pellet di legno con valori caratteristici per ogni classe di qualità, A1, A2 e B. Per simulare le condizioni cui sono sottoposte le emissioni in aria ambiente, il campionamento del particolato è stato effettuato per mezzo di un tunnel di diluizione. Per valutare e confrontare le emissioni prodotte della stufa a pellet, i dati ottenuti sono stati espressi come fattori di emissione cioè il rapporto tra la quantità di inquinante emesso e i MJ sviluppati dalla combustione. Dallo studio emerge che il pellet di più scarsa qualità mostra emissioni maggiori di CO, NOx, PM, ioni solubili, e la formazione di IPA con alta tossicità: questo implica un maggior impatto sulla salute dell’uomo e sull’ambiente. Inoltre la combustione di pellet di bassa qualità di tipo B causa frequenti problemi di combustione dovuti all’alta percentuale di ceneri, portando a maggiori emissioni di prodotti da combustione incompleta (TC, IPA, PM). La maggior potenza di funzionamento della stufa limita l’emissione di prodotti di combustione incompleta, TC, CO, PM e IPA, ma aumenta la tossicità di quest’ultimi.

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43

You, Wen-Chun, and 游文俊. "PAH Emission from the Industrial Boilers." Thesis, 1996. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/06873524135586456562.

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碩士
國立成功大學
環境工程學系
84
Abstract A PAH(Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon) stack- sampling system and PS-1 sampling system were used to investigate the PAH emission for 10 industrial boilers and for the ambient air of petrochemical-industry (PCI) area. The fuels used for these 10 boilers include a heavy oil, a diesel, a co- combustion of heavy oil and nature gas (HO+NG) and a co- combustion of coke oven gas and blast furance gas (COG+BFG). The main objectives of this study are to investigate the concentration, composition, emission rate and emission factor of twenty-one individual PAHs in the boiler flue gas, and compared the difference of PAHs in the boiler flue gas and in ambient air Twenty-one individual PAHs were analyzed primarily by gas chromatography / mass spectrometer (GC/MS). Total-PAH concentration in the fuel gas of 32 measured data for these 10 boiler stacks ranged between 11.6 and 363 ug/Nm3 and averaged 75.3 ug/Nm3. Total-PAH concentration in anbient airof PCI averaged 1203 ng/m3. In the boiler flue gas, the mean fraction of PAH-homologue mass(F%) counted for the total-PAH mass were 57%, 13.6%, 24.4% and 24.4% for the 2-ring, 3-ring and 4-ring PAHs,respectively. ThePAHs in the stack flue gas were dominant in the lower molecular weight PAHs. Phase distribution of the total-PAHs in the flue gas was mainly inthe gas phase. Phase distribution of the total-PAHs averaged 96% in the gas phase. The emission factors of total-PAHs were 2750, 1170, 1150 and 83.2 ug/kg-fuel for the heavy oil, diesel, HO+NG and COG+BFG fueled-boiler,respectively. Nap is a most predominant PAH occurred in the stack flue gas.The emission factor of BaP for both heavy oil and diesel-fueled boilers arefairly constant and are approximately 1.0 ng/kcal of heat generated or 10.0 ug/kg- fuel consumed.

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44

Li, Hsing-Wang, and 李興旺. "Characterization of PCDD/F Emission from Industrial Thermal Processes." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/37920796071536918119.

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博士
國立成功大學
環境工程學系碩博士班
96
The emission of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and furans (PCDD/Fs) from the different thermal processes was investigated. These thermal processes included aluminum smelting plant, electric arc furnace, fly ash treatment plant, and municipal solid waste incinerators. Seventeen PCDD/F congeners were measured by high resolution gas chromatography/mass spectrometer (HRGC/HRMS). The four secondary aluminum smelters (ALS) yield much higher PCDD/Fs than the aluminum ingot smelters, or 7.94-22.7 vs 0.57-2.67 ng/Nm3, due to a large percentage of waste or recycled aluminum used in the former and over 50% ingot used in the latter. The PCDD/F emission factor is related to either raw materials used or product produced, and the average emission factor of four secondary ALS is much higher than that of aluminum ingot smelters, or approximately 20 times higher based on either raw materials or product. The most important PCDD/F source of input mass in the fly ash treatment plant (the Waelz process) was EAF fly ash, which had a mean PCDD/F content of 18.51 ng/g and contributed more than 99% of the PCDD/F input mass. For the PCDD/F output mass, the major total PCDD/F content of 43.73 and 10.78 ng/g were in bag-filter- and cyclone-ashes, which accounted for about 69% and 17%, respectively. The O/I ratio of total PCDD/F mass and total PCDD/F I-TEQ were 0.62 and 1.19, respectively. Thus, the effects of the Waelz process for the depletion of total PCDD/F mass was positive but minor, while the effect for total PCDD/F I-TEQ was adverse overall. In the amount of 20, 40 and 50 kg/hr powder activated carbon (PAC) injection, the removal efficiencies of PCDD/Fs in the stack flue gas were 86%, 96% and 97%, respectively. By adding an increased amount of PAC, the removal efficiencies were enhanced while the reduction fractions of low chlorinated PCDD/F congeners were much higher than those of highly chlorinated PCDD/F congeners. The addition of bio-solution (NOE-7F) in the raw materials had a dechlorination on the PCDD/F removal and mainly inhibited highly chlorinated PCDD/F formation. The combination of both PAC injection and NOE-7F addition has a high potential for practical application. The usage of filters over the four-year period led to increases of the total I-TEQ levels after the bag filters by 98%-256%, in the three plants. After the replacement of filters, the total I-TEQ after the filters decreased by 53%-89%, in these plants. A great amount of PCDD/Fs were sorbed by the installed filters over four-year period and their subsequent release from filters led to increases of PCDD/Fs levels in the stack flue gases. The release of PCDD/Fs from filters resulted most likely from the blow-off of fine pieces of the aged filter material by the flue gas when the filter was used after a certain period. High PCDD/F concentrations after the filters are attributed conventionally to the memory effect of the filters. The results of this study showed that the raw materials played an important role to PCDD/F formation. Different air pollution control devices could reach different removal efficiency of PCDD/F. How to combine different air pollution control devices (APCDs) to reduce PCDD/F emission effectively is a critical issue. The PCDD/F concentration was measured regularly and replacement of filters or materials of APCDs was also necessary.

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45

Huang, Yuh-wen, and 黃郁文. "Investigation of VOCs emission characteristics in a petrochemical/industrial area." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/04645944948845150631.

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碩士
輔英科技大學
環境工程與科學系碩士班
94
Petrochemical industrial area is close to residential area and the pollution emission causes the stinky smell, demonstration and even dispute. It is all because that volatile organic compounds (VOCs) which are emitted from petrochemical process. This research uses a VOCs monitor vehicle to continued monitor the outer petrochemical industrial area for a long time and samples the vertical profile pollutant of industrial environment to compare with the raw material and product, according with VOCs concentration and species. The investigation focuses on analyzing and comparing the monitoring data. There are three categories in the content, (1) monitor vehicle VOCs measuring and canister sampling, (2) vertical profile sampling, (3) analyze and compare monitoring data with raw material, product, and the data from researching institute. According to the meteorological database, the species which is detected from VOCs monitor vehicle and canister may emit from industry area and VOCs which is detected from vertical profile pollutants may emit from unusual combustion. Therefore, those two kinds of data can be the VOCs reference at petrochemical industrial area. This research shows that at petrochemical industrial area, VOCs measured by researching institute has similar outcome with this research which analyze the vertical profile of meteorological and pollutant database and VOCs monitor vehicle.

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46

Lin, Jui-Li, and 林瑞莉. "Industry Strategy of Industrial Zone under the Control of Total Air Pollutant Emission- Volatile organic compounds emission control." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/5cdrwp.

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碩士
國立高雄第一科技大學
環境與安全衛生工程系碩士專班
105
The strategies for total emission control of air pollutants for the industries established in the industrial park- Emission control of volatile organic compounds For a long time, the persistent poor air quality in the Kaohsiung and Pingtung area has become a public concern, therefore, the Environmental protection authority promulgated the implementation of the "Total air pollutant control plan in Kaohsiung and Pingtung area " in June 2004 . However, the implementation of this policy, for the improvement of air quality and the impact of the industry in Kaohsiung and Pingtung area, still need to be more widely assessed. For the industry within the region, also need to be responsive. Based on this, this research focuses on the volatile organic compounds emitted from specific industrial area in the South of Taiwan, using the amount of pollution of industrial areas and the environmental data of EPD, including total suspended solids (TSP), sulfur oxides compound (SOx), nitrogen oxide compound (NOx) as well as the volatile organic matter (Volatile Organic Compounds, VOCs), combined with the results of the questionnaire to review the implementation of the total air pollutant control policy, the air quality and the possible impact on the industrial economy, and to develop the relevant recommendations. The study included specific recommendations for the Administration, including consolidation emissions estimate baseline as legislation amendment reference, perfect exchange trading platform and transaction rates, provide incentives for reductions, and increase willingness of industry to take the initiative, also recommended for VOCs offset ratio calculation principle, the discharge coefficient of local process, as the evaluation criteria；the use of bubble policy of the spirit of control, the implementation of the total control of the spirit. For the industry to adjust as follows, Investigation and construction of industrial VOCs pollution sources and emission inventories, With the waste reduction measures, to develop a feasible reduction strategy, Comprehensive review of existing pollution control equipment operational effectiveness, with the best possible control technology (BACT) as a requirement, should not be targeted at the target reduction, through process efficiency, raw material improvement, upgrading control equipment, etc.,to provide excess emissions reduction reserves, as the future expansion from the plant, new or change the source of pollution and other alternative possible. Set up the emissions cap-and-trade system trading professionals, familiar with the "air pollutant reduction amount management platform" related to the trading system, planning the future to obtain pollutant emissions of the feasible conditions, pre-planning future development of the industry,Planning future pollutant emission characteristics of viable conditions advance planning future development of the industry, Cap adjustments in advance due to the total air pollutant control requirements . Key words: total control, volatile organic matter, regulatory strategy, emissions, reductions

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47

Huang, Wei-Jung, and 黃威融. "Estimation of Embodied Energy And Emission Intensity - An Industrial Ecology Perspective." Thesis, 2003. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/90511140326642563050.

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碩士
國立臺北大學
資源管理研究所
91
ABSTRACT ESTIMATION OF EMBODIED ENERGY AND EMISSION INTENSITY -AN INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY PERSPECTIVE. BY HUANG, WEI-JUNG JUNE 2003 ADVISOR: Dr. LEE, YUH-MING DEPARTMENT: INSTITUTE OF NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT MAJOR：NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT DEGREE: MASTER OF ARTS Nowadays humankind uses a huge amount of resources on the earth and such consumption results in various pollutions. In order to manage the environment efficiently, many concepts are introduced. Industrial Ecology is one of these concepts. It encompasses many tools that can analyze environmental impacts of pollutions and hence, inform us about the environmental quality. For example, using the life-cycle assessment (LCA) to gather information on environmental impacts, we can understand all the stages of the product life, from the production of raw materials and energy to the end-of-product life. This research attempted to estimate: (1) embodied energy, which refers to the direct plus indirect expense of the energy, used by each sector; and (2) the embodied emission from using energy sources and from production process. In this research, another five factors are added when considering embodied emission. Such factors include the emission from automobiles, consumption of CaCO3 which emits CO2, consumption of electricity by electric furnaces which emits NOx and SOx in the process of iron and steel making, open burning of waste agricultural biomass which emits suspended particulate matter (SPM), and tire wearing which also emits SPM. The results show that CO2 direct emissions amount to 1.93Gt. and 1.71Gt, when the carbon sink is included. NOx direct emissions are estimated to be 621Kt. SOx emissions amount to 311Kt. Total SPM emissions are estimated to be 80Kt. Furthermore, fisheries sector, chemical sector, non-ferrous metal sector, and transport, communication and broadcasting sector are the highest emission intensity sectors in Taiwan. Keywords: Industrial Ecology, Life-Cycle Assessment, Embodied Energy, Embodied Emission Intensity.

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48

Liao, Chief, and 廖琦峰. "The research of emission and evaluation of HAPs in industrial areas." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/92352586326185215171.

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碩士
國立成功大學
環境工程學系碩博士班
93
This research used USEPA FIRE Date System to setup the method ofemission estimate and risk assessment. In this case study, we evaluated the impacts of the complex petrifaction industry area located in central Taiwan. Thirty-eight Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs) were analyzed. 　In the study, VOC emission rate in stack and fugitive were 79% and 21%, respectively. The emission rate in stationary, mobile source, and port area, was 99.72%, 0.2%, and 0.008%, respectively. According to the hazardous weight index calculating, T4 factory was the most influential source regarding human health. 　The result of ISC modeling shows that vinyl chloride produced the highest annual concentration of 106μg/m3, which mostly comes from stacks. According to an evaluation of the carcinogenic risk, it was 1.83×10-3. The stack was attributed to the major source of carcinogenic emissions. According to an evaluation of non-carcinogenic risk, the maximum of overall health risk was 12.5 and again, the index demonstrated that the stack had the highest health impact among all of the emission sources. 　Comparing the domestic emission factors with those in FIRE, a similarity of the species was found when the emission factors were applied for both power plants and incinerators. However, a significant difference was found between the species of the stationary and the petrifaction sources. Certain species are missing in the FIRE data system,such as the emission factors of VOC from some petrifaction process. 　　The primary difference between the domestic emission factors and those in FIRE was concluded to be resulted from (1) difference in manufacturing activities, (2) lack of illustration of the throughput and the products in FIRE system, (3) different control efficiency affecting the resultant emission factors, (4) different selection of the SCC code, and (5) decisions of the emission factors levels. 　Comparing the FIRE with SPEIATE data system, it is found that the emission estimated by SPECIATE were significantly higher than that by FIRE. One of the reasons was that a more complex database was established in SPECIATE than then in FIRE, regarding the petrifaction industry. 　The uncertainty of the emission estimates was attributed to the stack and some fugitive occurred. Due to the lack of the emission estimate information, the stack ontributed 8/9 of the uncertainty among the emission estimates of the entire petrifaction industry area.

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49

Tseng, Wen-hsing, and 曾文興. "The Odor Characterestics and Effects of Fugitive Emission in Petrochemical Industrial Complex." Thesis, 1998. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/80701456225711204365.

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碩士
國立臺灣大學
環境工程學研究所
86
Recently there were many odor complaints in the neighborhood of petrochemical industrial park. One of the major sources is contributed by fugitive VOC emission from petrochemical processes. This study had been conducted to estimate the losses of odorous organic compounds from different kinds of emission sources in a factory of Da-She industrial complex. In addition, their odor impact is investigated. To estimate fugitive emission, a variety of methods were adopted, including average factors, leak/no leak factors, stratified factors, correlation curves and unit-specific correlation curves. In order to obtain the required data of these methods, we screen the leak of equipment with portable organic volatile analyzer and bag the equipment to estimate the actual emission rate. The result shows that the leak comes from little equipment and majorities of leak equipment are valve and flange. The emission rate estimated by those methods (in descending order) are: average factors, leak/no leak factors, stratified factors and correlation curves. Leak/no leak factors underestimate the emission rate of equipment with screening value between 1,000 ppm and 10,000 ppm. Comparing to correlation curves results, the emission estimated by unit-specific correlation curves is much lower. Among all estimating methods, stratified factors and correlation curves are more cost-effective. The impact of odorous emission from the factory is estimated by using ISCST3 air quality model. In case of this factory, the main odorant is styrene. The odor impact range of process vent is far larger than that of fugitive emission. In the neighborhood of the factory, the fugitive emission is more contributive to odor complaints probability, even through the total process vent emission is higher than fugitive emission. The odor complaints happened more frequently in south of the factory because of the prevalent northwest wind. The highest odor complaint probability happened in autumn. The odor complaints are highly relative to wind direction and speed.

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50

Lin, Hui-mei, and 林惠美. "Changes of Industrial CO2 Emission in Taiwan by Input-Output Structural Decompostition Analysis." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/61163037858265205627.

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碩士
嘉南藥理科技大學
環境工程與科學系碩士班
93
This study employs input-output (I-O) structural decomposition analysis to examine trends and effects of industrial CO2 emission in Taiwan during 1981~1986, 1986~1991, 1991~1996 and 1996~2001.Then to identify the characteristics and the important factor of industrial CO2 emission in the developing period, and provide the decreasing base of CO2 emission for future. Changes of CO2 emission can be decomposed into nine factors: (1) the industrial energy coefficient, (2) the CO2 emission factor, (3) interfuel substitution, (4) the rate of domestic production to intermediate input, (5) the structural change of intermediate input, (6) the level of domestic final demand, (7) the change of domestic final demand, (8) the level of exports and (9) the structural change of exports. According the result of this study, the amount of CO2 emission increased 15,312 tons during 1981~1986, it was caused by using more coal. In addition to, the level of domestic final demand and the level of exports are increment factors, the change of domestic final demand caused decrement effect. From 1986 to 1991, the increment of CO2 emission that compared with the pass five years period was 34,874 tons. The main increment factor was the export growth quickly, and the rate of domestic production to the intermediate input was primary decrement factor. The amount of CO2 emission to rise up 39,745 tons between 1991 and 1996, the level of domestic final demand and the level of exports grown astonishing up were two key increment causes. However the energy direct coefficient and the structure of intermediate input to industries were two principal decrement causes, they shown that the economization of energy and the improvement of industrial structure were effectual in this period. During 1996 to 2001, the growth of CO2 emission was higher 50,748 tons than the previous five years, the result was caused due to both the level of exports and that of domestic final demand. Besides the structural change of domestic final demand, intermediate input to industries and export offered decrement effect. They displayed which the structure of domestic final demand oriented lower energy consumption. As the rate of economic growth risen up very quickly and the electricity production applied a lot of the energy that produced higher CO2 emission, the energy coefficient expanded the total amount of CO2 emission greatly in these five years. In addition to, the input of the oil production to all industries ascended and the export of petroleum production descended gradually, causing the rate of domestic production to intermediate input to grow up.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Industrial emission'

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