Journal articles: 'Industrial commodities'

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Baldursson, Fridrik M. "Modelling the price of industrial commodities." Economic Modelling 16, no. 3 (August 1999): 331–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0264-9993(99)00003-6.

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Ngai, Mae, and Mary Nolan. "Labor and Global Commodities: Introduction." International Labor and Working-Class History 81 (2012): 4–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547912000026.

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Conventionally defined, “global commodities” refer to raw materials and basic foodstuffs—sugar, bananas, cotton, coal, bauxite—that are extracted or grown in one area of the world and sold on the world market for industrial or consumer use elsewhere. Labor historians focusing on the point of extraction/production or tracking the production and circulation of specific global commodities have gained insight into the development of global capitalism, in particular relations between colonized and colonizer, developing countries and advanced industrial countries. From Sidney Mintz's Sweetness and Power: The Place of Sugar in Modern History (1986) to Mark Kurlansky's Cod: The Biography of the Fish that Changed the World (1998) scholars and general readers alike have found in studies of a single commodity a productive method for understanding social relations in the making of the modern world.

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Shoffiyati, Peni, Melinda Noer, Rahmat Syahni Z, and Asrinaldi . "A Review Indonesian Policy on Agricultural Industrial Commodities." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.9 (October 2, 2018): 226. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.9.21085.

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Agricultural development is defined as an integral part of economic and society development as a whole which is implemented in a planned manner. The role of the Government is as a stimulator and facilitator, so that the economic activities of farmers can be optimized albeit the many problems faced. The purpose of this study is to see how the form of agricultural development policy and its implementation on agricultural industry commodities as well as to understand the problems to improve the policies and overcome the existing problems. The method used in this study is the systematic literature review. The results of the study put forward several policies on agricultural industry commodity related to price, macroeconomic, investmentand supply chain management. Problems in agricultural development include technological, institutional, marketing and information issues. Supply chain management policy becomes the most important policy because it has a more comprehensive scope covering raw material supply management, activities among supply chain actors, pricing on each supply chain actor, to providing the necessary investment in the supply chain process. Implementers of supply chain management policies include supply chain management actors from upstream to downstream. Improvements made are shortening supply chain path by providing a meeting point of various related parties ranging from farmers as producers, intermediary traders to end consumers. The ultimate goal is expected supply chain will be shorter, travel distribution becomes faster, sharing of information, management of technology and existence of institutional network among supply chain actors.

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Carrier, James. "Reconciling commodities and personal relations in industrial society." Theory and Society 19, no. 5 (October 1990): 579–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00147027.

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Ruiz, Jesús, Giuseppe Olivieri, Jeroen de Vree, Rouke Bosma, Philippe Willems, J. Hans Reith, Michel H. M. Eppink, Dorinde M. M. Kleinegris, René H. Wijffels, and Maria J. Barbosa. "Towards industrial products from microalgae." Energy & Environmental Science 9, no. 10 (2016): 3036–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ee01493c.

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Syafitri, Widya, Nazamuddin, and Sartiyah. "How the Covid-19 Pandemic Affects the Prices of Strategic Commodities in Indonesia." International Journal of Economics, Business and Management Research 06, no. 08 (2022): 344–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.51505/ijebmr.2022.6822.

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This study aims to examine volatility of strategic food commodities price in Indonesia before and during Covid-19 pandemic and to analyze the influence of GRDP and Covid-19 pandemic on prices of strategic food commodities price in Indonesia. Data used is panel data with time series data for quarter 2018-2021 cross section of 34 provinces in Indonesia and uses variation analysis method and panel regression. The results of the analysis show that prices of agricultural commodities, garlic, red chilies, and chicken were more varied before pandemic than during Covid-19 pandemic. Price of cayenne pepper, shallots, beef, and chicken eggs are more varied during pandemic than before Covid-19 pandemic. Prices of industrial commodities, cooking oil and sugar are more varied during pandemic than before Covid-19 pandemic, while price of rice was stable. The result of Random Effect Model regression found that Covid-19 pandemic has positive effect on price of agriculture and industrial strategic food commodities in Indonesia. GRDP only has negative effect on price of industrial strategic food commodities.

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CRIBELLI, TERESA. "‘These Industrial Forests’: Economic Nationalism and the Search for Agro-Industrial Commodities in Nineteenth-Century Brazil." Journal of Latin American Studies 45, no. 3 (August 2013): 545–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x13000771.

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AbstractIn the nineteenth century, members of the Rio de Janeiro-based Sociedade Auxiliadora da Industria Nacional promoted the development of new agro-industrial commodities from Brazil's native forests as substitutes for expensive foreign imports. Influenced by late colonial scientists and reformers who followed the political economy of Carl Linnaeus, the society turned a Portuguese imperial project of economic revitalisation into a vision for developing the nation's post-independence economy. For society members, Brazil's ‘industrial forests’ were essential for economic independence and defined the new nation's place in an emerging global capitalist system.

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Laili, Fitrotul, Wiwit Widyawati, and Dian Islami Prasetyaningrum. "EXPERIENCE SHOCKS OF STRATEGIC FOOD CONSUMERS IN INDONESIA DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC." Agricultural Social Economic Journal 22, no. 1 (January 31, 2022): 53–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.agrise.2022.022.1.8.

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COVID-19's negative externalities disrupted the supply of several commodities. Meanwhile, to combat the spread of COVID-19, various countries have implemented a lockdown policy, which impacts the economy's balance. Consumers' risks are increasing due to economic changes caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, which affects the higher level of volatility of various agricultural commodities in Indonesia, particularly strategic commodities. Thus, this research was designed to examine the experience shock of strategic food consumers during Covid-19 pandemic. The ARCH/GARCH model was used to describe the strategic food price movement pattern using a set of weekly consumer price data from March 2020 until August 2021. This study found price volatility of strategic food commodities is classified into three categories. For starters, the extreme volatility of commodities such as garlic and cayenne pepper indicates that future buyers will face more significant uncertainty and risk. Furthermore, these commodities will generate fluctuating price swings in the future, resulting in greater experience shock for consumers. Second, commodities with high price volatility, such as rice, chicken meat, eggs, shallots, and sugar, signal that these commodities will subject consumers to a huge shock due to their high price volatility. Third, minimal volatility, such as that found in meat, red chilli, and cooking oil, indicates that customers will face less uncertainty in the future.

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Morris, Mike, Raphael Kaplinsky, and David Kaplan. "“One thing leads to another”—Commodities, linkages and industrial development." Resources Policy 37, no. 4 (December 2012): 408–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2012.06.008.

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LEE, HYUNOK, JOSEPH W. GLAUBER, and DANIEL A. SUMNER. "INCREASED INDUSTRIAL USES OF AGRICULTURAL COMMODITIES POLICY, TRADE AND ETHANOL." Contemporary Economic Policy 12, no. 3 (July 1994): 22–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-7287.1994.tb00431.x.

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Derbali, Abdelkader, and Houssam Bouzgarrou. "The dynamic dependence between the major US indices and the meat commodities indices." PSU Research Review 4, no. 2 (June 23, 2020): 149–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/prr-09-2018-0027.

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Purpose The purpose of this study is to examine empirically the conditional correlation between the major US indices (S&P500 index and Dow Jones Industrial index) and three selected meat commodities as: Feeder Cattle, Leen Hogs and Live Cattle during the period from July 22, 2010 to June 30, 2017. Design/methodology/approach In this study, the authors use for the first time the GARCH-DECO (1,1) to examine empirically the conditional nexus between the major US indices (S&P500 index and Dow Jones Industrial index) and three selected meat commodities as; Feeder Cattle, Leen Hogs and Live Cattle during the period from July 22, 2010 to June 30, 2017. Findings From the empirical findings, the authors conclude the existence of a highly significance of conditional heteroscedasticity parameters can demonstrate us to distinguish the nature of the volatility dependency between S&P500 index and Dow Jones Industrial index and three selected meat commodities indices. Originality/value This can find clear the significance of relationship in the process of financialization of the major US index and meat commodities indices in the case of this paper.

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Du, Xiaochuan, and Kara M. Kockelman. "Tracking Transportation and Industrial Production across a Nation." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2269, no. 1 (January 2012): 99–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2269-12.

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With the Freight Analysis Framework as its primary data source, the RUBMRIO (random utility–based multiregional input–output) model is applied for U.S. transportation, production, and trade across more than 3,000 contiguous counties. Driven by foreign export demand, RUBMRIO uses input–output expenditure shares and a nested logit model for shipment origins and mode to simulate trade patterns of commodities among the counties. Network and export demand scenarios were examined for their effects on the distribution of trade flows and production. Changes in export demands for various commodities highlighted the importance of food and petroleum manufacturing sectors in production and labor-expenditure shifts. Transport cost reductions had greater effects on total production than did similar cost increases. The most affected U.S. counties were those centrally located. Changes in travel times along the I-40 corridor had ripple effects on trade patterns everywhere with the greatest changes observed around the corridor's midpoint.

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Lajis, Ahmad Firdaus B. "Realm of Thermoalkaline Lipases in Bioprocess Commodities." Journal of Lipids 2018 (2018): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/5659683.

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For decades, microbial lipases are notably used as biocatalysts and efficiently catalyze various processes in many important industries. Biocatalysts are less corrosive to industrial equipment and due to their substrate specificity and regioselectivity they produced less harmful waste which promotes environmental sustainability. At present, thermostable and alkaline tolerant lipases have gained enormous interest as biocatalyst due to their stability and robustness under high temperature and alkaline environment operation. Several characteristics of the thermostable and alkaline tolerant lipases are discussed. Their molecular weight and resistance towards a range of temperature, pH, metal, and surfactants are compared. Their industrial applications in biodiesel, biodetergents, biodegreasing, and other types of bioconversions are also described. This review also discusses the advance of fermentation process for thermostable and alkaline tolerant lipases production focusing on the process development in microorganism selection and strain improvement, culture medium optimization via several optimization techniques (i.e., one-factor-at-a-time, surface response methodology, and artificial neural network), and other fermentation parameters (i.e., inoculums size, temperature, pH, agitation rate, dissolved oxygen tension (DOT), and aeration rate). Two common fermentation techniques for thermostable and alkaline tolerant lipases production which are solid-state and submerged fermentation methods are compared and discussed. Recent optimization approaches using evolutionary algorithms (i.e., Genetic Algorithm, Differential Evolution, and Particle Swarm Optimization) are also highlighted in this article.

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Coronel, Daniel Arruda, and Leonardo Sangoi Copetti. "Perfil industrial das exportações do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul e a hipótese de desindustrialização." Research, Society and Development 10, no. 2 (February 22, 2021): e43510212784. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i2.12784.

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Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar o perfil industrial do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, visando responder à seguinte questão: está ocorrendo um processo de desindustrialização no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul? Nesse sentido, foram ajustados dois modelos Vetorial de Correção de Erro (VEC), com as seguintes variáveis dependentes: exportações da indústria de transformação (alta intensidade, média-alta, média-baixa e baixa intensidade) do Rio Grande do Sul e exportações de produtos não industriais desse estado. As variáveis independentes foram taxa de câmbio real efetiva; índice de preços das commodities não energéticas; e coeficiente do grau de abertura comercial. Os resultados indicaram que a desvalorização cambial estimula as exportações, que a abertura comercial foi extremamente prejudicial às exportações e que a variável índice de preço das commodities não energéticas apresentou sinal contrário ao esperado.

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Urban, Eliza Dickinson, and Alex Donovan Cole. "Fictional Commodities: Victorian Utopian Fiction and Polanyi’s Great Transformation." Utopian Studies 32, no. 3 (November 1, 2021): 528–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/utopianstudies.32.3.0528.

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Abstract We use Karl Polanyi’s Great Transformation thesis to argue that Victorian novelists used the utopian genre to articulate visions of humanity’s new economic and political orientation, specifically the rise of the market society. We examine three novels: Edward Bulwer-Lytton’s The Coming Race (1871), Samuel Butler’s Erewhon (1872), and William Morris’s News from Nowhere (1890). But the “great big beautiful tomorrows” that these novels envision cannot distance themselves from industrial capitalism, despite their criticisms of it. In these novels, revolutions may eliminate industrial labor, but they result in dependency on highly advanced machines or reversion to a preindustrial state. We argue that these novels indirectly prefigure Polanyi’s theory of double movement, which results in the development of what we know today as the neoliberal state.

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Coronel, Daniel Arruda, Luciane Flores Jacobi, Leonardo Sangoi Copetti, and Adriano Mendonça de Souza. "Perfil industrial das exportações da Região Sul do Brasil e a hipótese de desindustrialização." Revista Brasileira de Planejamento e Desenvolvimento 11, no. 1 (February 24, 2022): 181. http://dx.doi.org/10.3895/rbpd.v11n1.12255.

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Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar o perfil industrial da Região Sul do Brasil, visando responder à seguinte questão: está ocorrendo um processo de desindustrialização na Região Sul do Brasil? Nesse sentido, foram ajustados dois modelos Vetorial de Correção de Erro (VEC), com as seguintes variáveis dependentes: exportações da indústria de transformação (alta intensidade, média-alta, média-baixa e baixa intensidade) da Região Sul do Brasil e exportações de produtos não industriais dessa região. As variáveis independentes foram taxa de câmbio real efetiva; índice de preços das commodities não energéticas; e coeficiente do grau de abertura comercial. Os resultados indicaram que as exportações dos produtos não industriais apresentaram um aumento maior do que os produtos por intensidade tecnológica. Em relação às importações dos produtos não industriais, constatou-se uma queda e um aumento dos produtos por intensidade tecnológica. Com relação à estimação do VEC, os resultados indicaram que a desvalorização cambial estimula as exportações, que a abertura comercial foi extremamente prejudicial às exportações e que a variável índice de preço das commodities não energéticas apresentou sinal contrário ao esperado. Por fim, conclui-se que há fortes evidências do processo de desindustrialização na Região Sul do Brasil.

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Stuart, Diana, and Ryan Gunderson. "Nonhuman Animals as Fictitious Commodities: Exploitation and Consequences in Industrial Agriculture." Society & Animals 28, no. 3 (June 17, 2020): 291–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685306-12341507.

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Abstract This article examines how nonhuman animals, along with land and labor, represent fictitious commodities as described by Karl Polanyi. Animals in agriculture are examined as an extreme example of animal commodification whose use resembles the exploitation of land and labor. Conceptual frameworks developed from Marxist theory, including the subsumption of nature, the second contradiction of capitalism, and alienation, are applied to illustrate how the negative impacts to animals, the environment, and public health associated with animal agriculture are caused by attempts to overcome the incomplete commodification of animals. This article illustrates how social theory can be extended to apply to animals, especially animals who are deeply embedded in human society. The inclusion of animals in social analyses also serves to strengthen our overall understanding of exploitation and oppression under capitalism.

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Mackenzie, Adrian. "The economic principles of industrial synthetic biology: cosmogony, metabolism and commodities." Engineering Studies 5, no. 1 (April 2013): 74–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19378629.2013.764880.

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Ferreira, Jonathan Dias, Stefan Hubertus Dorner, and Mirian Beatriz Schneider Braun. "BOOM DAS EXPORTAÇÕES DE COMMODITIES E A DESINDUSTRIALIZAÇÃO BRASILEIRA." RDE - Revista de Desenvolvimento Econômico 1, no. 39 (April 2014): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.21452/rde.v16i29.2861.

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Este artigo discute a hipótese da existência do fenômeno Dutch Disease4 no Brasil. Trata-se de avaliar se o boom das exportações de commodities tem afetado o setor industrial e incentivado a tendência de desindustrialização. Foi utilizado o IVCR – Índice

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Pandey, Radhika, Amey Sapre, and Pramod Sinha. "What does the new 2011-12 IIP series tell about the Indian manufacturing sector?" Indian Growth and Development Review 11, no. 2 (November 12, 2018): 90–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/igdr-12-2017-0110.

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Purpose This paper aims to discuss the changes in the new 2011-12 base year series of the Index of Industrial Production (IIP) to determine whether the new series has improved the understanding of the growth in the manufacturing sector. Design/methodology/approach This paper develops a simple framework to separately estimate the contribution of value- and volume-based commodities in the growth of the manufacturing index. The authors present a case study by analysing the growth performance of IIP drugs and pharmaceuticals sector by comparing it with real net sales of a common sample of firms in this segment. Findings The authors find that growth in value-based commodities contributes significantly in moving the index in either direction, and that high growth in value-based commodities coincides with periods of low inflation. On comparability, using real net sales as an alternate indicator of industrial output for the pharmaceuticals sector, the authors find that IIP and real net sales show contrasting trends, thereby raising issues of reliability. The authors also find that the IIP shows a disconnect with growth rates from Annual Survey of Industries for several industries. Practical implications The divergence between two measures of industrial activity raises crucial questions on the representativeness of the IIP. Originality/value The study builds a framework to separately estimate the contribution of value- and volume-based commodities in the growth of the manufacturing index.

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Ekayanti, Dewi Fitria, and Nyoman Djinar Setiawina. "Determinants of Indonesia’s Intra-Industry Trade of Cosmetic Commodity (HS Code 3304) with Trade Partners Of APEC-4 Countries." European Journal of Business and Management Research 8, no. 1 (January 11, 2023): 77–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejbmr.2023.8.1.1567.

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Intra-Industrial Trade has increased in recent years followed by the trend of cosmetic commodities starting to dominate there is a diverse diversification of cosmetic commodities, countries that are members of one integration carry out intra-industry trade due to reduced barriers. This study aims to determine the level of integration of Intra-Industrial trade and trading partners in cosmetic commodities, especially those integrating in APEC, whether GDP per capita, exchange rate, and economic distance affect exports and imports between Indonesia and trading partners simultaneously or partially in terms of the level of integration through the IIT Index. Using panel data analysis secondary data from the 2015-2019 time series. Data obtained from databases including UN Comtrade, BI, BPS, World Bank and other databases with keywords Intra-Industry Trade (IIT), determinants, GDP per capita, exchange rates, economic distance, cosmetics. The results of research with the Fixed Effect Model model show that GDP Per Capita, distance and exchange rate have a positive and significant effect on IIT.

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Copetti, Leonardo Sangoi, and Daniel Arruda Coronel. "PERFIL INDUSTRIAL DAS EXPORTAÇÕES DA REGIÃO NORDESTE DO BRASIL E A HIPÓTESE DE DESINDUSTRIALIZAÇÃO." Reflexões Econômicas 6, no. 1 (November 6, 2021): 62–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.36113/rec.v6i1.3277.

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Este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar o perfil industrial da Região Nordeste do Brasil, visando responder à seguinte questão: está ocorrendo um processo de desindustrialização nesta região? Nesse sentido, foi ajustado um modelo Vetorial de Correção de Erro (VEC), com a variável dependente exportações da indústria de transformação da Região Nordeste do Brasil. As variáveis independentes foram taxa de câmbio efetiva real; índice de preços das commodities não energéticas; e coeficiente do grau de abertura comercial. Os resultados indicaram que a desvalorização cambial estimula as exportações, que a abertura comercial foi extremamente prejudicial às exportações e que a variável índice de preço das commodities apresentou sinal contrário ao esperado.

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Sumiahadi, A., M. Direk, and R. Acar. "Potential agro-industrial commodities for the development of Indonesia-Turkey economic partnership." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 637 (January 9, 2021): 012089. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/637/1/012089.

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Chevallier, Julien, and Florian Ielpo. "Cross-Market Linkages: The Case of Commodities, Bonds, Inflation and Industrial Production." Australian Economic Review 47, no. 2 (May 27, 2014): 189–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8462.12050.

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Miftah Akbar, Fasya, and Widyastutik. "Analysis of Competitiveness, Dynamics, and Determinants of Main Commodity Export Demand from Indonesia to United Kingdom." JURNAL EKONOMI DAN KEBIJAKAN PEMBANGUNAN 11, no. 2 (November 2, 2022): 108–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jekp.11.2.2022.108-131.

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The United Kingdom is an industrial and developed country that has the potential to become Indonesia's leading commodity export market. This study aims to analyze the competitiveness, dynamics, and determinants of Indonesia's superior commodity export offerings to the United Kingdom. This research method uses qualitative and quantitative approaches with RCA, EPD, x-model, and panel data regression analysis. There are ten main export commodities that have the highest RCA which is analyzed for their position and market development. So it was found that there were eight commodities that were in a falling star position with potential market development and two commodities were in a retreat position with less potential market development. The results of regression estimates show that real GDP per capita of Indonesia, export prices, population growth of Indonesia, and RCA have a significant effect on the value of Indonesian main export commodities to United Kingdom. Meanwhile, real GDP per capita of United Kingdom, economic distance and population growth of United Kingdom have no significant effect on the value of Indonesian main export commodities to United Kingdom.

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Kovacevic, Mladjen. "Dimensions and causes of long-term decrease in prices of primary commodities in the world market." Medjunarodni problemi 55, no. 2 (2003): 261–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/medjp0302261k.

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In the distant past prices of primary commodities had shown a tendency of decrease and their increase was recorded only during the First and Second World Wars. Since 1950s there had been recorded a slight decrease in global price indices of primary commodities, while in early 1970s they grew to a considerable extent. After that and up to 2001 the global nominal price indices and particularly real price indices of non-energy primary products drastically fell reaching the lowest level in their history. This applied to prices of all primary commodities as a whole as well as to all groupings of these products. On the other hand, prices of industrial products exported by developed countries to underdeveloped and medium-developed ones, dynamically grew in the second half of the previous century. Thus, the terms of trade substantially aggravated for underdeveloped countries whose exports structure is still dominated by non-energy primary commodities. Therefore, the negative correlation was clearly manifested between a very high share of primary commodities in the structure of commodity exports and a very low per capita income in a number of developing countries. The drastic fall in prices of primary commodities and the simultaneous dynamic growth in prices of industrial products caused to a great extent reduction of the share of primary commodities in the world commodity trade - from 57 per cent recorded in 1950 to only over 20 per cent recorded in late 20th and early 21st centuries. Among numerous factors that have brought about a drastic fall in prices of primary commodities the most prominent are: technical and technological progress in their production, production of their substitutes, in traffic and other sectors as well. Apart from this, the decrease in prices of primary commodities has been considerably caused by change in exchange rate at par to US dollar, agricultural policies of developed countries, privatisation of companies that produce commodities and particularly by too excessive production and purchase in relation to demand and spending that in recent years have been under the impact of recession that has emerged in developed economies and a number of newly industrialised and developing countries, as well as a very slow revival of economies in transition. By all this, a drastic fall in prices of a number of particular products from this group has also resulted from the impact exerted by some specific factors. Taking into consideration the fact that the impact of the most important factors that have brought about the drastic fall in prices of primary commodities is of permanent character and that it will be exerted to a greater or lesser extent in the next dozen of years the experts of the World Bank forecasted in late 2002 that, taken as a whole, the real prices of primary commodities would slightly increase by 2015, but they would still be at a lower level than in 1990. By all this, they forecasted that the real prices of energy commodities (this also including raw oil) would be considerably reduced in that period.

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Cupriak, Daniel, Katarzyna Kuziak, and Tomasz Popczyk. "Risk Management Opportunities between Socially Responsible Investments and Selected Commodities." Sustainability 12, no. 5 (March 5, 2020): 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12052003.

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Socially responsible investing (SRI) or sustainable, responsible, and impact investing is growing fast. The net total of SRI assets at the beginning of 2018 was USD 12.0 trillion. There is extensive literature on SRI, but very little of it relates to portfolio construction and risk management combining SRI and commodities. In this paper, the authors pay attention to model volatility and dynamic conditional correlations between SRI investment and selected representative of commodities. We state the following hypothesis: the potential to create portfolio and risk management opportunities exists between SRI and commodities such as grain, precious metals, and industrial metals. To verify this, modeling of volatility and dynamic conditional correlation (DCC) between pair of elements is necessary. Empirical research conducted for the global market based on selected indices for SRI and commodities confirms this hypothesis. These results can improve asset selection in portfolio construction and allow investors to make more reasonable decisions.

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de Vries, Jan. "The Industrial Revolution and the Industrious Revolution." Journal of Economic History 54, no. 2 (June 1994): 249–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700014467.

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The Industrial Revolution as a historical concept has many shortcomings. A new concept—the “industrious revolution”—is proposed to place the Industrial Revolution in a broader historical setting. The industrious revolution was a process of household-based resource reallocation that increased both the supply of marketed commodities and labor and the demand for market-supplied goods. The industrious revolution was a household-level change with important demand-side features that preceded the Industrial Revolution, a supply-side phenomenon. It has implications for nineteenth- and twentieth-century economic history.

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Harvey, Mark. "Slavery, Indenture and the Development of British Industrial Capitalism." History Workshop Journal 88 (2019): 66–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hwj/dbz027.

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Abstract The paper addresses the central issue of the relationship between slavery and industrial capitalism. It does so by re-examining Eric Williams’s classic account and recent debates related to it on the one hand, and on the other, by challenging basic assumptions about capitalism as a closed market-wage labour-capital system. Taking a long-duration approach (from the mid eighteenth century to the end of the nineteenth century) to three key commodities – guns, sugar and cotton – the paper argues that British industrial capitalism drove the expansion of slavery and then other regimes of exploitation in a dynamic and interdependent relationship with the transformation of the metropolitan wage economy. The analysis is based on changing configurations of production-exchange-distribution-consumption for each of these three exemplary commodities. The British industrial revolution is thus characterized by its hybridity and heterogeneity, always combining varied regimes of exploitation: metropolitan wage labour, directly-owned British Caribbean and Mauritian slavery, and US Deep South slavery, each followed by varied transitions to indentured servitude or sharecropping. New and contrasting racialized orders of hierarchy and inequality emerged and were entrenched as a central feature of this epochal change, the legacies of which are only too present today.

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Gupta, Sahil, and Madhvi Sethi. "An Analysis of Inter-Relationship among Commodities, Stock and Economic Indices." Revista Gestão Inovação e Tecnologias 11, no. 4 (September 16, 2021): 5075–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.47059/revistageintec.v11i4.2550.

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This research will concentrate primarily on commodity relationships, mainly, prices of oil (OP) and gold (GP), US stock market (S&P500), consumer confidence index (CCI), the US Dollar index (USDX), and the industrial production (IP). The purpose of the analysis is to study the dynamic interconnection between OP, USDX, CCI, GP, IP, and S&P500, by estimating the Vector Auto Regression (VAR) model. OP, CCI, GP, USDX, S&P500, and IP are the different variables used in this paper. Using monthly data from January 1971 to May 2020, this study applies the Granger causality test, Variance Decomposition (VDC) analysis, and Impulse Response Function (IRF). It can be inferred from the results that USDX has a significant relationship with GP and has a causal impact on GP. Industrial Production has also shown a significant relationship with S&P500 and has a causal impact on S&P500. The result also suggested that CCI and S&P500 share a unidirectional relationship; the volatility in CCI in the short run is due to the S&P500. Also, the variables do not have any other significant relationship. The findings also highlighted that USDX directly affected GP negatively. Industrial production directly impacted S&P500 in the short run, while a positive relationship is shared between CCI and S&P 500.

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S., Gupta,, and Sethi, M. "An Analysis of Inter-Relationship among Commodities, Stock and Economic Indices." CARDIOMETRY, no. 24 (November 30, 2022): 418–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.18137/cardiometry.2022.24.418426.

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This research will concentrate primarily on commodity relationships, mainly, prices of oil (OP) and gold (GP), US stock market (S&P500), consumer confidence index (CCI), the US Dollar index (USDX), and the industrial production (IP). The purpose of the analysis is to study the dynamic interconnection between OP, USDX, CCI, GP, IP, and S&P500, by estimating the Vector Auto Regression (VAR) model. OP, CCI, GP, USDX, S&P500, and IP are the different variables used in this paper. Using monthly data from January 1971 to May 2020, this study applies the Granger causality test, Variance Decomposition (VDC) analysis, and Impulse Response Function (IRF). It can be inferred from the results that USDX has a significant relationship with GP and has a causal impact on GP. Industrial Production has also shown a significant relationship with S&P500 and has a causal impact on S&P500. The result also suggested that CCI and S&P500 share a unidirectional relationship; the volatility in CCI in the short run is due to the S&P500. Also, the variables do not have any other significant relationship. The findings also highlighted that USDX directly affected GP negatively. Industrial production directly impacted S&P500 in the short run, while a positive relationship is shared between CCI and S&P 500.

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Arriel, Marcos Fernando, Cintia Neves Godoi, and Sergio Duarte De Castro. "PADRÕES DE CRESCIMENTO DOS MUNICÍPIOS E A REPRESENTATIVIDADE INDUSTRIAL EM GOIÁS. (2005 A 2015)." Boletim Goiano de Geografia 39 (May 21, 2019): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5216/bgg.v39i0.57989.

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Os padrões de crescimento dos municípios goianos e as relações existentes com a representatividade de suaatividade industrial no intervalo de tempo de 2005 a 2015 são o objeto de análise deste estudo. Pretendeseidentificar os municípios que formam os aglomerados industriais em Goiás e associar, espacialmente, opadrão de crescimento desses municípios e o peso do setor industrial. Dentre os resultados principais, podese destacar que as atividades industriais, especialmente representadas pelas indústrias de transformação e extrativa mineral, proporcionaram ganhos para a expansão da economia goiana e para um conjunto expressivo de municípios. Os resultados também mostraram que o desempenho de um conjunto de municípios foi afetado pela crise econômica brasileira, sobretudo em municípios cujas atividades principais estavam ligadas à commodities minerais, metalmecânica e à produção de medicamentos.Palavras-chave: Municípios goianos. Indústria de transformação. Indústria extrativa mineral. Padrão decrescimento.

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Breach, A. "Russia' Path to Prosperity in the Post-Industrial World." Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 5 (May 20, 2003): 19–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2003-5-19-41.

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The author explores the comparative advantages of the Russian economy and states that resource export orientation can be a strong factor of sustainable economic growth as for example in Australia. Economic relations with rapidly growing China are of extreme importance because the Chinese economy can provide a huge market for Russian commodities. The author warns that the rapid growth of rouble's real exchange rate can decelerate economic development but his forecasts for the nearest future are rather optimistic.

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Kurach, Radosław. "Stocks, Commodities and Business Cycle Fluctuations – Seeking the Diversification Benefits." Equilibrium 7, no. 4 (December 31, 2012): 101–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/equil.2012.029.

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In this study we empirically verify the diversification potential of different commodity sectors for equity portfolios. We also try to find the explanation of varying cross-sectoral diversification benefits by verifying the relationship between macroeconomic variables and commodity indices. We employ correlation analysis for our purposes. The obtained results indicate that Precious Metal and Livestock are valuable equity portfolio diversifiers, while Industrial Metals volatility has much in common with the fluctuations of broad stock market.

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Finke, Cody E., Hugo F. Leandri, Evody Tshijik Karumb, David Zheng, Michael R. Hoffmann, and Neil A. Fromer. "Economically advantageous pathways for reducing greenhouse gas emissions from industrial hydrogen under common, current economic conditions." Energy & Environmental Science 14, no. 3 (2021): 1517–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ee03768k.

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Almost all clean hydrogen that is used in industry is made by cogenerating low-cost hydrogen and other commodities. We propose a framework to make the world's hydrogen from low-cost cogeneration processes.

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Galtier, Franck. "Intervention on biofuels and the Japan WTO rice stock to stabilise world food prices." Perspective, no. 59 (2022): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/perspective/36954.

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On international markets, prices of grains (wheat, maize) and vegetable oils (rapeseed, sunflower, soybean, palm) have been rising since mid-2020. Biofuels play a major part in this increase, and the war in Ukraine, which began in February 2022, has exacerbated it. Biofuels in fact link the price of these commodities to that of crude oil: when the crude oil price rises, the biofuels industry increases its demand for maize and vegetable oils. Temporarily limiting this industrial usage would reduce the price of these commodities. Moreover, in case of an increase in rice prices, one solution would be to authorise Japan to export the rice stock it has built up under World Trade Organization (WTO) rules. In order to prevent future crises, these two levers could be activated as soon as world prices of these agricultural commodities reach predetermined levels.

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Dias, Franciele Miranda Ferreira. "Alguns elementos sobre a cadeia produtiva da cana-de-açúcar no Brasil." Geosul 36, no. 79 (September 3, 2021): 116–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/2177-5230.2021.e73805.

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A cadeia produtiva da cana-de-açúcar refere-se ao plantio, processamento industrial e transformação nas commodities açúcar e/ou etanol e, por fim, o escoamento desses produtos. Nesse sentido, o objetivo do trabalho é discutir os elementos que compõem a cadeia produtiva da cana-de-açúcar, utilizando para tal finalidade, a bibliografia referente à temática e alguns dados estatísticos. Analisa-se também os desdobramentos do Proálcool quanto à expansão do cultivo de cana-de-açúcar no Brasil e no crescimento da produção das commodities analisadas. Observou-se que a produção das commodities etanol e, principalmente o açúcar, são elementos importantes para a economia brasileira. No Brasil, o estado de São Paulo figura como o maior produtor de cana-de-açúcar, área destinada a esse cultivo e concentra a maioria das agroindústrias processadoras, configurando-se como o principal exportador de etanol e açúcar.

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Setyowati, Putri Budi, Hery Toiba, S. Sujarwo, S. Syafrial, and Condro Puspo Nugroho. "GAME THEORY APPLICATION IN DECISION MAKING OF HORTICULTURE FARMING." Agricultural Social Economic Journal 21, no. 1 (January 31, 2021): 59–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.agrise.2021.021.1.8.

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In running farming system, farmers not only have a role important as owners who land they farm. But also they are as farm managers to make any decisions to face their farming problems under risk and uncertainty. These problems are categorized as internal and external factors related to price fluctuations of agricultural commodities. For that reason, farmers need to consider some strategies to overcome their farming problem for instance by choosing the best commodities that would give them an optimal profit. The maximax, maximin, savage, and laplace criterions were used to analyze decision making of horticulture farmer in determining which best horticultural commodities to plant according to their behaviour and attitude toward farming risk. Thus, horticulture farmer will be able to make a choice whether or not it is potato, cabbage, or, scallion that will be cultivated in the next planting period. Potato farmers are categorized as the optimistic farmer who loves farming risks and they are cautious. While scallion farmers are pessimistic farmers and they are risk averse. In addition, cabbage farmers are the ones who have the least regret.

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Bertochi Caçador, Sávio. "A ECONOMIA DO ESPÍRITO SANTO ESTÁ SOFRENDO UM PROCESSO DE DESINDUSTRIALIZAÇÃO?" Redes 20, no. 3 (January 3, 2016): 341. http://dx.doi.org/10.17058/redes.v20i3.4575.

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Este trabalho analisa se a economia do Espírito Santo está passando por um processo de desindustrialização nas últimas décadas. Para isso, estimou-se um modelo empírico baseado em Rowthorn e Ramaswamy (1999). A base de dados foi a participação da indústria no Valor Adicionado Total - VAT e não se encontrou evidência de que a economia capixaba esteja sofrendo uma desindustrialização. Além disso, mostrou-se que a estrutura industrial capixaba é fortemente concentrada em commodities e estimativas demonstraram que índices de preços das commodities influenciaram positivamente, embora em pequena magnitude, a participação da indústria no VAT local.

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Gupta, Shashi, Himanshu Choudhary, and D. R. Agarwal. "An Empirical Analysis of Market Efficiency and Price Discovery in Indian Commodity Market." Global Business Review 19, no. 3 (February 15, 2018): 771–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0972150917713882.

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The present article is an attempt to empirically investigate the long-term market efficiency and price discovery in Indian commodity futures market. The study has been conducted with eight commodities which include two agricultural commodities, two industrial commodities, two precious metal and two energy commodities. Sophisticated statistical methods like restricted cointegration and vector error correction model (VECM) are used to analyse the spot and futures prices time series. Restricted cointegration test shows that near-month futures prices for all the commodities are cointegrated with the spot prices but futures prices of all the commodities are inefficient to predict the future spot price. Indian commodity futures market evidenced as the thinly traded market (Kumar & Pandey, 2013, Journal of Indian Business Research, 5(2), 101–121) rejects the null hypothesis of efficiency and unbiasedness for all the eight commodities which reconfirms the result of Fortenbery and Zapata (1997, Journal of Futures Markets, 17(3), 279–301). The presence of short-term biases in the Indian futures market is evidenced in the results of VECM model which indicates the presence of informational efficiency. The statistically significant value of past prices of spot and futures confirm the short-term inefficiency and biasedness. The significant value of error correction term (ECT) of futures prices suggests that commodity futures are the most important indicator of commodity price movements. The important implication of the results is for market traders. They can use the futures prices to discover the new equilibrium and earn profits by transmitting it to the spot market. The better understanding of the interconnectedness of these market would be useful for policymakers who try to establish stability in the financial markets.

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Rahayu, Silvia. "Penentuan Agribisnis Unggulan Komoditi Pertanian Berdasarkan Nilai Produksi di Kabupaten Kerinci." J-MAS (Jurnal Manajemen dan Sains) 6, no. 1 (April 24, 2021): 154. http://dx.doi.org/10.33087/jmas.v6i1.242.

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Regional development discusses very strategically in the completion of the implementation of national development. The economic development of each region through economic growth, which is at the same time an indicator, provides an overview of where regional economic development in a given period has resulted in an increase in income for the community which increases per capita income. Agribusiness still has a bigger role in Kerinci Regency, because most of the population of Kerinci Regency supports their lives from the agribusiness sector. The strategic role of agribusiness in the economy of Kerinci Regency includes: food providers for the population of Indonesia, foreign exchange earners through exports, providers of industrial raw materials, increased employment and business opportunities, increased regional income, poverty alleviation and drivers of other economic sectors. In fact, a large number of agribusinesses have considerable production value in Kerinci Regency. This study aimed was to: (1) Analyze the types of superior agricultural commodities, and (2). Review the growth structure of agricultural commodities in Kerinci Regency. The design of this study used descriptive research methods that were descriptions of goals. The aim was that the author wanted to analyze the types of superior agribusiness commodities with the Location Quotient (Location Question) method and examine the structure of the growth of commodity agribusiness in Kerinci Regency. Based on the results of the study, it was found that: the leading agribusiness was the superior agricultural commodity of Kerinci Regency in the period of 2012-2016 based on the calculation of Location Quotient (LQ) Analysis are food crops, horticulture plants and seasonal plantations. Based on Klassen Analysis The typology of the structure of the growth of agricultural commodities is divided into four parts. Advanced and fast developing commodities, in Kerinci Regency are annual and other food crops and horticulture plants. Advanced but depressed commodities consist of annual horticultural crops sub-sector commodities and seasonal plantations. Rapidly developing commodities consist of commodity livestock, forestry and logging sub-sectors. Relatively lagging commodities consist of agricultural services sub-sector and hunting

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Hatta, Hendrixon, and Udisubakti Ciptomulyono. "KOMODITAS UNGGULAN KLUSTER AGROINDUSTRI PERKEBUNAN DI PROVINSI SUMATERA SELATAN." MATRIK 21, no. 1 (September 17, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.30587/matrik.v21i1.1053.

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The government in an effort to increase global competitiveness makes a plan through the RPJPN document (2005-2025) which implies a gradual transformation to develop a competitive economy in accordance with regional competencies and excellence. Thus, the challenges faced are efforts to increase competitiveness through the development and implementation of innovation systems (innovation driven economy). The national innovation system (SINAS) consists of the support of a number of regional innovation systems (SIDa) so that industrial clusters are formed based on the thematic superior regions. South Sumatra Province in the process of determining the plantation industry cluster based on regional superior commodities is based on the results of deliberations by the regional government without the support of an educational approach undertaken in the determination of the thematic superior. The determination of this industrial cluster can be used as a direction for regional development that can facilitate regional innovation actors in taking strategic policy steps in advancing the region. So this research aims to determine the regional superior commodities and products that are carried out with the academic draft approach to have acceptable and operational characteristics. In this study the determination of regional superior commodities and products is carried out with a scientific approach using the LQ, Integration DEMATEL and ANP methods. The results of this study are coffee (4.54), rubber (4.49) and oil palm (4.45) priority commodity-based priority products that have a good industrial value chain to be developed by innovation actors in formulating policies and programs for support the regional superior products in order to have national and global competitiveness.

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Osipov, Vladimir. "Control and cost analysis in the process of management decision making for the commodities assortment." Problems and Perspectives in Management 16, no. 2 (May 24, 2018): 209–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ppm.16(2).2018.19.

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The relevance of this work is determined by the further development of the management system and its information support that improve the economic entity’s activity and increase the competitiveness. The goal of this research is to develop a method for the most optimal commodities assortment formation, which makes it possible to increase the efficiency of the enterprise in the existing production conditions. Previously applied methods were oriented only to one of the methods of determining the commodities assortment, which prevented managers from choosing the most optimal option. The method of the optimal commodities assortment formation was proposed for the first time in this article while comparing the methods of its determination on products profitability and the limiting factor. The object of research is resource consumption in relation to certain commodities assortment manufactured by the enterprise operating in the measuring devices production sector. The article is focused on the methods of the integrated management cost analysis aimed at implementing the concept of the most complete and timely information support for the resource consumption control and regulation. General scientific and special research methods are used for the purpose of its implementation. The use of special methods of economic analysis made it possible to develop the economic model of costs estimation in the process of the most optimal commodities assortment formation.Conclusions and results of the research show that the efficiency of the industrial enterprise largely depends on rational resource consumption. The successful solution of this task largely depends on the correct commodities assortment formation. In view of this, methods for determining the commodities assortment based on the analysis of its profitability and assessing the impact of the limiting factor, taking into account the full load capacity, are proposed to be used.

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Fajar, Muhammad, and Zelani Nurfalah. "Hybrid Fourier Regression – Multilayer Perceptrons Neural Network for forecasting." Statistical Journal of the IAOS 37, no. 4 (November 26, 2021): 1199–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/sji-210876.

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Forecasting methods are advantageous tools to predict the future, especially for agricultural commodities production. This study aims to compare the forecasting method between Fourier Regression, Multilayer Perceptrons Neural Networks (MPNN), and introducing a new forecasting method hybrid Fourier Regression – Multilayer Perceptrons Neural Networks Model proposed by the author. These methods are applied to forecast the production of big chili commodities since it is one of the essential vegetable commodities with a high household and industrial consumption in Indonesia. The big chili production data used is monthly from January 2010 to June 2017 (in quintal units) sourced from Statistics Indonesia. The results show hybrid Fourier Regression – Multilayer Perceptrons Neural Networks Model is more accurate to forecast big chili production than Fourier Regression and Multilayer Perceptrons (MPNN). The MAPE produced by Fourier Regression-MPNN is the lowest compared to the other methods, which is 4.45. In summary, the use of the hybrid Fourier Regression-MPNN method in forecasting big chili production can help the government to find out the potential production of big chili in the next few quarters. Furthermore, the results are useful for considering some government policies about big chili needs such as making a decision to export or import big chili commodities.

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Meliyani, Evi Faridah Rostanti. "Inventory Control of Product Supply of Agricultural Product for Online Sales (Case Study in PT Insan Agritama Teknologi)." Journal of Business on Hospitality and Tourism 5, no. 1 (July 5, 2019): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.22334/jbhost.v5i1.141.

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The industrial revolution 4.0 has encouraged a digital technology companies called startup. PT Insan Agritama Teknologi (Inagri) is one of startup in Bandung City that is engaged in agriculture as a supplier of food ingredients. Inventory of goods in Inagri is currently fulfilled from five partner farmers. At present, Inagri has collaborated with several Horeca (hotel, restaurant, café) and modern retailers to distribute agricultural products. However, for approximately 2.5 years, Inagri has not yet found a standard procedure for inventory control. Sometimes Inagri could not fulfill the demand because there was an out of stock of goods. Therefore required to control supplies. The purpose of this study was to identify the process of controlling inventory in Inagri and analyzed the classification of inventory in Inagri based on ABC analysis. This study used the ABC analysis method. The results showed that the classification of goods inventory in Inagri based on ABC analysis, group A amounted 16 commodities, this amount represented 21% of total items (76 commodities). Group B amounted 17 commodities or 22% of total commodity and group C had 43 items or 57% of total commodities sold by Inagri. ABC analysis is one of the solutions for making goods stock procurement decisions in future period.

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ANDRONOVA, I. V., and A. A. TINKOVA. "EURASIAN ECONOMIC UNION ON THE NON-FUEL MINERAL COMMODITIES’ MARKETS." Scientific Works of the Free Economic Society of Russia 235, no. 3 (2022): 337–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.38197/2072-2060-2022-235-3-337-344.

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The article analyzes the role of resource endowment as a factor of regional economic integration’s economic security. The key markets of non-fuel minerals, where the Eurasian Economic Union has a high export potential, have been identified. The place and role of the EAEU in the world markets of chromium, sulfur, antimony, copper, industrial diamonds, platinum are analyzed using relative export indicators. The author reveals the risk of foreign trade pressure exerted by export partners among the key risks associated with the dominant position of the EAEU in these markets, in the context of trade wars and sanctions. It is proposed to monitor on a regular basis key foreign trade indicators for strategically important goods, including non-fuel minerals. This will lead to the development of a common strategy for their production, processing and trade and help strengthening the foreign trade position of the EAEU in global markets.

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Ayon, Tonmoyee H. "Structural change in the Bangladesh economy: An analysis of composition of output." Journal of South Asian Studies 6, no. 3 (October 23, 2018): 141–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.33687/jsas.006.03.2541.

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This paper examines the changes in the sectoral composition of Bangladesh’s GDP over the period 1973 – 2017 both at the aggregated and disaggregated levels. As expected, perceptible changes occurred at the aggregated level with the share of the agricultural sector declining steadily while the relative shares of industry and services showing increasing trends. All three broad sectors of the Bangladesh economy grew over time. It appears from the study that the industrial sector grew the fastest followed by the services sector. The share of agriculture fell from about 39 percent in 1973 to 16 percent in 2017. During the same period, the share of the industrial sector rose from just over 15 percent to more than 31 percent. On the other hand, the share of the services sector increased from 46 percent in 1973 to about 54 percent in 2016. An analysis of the intra-sectoral composition suggests that the production of some commodities grew faster than others, and then over time some new commodities gained prominence thereby causing remarkable structural changes.

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Skouras, George. "Modernity, the Commons and Capitalism." British Journal of American Legal Studies 9, no. 2 (August 4, 2020): 367–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bjals-2020-0012.

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AbstractThe modern way of life and reflected in modern political philosophy is directed by capitalist activity of both commodities and persons. Entities that do not have commodity value are worthless to the capitalist enterprise, regardless of any intrinsic value in themselves. Modernity is capitalist modernity. Modernity has given preference for objects/commodities over persons. This paper will argue for opening-up the landscape for alternative experiences to capitalism, as an attempt to move away from the capitalist enterprise. That is, be able to provide open space for people to use other than the buying and selling of commodities---where the commodification process breaks down and opens-up spaces for alternative experiences besides the capitalist experience. In other words, this work will attempt to serve as critique of Enlightenment philosophical discourse---that is, serve as a critique of the Age of Enlightenment serving as the foundational head of modernism---a plea for the rebellion against the quantification and mathematization of reality under modernist and industrial societies. It will use the modern landscape as the first effort to break free from the capitalist enterprise.

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Asthutiirundu, Yulianus R. Matana, Ismail Maskromo, and Farida Oktavia. "Coconut cultivation management in Central Maluku." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 974, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 012038. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/974/1/012038.

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Abstract Currently, coconut is still managed and produced as black copra due to farmers’ limited human resources and capital. In addition, the condition of coconut plants is also old and unproductive. It is time to manage coconut plantations for maximum quality and quantity of production. The utilization of coconut products is not only to primary products but was developed into secondary products. Central of Maluku is one of the centers for plantation commodities in Indonesia. The most dominant plantation commodities in Central Maluku are coconut, nutmeg, cloves, and cocoa. Demand for these 4 commodities competes with each other. Coconut is one of the sources of life for the local community. The management is very traditional, especially downstream, to produce black copra and coconut oil. Coconut oil was produced for local consumption, and part of it was sold to the local market. Meanwhile, mainly copra is produced to supply industrial demand. Therefore, good management practices of coconut cultivation are needed, including improving good coconut cultivation and coconut farming diversification horizontally and vertically.

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Ghaemi, Seyed Ali, and Mansour Hadji Hoseinlo. "Freight production and attraction of industrial, agricultural and livestock, food, and fruit and vegetable commodities." Numerical Methods in Civil Engineering 7, no. 3 (March 1, 2022): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.52547/nmce.2022.407.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Industrial commodities'

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