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1
Kumar, Vinod. "Hindu Temple Architecture in India." Studies in Art and Architecture 3, no. 1 (March 2024): 26–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.56397/saa.2024.03.04.
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Religious edifices in India seems to have developed during the urban phase of Indus Sarasvati or Harappan civilization (3200-2600 BCE) and continuing afterwards, till the sixth century CE. The certain concepts of Gods and human beings have led to the emergence of temple as an architectural body. The relationship of Indus valley’s people with the God or gods can be surmised in conformity with the antiquarian remains discovered in archaeological excavations conducted at the sites of Indus Sarasvati Civilization during the several last decades.
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Bair, Edward, Timbo Stillinger, Karl Rittger, and McKenzie Skiles. "COVID-19 lockdowns show reduced pollution on snow and ice in the Indus River Basin." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 18 (April 26, 2021): e2101174118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2101174118.
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Melting snow and ice supply water for nearly 2 billion people [J. S. Mankin, D. Viviroli, D. Singh, A. Y. Hoekstra, N. S. Diffenbaugh, Environ. Res. Lett. 10, 114016 (2015)]. The Indus River in South Asia alone supplies water for over 300 million people [S. I. Khan, T. E. Adams, “Introduction of Indus River Basin: Water security and sustainability” in Indus River Basin, pp. 3−16 (2019)]. When light-absorbing particles (LAP) darken the snow/ice surfaces, melt is accelerated, affecting the timing of runoff. In the Indus, dust and black carbon degrade the snow/ice albedos [S. M. Skiles, M. Flanner, J. M. Cook, M. Dumont, T. H. Painter, Nat. Clim. Chang. 8, 964−971 (2018)]. During the COVID-19 lockdowns of 2020, air quality visibly improved across cities worldwide, for example, Delhi, India, potentially reducing deposition of dark aerosols on snow and ice. Mean values from two remotely sensed approaches show 2020 as having one of the cleanest snow/ice surfaces on record in the past two decades. A 30% LAP reduction in the spring and summer of 2020 affected the timing of 6.6 km3 of melt water. It remains to be seen whether there will be significant reductions in pollution post−COVID-19, but these results offer a glimpse of the link between pollution and the timing of water supply for billions of people. By causing more solar radiation to be reflected, cleaner snow/ice could mitigate climate change effects by delaying melt onset and extending snow cover duration.
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Ali, Arshad, Ghazala Nosheen, and K. A. Khan. "The Unforgettable Indus River Flood-2010: A Review." Hydro Nepal: Journal of Water, Energy and Environment 9 (November 24, 2012): 48–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hn.v9i0.7073.
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Floods are the unannounced natural disasters that destroy both lives and infrastructures. In July 2010 a huge and unpredictable flood struck Pakistan, especially the catchment area of the River Indus, extending from the north part of Khyber Pakhtun Khwa (KPK) Province south to the Arabian Sea. The top five rainfall intensities recorded at Risalpur, Islamabad, Murree, Cherat and Ghari Dopatta were 415mm, 394mm, 373mm, 372mm and 346mm, respectively. The Indus Flood-2010 affected nearly 20 million people spreading over 36 districts of the country. The death toll recorded was nearly 1,800 persons. More than 10 million people were subjected to contaminated drinking water. The destruction to cotton, rice, sugar cane, and animal fodder was recorded as 3,000 km2, 800 km2, 800 km2, and 1000 km2, respectively. And about five hundred thousand tons of wheat was destroyed. The Indus Flood of 2010 caused an estimated 43 billion US dollar loss to Pakistan and adversely affected its Gross Domestic Product (GDP). It brought on both the financial crises and socio-political concerns (such as infiltration of the Taliban in the form of a relief supporter). Though this flood has left everlasting impacts on the people of Pakistan, they could be better handled if the government and relief agencies were more determined, honest and committed.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hn.v9i0.7073 Hydro Nepal Vol.9 July 2011 48-51
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Mussarat, Sakina, Nasser M. AbdEl-Salam, Akash Tariq, Sultan Mehmood Wazir, Riaz Ullah, and Muhammad Adnan. "Use of Ethnomedicinal Plants by the People Living around Indus River." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2014 (2014): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/212634.
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The objective of present study was to document and preserve ethnomedicinal knowledge use to treat different human ailments by traditional healers of Dera Ismail Khan region, Pakistan. Field work was conducted between February 2012 and January 2013 using semistructured questionnaires. Data was collected from 120 traditional healers through questionnaire survey. Traditional healers in the study area use 70 plant species mostly herbs (57%) for ethnomedicinal and other purposes. The highest FICvalues (0.80) were obtained each for gastrointestinal and kidney problems followed by respiratory infections (0.72) and skin infections (0.73). There was a significant correlation (r2=0.950; p<0.01) between the age and traditional knowledge of respondent. Direct matrix ranking indicatedMorus albaandDalbergia sissooas highly multipurpose and threatened species in the study area. The results showed high dependency of local inhabitants on medicinal plants in meeting their primary health care needs. Moreover, the traditional knowledge has been restricted to elder people. Protection measures should be taken in order to conserve precious multipurpose species that are facing overexploitation. Medicinal plants treating major ailments in the region may be subjected to phytochemical and pharmacological investigations for the identification of bioactive compounds.
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Khan, S., E. Dialynas, V. K. Kasaraneni, and A. N. Angelakis. "Similarities of Minoan and Indus Valley Hydro-Technologies." Sustainability 12, no. 12 (June 16, 2020): 4897. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12124897.
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This review evaluates Minoan and Indus Valley hydro-technologies in southeastern Greece and Indus Valley Pakistan, respectively. The Minoan civilization first inhabited Crete and several Aegean islands shortly after the Late Neolithic times and flourished during the Bronze Age (ca 3200–1100 BC). At that time, the Minoan civilization developed fundamental technologies and reached its pinnacle as the first and most important European culture. Concurrently, the Indus Valley civilization populated the eastern bank of the Indus River, its tributaries in Pakistan, and the Ganges plains in India and Nadia (Bangladesh), spreading over an area of about one million km2. Its total population was unknown; however, an estimated 43,000 people resided at Harappa. The urban hydro-technologies, characteristics of a civilization can be determined by two specific aspects, the natural and the social environment. These two aspects cover a variety of factors, such as climate and social conditions, type of terrain, water supply, agriculture, water logging, sanitation and sewerage, hygienic conditions of communities, and racial features of the population. Therefore, these factors were used to understand the water resources management practices in early civilizations (e.g., Minoan and Indus Valley) and similarities, despite the large geographic distance between places of origin. Also discussed are the basic principles and characteristics of water management sustainability in both civilizations and a comparison of basic water supply and sanitation practices through the long history of the two civilizations. Finally, sustainability issues and lessons learned are considered.
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Khan, Hafiz Uzair Ahmad, Syed Farhan Ahmed Khalil, Syed Jamil Hasan Kazmi, Mudassar Umar, Atif Shahzad, and Suhaib Bin Farhan. "IDENTIFICATION OF RIVER BANK EROSION AND INUNDATION HAZARD ZONES USING GEOSPATIAL TECHNIQUES – A CASE STUDY OF INDUS RIVER NEAR LAYYAH DISTRICT, PUNJAB, PAKISTAN." Geoplanning: Journal of Geomatics and Planning 4, no. 2 (October 30, 2017): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/geoplanning.4.2.121-130.
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This study aims to assess an area of about 70 km along Indus River in Layyah and Muzaffargarh districts of Punjab, Pakistan, which is highly vulnerable to erosion. Actual erosion and deposition has been quantified for each of left and right bank of river over a period of 2002 to 2016. Open source data product of Landsat is used to identify the spatio-temporal changes of Indus River. A model has been developed that extracted the water from satellite images using NDWI. River path of Indus has been mapped for 2002, 2009 and 2016 during high and low flow seasons which not only signifies the channel shifting and river morphology, but also highlights the zones where water over run into land. It has been observed from the study that river is shifting more towards its left bank and the area is highly vulnerable to erosion. In 2009, river eroded 24.3 km2 from right bank while it eroded 100 km2 from left bank. Similarly, in 2016, 12.5 km2 and 71.9 km2 eroded from right and left bank respectively. The river inundation eroded the major agricultural land and affected the life of people and infrastructure. Results provide the latest and reliable information on the dynamics of Indus River in the study area which can be utilized to develop erosion control program and taking practical measures to ensure the safety of life and infrastructure.
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Bates, J., C. A. Petrie, and R. N. Singh. "Cereals, calories and change: exploring approaches to quantification in Indus archaeobotany." Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 10, no. 7 (April 10, 2017): 1703–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12520-017-0489-2.
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Abstract Several major cereal groups have been identified as staples used by the pre-urban, urban and post-urban phase populations of the Indus Civilisation (3200–1500 BCE): wheat, barley, a range of small hulled millets and also rice, though their proportional exploitation is variable across space and over time. Traditional quantification methods examine the frequency, intensity and proportionality of the use of these crops and help ascertain the ‘relative importance’ of these cereals for Indus populations. However, this notion of ‘importance’ is abstracted from the daily lives of the people using these crops and may be biased by the differential production (as well as archaeological survival) of individual cereals. This paper outlines an alternative approach to quantifying Indus cereals by investigating proportions of calories. Cereals are predominantly composed of carbohydrates and therefore provided much of the daily caloric intake among many late Holocene farming populations. The four major cereal groups cultivated by Indus farmers, however, vary greatly in terms of calories per grain, and this has an impact on their proportional input to past diets. This paper demonstrates that, when converted to proportions of calories, the perceived ‘importance’ of cereals from five Indus sites changes dramatically, reducing the role of the previously dominant small hulled millet species and elevating the role of Triticoid grains. Although other factors will also have affected how a farmer perceived the role and importance of a crop, including its ecological tolerances, investments required to grow it, and the crop’s role in the economy, this papers suggests that some consideration of what cereals meant in terms of daily lives is needed alongside the more abstracted quantification methods that have traditionally been applied.
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Mussarat, Sakina, Naser M. AbdEl-Salam, Akash Tariq, Sultan Mehmood Wazir, Riaz Ullah, and Muhammad Adnan. "Corrigendum to “Use of Ethnomedicinal Plants by the People Living around Indus River”." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2016 (2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/3401263.
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GUHA, SUDESHNA. "Negotiating Evidence: History, Archaeology and the Indus Civilisation." Modern Asian Studies 39, no. 2 (April 13, 2005): 399–426. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x04001611.
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Following the destruction of the Babri Masjid in Ayodhya in December 1992, the discipline of archaeology has been increasingly exploited for meeting the demands of religious nationalism in India, for offering material proof for the primordiality of Hindu dharma, and for substantiating claims that the ‘Vedic Hindu’ had an indigenous origin within the subcontinent. Over the last decade, statements such as ‘new astrological and archaeological evidence has come to light which suggests that the people who composed the Vedas called themselves Aryans and were indigenous to India’ (Prinja 1996: 10), have not only propped up the doctrinaire of Hindutva, but have also acquired an official sanctioning from many within the professional community of Indian archaeologists (e.g. Lal 1998), who are actively involved in a programme of promoting the premise that it is possible to unearth true histories objectively through archaeological means (Gupta 1996: 142).
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Solangi, Ghulam Shabir, Altaf Ali Siyal, and Pirah Siyal. "Indication of subsurface seawater intrusion into the Indus delta, Sindh, Pakistan." Mehran University Research Journal of Engineering and Technology 42, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.22581/muet1982.2301.02.
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Due to climate change impacts, seawater intrusion is a major issue in various river deltas around the globe, including the Indus delta, Pakistan. The seawater intrusion has severely affected the freshwater resources as well as the livelihood of the people living in the Indus delta. Thus, this study was aimed to evaluate the subsurface seawater intrusion into the Indus delta based on the groundwater quality data. Around 180 groundwater samples, randomly collected from the study area, were analyzed for chloride, carbonate, and bicarbonate concentrations. Based on these concentrations, the indication of subsurface seawater intrusion was determined using Simpson’s ratio and ionic analysis, such as the ratio of chloride to bicarbonate. Also, an interpolated map using the analysis results of these ratios was developed using ArcGIS 10.5. Overall, the present study revealed that about 88% of the Indus delta is affected by the subsurface seawater intrusion. Also, the impact of subsurface seawater intrusion was observed in the wells near the Thatta and Sujawal towns of the study area. However, about 12% of the delta is still unaffected by the subsurface seawater intrusion. Various factors such as reduction in freshwater flow into the delta, climate change, sea-level rise are potential causes of subsurface seawater intrusion in the study area. This study may be taken as a baseline by the policymakers to start mitigation measures against the degradation of the delta to save the environment from further deterioration. Also, further an isotopic analysis of subsurface seawater intrusion in the study area is recommended.
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Joldan, Sonam, Chimat Ladol, Rinchen Dolma, Jegmet Spaldon, and Tenzin Nakdon. "Dards of Ladakh: Socio-Religious Beliefs and Cultural Practices." RESEARCH REVIEW International Journal of Multidisciplinary 8, no. 12 (December 14, 2023): 103–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.31305/rrijm.2023.v08.n12.015.
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This paper focuses on exploring the socio-religious beliefs and cultural practices of the minority Dard community residing in Ladakh, a newly designated Union Territory in India. Locally referred as Brog-pa, these people claim Aryan descent and have been recognized by the Indian government as one of the tribal groups in Ladakh. Scholars suggest that the Dards were among the earliest inhabitants of Ladakh, migrating from Gilgit and occupying a significant portion of the region once. However, due to the expansion of the State of Western Tibet, they were displaced and assimilated, leading to scattered settlements along the Indus River in the western part of Leh. Today, their villages lie scattered along the river Indus in the western part of Leh. Hanu, Hanu-burma, Hanu-gongma, Dha, Beema, Garkon, Dartsit are villages in order from Leh District. People of these villages had accepted Buddhism in the late 19th century. Along with Buddhism, they still practice the socio-religious pre-Buddhist traditions. They believe in nature worship and the deification of mountains is accompanied by holy animal the Ibex. Thus, this study covers the ritual practices, beliefs of the pre-Buddhist belief system and cultural practices of the people of Dard in Ladakh.
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Kurmi, Dr Manoj Kumar. "RELEVANCE OF HARAPPAN GEMS IN PRESENT ASTROLOGICAL CONTEXT." VESTIGIA INDICA: BSSS Journal of History & Archaeology 01, no. 01 (June 30, 2023): 18–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.51767/jha0103.
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This paper examines the relevance of Harappan gems in the present astrological context. The Harappan Civilization, the first urban civilization in the Indian subcontinent, thrived in the Indus and Saraswati basin and is also known as the Indus-Saraswati Civilization. More than seventy Harappan sites have been excavated in India since its discovery in 1922, revealing abundant semiprecious stones, artifacts, and other archaeological remains. The Harappan traders brought exotic raw materials to the city workshops, where skilled artisans crafted ornaments and tools for both common people and the elites. These gems are rare, smooth, hard, beautiful, and natural, holding astrological significance. There are a total of eighty-four varieties of precious and semi-precious stones, with nine being precious stones (Navratna) and the rest categorized as semi-precious stones (Upratna). This paper explores the historical and cultural importance of Harappan gems and their continued significance in astrology today
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Ahmed, Fahad, Aslam Fareed, Atiya Khan, Danish Siddiqui, Javeria Akhter, and Danish Khan. "Alarming Increase in Electronic Gadget Usage among Students during a Layer of the Global Pandemic." European Journal of Technology 7, no. 3 (July 16, 2023): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.47672/ejt.1533.
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Purpose: Every day, new technologies and appealing devices are released that are aimed at a large portion of our population, particularly youth, and students. These devices get young people addicted; the addiction is to frequently utilize or grow depending on the gadget. People spend a lot of time on it, and it can induce psychological and neurological disturbances, which can lead to significant problems. This study aims to determine the association between the usage of electronic gadgets on students’ physical health and cognitive skills. As COVID-19 indicated extensive use of technology, the main outcome of this study is to intervene in the impact of electronic gadgets either positive or negative on student life.
Methodology: Over 01 year (Feb 21 to Jan 22), this Quantitative- Analytical Cross-sectional study was conducted at Indus University of Health and science, Korangi Crossing, Karachi. Students of three academic departments of the university participated in the study i.e., Indus College of Allied Health Sciences, Indus College of Physical Therapy, and College of Nursing. Sample size of 170 with the margin of error as 4.6% and 95% confidence level. Both male and female age group between (16 to 35) active user of social media and electronic gadgets was enrolled in study from any discipline (nursing, allied health, biosciences, medical technology etc.). Any person with mental and physical disorder previously diagnosed or under any psychological treatment or medication was not included in the study
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Recommendations: If the study is repeated with a larger and more representative sample (which was not possible due to COVID Pandemic) significant influence or otherwise, of time spent on electronic gadgets on physical health could also be detected.
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Chase, Brad. "Social change at the Harappan settlement of Gola Dhoro: a reading from animal bones." Antiquity 84, no. 324 (June 1, 2010): 528–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00066758.
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Detailed analysis of the animal bone assemblage at Gola Dhoro here throws light on the expansion of the Indus civilisation into Gujarat. A square fort, imposed on a settlement of livestock herders in the later third millennium BC, was shown to have contained people who introduced a broader diet of meat and seafood, and new ways of preparing it. These social and dietary changes were coincident with a surge in craft and trade.
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Schmitt, Rafael J. P., Edgar Virgüez, Sara Ashfaq, and Ken Caldeira. "Move up or move over: mapping opportunities for climate adaptation in Pakistan’s Indus plains." Environmental Research Letters 18, no. 11 (October 25, 2023): 114024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/acfc59.
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Abstract The 2022 Indus floods in Pakistan underscore the urgency of adapting to more frequent and severe natural disasters in a warming world. Post-disaster reconstruction offers a chance to built-in adaptation measures, but identifying feasible and cost-effective adaptation options is challenging, especially in data-scarce regions. Here we employ a high-resolution rapid assessment of flood stages combined with demographic data to identify adaptation opportunities and costs for the Indus floodplains. Under a plausible set of assumptions, we find that rebuilding houses in a flood-proof, elevated manner (‘moving up’) or (temporary) relocation (‘moving over’) could have protected 13%, respectively 16% of people affected during the 2022 floods, while the remaining 70% of people were exposed to shallow water levels that could have been addressed with low-cost adaptation. Implementing these measures during ongoing reconstruction could be an effective adaptation to future floods but will come with substantial costs. Rebuilding in a flood-proofed manner (‘moving up’) alone would already increase costs by 26%–63% ($1.5bn–$3.6bn) compared to estimated reconstruction costs without adaptation ($5.8bn). Additional costs would be incurred by relocation and adaptation of other infrastructure. The absence of local flood stage and socio-economic data creates uncertainty and points to future research avenues. Yet, our prototype approach demonstrates the value of rapid assessments for guiding post-disaster adaptation of livelihoods to future floods.
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Gohar, Sirat, and Ifqut Shaheen. "Experiencing the past through archaeological fiction: a novel on Mohenjodaro by Ali Baba." Liberal Arts and Social Sciences International Journal (LASSIJ) 6, no. 2 (December 31, 2022): 32–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.47264/idea.lassij/6.2.2.
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This study focuses on the book entitled “Mohan Jo Daro”, a fictional account (Novel) of the Mohenjodaro and the Indus Civilization. In Sindhi literature, the novel titled “Mohan Jo Daro” is a literary work representing the ancient Sindhi culture and civilisation. It has been playing a key role in understanding and experiencing the past of Sindh. The Novel was written by a famous Sindhi novelist and short-story writer, Ali Muhammad, popularly known as Ali Baba. It is one of the reasons for the popularity of the Mohenjodaro and Ali Baba among Sindhi-speaking audiences. Being an archaeology fiction book, the Novel plays a key role in making the people experience the past of Sindh (through Mohenjodaro and the Indus Civilization) in a stylised way. In this research, the Novel has been studied in the framework of science (archaeology) popularisation and “experiencing the past”. The study explores, identifies and brings out the information included in the Novel about Mohenjodaro. The aesthetic context of Ali Baba’s Novel has also been highlighted in this research.
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Mussarat, Sakina, Rahila Amber, Akash Tariq, Muhammad Adnan, Naser M. AbdElsalam, Riaz Ullah, and Roqaia Bibi. "Ethnopharmacological Assessment of Medicinal Plants Used against Livestock Infections by the People Living around Indus River." BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/616858.
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The present study was aimed to document detailed ethnopharmacological knowledge of medicinal plants against livestock infections of an unexplored remote region of Pakistan. Semistructured questionnaires were used for data collection. Total 43 plants belonging to 26 families were found to be used in ethnoveterinary practices. Seeds (29%) were found to be the most frequent plant part used followed by leaves (22%). Ethnoveterinary recipes were mostly prepared in the form of decoction and powdering. Informant consensus factor (Fic) results revealed high consensus for gastrointestinal (0.81), mastitis (0.82), and dermatological infections (0.80).Curcuma longaranked first with highest fidelity level (FL) value (66%) followed byTrachyspermum ammithat ranked second (58%). Preference ranking (PR) results showed thatZingiber officinale,Punica granatum,Triticum aestivum,Gossypium hirsutum, andWithania coagulanswere the most preferred species for the treatment of diarrhea. Direct matrix ranking (DMR) results showed thatMorus alba,Melia azedarach,Withania coagulans,Cassia fistula,Azadirachta indica, andTamarix aphyllawere the multipurpose species of the region. We invite the attention of pharmacologists and chemists for further exploration of plants having high Fic, FL, and PR values in the present study. Conservation strategies should be adopted for the protection of multipurpose plant species.
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Narasimhan, Vagheesh M., Nick Patterson, Priya Moorjani, Nadin Rohland, Rebecca Bernardos, Swapan Mallick, Iosif Lazaridis, et al. "The formation of human populations in South and Central Asia." Science 365, no. 6457 (September 5, 2019): eaat7487. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aat7487.
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By sequencing 523 ancient humans, we show that the primary source of ancestry in modern South Asians is a prehistoric genetic gradient between people related to early hunter-gatherers of Iran and Southeast Asia. After the Indus Valley Civilization’s decline, its people mixed with individuals in the southeast to form one of the two main ancestral populations of South Asia, whose direct descendants live in southern India. Simultaneously, they mixed with descendants of Steppe pastoralists who, starting around 4000 years ago, spread via Central Asia to form the other main ancestral population. The Steppe ancestry in South Asia has the same profile as that in Bronze Age Eastern Europe, tracking a movement of people that affected both regions and that likely spread the distinctive features shared between Indo-Iranian and Balto-Slavic languages.
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Wahid, S. M., A. B. Shrestha, M. S. R. Murthy, M. Matin, J. Zhang, and O. Siddiqui. "Regional Water Security in the Hindu Kush Himalayan Region: Role of Geospatial Science and Tools." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-8 (November 28, 2014): 1331–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-8-1331-2014.
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The Hindu Kush Himalayan (HKH) region is the source of ten large Asian river systems – the Amu Darya, Indus, Ganges, Brahmaputra (Yarlungtsanpo), Irrawaddy, Salween (Nu), Mekong (Lancang), Yangtse (Jinsha), Yellow River (Huanghe), and Tarim (Dayan), - and provides water, ecosystem services, and the basis for livelihoods to a population of around 0.2 billion people in the region. The river basins of these rivers provide water to 1.3 billion people, a fifth of the world’s population. Against this background, a comprehensive river basin program having current focus on the Koshi and Indus basins is launched at the International Center for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) as a joint scientific endeavour of several participating institutions from four regional countries of the HKH region. The river basin approach aims is to maximize the economic and social benefits derived from water resources in an equitable manner while conserving and, where necessary, restoring freshwater ecosystems, and improved understanding of upstream-downstream linkages. In order to effectively support river basin management satellite based multi sensor and multi temporal data is used to understand diverse river basin related aspects. We present here our recent experiences and results on satellite based rainfall and run off assessments, land use and land cover change and erosion dynamics, multi thematic water vulnerability assessments, space based data streaming systems for dynamic hydrological modelling, and potential applications of agent based models in effective local water use management.
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Yan, Xinrong, and Juanle Wang. "The Forest Change Footprint of the Upper Indus Valley, from 1990 to 2020." Remote Sensing 14, no. 3 (February 5, 2022): 744. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14030744.
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The upper Indus Valley is the most important and vulnerable water tower in the South Asian subcontinent, which provides a vital water supply for 230 million people in the basin. Forests play an important role in water conservation in this region, and the security of upstream forests forms the foundation downstream water and food security. However, a big challenge is to effectively monitor the dynamics of the forest in this region. Thus, we used the LandTrendr spectral-temporal segmentation algorithm combined with 8203 scenes of multi-source remote sensing data to study the forest change footprint in the upper Indus Valley. The overall accuracy of LandTrendr extraction for forest disturbance and recovery was 86.01%, and the Kappa coefficient was 0.73. The results showed the following: (1) From 1990 to 2020, the area of forest recovery was 1.01% more than that of disturbance, 70% of disturbance occurred between 1990 and 2001, and 60% of recovery occurred between 1999 and 2012. (2) Although the overall trend of forest disturbance and recovery was balanced, there were significant differences in forest management status among the different regions. Nepal has the highest forest stability, India has the largest area of forest disturbance, and Pakistan and China have the largest areas of forest recovery. (3) India’s Himachal Pradesh and Jammu and Kashmir are the two provinces with the largest disturbed areas, primarily due to grazing, fires, and commercial tree planting. Pakistan’s North-West Frontier, Azad Kashmir, and China’s Tibet Ali region were major contributors to the recovery, which was driven by afforestation policies in both countries. This study provides an important data base and monitoring method for planning land and forest use in Indus Valley countries, protecting fragile environments, and promoting policies for the Sustainable Development Goals.
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Ahmad, Bashir, Muhammad Umar Nadeem, Saddam Hussain, Abid Hussain, Zeeshan Tahir Virik, Khalid Jamil, Nelufar Raza, Ali Kamran, and Salar Saeed Dogar. "People’s Perception of Climate Change Impacts on Subtropical Climatic Region: A Case Study of Upper Indus, Pakistan." Climate 12, no. 5 (May 16, 2024): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cli12050073.
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In developing countries like Pakistan, the preservation of the environment, as well as people’s economies, agriculture, and way of life, are believed to be hampered by climate change. Understanding how people perceive climate change and its signs is essential for creating a variety of adaptation solutions. In this study, we aim to bridge the gap in current research within this area, which predominantly relies on satellite data, by integrating qualitative assessments of people’s perceptions of climate change, thereby providing valuable ground-based observations of climate variability and its impacts on local communities. Field-based data were collected at different altitudes (upstream (US), midstream (MS), and downstream (DS)) of the Upper Indus Basin using both quantitative and qualitative assessments in 2017. The result shows that these altitudes are highly variable in many contexts: socioeconomic indicators of education, agriculture, income, women empowerment, health, access to basic resources, and livelihood diversifications are highly variable in the Indus Basin. The inhabitants of the Indus Basin perceive the climate changing around them and report impacts of this change as increase in overall temperatures (US 96.9%, MS 97%, DS 93.6%) and erratic rainfall patterns (US 44.1%, MS 73.3%, DS 51.0%) resulting in increased water availability for crops (US 38.6%, MS 39.7%, DS 54.8%) but also increasing number of dry days (US 56.7%, MS 85.5%, DS 67.1%). Communities at these altitudes said that agriculture was their primary source of income, making them particularly vulnerable to the effects of climate change and the dangers that go along with it. The insights are useful for determining what information and actions are required to support local climate-related hazard management in subtropical climate regions. Moreover, it is vital to launch a campaign to raise awareness of potential hazards, as well as to provide training and an early warning system.
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Kefalis, Chrysovalantis, Eirini Zoi Kontostavlou, and Athanasios Drigas. "The Effects of Video Games in Memory and Attention." International Journal of Engineering Pedagogy (iJEP) 10, no. 1 (January 27, 2020): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3991/ijep.v10i1.11290.
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The use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) is ubiqui-tous. Technologies like video games have become very popular not only with the young generation but also with older people. The video game indus-try has seen rapid growth over recent years, as has the interest in the influ-ence of video game experience on people’s daily life. The study focuses on a novel approach to training Visual Working Memory (VWM) through the use of video games and examines research evidence concerning whether video games can serve as a vehicle for promoting the development of cogni-tive skills and especially memory and attention.
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Yonus, Muhammad, and Syed Ahmad Hassan. "The Impact of Climate Change on Stochastic Variations of the Hydrology of the Flow of the Indus River." Slovak Journal of Civil Engineering 30, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 33–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sjce-2022-0004.
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Abstract Pakistan’s agricultural economy is reliant on the Indus River’s irrigation system, which is fed by the water coming from the great Himalayas-Karakoram Glacier Mountains. Because of hilly terrain areas, the climatic variations have an intense effect on the river flow, especially during the winter and monsoon months. Consequently, significant variations, which are observed annually, result in flooding situations in the monsoon months and reduced flows in the winter season. Thousands of people have lost their lives and massive property destruction has taken place due to disastrous floods that occurred during 2010 and 2016. Past studies have focused on proper water resources and the management of extreme events such as floods and droughts; however, modelling and forecasting based on the various climatic factors and stochastic variations are rare. This paper attempts to forecast Indus River flows using multiple linear regression (MLR), the stochastic time series, the seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average (SARIMA), and its reduced heteroscedasticity model, i.e., SARIMA-GARCH (generalized autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity) methods at the Kalabagh station. The results show that MLR is best over the short-term; SARIMA is better over the long-term, and SARIMA-GARCH may be superior for a very long-term forecast.
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Tayyab, Muhammad, Yasir Abbas, and Muhammad Waqas Hussain. "Management Options for Large Metropolitans on the Verge of a Water Stress." Journal of Human, Earth, and Future 3, no. 3 (September 1, 2022): 333–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/hef-2022-03-03-06.
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Karachi is the largest metropolitan area in Pakistan and houses about 14.91 million people (2017 census). It is the industrial hub and financial capital of Pakistan, but unfortunately, it is facing the worst water crisis in its history. Pakistan is bestowed with extensive water resources, but making use of them requires a paradigm shift in water policy and management. Karachi is facing a water crisis situation over the period of three decades, not due to the shortage of natural resources but to mismanagement on the part of the planners and managers, and the situation is getting worse with no imminent solution in sight. The present additional drinking water demand of Karachi has been estimated to be around 650 MGD (260+390) by the Karachi Water & Sewerage Board (KW&SB). This study accesses the water availability in surface water resources, i.e., the Indus River, in consideration of the requisite water demand of Karachi. There exists a mechanism for water transmission from the Indus River to Karachi at the Kotri Barrage. Being located at the tail of Indus, Kotri Barrage (last barrage before outfall into the sea) faces the two extremes in terms of system water availability: in wet season (monsoon), the system happens to be at the mercy of disastrous floods whereas, there is extreme water shortage during the dry months. In this paper, a sustainable water management plan has been devised for managing the additional water needs of Karachi throughout the year. The proposed plan recommends the diversion of additional flows from the Indus River at Kotri (from the water being wasted into the sea), and these flows have been routed through and stored in already existing infrastructure of the KW&SB, i.e., the Kalri Baghar Feeder Upper (KBFU) canal system and Keenjhar, Haleji, and Hadero Lakes. A further scenario-based integrated reservoir operation study presents the optimal use of available flows and storage capacities. In addition, filling and depletion mechanism of available storages has also been proposed and in all the analysed scenarios due consideration has been given to the environmental flows requirement of downstream Kotri riparian and irrigation indents of KBFU system. Hence, the proposed action plan ensures the availability of requisite flows to meet the drinking water needs of Krachi Metropolitan. Doi: 10.28991/HEF-2022-03-03-06 Full Text: PDF
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Paul, Binoy. "POTTERY IS A TRADITIONAL ART FORM OF THE BARAK VALLEY IN ASSAM, INDIA: A STUDY." ShodhKosh: Journal of Visual and Performing Arts 3, no. 2 (August 24, 2022): 172–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/shodhkosh.v3.i2.2022.46.
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Assam and Northeast, and Barak Valley, are known for their potteries, which are versatile and integral to their lifestyles and economies. My study was mainly based on historical background of pottery making in Barak Valley, in which people of Assam are credited with creating distinctive pottery products with distinctive styles. With an analysis and comparative appraisal of pottery making in Barak valley, as done by local people, I intend to evaluate pottery making in those districts. Throughout the Barak Valley, pottery manufacturing has become an integral part of the local culture. If we date back to history, we discover that Pottery forms tremendous tradition from Vedic, Indus Valley Civilization and one of man's earliest inventions. People utilized it when the civilization began. It created by combining grass with grass and interlocking leaves with the minimal equipment. Some facts may be stated from the manners of the commencing age of human civilization. It is thought that the people before civilization living in the forest used to utilize a cane in different manners to meet their necessities.
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SalehMemon, Muhammad, Nasreen AnisGoraya, and Bushra Fatima Ansari. "ROLE OF NGO IN FILLING THE GAP OF GOVERNMENT (A Case Study of Indus Resource Centre khairpur, Sindh Pakistan)." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMPUTERS & TECHNOLOGY 13, no. 5 (May 30, 2014): 4482–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/ijct.v13i5.2537.
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Role of non- government organization in filling the gap of government was studied through a study conducted on Indus Resource Centre. Government gap is created when some areas are being deprived of Government efforts. The objectives of research were firstly; to analyze the role of IRC in filling the gap of Government and to find out at what extend IRC is effective in fulfilling the needs of rural people. Data was taken from the majority of beneficiaries of the IRC and it was analyzed through the exploratory factor analysis technique with the help of SPSS 16.The overall analysis of study reveals that IRC plays very important role in filling the gap and it is very effective in fulfilling the needs of rural people by providing education facilities, human right awareness, sustainable livelihood, health and disaster management.
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Chaudhry, Shahid Amjad. "Pakistan’s Economy: Potential and Challenges (Patron’s Address)." Pakistan Development Review 39, no. 4 (December 1, 2000): 287–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v39i4pp.287-292.
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Mr President, Distinguished Delegates, Excellencies, Colleagues, Ladies and Gentlemen: Assalam-o-Alaikum. The Annual Conference of the Pakistan Society of Development Economists has traditionally provided the people of Pakistan—both practising economists and ordinary citizens—with a forum to debate in a rigorous analytical framework the major economic issues facing the country. In this context, the theme of the current conference “Growth, Poverty and Decentralisation” is particularly appropriate as Pakistan begins the 21st century. Many important issues will be discussed by the honourable participants during the Conference and an excellent start reflecting the quality of the debate has been made by the paper just presented by Dr Kemal. I, on my part, would like to take this opportunity to talk about Pakistan’s economy in an overall poverty elimination perspective and particularly the potential and challenges facing it in this regard. As a starting point, a summary of the potential of the Pakistan economy is in order. First, Pakistan is the home of the oldest and largest integrated land and water systems in the world. The world’s other old river basins—the Nile and the Tigris/Euphrates—have remained relatively minor, while Pakistan’s Indus Basin is still vital and robust. Last year, Pakistan’s record wheat crop again showed the world the potential of the Great Indus Food Machine.
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Irfan, Muhammad, Muhammad Shafiq, and Yasmin Nergis. "Spatiotemporal Variability Analysis of Glaciers in the Hindukush Region of Pakistan Using Remote Sensing Data." Atmosphere 15, no. 2 (February 1, 2024): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos15020193.
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Headwater in the Indus River in Pakistan is largely dependent on the glaciers located in the northern part of the country, along with other sources such as direct precipitation. Glaciers are a major source of freshwater that provides agriculture and livelihood to millions of people. The hydro-climatic variations in the Gilgit watershed of the Upper Indus basin are poorly investigated scientifically due to high topographical differences, geography, remoteness of the region, and larger variations in climatic conditions. These glaciers are continuously changing due to melting as a consequence of global warming or accumulation due to snowfall/precipitation at higher altitude regions. The study is carried out using remote sensing data to quantify glacier changes in spatiotemporal variability in the past three decades. Five glaciers in the Gilgit region (near the junction of the Hindukush and Karakoram Mountains) with an area of more than 5 square kilometers were selected, namely Phakor, Karamber, East Gammu, Bhort, and Bad-e-Swat glaciers. These glaciers were monitored for changes in their sizes through a cloud-free continuous series of Landsat satellite imagery. The annual climatic trends were studied through spatially interpolated gridded climate data WοrldClim version-1 climate database for 1970–2000, utilized for assessment of meteorological condition by analyzing the variations of minimum and maximum temperature, solar radiation, and precipitation. The temporal variations in five glaciers in the Gilgit watershed are found to be minimal and, thus, are rather stable and show no sign of rapid melting or diminishing. The little variability of glaciers’ extent may be attributed to their geographic condition, altitude, topography, and orientation. The mapped glacier classes have been validated to check the accuracy assessment through an error matrix method. The kappa coefficient from the error matrix has been calculated as 84%, which shows a good agreement. The study makes a critical input towards understanding the dynamics of the glacier in the upper Indus catchment’s Gilgit watershed.
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Goby, Valerie Priscilla, and Justus Helen Lewis. "The Key Role of Listening in Business: A Study of the Singapore Insurance Industry." Business Communication Quarterly 63, no. 2 (June 2000): 41–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/108056990006300203.
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We tend to regard listening as a passive, automatic process that just happens rather than as a skill that is essential for good communication. Yet in reality effective lis tening is a skill that needs to be developed as a prerequisite for successful practice of the more 'active' skills of speaking and writing. The insurance industry is a prime example of an industry that relies heavily on good listening skills for effective marketing. We conducted a study in Singapore of how listening is perceived by people involved in insurance. We found that more experienced people were well aware of its key role although students majoring in insurance believed speaking was more important. This study confirms earlier research: in the insurance indus try in Singapore there is a gap between the perceived need for good listening and the degree to which good listening skills are perceived to be possessed by insurance agents.
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Kumar, Suresh. "Superstitions as Cultural Identity Markers in Esther David’s The Man with Enormous Wings and My Father’s Zoo." SMART MOVES JOURNAL IJELLH 7, no. 11 (November 28, 2019): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.24113/ijellh.v7i11.10115.
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Superstitions play a crucial role in driving the lives of people all over the world. Every culture does have a particular set of superstitions. Since literature is the reflection of society, writers keep attempting to portray the mindsets of people through fictional as well as non-fictional texts. Popular superstitions in the West like regarding the number thirteen, black cats, and breaking of the mirror as unlucky are some, which prevail. In India too, we have similar superstitions such as putting a spot of soot on a baby’s forehead commonly. Shreds of evidence of superstitious practices can be found even in the earliest human settlements in the later Paleolithic and Neolithic periods. The presence of many things of daily-needs in the graves of those periods confirms the superstitious practices rampant in that society. Even in the highly developed civilization of Indus valley, amulets were used possibly to prevent evil forces. Traces of Superstitions can also be found during the adventurous and courageous Aryan period. Superstition not only controls the minds of the illiterate people but also of the literate ones equally.
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Akhter, Dr Naseem. "Analytical Study of the Socio- Religious Condition of Early Ancient Egyptian Civilization." Al-Aijaz Research Journal of Islamic Studies & Humanities 5, no. 3 (September 30, 2021): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.53575/arjish.v5.3(21)e5.47-54.
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This paper is primarily deals and highlights the main characteristics of the Egyptian civilization which is considered the mother civilizations of the world. The world has been making progress for thousands of years and the people became gradually civilized. We found few major civilizations of the world. Among them Egyptian Civilization is one of them which considered the most historic and early civilization as compared to its contemporary civilizations i.e. Mesopotamian, Indus and Chinese civilizations of the world. Although it’s a common perception about the people of ancient time that they were savages and had no sense of life. But when we observe them they looked very elegant people who introduced the different socio-political concepts regarding way of life, education, living, philosophy, socio-cultural norms along with religious traditions and political thoughts. In this context we look the ancient Egyptian civilization as cradle of civilizations of the world which consequently given a birth to other civilizations. It was the influence of this civilization which created the opportunities of trade, harmony and mutual cooperation among the people. This research paper is an attempt to explore the prominent feature of the ancient Egyptian civilization and how this civilization nourished.
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Bhattacharya, Dr Sumanta. "An Analysis on Water Management System in India and Its Repercussions on the Availability." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. 11 (November 30, 2021): 1041–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.38970.
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Abstract: India is the largest growing population where water is emerging as a problem , there is water crisis in the country , with lack of professional people to management water resource, treat waste water and water conservation which has prevailed in India since Indus valley civilization has lost its importance over the years .90% of the water is sued for agriculture , people are facing shortage of drinking water , 70% of the polluted water which is been drunk by millions of people are resulting in the death of lacs of people . Today individual states have taken up the initiative to preserve water through adopting traditional method or the use of green technology .Modern cities are facing scarcity of water , they are dependent on water tanks , the groundwater is over in many cities . On the other hand India is the largest exporter of water in particular to China , India needs to increase its export taxes to increase the revenue , it should adopt new technologies and save water , build more plants and forest across the country to recharge groundwater and make India a water secured country. Keywords: Population, India , water conservation , water management , traditional methods , green technology , taxes , revenue
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Awan, Muhammad Yusuf, Faiqa Khilat, and Farah Jamil. "Role of Geography in Formation of Character of Civilizations Case Studies: Egypt, Mesopotamia, Indus Valley." Journal of Art Architecture and Built Environment 2, no. 2 (December 2019): 17–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.32350/jaabe.22.02.
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When human race began its activities on Earth, it faced severe challenges of survival. The pursuit of basic necessities like food and shelter advanced them from hunting, to cultivation and food processing. The initiation of agriculture brought qualitative changes in the average human life, following the establishment of permanent settlements, cultures and civilizations. At the beginning of the age of tilling, settlers preferred locations which offered unrestrained water, fertile land and comfortable climate. Every location had its own geographical characteristics, which played a fundamental role in formation of the character and architecture of civilizations. The major early contemporary civilizations include the Egyptian, Mesopotamian and Indus Valley. The natural barren boundaries across the River Nile in Egypt enabled Pharaohs to form a strict slave system. The area accommodating two ancient rivers; Tigris and Euphrates, resulted in a settlement now known as the Mesopotamian civilization. The five rivers of Punjab and Ganges River provided people of the Indus Valley with a large piece of very fertile land. They cultivated land from Himalayan peaks in the north to the Arabian Sea in the south, expanding their civilization and architecture vastly. This paper studies these three civilizations, with reference to their geography, highlighting its effects on the development pattern and architecture. The research will give the apparent picture of how the geography effects the overall growth of civilizations, and also the similarities and dissimilarities from one location to the other.
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Fiaz, Hafiz Muhammad, Dr Sohail Akhtar, and Ayaz Ahmad Rind. "3-Socio-cultural Condition of South Punjab: A Case of Muzaffargarh District." International Research Journal of Education and Innovation 2, no. 2 (September 20, 2021): 21–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.53575/irjei.3-v2.2(21)21-40.
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Muzaffargarh is located between the two rivers Indus and Chenab. People of the district have a simple and traditional culture. Saraiki is the major language of the district. Agriculture is considered the major occupation of the people in the district. This paper primarily deals with the socio-cultural development in Muzaffargarh District. Socio-cultural aspects of people are connected with the life of the people and it always considered important regarding socio-political and economic norms, traditions and customs of the people of any region. The region remained a cradle of civilizations in the past. The socio-cultural and political condition of the people almost resembles in the entire region of South Punjab with some minor differences. Only religion is the key factor in this perspective. To analyze the entire region a small region of the province Muzaffargarh District is a micro level study as a model to explore the above subject. Although Muzaffargarh District is considered a backward district of the Punjab in Pakistan. After the emergence of Pakistan we have looked a remarkable change in socio-political development as owing to the changes in the people, their population, education, dress, occupation their religious thoughts and their ways of life and political representation. This paper is an attempt to highlight the socio-cultural development in Muzaffargarh.
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Shoro, Iram, Hamzo Khan Tagar, Rahila Khatoon Rubab, and Muhammad Naveed. "Don't Drop Me Outside in 21st Century: A Cry from the Indus Valley Region." Archives of Business Research 10, no. 10 (October 11, 2022): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/abr.109.13211.
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Quality education for all is the 4th universal agenda of sustainable development goals is a comprehensive plan of United Nations Organizations (UNO), but still, millions of schools aged eligible children are out of school globally, particularly the majority of belongs to African and south Asian regions which demand us to analysis the situations and sort out the key challenges and policy flaws. There is a need of the hour to formulate robust policy documents and well-implementation strategies to save the future of tomorrow’s people in greater human development interest. Pakistan is dealing with this chronic problem and at least 22 million Pakistanis children are out of school in the 21st century. The qualitative analysis concludes that scarce allocation and its time-barred utilization system with massive mismanagement hampered the above-referred agenda of human development. The study finds that development allocation fared poorly; a lower literacy rate contributes to unskilled labor, spreading absolute poverty and inequality in the country. The identified social ills spread negative trends in a society like street crime, terrorism, and slow growth in the economy because of the out of school children. There is an urgent need to adopt inclusive development policies, practices, and strategies with a participatory approach to tackle the challenge in greater human development interest.
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Azam, Mohd Farooq, Jeffrey S. Kargel, Joseph M. Shea, Santosh Nepal, Umesh K. Haritashya, Smriti Srivastava, Fabien Maussion, et al. "Glaciohydrology of the Himalaya-Karakoram." Science 373, no. 6557 (June 10, 2021): eabf3668. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abf3668.
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Understanding the response of Himalayan-Karakoram (HK) rivers to climate change is crucial for ~1 billion people who partly depend on these water resources. Policy-makers tasked with sustainable water resources management require an assessment of the rivers’ current status and potential future changes. We show that glacier and snow melt are important components of HK rivers, with greater hydrological importance for the Indus basin than for the Ganges and Brahmaputra basins. Total river runoff, glacier melt, and seasonality of flow are projected to increase until the 2050s, with some exceptions and large uncertainties. Critical knowledge gaps severely affect modeled contributions of different runoff components, future runoff volumes, and seasonality. Therefore, comprehensive field observation–based and remote sensing–based methods and models are needed.
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Mahmood, Shakeel, and Razia Rani. "People-centric geo-spatial exposure and damage assessment of 2014 flood in lower Chenab Basin, upper Indus Plain in Pakistan." Natural Hazards 111, no. 3 (January 18, 2022): 3053–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11069-021-05167-w.
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Bibi, Naseeba, Dr Sohail Akhtar, and Saad Yaseen. "Socio-Political Role of Sardar Abdul Hameed Khan Dasti: A Muslim Leader & President of All India Muslim League District Muzafargarh Pakistan Moement and after ward 1945-1958 (A Historical Analisis)." Al Khadim Research journal of Islamic culture and Civilization 2, no. 2 (September 30, 2021): 32–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.53575/arjicc.e4-v2.2(21)32-42.
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Muzaffargarh District is geographically located between the two rivers Indus and Chenab. Unfortunately, the history of the district is almost silent before the freedom movement of Pakistan. However, the district produced many important personalities and they had played an important role in the freedom movement of Pakistan as Sardar Abdul Hameed Khan Dasti was one of them. Sardar Abdul Hameed Khan Dasti was known as the voice of the district Muzaffargarh during the freedom movement of Pakistan. He worked for the social uplift of the people in Muzaffargarh. Among his various social services, the formation Anjman-e-Islamia Muzaffargarh in 1920 was most remarkable achievement which was an important charity organization of Muzaffargarh. With social services he was also an important political leader and representative of Muzaffargarh District. He was appointed the president of the All India Muslim League of the District Muzaffargarh in 1944.After the emergence of Pakistan he also worked for the prosperity of the people in Muzaffargarh District. This paper will explore the socio-political contribution of Sardar Abdul Hameed Khan in Muzaffargarh District.
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Laghari, A. N., D. Vanham, and W. Rauch. "The Indus basin in the framework of current and future water resources management." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 16, no. 4 (April 2, 2012): 1063–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-1063-2012.
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Abstract. The Indus basin is one of the regions in the world that is faced with major challenges for its water sector, due to population growth, rapid urbanisation and industrialisation, environmental degradation, unregulated utilization of the resources, inefficient water use and poverty, all aggravated by climate change. The Indus Basin is shared by 4 countries – Pakistan, India, Afghanistan and China. With a current population of 237 million people which is projected to increase to 319 million in 2025 and 383 million in 2050, already today water resources are abstracted almost entirely (more than 95% for irrigation). Climate change will result in increased water availability in the short term. However in the long term water availability will decrease. Some current aspects in the basin need to be re-evaluated. During the past decades water abstractions – and especially groundwater extractions – have augmented continuously to support a rice-wheat system where rice is grown during the kharif (wet, summer) season (as well as sugar cane, cotton, maize and other crops) and wheat during the rabi (dry, winter) season. However, the sustainability of this system in its current form is questionable. Additional water for domestic and industrial purposes is required for the future and should be made available by a reduction in irrigation requirements. This paper gives a comprehensive listing and description of available options for current and future sustainable water resources management (WRM) within the basin. Sustainable WRM practices include both water supply management and water demand management options. Water supply management options include: (1) reservoir management as the basin is characterised by a strong seasonal behaviour in water availability (monsoon and meltwater) and water demands; (2) water quality conservation and investment in wastewater infrastructure; (3) the use of alternative water resources like the recycling of wastewater and desalination; (4) land use planning and soil conservation as well as flood management, with a focus on the reduction of erosion and resulting sedimentation as well as the restoration of ecosystem services like wetlands and natural floodplains. Water demand management options include: (1) the management of conjunctive use of surface and groundwater; as well as (2) the rehabilitation and modernization of existing infrastructure. Other demand management options are: (3) the increase of water productivity for agriculture; (4) crop planning and diversification including the critical assessment of agricultural export, especially (basmati) rice; (5) economic instruments and (6) changing food demand patterns and limiting post-harvest losses.
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Yang, Xiankun, Xixi Lu, Edward Park, and Paolo Tarolli. "Impacts of Climate Change on Lake Fluctuations in the Hindu Kush-Himalaya-Tibetan Plateau." Remote Sensing 11, no. 9 (May 7, 2019): 1082. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11091082.
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Lakes in the Hindu Kush-Himalaya-Tibetan (HKHT) regions are crucial indicators for the combined impacts of regional climate change and resultant glacier retreat. However, they lack long-term systematic monitoring and thus their responses to recent climatic change still remain only partially understood. This study investigated lake extent fluctuations in the HKHT regions over the past 40 years using Landsat (MSS/TM/ETM+/OLI) images obtained from the 1970s to 2014. Influenced by different regional atmospheric circulation systems, our results show that lake changing patterns are distinct from region to region, with the most intensive lake shrinking observed in northeastern HKHT (HKHT Interior, Tarim, Yellow, Yangtze), while the most extensive expansion was observed in the western and southwestern HKHT (Amu Darya, Ganges Indus and Brahmaputra), largely caused by the proliferation of small lakes in high-altitude regions during 1970s–1995. In the past 20 years, extensive lake expansions (~39.6% in area and ~119.1% in quantity) were observed in all HKHT regions. Climate change, especially precipitation change, is the major driving force to the changing dynamics of the lake fluctuations; however, effects from the glacier melting were also significant, which contributed approximately 31.9–40.5%, 16.5–39.3%, 12.8–29.0%, and 3.3–6.1% of runoff to lakes in the headwaters of the Tarim, Amu Darya, Indus, and Ganges, respectively. We consider that the findings in this paper could have both immediate and long-term implications for dealing with water-related hazards, controlling glacial lake outburst floods, and securing water resources in the HKHT regions, which contain the headwater sources for some of the largest rivers in Asia that sustain 1.3 billion people.
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Verma, Samiksha. "Traditional Water Conservation Techniques in India." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 1 (January 31, 2022): 705–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.39904.
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Abstract: Water conservation is a practice needed for survival. In India, various techniques are used to save water, which are practical and climate-responsive. From the age of the Indus valley civilization, till today many practices are seen in different parts of India. The traditional practices used for conserving water and even cooling buildings in ancient times. Forts surrounded water bodies for protection from enemies. Indians continue to build structures to catch and store the monsoon rains. Some unique water conservation techniques are still practiced in India and are efficient. These are sometimes better than the presentday water-saving techniques. The paper summarizes the transformation over the years in the construction and advancements of water conservation practices in India. In dry regions, these practices have helped people survive tough times. Keywords: Rain water harvesting, Storage, Tanks, Traditional methods, Water conservation
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Latif, Yasir, Yaoming Ma, Weiqiang Ma, Sher Muhammad, Muhammad Adnan, Muhammad Yaseen, and Rowan Fealy. "Differentiating Snow and Glacier Melt Contribution to Runoff in the Gilgit River Basin via Degree-Day Modelling Approach." Atmosphere 11, no. 10 (September 23, 2020): 1023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11101023.
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In contrast to widespread glacier retreat evidenced globally, glaciers in the Karakoram region have exhibited positive mass balances and general glacier stability over the past decade. Snow and glacier meltwater from the Karakoram and the western Himalayas, which supplies the Indus River Basin, provide an essential source of water to more than 215 million people, either directly, as potable water, or indirectly, through hydroelectric generation and irrigation for crops. This study focuses on water resources in the Upper Indus Basin (UIB) which combines the ranges of the Hindukush, Karakoram and Himalaya (HKH). Specifically, we focus on the Gilgit River Basin (GRB) to inform more sustainable water use policy at the sub-basin scale. We employ two degree-day approaches, the Spatial Processes in Hydrology (SPHY) and Snowmelt Runoff Model (SRM), to simulate runoff in the GRB during 2001–2012. The performance of SRM was poor during July and August, the period when glacier melt contribution typically dominates runoff. Consequently, SPHY outperformed SRM, likely attributable to SPHY’s ability to discriminate between glacier, snow, and rainfall contributions to runoff during the ablation period. The average simulated runoff revealed the prevalent snowmelt contribution as 62%, followed by the glacier melt 28% and rainfall 10% in GRB. We also assessed the potential impact of climate change on future water resources, based on two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) (RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5). We estimate that summer flows are projected to increase by between 5.6% and 19.8% due to increased temperatures of between 0.7 and 2.6 °C over the period 2039–2070. If realized, increased summer flows in the region could prove beneficial for a range of sectors, but only over the short to medium term and if not associated with extreme events. Long-term projections indicate declining water resources in the region in terms of snow and glacier melt.
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Bhattacharya, Sayan. "Forest and Biodiversity Conservation in Ancient Indian Culture: A Review Based on Old Texts and Archaeological Evidences." International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences 30 (June 2014): 35–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilshs.30.35.
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In the early periods of human history, environment strongly determined the lives and activities of the people. They were very much close to forest and natural resources as we find in historical documents. Ancient Indian texts like Arthasastra, Sathapatha Bhramanas, Vedas, Manusmrti, Brhat-Samhita, Ramayana, Mahabharata, Rajtarangini reflected the concepts of forest ecology and conservation in a sustainable manner. In the Indus valley civilization, several characteristics of the city planning and social structure showed environmental awareness. The presence of leaves, wild animals like peacocks and one-horned deer, tigers, elephants, bulls in the seals and the mud pots can indicate the pattern of biodiversity in those areas. Reduction of forests in that area was due to use of huge amount of timber-wood for burning bricks. So rainfall reduced and soil erosion caused deposition of silt in the Indus River which had choked off Mohenjodaro from the sea, causing a rise in the water table that must have been a prime factor in the destruction of Mohenjodaro. The sacred groves (Tapovana) of India were rich in biodiversity and ecological wealth, which was also mentioned in many ancient Indian documents like Abhigyan Shakuntalam written by Kalidasa. They are small packets of forests dedicated to local deities. In the Bhagavad Gita, Krishna compares the world to a single banyan tree with unlimited branches in which all the species of animals, humans and demigods wander, which reflects the concept of community ecology. The trees like Banyan and Peepal were often referred in historical background (widely protected in Asia and Africa) are keystone resources. In modern age, there are many policies developing in many countries for forest and biodiversity conservation, but they are all directly or indirectly influenced by the traditional knowledge developed in the ancient India.
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Tiwari, S. B., S. D. Singh, Amit Kumar Verma, Divyank Awasthi, and Arun Kumar Rastogi. "History of Ayurvedic System of Medicines: From Prehistoric to Present." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 11, no. 1-s (February 15, 2021): 212–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v11i1-s.4689.
Full textAbstract:
Ayurvedic system of medicine is considered the most ancient system of the world. In the prehistoric times medicinal plants were used by the various tribes. Evidence suggests that the people of Indus valley civilization followed this system of medicines. The Vedic and post Vedic period saw the rapid development of Ayurveda supported by the efforts of Charaka, Susrutra and Vagbhata etc. Buddhist monks played important role in the propagation of Ayurveda. However, the invasion of Muslims after 10th century destroyed Ayurveda and Unani system of medicines flourished in the country. Pre independence period again saw the emergence of Ayurveda. After Independence it attains new height with its incorporation into the Drug and Cosmetic Act. The preparation of Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia helps in the standardization of Ayurvedic drugs to compete at global level with allopathic system of medicines.
Keywords: ayurvedic system, Vedic and post Vedic period, Charaka, Susrutra and Vagbhata, Ayurvedic drugs
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Jagirani, Shoaib Ahmed, Subhash Guriro, and Muhammad Kamil Lakho. "Economic Effects of Seawater Intrusion on Life of Coastal Communities in Sindh Region of Pakistan." Global Social Sciences Review VI, no. I (March 30, 2021): 446–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gssr.2021(vi-i).45.
Full textAbstract:
Recently rising sea levels and a decrease of Indus water into the delta have resulted in high seawater intrusion at the coastal shores of Sindh. Seawater intrusion has severely affected the livelihood sources of local people. Therefore, this study is conducted with an aim to measure the economic effects of seawater intrusion on the lives of the local population in the deltaic coasts of the Sindh region in Pakistan. This is a quantitative study conducted through a survey questionnaire in the coastal belt of Badin and Thatta districts of Sindh province, Pakistan. A total of 200 participants were recruited in the study through multistage sampling. Results show a significant impact of seawater intrusion on the economic conditions of coastal communities in the province of Sindh, Pakistan. Adverse effects of seawater intrusion can be seen in the shape of a decrease in cultivated land, low agricultural production, decreasing livestock production and fishing quantity.
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Naik, Raghumani. "ARCHITECTURAL ACHIEVEMENT OF CHAUHANS OF SAMBALPUR- A STUDY INTO ASHTASAMBHU TEMPLES." SCHOLARLY RESEARCH JOURNAL FOR INTERDISCIPLINARY STUDIES 9, no. 66 (March 25, 2021): 15419–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.21922/srjis.v9i66.6837.
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Shaivism, since its inception, has remained not only as a set of code for religious practice but also as a philosophy of life for the people. It is a pre- Aryan conception as revealed by the archaeologists and Historians remnants of Indus valley civilization. Shaivism has evolved as a popular cult since then and it is still a prominent religious faith among the people. Shiva’s Panchakshari mantra and Mrutunjay mantra is the life line for Rishi, Tapaswi Deva, Danav, Manav and Asuras . God Shiva, popularly known as Bholababa, easily gets pleased and offers boon or benediction to his devotees irrespective of any category who invokes Him. This cult is so popular that today in every village there is at least one Shiva temple one can find. The construction of Ashtasambhu temples at different places in Sambalpur district during Chauhan dynasty (1670-1848) is attributed to the popularity of Shaivism. They are Kedarnath Temple at Ambabhona, Baidyanath Temple at Deogaon, Balunkeswar Temple at Gaisama, Swapneswar Temple at Sorna, Vishweswar Temple at Soranda, Nilakantheswar Temple at Niljee, Bimaleswar Shiva temple at Huma and Mandhata Baba Temple at Maneswar. Ajit Singh introduced “Sitalsasthi Yatra” a unique form of Divine Wedding in humanistic form to live popularity of Shaivism.
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Sarfraz Ahmad. "Socio-economic and Cultural Impact of Sufi Shrines: A Case Study of Mitthan Kot." Sukkur IBA Journal of Educational Sciences and Technologies 2, no. 1 (June 30, 2022): 35–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.30537/sjest.v2i1.1087.
Full textAbstract:
Sufi shrines are in large number in Pakistan with having a colossal impact on economic, cultural and social aspects. In the rural areas of Pakistan, mostly people are poor and less educated or uneducated with strong belief and devotion to Sajjada Nasheen. In this context, this study essentially aims to investigate the socio-economic and cultural influence of Sufi shrines in the rural areas of Mitthan Kot (upper Indus basin). This study follows the qualitative research strategy by employing in-depth interviews from different stakeholders. Thematic analysis has been used to analyze the data. The findings of the study also manifest that the local community is closely inter-connected with shrines encompassing different facets. A large chunk of rural population in the proximity of shrines is entirely dependents on shrines for their earnings and engaged in jobs like garments shops, catering services, transportation system etc. All of these employment activities boost up the local economy as well as the national economy. In the same fashion, people also enjoy cultural festivals like Urs and Mela which is a great source of spiritual happiness and entertainment. Besides all of this, various medical facilities like free eye camp and literacy conventions also play a vital role in the betterment of poor people. So there is a dire need for further development, improvement and regulation in the functioning of shrines and money generation thereof for proper incorporation in national economy.
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KUMAR, YOGESH, MAHENDRA SINGH RAGHUVANSHI, KANEEZ FATIMA, MANJEET SINGH NAIN, JASBIR SINGH MANHAS, DORJEY NAMGYAL, MAHESHWAR S. KANWAR, MEHRAJUDDIN SOFI, MAHENDER SINGH, and SONAM ANGCHUK. "Impact assessment of weather based agro-advisory services of Indus plain farming community under cold arid Ladakh." MAUSAM 72, no. 4 (November 1, 2021): 897–904. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v72i4.3556.
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The study was conducted to evaluate the impact assessment of adoption of weather prediction using traditional knowledge and IMD based HMAARI Agro Advisory Services to understand the utilization efficiency of natural resources under cold arid region of Ladakh and to identify socio-economic status of agriculture farmers, their source of information, perception of farmers and their knowledge response carried out at High Mountain Arid Agriculture Research Institute, SKUAST (K), Leh-Ladakh. Total 100 farmers from AgroMet registered 3 villages of Leh region were randomly selected using multistage sampling technique. Socio-economic characteristics of respondents revealed that although before using advisory services, majority of the farming community were using traditional knowledge system to predict precipitation / temperature forecasting to interpret weather conditions. With the introduce of advisory services, it was recorded that old-aged farmers started using advisory services to the tune of 42 per cent. While more than 50 per cent of selected farmers (middle-aged non-registered under Agro-Met advisory services) utilized traditional prediction even under the changing climate. Education and land holding size were the most important factors influenced adoption culture of weather based Agro Advisory Services in the region. It was interesting that the old-aged people/farmers are the major source of information for traditional knowledge, have integrated and adopted the advisory services for weather prediction. As this advisory service scheme provided comprehensive information for agricultural operations. Majority (80%) selected farmers reported their satisfaction with present system of Agromet Advisory Bulletins, being issued biweekly. Whereas, the non-registered farmers of vulnerable villages in Ladakh region showed less knowledge about advisory service and its weather interpreted perdition.
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Agrawal, Ruchi. "EXISTENCE OF PRIMITIVE ART AND CULTURE IN SOCIETY." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 7, no. 11 (November 30, 2019): 127–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v7.i11.2019.3720.
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This paper aims to present folk art as one of the genuine art forms and also to give depth to the beliefs of the primitive traditions. The native Indian art has maintained its continuity till the present day. Folk art plays an important role in the society. The domestic art works like Rangoli, Mandana, the pictorial scroll paintings, the paintings of Hindu deities at Puri, the Pattchitra etc. are the traditional arts of India. These are quiet ancient arts which are done on festivals and celebrations especially marriages. The art produced by the folk artist or tribal people have been very largely short lived, but it still has authentic historical background as found in the archaeological searches of Indus Valley Civilization or Harappan culture. The absorption of tradition and the historical past is helpful for the present and it brings with it the experience to shape up the future. Indian art has been a priceless witness to artistic talents going through the phases of cultural developments and achievements of human creativity.
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Iqra Ashraf, Attiya Khanum, and Sohail Akhtar. "An Analytical Study of the Mesopotamian Civilization." PERENNIAL JOURNAL OF HISTORY 3, no. 1 (June 29, 2022): 237–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.52700/pjh.v3i1.112.
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One of the most ancient myths is that the waters of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, the abomination of civilization and nature, numerous wars, the number of love stories and legends that carry the world which is the holiest sea are among the places where it is located. Like the other contemporary civilizations i.e. Egypt in west and Indus in east the Mesopotamian civilization is also considered one of the important ancient civilizations of the world Tigris and Euphrates. The civilization remained as center of socio-political activities. Egypt is a safe haven for little to no war?The Egyptians deny that, contrary to a lush interest, the attack will take center stage. Different ethnic groups often experience key combat battles. Thousands of years ago, the two rivers opened to show that people who are interested in the history of fertility are a sign of life on the other side of the rivers. There are two different seas of origin, the center of which is the genus Alma, Assyria, Babylon, Samir, Akkad, and other notable tribes of Egypt. Tigris and Euphrates