Academic literature on the topic 'Indus people'
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Journal articles on the topic "Indus people"
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Kumar, Vinod. "Hindu Temple Architecture in India." Studies in Art and Architecture 3, no. 1 (March 2024): 26–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.56397/saa.2024.03.04.
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Religious edifices in India seems to have developed during the urban phase of Indus Sarasvati or Harappan civilization (3200-2600 BCE) and continuing afterwards, till the sixth century CE. The certain concepts of Gods and human beings have led to the emergence of temple as an architectural body. The relationship of Indus valley’s people with the God or gods can be surmised in conformity with the antiquarian remains discovered in archaeological excavations conducted at the sites of Indus Sarasvati Civilization during the several last decades.
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Bair, Edward, Timbo Stillinger, Karl Rittger, and McKenzie Skiles. "COVID-19 lockdowns show reduced pollution on snow and ice in the Indus River Basin." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 18 (April 26, 2021): e2101174118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2101174118.
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Melting snow and ice supply water for nearly 2 billion people [J. S. Mankin, D. Viviroli, D. Singh, A. Y. Hoekstra, N. S. Diffenbaugh, Environ. Res. Lett. 10, 114016 (2015)]. The Indus River in South Asia alone supplies water for over 300 million people [S. I. Khan, T. E. Adams, “Introduction of Indus River Basin: Water security and sustainability” in Indus River Basin, pp. 3−16 (2019)]. When light-absorbing particles (LAP) darken the snow/ice surfaces, melt is accelerated, affecting the timing of runoff. In the Indus, dust and black carbon degrade the snow/ice albedos [S. M. Skiles, M. Flanner, J. M. Cook, M. Dumont, T. H. Painter, Nat. Clim. Chang. 8, 964−971 (2018)]. During the COVID-19 lockdowns of 2020, air quality visibly improved across cities worldwide, for example, Delhi, India, potentially reducing deposition of dark aerosols on snow and ice. Mean values from two remotely sensed approaches show 2020 as having one of the cleanest snow/ice surfaces on record in the past two decades. A 30% LAP reduction in the spring and summer of 2020 affected the timing of 6.6 km3 of melt water. It remains to be seen whether there will be significant reductions in pollution post−COVID-19, but these results offer a glimpse of the link between pollution and the timing of water supply for billions of people. By causing more solar radiation to be reflected, cleaner snow/ice could mitigate climate change effects by delaying melt onset and extending snow cover duration.
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Ali, Arshad, Ghazala Nosheen, and K. A. Khan. "The Unforgettable Indus River Flood-2010: A Review." Hydro Nepal: Journal of Water, Energy and Environment 9 (November 24, 2012): 48–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hn.v9i0.7073.
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Floods are the unannounced natural disasters that destroy both lives and infrastructures. In July 2010 a huge and unpredictable flood struck Pakistan, especially the catchment area of the River Indus, extending from the north part of Khyber Pakhtun Khwa (KPK) Province south to the Arabian Sea. The top five rainfall intensities recorded at Risalpur, Islamabad, Murree, Cherat and Ghari Dopatta were 415mm, 394mm, 373mm, 372mm and 346mm, respectively. The Indus Flood-2010 affected nearly 20 million people spreading over 36 districts of the country. The death toll recorded was nearly 1,800 persons. More than 10 million people were subjected to contaminated drinking water. The destruction to cotton, rice, sugar cane, and animal fodder was recorded as 3,000 km2, 800 km2, 800 km2, and 1000 km2, respectively. And about five hundred thousand tons of wheat was destroyed. The Indus Flood of 2010 caused an estimated 43 billion US dollar loss to Pakistan and adversely affected its Gross Domestic Product (GDP). It brought on both the financial crises and socio-political concerns (such as infiltration of the Taliban in the form of a relief supporter). Though this flood has left everlasting impacts on the people of Pakistan, they could be better handled if the government and relief agencies were more determined, honest and committed.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hn.v9i0.7073 Hydro Nepal Vol.9 July 2011 48-51
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Mussarat, Sakina, Nasser M. AbdEl-Salam, Akash Tariq, Sultan Mehmood Wazir, Riaz Ullah, and Muhammad Adnan. "Use of Ethnomedicinal Plants by the People Living around Indus River." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2014 (2014): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/212634.
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The objective of present study was to document and preserve ethnomedicinal knowledge use to treat different human ailments by traditional healers of Dera Ismail Khan region, Pakistan. Field work was conducted between February 2012 and January 2013 using semistructured questionnaires. Data was collected from 120 traditional healers through questionnaire survey. Traditional healers in the study area use 70 plant species mostly herbs (57%) for ethnomedicinal and other purposes. The highest FICvalues (0.80) were obtained each for gastrointestinal and kidney problems followed by respiratory infections (0.72) and skin infections (0.73). There was a significant correlation (r2=0.950; p<0.01) between the age and traditional knowledge of respondent. Direct matrix ranking indicatedMorus albaandDalbergia sissooas highly multipurpose and threatened species in the study area. The results showed high dependency of local inhabitants on medicinal plants in meeting their primary health care needs. Moreover, the traditional knowledge has been restricted to elder people. Protection measures should be taken in order to conserve precious multipurpose species that are facing overexploitation. Medicinal plants treating major ailments in the region may be subjected to phytochemical and pharmacological investigations for the identification of bioactive compounds.
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Khan, S., E. Dialynas, V. K. Kasaraneni, and A. N. Angelakis. "Similarities of Minoan and Indus Valley Hydro-Technologies." Sustainability 12, no. 12 (June 16, 2020): 4897. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12124897.
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This review evaluates Minoan and Indus Valley hydro-technologies in southeastern Greece and Indus Valley Pakistan, respectively. The Minoan civilization first inhabited Crete and several Aegean islands shortly after the Late Neolithic times and flourished during the Bronze Age (ca 3200–1100 BC). At that time, the Minoan civilization developed fundamental technologies and reached its pinnacle as the first and most important European culture. Concurrently, the Indus Valley civilization populated the eastern bank of the Indus River, its tributaries in Pakistan, and the Ganges plains in India and Nadia (Bangladesh), spreading over an area of about one million km2. Its total population was unknown; however, an estimated 43,000 people resided at Harappa. The urban hydro-technologies, characteristics of a civilization can be determined by two specific aspects, the natural and the social environment. These two aspects cover a variety of factors, such as climate and social conditions, type of terrain, water supply, agriculture, water logging, sanitation and sewerage, hygienic conditions of communities, and racial features of the population. Therefore, these factors were used to understand the water resources management practices in early civilizations (e.g., Minoan and Indus Valley) and similarities, despite the large geographic distance between places of origin. Also discussed are the basic principles and characteristics of water management sustainability in both civilizations and a comparison of basic water supply and sanitation practices through the long history of the two civilizations. Finally, sustainability issues and lessons learned are considered.
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Khan, Hafiz Uzair Ahmad, Syed Farhan Ahmed Khalil, Syed Jamil Hasan Kazmi, Mudassar Umar, Atif Shahzad, and Suhaib Bin Farhan. "IDENTIFICATION OF RIVER BANK EROSION AND INUNDATION HAZARD ZONES USING GEOSPATIAL TECHNIQUES – A CASE STUDY OF INDUS RIVER NEAR LAYYAH DISTRICT, PUNJAB, PAKISTAN." Geoplanning: Journal of Geomatics and Planning 4, no. 2 (October 30, 2017): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/geoplanning.4.2.121-130.
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This study aims to assess an area of about 70 km along Indus River in Layyah and Muzaffargarh districts of Punjab, Pakistan, which is highly vulnerable to erosion. Actual erosion and deposition has been quantified for each of left and right bank of river over a period of 2002 to 2016. Open source data product of Landsat is used to identify the spatio-temporal changes of Indus River. A model has been developed that extracted the water from satellite images using NDWI. River path of Indus has been mapped for 2002, 2009 and 2016 during high and low flow seasons which not only signifies the channel shifting and river morphology, but also highlights the zones where water over run into land. It has been observed from the study that river is shifting more towards its left bank and the area is highly vulnerable to erosion. In 2009, river eroded 24.3 km2 from right bank while it eroded 100 km2 from left bank. Similarly, in 2016, 12.5 km2 and 71.9 km2 eroded from right and left bank respectively. The river inundation eroded the major agricultural land and affected the life of people and infrastructure. Results provide the latest and reliable information on the dynamics of Indus River in the study area which can be utilized to develop erosion control program and taking practical measures to ensure the safety of life and infrastructure.
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Bates, J., C. A. Petrie, and R. N. Singh. "Cereals, calories and change: exploring approaches to quantification in Indus archaeobotany." Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 10, no. 7 (April 10, 2017): 1703–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12520-017-0489-2.
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Abstract Several major cereal groups have been identified as staples used by the pre-urban, urban and post-urban phase populations of the Indus Civilisation (3200–1500 BCE): wheat, barley, a range of small hulled millets and also rice, though their proportional exploitation is variable across space and over time. Traditional quantification methods examine the frequency, intensity and proportionality of the use of these crops and help ascertain the ‘relative importance’ of these cereals for Indus populations. However, this notion of ‘importance’ is abstracted from the daily lives of the people using these crops and may be biased by the differential production (as well as archaeological survival) of individual cereals. This paper outlines an alternative approach to quantifying Indus cereals by investigating proportions of calories. Cereals are predominantly composed of carbohydrates and therefore provided much of the daily caloric intake among many late Holocene farming populations. The four major cereal groups cultivated by Indus farmers, however, vary greatly in terms of calories per grain, and this has an impact on their proportional input to past diets. This paper demonstrates that, when converted to proportions of calories, the perceived ‘importance’ of cereals from five Indus sites changes dramatically, reducing the role of the previously dominant small hulled millet species and elevating the role of Triticoid grains. Although other factors will also have affected how a farmer perceived the role and importance of a crop, including its ecological tolerances, investments required to grow it, and the crop’s role in the economy, this papers suggests that some consideration of what cereals meant in terms of daily lives is needed alongside the more abstracted quantification methods that have traditionally been applied.
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Mussarat, Sakina, Naser M. AbdEl-Salam, Akash Tariq, Sultan Mehmood Wazir, Riaz Ullah, and Muhammad Adnan. "Corrigendum to “Use of Ethnomedicinal Plants by the People Living around Indus River”." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2016 (2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/3401263.
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GUHA, SUDESHNA. "Negotiating Evidence: History, Archaeology and the Indus Civilisation." Modern Asian Studies 39, no. 2 (April 13, 2005): 399–426. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x04001611.
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Following the destruction of the Babri Masjid in Ayodhya in December 1992, the discipline of archaeology has been increasingly exploited for meeting the demands of religious nationalism in India, for offering material proof for the primordiality of Hindu dharma, and for substantiating claims that the ‘Vedic Hindu’ had an indigenous origin within the subcontinent. Over the last decade, statements such as ‘new astrological and archaeological evidence has come to light which suggests that the people who composed the Vedas called themselves Aryans and were indigenous to India’ (Prinja 1996: 10), have not only propped up the doctrinaire of Hindutva, but have also acquired an official sanctioning from many within the professional community of Indian archaeologists (e.g. Lal 1998), who are actively involved in a programme of promoting the premise that it is possible to unearth true histories objectively through archaeological means (Gupta 1996: 142).
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Solangi, Ghulam Shabir, Altaf Ali Siyal, and Pirah Siyal. "Indication of subsurface seawater intrusion into the Indus delta, Sindh, Pakistan." Mehran University Research Journal of Engineering and Technology 42, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.22581/muet1982.2301.02.
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Due to climate change impacts, seawater intrusion is a major issue in various river deltas around the globe, including the Indus delta, Pakistan. The seawater intrusion has severely affected the freshwater resources as well as the livelihood of the people living in the Indus delta. Thus, this study was aimed to evaluate the subsurface seawater intrusion into the Indus delta based on the groundwater quality data. Around 180 groundwater samples, randomly collected from the study area, were analyzed for chloride, carbonate, and bicarbonate concentrations. Based on these concentrations, the indication of subsurface seawater intrusion was determined using Simpson’s ratio and ionic analysis, such as the ratio of chloride to bicarbonate. Also, an interpolated map using the analysis results of these ratios was developed using ArcGIS 10.5. Overall, the present study revealed that about 88% of the Indus delta is affected by the subsurface seawater intrusion. Also, the impact of subsurface seawater intrusion was observed in the wells near the Thatta and Sujawal towns of the study area. However, about 12% of the delta is still unaffected by the subsurface seawater intrusion. Various factors such as reduction in freshwater flow into the delta, climate change, sea-level rise are potential causes of subsurface seawater intrusion in the study area. This study may be taken as a baseline by the policymakers to start mitigation measures against the degradation of the delta to save the environment from further deterioration. Also, further an isotopic analysis of subsurface seawater intrusion in the study area is recommended.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Indus people"
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Sarker, Rama. "Structural analysis of Indus script and evaluating basic signs to determine the language of Indus people." Thesis, University of North Bengal, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/1184.
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Belcher, William R. "Fish exploitation of the Baluchistan and Indus Valley traditions an ethnoarchaeological approach to the study of fish remains /." online access from Digital Dissertation Consortium access full-text, 1998. http://libweb.cityu.edu.hk/cgi-bin/er/db/ddcdiss.pl?9813108.
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Jiménez, Marzo Marc. "El Indigenismo como construcción epistemológica de dominación dentro del sistema-mundo moderno/colonial: el caso de los indígenas que viven en contexto urbano en la ciudad de Medellín, Colombia." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/398709.
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En Medellín, Colombia, existen una serie indígenas migrados desde sus comunidades que han construido un cabildo pluriétnico, el cabildo urbano Chibcariwak, y que reivindican que se puede ser indígena viviendo en la ciudad. Por otro lado, tanto la organización indígena de la región, la Organización Indígena de Antioquia – OIA –, como el Estado colombiano cuestionan la “autenticidad” identitaria de estos indígenas que viven en contexto urbano por el hecho de que no cumplen con una serie de características – que vivan en contacto con la Naturaleza, que practiquen rituales propios, etc. –. En este trabajo se cuestiona el discurso indigenista que obliga a estas personas a comportarse de una manera determinada si quieren “conservar” la identidad, determinando cuál es el locus enuntiationis desde el que se construye, y también la lógica que hay detrás de este discurso, que lo que hace, al fin y al cabo, es reproducir a nivel epistémico las relaciones de dominio y explotación propias de la colonialidad. En definitiva, este trabajo busca determinar si el movimiento indígena actual que hay en esta región de Colombia representa una alteridad, o bien actúa como un agente más del sistema-mundo moderno/colonial.In Medellin, Colombia, there are indigenous migrated from thier communities who have built a multi-ethnic cabildo, the urban cabildo Chibcariwak, and they claim that can be indigenous living in the city. On the other hand, both the indigenous organization of the region, the Indigenous Organization of Antioquia – OIA – such as the Colombian State identity question the "authenticity" of these indigenous people living in urban context by the fact that do not comply with a series of features – living in contact with Nature, to practice own rituals, etc. –. In this paper, the indigenous discourse that forces these people to behave in a certain way if they want to "preserve" the identity is questioned, determining what is the locus enuntiationis from which it is built, and also the logic behind this discourse is questioned, that what, in the final analysis, is to reproduce in a epistemic level the domain and exploitation relations of coloniality. In short, this study seeks to determine whether the current indigenous movement is in this region of Colombia represents an alternative, or acts as an agent more of the modern/colonial world- system.
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Duchesne, Émile. "«Le territoire c'est la valeur» : analyse des changements économiques et cosmologiques chez les Innus d'Unamen Shipu." Thèse, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/20663.
Full textBooks on the topic "Indus people"
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Awan, Sadiq Noor Alam. People of the Indus Valley: Pakistani-Canadians. [Canada]: S.N. Awan, 1989.
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Alvi, Effraim. The Indus report: A reappraisal of the antiquity of the Indus cities. Jackson, Calif: Sierra Pub. Co., 1986.
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Khilnani, N. M. Panorama of modern Indus Valley. New Delhi: Westvill Pub. House, 1994.
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The Indus people: Saraiki saga and sufi-sant renaissance. New Delhi: Vitasta Publishing, 2013.
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Pakistan National Council of the Arts., ed. People of the Indus Valley 'the Melluhas': Their culture, civilization, rise, fall and disappearance!, 8000 B.C.-500 B.C. Islamabad: Pakistan National Council of the Arts, 2008.
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Irāmanātan̲, Pi. Cintuveḷit tol Tamil̲ nākarikam. Cen̲n̲ai: Tirunelvēli Ten̲n̲intiya Caivacittānta Nūr̲patippuk Kal̲akam, 2000.
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Irāmanātan̲, Pi. Cintuveḷit tol Tamil̲ nākarikam. Cen̲n̲ai: Tirunelvēli Ten̲n̲intiya Caivacittānta Nūr̲patippuk Kal̲akam, 2000.
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Ci, Kantaiyā Piḷḷai Na. Cintuveḷit Tamil̲ar. Cen̲n̲ai: Amil̲tam Patippakam, 2003.
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Kondratov, A. M. Tamil̲a nākarikamum cintuveḷi nākarikamum: Ten̲peruṅkaṭal āyvukaḷ. Cen̲n̲ai: [publisher not identified], 2006.
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R̥gvaidika asura aura ārya. Naī Dillī: Rādhā Pablikeśansa, 2007.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Indus people"
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Bright, William. "Archaeology, Linguistics, and Ancient Dravidian." In Language Variation in South Asia, 124–29. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195063653.003.0010.
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Abstract The hypothesis that a Dravidian language was spoken by the Ancient Indus Valley civilization of Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa has long been considered highly plausible, and on several grounds. First, the presence of a modem Dravidian language in the hills to the west of the Indus, namely Brahui, is most easily explained if the Brahui are seen as the linguistic descendants of the ancient Indus Valley people.
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Deshpande-Mukherjee, Arati, and Pankaj Goyal. "A Potential Early Cattle-Based Faunal Economy from the Indus Valley Civilization Evidence from the Harappan Settlement of Bhirrana in Northern India." In Cattle and People, 63–88. Lockwood Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5913/archbio04.04.
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In South Asia, among the excavated faunal assemblages recovered from numerous sites associated with the Indus Valley civilization, the skeletal elements of domestic cattle (Bos indicus), also referred to as zebu or humped cattle, are most common. While some evidence for the earliest use of domestic cattle is traced to the Aceramic Neolithic layers at Meh- rgarh in Baluchistan (7,000–5,500 BC), there is limited evidence for it in the Pre-Harappan culture at sites attributed to the Indus Valley civilization. Hence the preliminary cattle evidence from Bhirrana—a Harappan settlement in northern India with Pre-Harappan layers—is significant. Cattle remains are common at this site throughout its occupation, includ- ing from the earliest Hakra Ware/Pre-Harappan phase which has provided a mean Carbon-14 date of 8.35 ± 0.14 ka BP (8,597–8,171 years BP/7,570–7,180 cal BC) broadly contemporary with the earliest Aceramic Neolithic phase at Mehr- garh. The identification of domestic cattle in this particular phase suggests that the predecessors of the Harappan people at Bhirrana were already managing these livestock animals prior to the beginning of the Harappan cultural phases, at a time when the intensity of the monsoon was high, although some direct dates on the cattle remains themselves are needed in order to confirm this. Cattle husbandry was found to continue through the Early Harappan to the Mature Harappan period, during which a strong cattle-based faunal economy was established, despite a decline in climatic con- ditions. In this paper we discuss the preliminary analysis of a portion of the faunal remains from this site and aspects related to the exploitation of domestic cattle during the various cultural periods at Bhirrana.
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Kidwai, Samina, Waqar Ahmed, Syed Mohsin Tabrez, Jing Zhang, Liviu Giosan, Peter Clift, and Asif Inam. "The Indus Delta—Catchment, River, Coast, and People." In Coasts and Estuaries, 213–32. Elsevier, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-814003-1.00012-5.
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Schug, Gwen Robbins. "A Hierarchy of Values." In Bones of Complexity. University Press of Florida, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5744/florida/9780813062235.003.0010.
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Bioarchaeological insights help elucidate persistent questions on the internal social organization of the Indus (or Harappan) civilization in northwest India and Pakistan during the height of its urban phase, 2200–1900 B.C. This culture was highly complex, as shown through settlement hierarchies, bureaucracies, craft specialization, and communication and trade networks spanning some 1 million square kilometers of territory. Despite over a century of archaeological study, Indus social organization has remained difficult to define, especially with perceived lack of evidence for clear social differentiation. Robbins Schug examines osteological and funerary data to test the notion of a decentralized, heterarchical Harappa. Skeletal trauma and other forms of pathological data show independently how the people of Harappa experienced differential levels of vulnerability, violence, and exclusion of individuals in various spatially distinct mortuary settings, which is most consistent not with heterarchy but a system of vertical social stratification instead.
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Bianchi, Thomas S. "Early Human Civilizations and River Deltas." In Deltas and Humans. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199764174.003.0006.
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For millennia, humans have been dependent upon rivers and their resources for food, transport, and irrigation, and by mid-Holocene times (about 5,000 years ago), humans harnessed hydraulic power that in part contributed to the rise of civilization. It is generally accepted that the earliest civilizations to develop such linkages with irrigation and cultivation of crops arose in the Old World, in Mesopotamia and the Levant, the Indus Valley, and the Central Kingdom, associated with, respectively, the Tigris, Jordan, Euphrates, and Nile; the Indus; and the Huang He (Yellow) and Changjiang (Yangtze) rivers—and, of course, their associated deltas. In this chapter, I examine the role of selected coastal deltas that were important in the development of these early Old World civilizations, and how those people began to alter the shape and character of the highly productive and constantly changing deltaic environments. Before we begin, however, I need to provide some basic definitions. First, I use the definition of civilization provided by Hassan, “a phenomenon of large societies with highly differentiated sectors of activities interrelated in a complex network of exchanges and obligations.” Second, I use the definition of delta presented by Overeem, Syvitski, and Hutton, “a discrete shoreline protuberance formed where a river enters an ocean or lake, … a broadly lobate shape in plain view narrowing in the direction of the feeding river, and a significant proportion of the deposit … derived from the river”. Although I will at times discuss linkages between development of human settlements and river reaches upstream from the coastal delta, my primary focus in this chapter is on coastal deltaic regions, in particular those of the Nile, Indus, Yellow, and Yangtze rivers, which provide the best examples for linkages between relatively recent early human populations and coastal deltas. I will address other deltas later in the book. My rationale for beginning this book with a discussion of the relationship between Old World civilizations and deltas is that this long- term interaction has been so dramatically altered over the past few millennia— essentially, it is a good relationship “gone bad.”
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Youngner, Stuart J. "Informed Consent." In Transplanting Human Tissue, 168–85. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195162844.003.0012.
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Abstract Informed consent is perhaps the ethical issue that most concerns critics inside and outside the tissue transplant industry. This is partly because it is often seen as a “solution” to other problems that have caused controversy in the field. Why has informed consent caused such a fuss in tissue transplantation when it did not cause much of a stir in organ transplantation? What concern there was in organ transplantation came primarily from the trans plant community itself-not from outsiders as with tissue-and stemmed from the shortage of organs and the fact that often people were either not asked to donate or declined when asked. In response, the passage of so-called required request laws attempted to ensure that family members of every potential donor were approached about donation.Required request failed.More recently, routine referral laws have attempted to improve the quality of informed consent by having experienced, motivated persons make the request and requiring that every single hospital death be reported to the local organ procurement organization (OP0).While the transplant indus-try has emphasized informed consent as a way to “offer the donation option” to families, the driving motivation has been the organ shortage.
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Lisoněk, Petr, and Erik Trinkaus. "The Auditory Ossicles." In The Paleobiology of the Pavlovian People, 153–55. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195166996.003.0009.
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Abstract Four auditory ossicles have been preserved from two of the individuals in the triple burial, Dolní Věstonice 14 and 15 (Figures 9.1 and 9.2). The former individual retains a left malleus and incus, both of which are well preserved but have their surfaces covered by thin calcareous encrustations. The malleus of Dolní Věstonice 15 is preserved only from the head to the neck, and the head is damaged. There is a number of surface defects on its right incus, the deepest one lying on the corpus close to the beginning of crus breve incudis.
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Parpola, Asko. "From the dialects of Old Indo-Aryan to Proto-Indo-Aryan and Proto-Iranian." In Indo-Iranian Languages and Peoples. British Academy, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.5871/bacad/9780197262856.003.0003.
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The Aryan or Indo-Iranian languages are divided into two basic groups, Indo-Aryan (i.e. languages nowadays mainly spoken in India in its pre-1947 sense of South Asia) and Iranian (i.e. languages nowadays mainly spoken in Iran, also rather in the historical sense of the Persian Empire, which extended to Central Asia and the Indus Valley). This chapter discusses how this dialectal split goes back to the very emergence of Proto-Aryan from Late Proto-Indo-European, far from India and Iran.
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Barker, Graeme. "Approaches to the Origins of Agriculture." In The Agricultural Revolution in Prehistory. Oxford University Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199281091.003.0006.
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Humans have occupied our planet for several million years, but for almost all of that period they have lived as foragers, by various combinations of gathering, collecting, scavenging, fishing, and hunting. The first clear evidence for activities that can be recognized as farming is commonly identified by scholars as at about 12,000 years ago, at about the same time as global temperatures began to rise at the end of the Pleistocene (the ‘Ice Ages’) and the transition to the modern climatic era, the Holocene. Subsequently, a variety of agricultural systems based on cultivated plants and, in many areas, domesticated animals, has replaced hunting and gathering in almost every corner of the globe. Today, a relatively restricted range of crops and livestock, first domesticated several thousand years ago in different parts of the world, feeds almost all of the world’s population. A dozen crops make up over 80 per cent of the world’s annual tonnage of all crops: banana, barley, maize, manioc, potato, rice, sorghum, soybean, sugar beet, sugar cane, sweet potato, and wheat (Diamond, 1997: 132). Only five large (that is, over 100 pounds) domestic animals are globally important: cow, sheep, goat, pig, and horse. The development of agriculture brought profound changes in the relationship between people and the natural world. Archaeologists have usually theorized that, with the invention of farming, people were able to settle down and increase the amount and reliability of their food supply, thus allowing the same land to support more people than by hunting and gathering, allowing our species tomultiply throughout the world. The ability to produce food and other products from domesticated plants and animals surplus to immediate subsistence requirements also opened up new pathways to economic and social complexity: farming could mean new resources for barter, payment of tax or tribute, for sale in a market; it could mean food for non-food producers such as specialist craft-workers, priests, warriors, lords, and kings. Thus farming was the precondition for the development of the first great urban civilizations in Egypt, Mesopotamia, the Indus valley, China, the Americas, and Africa, and has been for all later states up to the present day.
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Colopy, Cheryl. "Beyond Barrages and Boundaries." In Dirty, Sacred Rivers. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199845019.003.0022.
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A low dam girdles the Ganga about sixty miles beyond Bhagalpur. More than a mile and a half across, the structure is the longest barrage in the world. It has 109 gates, almost twice as many as the Koshi barrage I traveled over near the Nepal-India border. Its name, Farakka, is anathema to people throughout Bangladesh. In India mainly fishermen on the Ganga know much about it. The barrage, which sits just eleven miles from the international border that separates the tiny nation from its big neighbor, has poisoned relations between the two governments for forty years. The story of Farakka is one of the thorniest river disputes on the subcontinent. Whole books have been written about it on both sides of the border as well as by international commentators, not to mention the technical treatises it has engendered. The barrage did not accomplish the task for which it was built and has harmed people in both India and Bangladesh. Farakka offers a warning about how not to handle transboundary rivers to prevent complex subcontinental watersharing problems from becoming crises in the future. Borders fragment the river system in the Ganges basin, creating unique transboundary water management challenges. To visualize the Indian subcontinent’s river-sharing problems, imagine a slice of pizza. Take a bite out of the middle of the bumpy top crust. That’s Nepal. Then take a small bite out of the right, or eastern edge, just below the crust. That’s Bangladesh. The rest of the slice is India. These three nations share the greater Ganges basin. The river spills into the Bay of Bengal in Bangladesh after flowing across the wide top part of India. Many of the river’s major tributaries come from Nepal. The smaller slice of pizza to the west would include Pakistan and the Indus River, but that’s another complicated story. Now move the piece of pizza to North America and pretend the United States is the majority of the slice.
Conference papers on the topic "Indus people"
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Wong, Kaufui V., and Sarmad Chaudhry. "Climate Change Aggravates the Energy-Water-Food Nexus." In ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2014-36502.
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There are regions in the world experiencing the energy-food-water nexus problems. These regions tend to have high population density, economy that depends on agriculture and climates with lower annual rainfall that may have been adversely affected by climate change. A case in point is the river basin of the Indus. The Indus River is a large and important river running through four countries in East Asia and South Asia: China, India, Afghanistan, and Pakistan. The region is highly dependent on water for both food and energy. The interlinkage of these three components is the cause for the energy-water-food nexus. The difficulty in effectively managing the use of these resources is their very interdependence. For instance, water availability and policies may influence food production, which is governed by agricultural policies, which will further affect energy production from both water and biofuel sources, which will in turn require the usage of water. The situation is further complicated when climate change is taken into account. On the surface, an increase in temperatures would be devastating during the dry season for a region that uses up to 70% of the total land for agriculture. There are predictions that crop production in the region would decrease; the Threedegreeswarmer organization estimated that crop production in the region could decrease by up to 30% come 2050. Unfortunately, the suspected effects of climate change are more than just changes in temperature, precipitation, monsoon patterns, and drought frequencies. A huge concern is the accelerating melting of glaciers in the Himalayas. Some models predict that a global increase in temperature of just 1°C can decrease glacial volume by 50%. The loss of meltwaters from the Himalayan glaciers during the dry season will be crippling for the Indus River and Valley. In a region where up to 90% of accessible water is used for agriculture, there will be an increased strain on food supply. This will further deteriorate the current situation in the region, where almost half of the world’s hungry and undernourished people reside. While the use of hydropower to generate electricity is already many times lower than the potential use, future scarcity of water will limit the potential ability of hydropower to supply energy to people who already experience less than 50% access to electricity. In the current work, suggestions have been put forward to save the increased glacier melt for current and future use where necessary, improve electricity generation efficiency, use sea water for Rankine power cycle cooling and combined cycle cooling, and increase use desalination for drinking water. Energy conservation practices should also be practiced. All of these suggestions must be considered to address the rising issues in the energy-water-food nexus.
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Golubev, A. P. "LATE BRONZE AGE COLLAPSE - UNKNOWN GLOBAL АNTROPOGENIC ECOLOGICAL CRISIS XIII - XII CENTURIES BC." In SAKHAROV READINGS 2021: ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS OF THE XXI CENTURY. International Sakharov Environmental Institute, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46646/sakh-2021-1-7-11.
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The Late Bronze Age Collapse, or the Crisis of Producers, is the definition for the process of the gradual decline of agricultural production in the states of the Fertile Crescent and Indus Valley regions, which culminated at the end of XIII-XII centuries BC. It was caused not by individual private mistakes, but by fundamental and irreparable defects in the then dominant system of agriculture in region mentioned. First of all, they were the widespread deforestation, overgrazing and salinization of arable lands as a result of excessive irrigation. This led to a catastrophic decline in their fertility and food shortages. The crisis of producers became the main reason for the death of largest states of those epoch (the First Babylonian Kingdom, Ancient Egypt, Harappa, etc.), which were at the forefront of the world civilizational progress, which delayed the technological and cultural development of the peoples of the Eastern Mediterranean, the Middle East and South Asia, by at least for a millennium.
Reports on the topic "Indus people"
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Rollason, Russell, Trudy Green, and Basundhara Bhattarai. Elevating river basin governance and cooperation in the HKH region: Summary report III, Indus River Basin. International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), December 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.53055/icimod.1036.
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The report "Elevating River Basin Governance and Cooperation in the HKH Region: Summary Report III on the Indus River Basin" provides a comprehensive overview of the Indus River Basin, emphasizing its significance as a crucial water source for over 268 million people. The report highlights the challenges posed by climate change, stressing the expected increase in water demand and the need for a multilateral or regional framework for enhanced basin-scale management. The report offers high-level recommendations for climate resilience, food and water security, regional water governance, and the adoption of common approaches and tools. Furthermore, it underscores the need for a people-centered approach, and the documentation of existing knowledge and success stories of marginalized groups. Key aspects of the report include: A detailed analysis of the Indus River Basin, its socio-economic trends, environmental characteristics, and climate change impacts. An examination of the state of basin governance, including relevant treaties, policies, and agreements. The report also focuses on gender and social inclusion (GESI) and engagement with all relevant stakeholders, including people with disabilities, indigenous people, and other marginalized populations in knowledge generation, dialogues, planning, and cooperation at the local and basin scales. It is part of a series of three reports on Elevating River Basin Governance and Cooperation in the HKH Region, which also include reports on the Ganges and Brahmaputra river basins.
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Ojha, Hemant, Jeff Camkin, Basundhara Bhattarai, Priyanka Gurung, and Ajay Adhikari. Elevating River Basin Governance and Cooperation in the HKH region: Summary Report I, Yarlung-Tsangpo-Siang-Brahmaputra-Jamuna River Basin. International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), December 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.53055/icimod.1034.
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The report “Elevating River Basin Governance and Cooperation in the HKH region: Summary Report I on the Yarlung-Tsangpo-Siang-Brahmaputra-Jamuna River Basin” provides a comprehensive overview of the Brahmaputra River Basin, highlighting its significance as a crucial water resource for over 114 million people. It identifies challenges and opportunities for enhanced basin-scale management, emphasizing the potential for expanding bilateral cooperation, multilateral trade and investment fora, and mutual gains in areas of common interest. The report offers high-level recommendations based on the available literature and global good practices for strengthening basin-wide cooperation, while emphasizing the importance of engaging all relevant stakeholders to ensure effective and inclusive basin-wide cooperation. Key aspects of the report include: A detailed analysis of the Brahmaputra River Basin, its socio-economic trends, environmental characteristics, and climate change impacts. An examination of the state of basin governance, including relevant treaties, policies, and agreements. The report also focuses on gender and social inclusion (GESI) and engagement with all relevant stakeholders, including people with disabilities, indigenous people, and other marginalized populations in knowledge generation, dialogues, planning, and cooperation at the local and basin scales. It is part of a series of three reports on Elevating River Basin Governance and Cooperation in the HKH Region, which also include reports on the Ganges and Indus river basins.
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Kaiser, Noah, Huw Pohlner, Cassandra Stevenson-Charles, Luke Dowdeswell-Downey, and Basundhara Bhattarai. Elevating river basin governance and cooperation in the HKH region: Summary report II, Ganges River Basin. International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), December 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.53055/icimod.1035.
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The report "Elevating River Basin Governance and Cooperation in the HKH Region: Summary Report II on the Ganges Basin " provides a comprehensive overview of the Ganges River Basin, emphasizing its significance as a crucial water source for over 600 million people. The report highlights the challenges posed by climate change, the state of basin governance, and the need for a multilateral or regional framework for enhanced basin-scale management. It offers high-level recommendations for promoting multilateral cooperation, improving data collection and sharing, and catalysing cooperation through common goals. The report also addresses the environmental characteristics, climate change impacts, and the state of basin governance, including relevant treaties, policies, and agreements. Key aspects of the report include: A detailed analysis of the Ganges River Basin, its socio-economic trends, environmental characteristics, and climate change impacts. An examination of the state of basin governance, including relevant treaties, policies, and agreements. The report also focuses on gender and social inclusion (GESI) and engagement with all relevant stakeholders, including people with disabilities, indigenous people, and other marginalized populations in knowledge generation, dialogues, planning, and cooperation at the local and basin scales. It is part of a series of three reports on Elevating River Basin Governance and Cooperation in the HKH Region, which also include reports on the Indus and Brahmaputra river basins.
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Indigenous Peoples & Local Community Tenure in the INDCs: Status and Recommendations. Rights and Resources Initiative, April 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.53892/itwr4987.
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This brief presents a review of 161 Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs) submitted on behalf of 188 countries for COP 21 to determine the extent to which Parties made clear commitments to strengthen or expand the tenure and natural resource management rights of Indigenous Peoples and local communities as part of their climate change mitigation plans or associated adaptation actions. Of the 161 INDCs submitted, 131 are from countries with tropical and subtropical forests.