Academic literature on the topic 'Indulgent consumption'
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Journal articles on the topic "Indulgent consumption"
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Petersen, Francine Espinoza, Heather Johnson Dretsch, and Yuliya Komarova Loureiro. "Who needs a reason to indulge? Happiness following reason-based indulgent consumption." International Journal of Research in Marketing 35, no. 1 (March 2018): 170–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijresmar.2017.09.003.
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May, Frank, and Caglar Irmak. "The Effects of Rarity on Indulgent Consumption: Non-Impulsives Indulge When Low Frequency Is Salient." Journal of Consumer Research 45, no. 2 (January 11, 2018): 383–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jcr/ucy001.
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Cheng, Yin-Hui, Molly C. J. Huang, Shih-Chieh Chuang, and Ying Rung Ju. "Burger or yogurt? Indulgent consumption in impression management contexts." International Journal of Psychology 50, no. 5 (October 7, 2014): 345–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijop.12099.
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Fuentes, María C., Antonio Alarcón, Fernando García, and Enrique Gracia. "Consumo de alcohol, tabaco, cannabis y otras drogas en la adolescencia: efectos de la familia y el barrio [Use of alcohol, tobacco, cannabis and other drugs in adolescence: Effects of family and neighborhood]." Anales de Psicología 31, no. 3 (September 16, 2015): 1000. http://dx.doi.org/10.6018/analesps.31.3.183491.
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The aim of this study was to analyze the protective or risk factors of parental educational styles for the consumption of alcohol, tobacco, cannabis and other drugs, considering the interaction of parenting styles with the dangerousness of the neighborhood. Based on the responses of 628 adolescents, 369 females (58.8%) and 259 males (41.2%) between 15 and 17 years old (<em>M</em> = 16.03 years old, <em>SD</em> = 0.79 years old), families were classified according to their educational style (authoritative, indulgent, authoritarian or neglectful) and their level of perceived neighborhood risk (high or low). Results showed no interaction effect; however, main effects of educational styles and perceived neighborhood risk were obtained. Adolescents from indulgent families showed the lowest consumption in the substances evaluated, while those from authoritative, authoritarian and neglectful families showed the highest consumption. Moreover, adolescents from high-risk neighborhoods obtained the highest consumption. Indulgent educational style, acting primarily through affection and not imposition, works as a protective factor regardless of the danger in the neighborhood. The importance of encouraging this parental performance in prevention and intervention programs is highlighted, promoting specific educational strategies to improve affection, communication and parental involvement.
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Choi, Jungsil, Yexin Jessica Li, and Adriana Samper. "The Influence of Health Motivation and Calorie Ending on Preferences for Indulgent Foods." Journal of Consumer Research 46, no. 3 (January 18, 2019): 606–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jcr/ucz002.
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Abstract Food and beverage manufacturers now regularly display “just below” calorie amounts (e.g., 99, 199, 299) in advertisements, presumably to appeal to health-motivated consumers. “Just below” values are those that fall one or more digits below a round number, most commonly seen as nine-ending numbers. However, although nine-ending prices are known to stimulate purchase intent, it is unclear whether or when nine-ending calorie labeling shapes food preferences. The present research shows that when consumers view indulgent foods with just-below (vs. round-ending) calorie amounts, they exhibit higher consumption intentions, purchase intent, and consumption behavior, yet only if they are high in health motivation. This is due to a tendency for health-motivated consumers to overweigh the leftmost digit in multidigit numbers—a cognitive bias known as the “level effect.” This bias results in the perception that just-below (vs. round) -ending indulgent foods have relatively fewer calories, decreasing anticipated guilt and increasing consumption intentions and behavior. The superiority of just-below calorie presentation under health motivation is attenuated with the addition of reference intake labeling (i.e., % daily calorie intake values), which equalizes the magnitude of nine- and round-ending calorie indulgent foods.
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Hagen, Linda, Aradhna Krishna, and Brent McFerran. "Outsourcing Responsibility for Indulgent Food Consumption to Prevent Negative Affect." Journal of the Association for Consumer Research 4, no. 2 (April 2019): 136–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/701821.
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Scott, Maura L., and Gergana Y. Nenkov. "Using consumer responsibility reminders to reduce cuteness-induced indulgent consumption." Marketing Letters 27, no. 2 (November 21, 2014): 323–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11002-014-9336-8.
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He, Jianjia, Shengmin Liu, Tingting Li, and Thi Hoai Thuong Mai. "The Positive Effects of Unneeded Consumption Behaviour on Consumers during the COVID-19 Pandemic." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 12 (June 13, 2021): 6404. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18126404.
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The COVID-19 pandemic has become an important global contagion that requires workers to implement necessary behaviours to cope. Based on the conservation of resources theory, the present studies explore the effects of unneeded consumption behaviour on consumers’ recovery level and work engagement and the moderated mediating process of such relationships. Using a purchasing experiment, study 1 examined the positive effect of unneeded consumption behaviour on recovery among 100 MBA students. Using the experience sampling method, the data in study 2 were collected from 115 consumers (employees) using ten iterations of 2-day continual questionnaires (Sunday and the following Monday) during the COVID-19 pandemic. The results from multilevel structural equation modelling indicate that unneeded consumption behaviour positively impacts work engagement in a moderated mediating mode. Consumer indulgence positively moderates the mediating effect of recovery level on the relationship between indulgent consumption behaviour and work engagement, while perceived consumer effectiveness negatively moderates the mediating effect of recovery level. This paper also identifies the value of transformation from consumption to work during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Benchaya, Mariana Canellas, Taís de Campos Moreira, Hilda Maria Rodrigues Moleda Constant, Natália Masiero Pereira, Luana Freese, Maristela Ferigolo, and Helena Maria Tannhauser Barros. "Role of Parenting Styles in Adolescent Substance Use Cessation: Results from a Brazilian Prospective Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 18 (September 16, 2019): 3432. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16183432.
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Background: This study aims to identify the association between parenting styles and behavioral changes among adolescents regarding the consumption of alcohol, tobacco, cannabis, cocaine/crack. Methods: A group of ninety-nine adolescents (39 girls and 60 boys), aged 14 to 19 years (17.05 ± 1.51), who called in to a call center that provides counseling to substance users, was followed-up for 30 days. Data collection occurred between March 2009 and October 2015. The adolescents answered questions regarding parental responsiveness and demanding nature on a scale to assess parental styles and provided sociodemographic data, substance abuse consumption characteristics, and the Contemplation Ladder scale score. Results: The parental styles most reported by the adolescents were authoritative (30%) and indulgent (28%). Children who perceived their mothers as having an indulgent style and who had absent fathers presented more difficulties in making behavioral changes to avoid alcohol and cocaine/crack consumption. Conclusion: The study found that parent-child relationships were associated with a lack of change in the adolescent regarding substance use behavior, particularly the consumption of alcohol and cocaine/crack.
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Leonard, Bridget, Margaret C. Campbell, and Kenneth C. Manning. "Kids, Caregivers, and Cartoons: The Impact of Licensed Characters on Food Choices and Consumption." Journal of Public Policy & Marketing 38, no. 2 (February 6, 2019): 214–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0743915619827919.
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This research examines effects of on-package licensed characters on children’s and caregivers’ choices of healthy and indulgent food and children’s consumption amount. The authors propose that food liking exerts the greatest influence on children’s choices and consumption, such that the impact of on-package characters will be limited to choices between equally liked options. Caregivers’ choices are primarily influenced by their food goals for their children; thus, the impact of characters will likewise be limited to caregivers’ within-category choices. Two experiments show that a character influences children’s choices between two same-category options but not between indulgent and healthier options. A third experiment reveals that food liking influences amount consumed, while the presence of a character influences neither amount consumed nor food liking. Two additional experiments show that characters influence caregivers’ choice between the same foods, but not between different food types or intention to purchase a food. The expanded framework for the effects of licensed characters—taking into account choice versus consumption, children versus caregivers, and healthy versus unhealthy foods—enhances understanding for consumers, practitioners, and policy makers.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Indulgent consumption"
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Soldat, Zorana. "Hedonic Binging in Indulgent Travel Consumption." Thesis, Curtin University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/59628.
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The current study conceptualises hedonic binging and examines its impact on tourists’ desire and intention to engage in indulgent travel consumption. Across a pilot and two main studies (N=708), an online survey was self-administered to respondents who had patronised a luxury hotel/resort while on vacation. Theoretically, the proposed decision-making framework gives researchers more insight into hedonic binging in the tourism context. Managerially, the proposed impulsive-compulsive continuum helps practitioners to identify and address indulgence-seeking tourist segments.
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Anna, Stoppani Oddone. "Indulgent consumption: Exploring its role on consumers’ regret and well-being." Doctoral thesis, Luiss Guido Carli, 2022. https://hdl.handle.net/11385/222779.
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Marketing research on indulgent consumption: Exploring its faces and role on well-being. Indulgence in everyday lives: Exploring how consumers and media narrate about indulgent consumption. How Handmade Becomes Tempting: The influence of Production Mode on Consumers’ Regret and Tendency to Indulge.
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Paulo, Sílvia Sousa Rêgo de São. "Diferentes culturas, diferentes comportamentos de consumo : Brasil Vs Portugal." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/11915.
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Mestrado em MarketingAs diferenças culturais entre países e a sua influência no consumo têm sido objeto de estudo de muitos investigadores. Apesar da crescente globalização provocar uma certa tendência de homogeneidade entre culturas nacionais, continuam a existir diferenças e podem ter forte impacto em atitudes e na forma como as pessoas se comportam. Este estudo visa analisar diferenças culturais entre o Brasil e Portugal, tendo recorrido à abordagem de dimensões culturais de Hofstede que descreve culturas nacionais em termos de seis dimensões. A dimensão "Indulgência vs. Restrição", aquela em que se verificam maiores diferenças entre os dois países, é o foco deste estudo que procurou explorar em profundidade o significado percecionado desta dimensão para a sociedade brasileira e para a portuguesa e o seu impacto em atitudes e comportamentos de consumo. Para tal, foi realizado um focus group com participantes brasileiros residentes há longo tempo em Portugal. O estudo empírico foca nas perceções de brasileiros residentes em Portugal sobre o significado do Índíce Indulgência vs Restrição para brasileiros e portugueses. Os resultados obtidos revelaram que segundo as perceções dos participantes a sociedade brasileira se caracteriza pela indulgência e a sociedade portuguesa pela restrição. De referir, que indulgência assenta numa gratificação a si próprio através de desejos relacionados com o aproveitamento e diversão da vida, enquanto a restrição se situa no pólo oposto, havendo um sentimento de que as gratificações devem ser controladas e reguladas por normas restritivas. Além disso, verificou-se que os brasileiros são percecionados como mais impulsivos no consumo e compra.
Cultural differences between countries and their influence on consumption have been studied by many researchers. Despite the increasing globalization cause a tendency of homogeneity between national cultures, there are still differences and can have strong impacts on attitudes and how people behave. This study aims to analyze cultural differences between Brazil and Portugal, having appealed to the approach of Hofstede´s cultural dimensions, which describes national cultures in terms of six dimensions. The dimension "Indulgence vs. Restriction ", the one where there are major differences between the two countries, is the focus of this study sought to explore in depth the perceived meaning of this dimension to Brazilian and Portuguese societies, and their impact on attitudes and behaviors of consumption. To this end, it conducted a focus group with Brazilian participants residents for a long time in Portugal. The empirical study focuses on the perceptions of the Brazilians, who live in Portugal, about the meaning of the Index indulgence vs Restriction for Brazilian and Portuguese. The results showed that according to the perceptions of the participants, Brazilian society is characterized by indulgence and Portuguese society by the restriction. It should be noted, that indulgence stands for a tendency to allow free gratification of desires, related to enjoying life and having fun, while the restriction is located at the opposite pole, where there is a feeling that this gratification should be controlled and regulated by strict rules. Furthermore, it was found that Brazilian are perceived are more impulsive in purchase and consumption.
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Shih, Pei-Ru, and 施霈嚅. "Nostalgia Way to Indulgence! Influences of Nostalgia, Construal Level, and Self-Monitoring on Indulgent Consumption." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/zq298h.
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碩士國立中山大學
國際經營管理碩士學程
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Previous research focused on nostalgia effects in advertising. Recent researchers suggest that nostalgia influences consumer subsequence unrelated behavior. This research contributes to this evolving research stream by proposing that nostalgia evokes subsequent indulgent behavior. Two moderators are proposed: construal level and individual differences in self-monitoring. Three studies are conducted. In Study 1, a single factor (nostalgia vs. non-nostalgia) design is conducted. In Study 2, the moderating effect of construal level (high vs. low) is examined. In Study 3, self-monitoring (high vs. low) is also considered in addition to construal level. Indulgent behavior is examined with different measures. The results indicate that compared with those who are not evoked by nostalgia, those evoked by nostalgia show a higher tendency in indulgent consumption. Self-reward serves as the underlying mechanism behind the above phenomenon. High-construal level enhances the nostalgia effects on indulgent consumption. The moderating effects of construal level only hold for people with high self-monitoring. This study provides suggestions regarding promoting or reducing indulgent consumption.
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Wang, Shr-Chi, and 王仕奇. "Does Sex Increase Indulgence？Influences of Sexual Stimulus, Consumer Gender and Self-Construal in Indulgent Consumption." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/20871596192438802367.
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碩士國立中山大學
企業管理學系研究所
104
It is very easy to notice sex appeal advertisement in our life. Marketers have resorted to increasingly tactics which uses explicit sexual images in advertising to capture consumer attention and increase purchase intention. The present study examines how sex stimulus, consumer gender and self-construal influence indulgent consumption. The present research employs a 2(sex stimulus: sex vs. neutral) x2(consumer gender: male vs. female) x2(self-construal type: independent self vs. interdependent self) factorial design with two experiments being conducted. Study 1 uses a lab experiment to investigate the relationship between independent variables and dependent variable and dependent variable is accessed through the choice between non-indulgent(virtue) and indulgent(vice) choice. Study 2 uses a field experiment and dependent variable is measured by the number of chocolates taken during the experiment. The results indicate that, sex stimulus has positive impacts on indulgent consumption for males with independent self. For females, no such differences are found. In conclusion, sex stimulus, consumer gender and self-construal type have simultaneous influences on indulgent consumption. The impacts regarding sex stimulus and independent self-construal on indulgent consumption is more influential for males than females.
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Chatterjee, Pubali, and 鄭辰明. "DO CONSUMERS DISTINGUISH BETWEEN WARM AND COOL COLORS? THE EFFECT OF PACKAGING COLOR ON INDULGENT CONSUMPTION." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/yabfs6.
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碩士國立東華大學
企業管理學系
105
Sensory marketing, especially, the use of colors, has gained attention in the field of marketing over the last decade. Marketers increasingly use colors to attract consumers and communicate with them. Although previous studies have investigated the role of colors on human mind, little knowledge exists on how warm or cool colors might affect consumer behavior, such as their indulgent consumption. Scholars have primarily explored how colors are perceived by the human mind in the field of psychology and to some extent in marketing. However, a theoretically guided study on the influence of warm versus cool colors and their effects on indulgent consumption is lacking. In view of this, this research attempts to fill the gap in the extant literature by investigating how warm and cool colors product packaging affect indulgent consumption differently. Self-reward focus is introduced as the research mediator while packaging color-product fit is introduced as a research moderator. The research adopts an experimental design and conducts two studies. Data collected from students from a national university in Taiwan is analyzed using ANCOVA. The results of the two studies reveal that warm color packaging has a significantly higher effect on indulgent consumption than cool color and the effects is mediated by consumers’ self-reward focus. The findings also support the moderating effect of product-type color congruence. The research extends the knowledge on how warm and colors could affect consumer behavior and provides managerial insights into product packaging color strategy.
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(9799202), Belinda Goodwin. "Weapons of mass consumption: The psychological mechanisms driving over indulgence." Thesis, 2017. https://figshare.com/articles/thesis/Weapons_of_mass_consumption_The_psychological_mechanisms_driving_over_indulgence/13443152.
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Excess-consumption in the general population, whether economic, dietary, or substance-oriented, presents numerous health and social challenges. Psychoactive substances, energy dense food, and certain media and retail products tend to provide immediate and exaggerated reinforcement, in turn promoting excessive consumption that contributes to individual and
societal harms. These stimuli may be understood to be ‘supernormal’ in that they activate reward pathways and approach behaviour more so than naturally occurring stimuli for which these pathways were intended. This thesis investigated the issue of unhealthy excess consumption in the Australian general population, with a key focus to define, measure, and
predict individual differences and preferences contributing to excessive consumption. These objectives were addressed through six studies involving a face to face interview study, a series of cross-sectional online surveys, and a reaction time task. Key findings were: 1) Shared variance amongst several types of rewarding stimuli; including fast food, salt,
caffeine, television, gambling products, and illicit drugs; can be explained by an underlying individual difference factor; 2) People tend to systematically vary in their preference toward reward from artificial modern day consumer products (i.e., supernormal stimuli) over natural
forms of reward, which I have termed “supernormal preference”; 3) Reward drive (RD) and rash impulsivity (RI) uniquely and differentially predict the above-average consumption of a variety of consumer products and activities as well as a preference towards supernormal over natural reward; and lastly, 4) supernormal preference, RD, and RI are positively related to the latent factor reflecting the consumption of several types of hedonic, modern day consumer products. These finding are discussed in terms of the neurological and evolutionary
underpinnings of reinforcement processes and the impact that a preference for super normal reward, and/or a rash impulsive disposition, might have on individuals, health interventions, and future research.
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Santos, José João Correia. "Impacto da exposição a exercício físico de diferentes intensidades na intenção de comportamento alimentar em atletas e não atletas." Master's thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/22985.
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Atividade física regular e uma dieta alimentar saudável apresentam benefícios significativos
relativamente à promoção e manutenção da saúde. No entanto, em certas circunstâncias, o
exercício físico tem sido associado a consumos alimentares pouco saudáveis ou excessivos.
Contudo, a investigação sobre a forma como o exercício físico é percecionado por atletas e
não atletas e o respetivo impacto no comportamento alimentar é ainda escassa. Procurámos
explorar o impacto da exposição a exercício físico de diferentes intensidades na intenção de
comportamento alimentar, bem como o papel moderador de ser ou não atleta. Foi realizado
um estudo online com 168 participantes (58.9% homens; Midade = 28.08; DP = 9.74; 54.2%
atletas) aleatoriamente expostos a um vídeo de exercício físico enquadrado como divertido
(pouco esforço) ou cansativo (muito esforço). Após a primeira tarefa, mediu-se a intenção de
consumo de alimentos mais e menos saudáveis. Os resultados indicam que a intenção de
consumo de alimentos menos saudáveis foi significativamente mais elevada nos participantes
não atletas na condição muito esforço (vs. pouco esforço). Esta investigação contribui para a
literatura ao demonstrar que atletas e não atletas percecionam o esforço físico de maneira
diferenciada, o que influencia a sua intenção de comportamento alimentar, particularmente a
intenção de consumo de alimentos menos saudáveis, dos não atletas, em condições de elevado
esforço físico percebido. Por fim, os resultados deste estudo são relevantes para profissionais
de saúde, educação e desporto, uma vez que apresentam implicações para a promoção de
atividade física, desporto e dietas alimentares mais saudáveis.Regular physical activity and a healthy diet have significant benefits regarding individual’s health promotion and maintenance. However, in certain conditions, physical exercise has been associated to unhealthy or excessive food consumption. Nevertheless, research regarding how athletes and non-athletes’ construe physical exercise and its impacts on eating behaviour is still scarce. This paper aims to explore the impact of exercise exposure on eating intention behaviour and the moderating role of being an athlete in this relation. An online study was conducted with 168 participants (58.9% men; Mage = 28.08, SD = 9.74; 54.2% athletes) who were randomly exposed to a physical exercise video that was framed as fun (low perceived effort) or exhausting (high perceived effort). After the first task, the intention to consume foods varying in perceived healthfulness was measured. Results indicate that the intention to consume less healthy food (e.g., pizza, ice-cream) was significantly higher for non-athletes in the high (vs. low) perceived effort condition. This research contributes to the current literature by showing that athletes and non athletes perceive physical effort differently, which influences their eating intention behaviour, particularly non athletes’ less healthy food eating intention behaviour in high perceived effort conditions. The findings from this study are relevant to health, education and sport practitioners as it has implications for the promotion of physical activity, sport and healthier diets.
Books on the topic "Indulgent consumption"
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Davis, George C., and Elena L. Serrano. Now or Later. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199379118.003.0008.
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Chapter 8 provides the economic framework for analyzing the trade-offs between ‘now’ rewards (e.g., hedonic effects) and “later” rewards (e.g., health effects). Because health effects occur in the future and may be uncertain, health considerations are often heavily discounted when making food and nutrition choices. This heavy discounting of future effects is known in economics as present consumption bias. The chapter discusses the implications the present consumption bias will have for a choice between a healthy unsavory food versus an unhealthy indulgent food. It discusses the implications this present consumption bias may have for nutrition interventions. The chapter closes with some of the main empirical findings on present consumption bias related to food and nutrition choices.
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Suttmeier, Bruce. Eating amid Affluence. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190240400.003.0015.
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This chapter investigates the tensions between the pleasures and discomforts of indulgence in the 1960s and 1970s, an era of growing affluence and consumption, through the work of writer Kaikō Takeshi (1930–1989), who frequently waxed rhapsodically and nostalgically about his favorite foods in essays and novels. In his satiric 1972 serial A New Star, a middle-aged bureaucrat is ordered to literally eat his ministry’s budget surplus through lavish meals and regional excursions to consume local delicacies. The chapter observes that, while the novel can be read as a critique of consumption and government waste, there is also a nostalgic tone to Kaikō’s final inventory of dishes that suggests both the pleasure and pain of overconsumption and thus reflects the complex relationship between duty and desire.
Book chapters on the topic "Indulgent consumption"
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Chu, Xing-Yu, Chun-Tuan Chang, and Shr-Chi Wang. "Does “Hot” Lead to “Not So Hot?” Sexy Images, Indulgent Consumption, and the Impacts of Gender and Self-Construal: An Abstract." In Back to the Future: Using Marketing Basics to Provide Customer Value, 203–4. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-66023-3_73.
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Hudders, Liselot, and Mario Pandelaere. "Indulging the Self Positive Consequences of Luxury Consumption." In Luxury Marketing, 119–37. Wiesbaden: Gabler Verlag, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-8349-4399-6_7.
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Bhattacharya, Sreedeep. "Material Callings in an Outsourced Outpost." In Consumerist Encounters, 127–48. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190125561.003.0006.
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The author addresses how business process outsourcing (BPO) enabled a generation of urban educated youth to participate in consumption by offering new income opportunities, and instigating new consumerist aspirations. Along with observing operational procedures, appointment processes, spatial dimensions, nature of work, and relations at work in BPOs, this chapter also observes its social impacts. A generation of college-goers flirted with this newfound earning opportunity since the late 1990s to have fun, make friends, or earn quickly. It explores how the consumerist desire gripped a generation that was earlier ineligible to participate in consumption. Narrating his cultural experiences of working in a BPO, the author documents a transition from abstinence to indulgence—a transition that offered freedom to eventuate material aspirations.
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Bhandari, Parul. "The Secret Lives of Money." In Mapping the Elite, 274–300. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199491070.003.0010.
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This chapter studies the lives of elite women in India, specifically the wives of business elites. Mainly housewives, these women are seen as being unrelated to generation and circulation of money. Their lives are instead often simplistically explained as being more befitting to a discourse of conspicuous consumption and idle leisure. This chapter queries such a popular understanding of elite housewives by revealing certain surreptitious practices of money investment that they indulge in, often without the knowledge of their husband or family members. Treading the lines between familial and non-familial, private and public, secrets and manifest expressions, I argue that elite women create specific and unique relationships with money, which can overcome as well as reiterate their vulnerabilities, anxieties, and desires. This complex circuit of money—generation, savings, investments—in which the elite housewives proactively participate further shapes their networks, friendships, conjugal relations, and self-image.
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Abrahams, Peter W. "Human Geophagy: A Review of Its Distribution, Causes, and Implications." In Geology and Health. Oxford University Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195162042.003.0010.
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Geophagy (or geophagia) can be defined as the habit of eating clay or earth, a practice about which there is a great deal of misunderstanding. Though many people know and accept that geophagy is undertaken by wild and domesticated animals, and that humans can inadvertently ingest soil by (for example) hand-to-mouth activity, the deliberate consumption of soil by humans appears to be more difficult to comprehend. Yet geophagy (or pica) is a widespread among contemporary nonhuman primates (Krishnamani and Mahaney 2000), suggesting that the practice predates human evolution, and that soil ingestion has continued for a multiplicity of reasons. Therefore, although words such as ‘evil,’ ‘odd,’ ‘filthy’ and ‘degrading’ have been applied to geophagy as practiced by humans, a more enlightened appraisal is to suggest that soil consumption should be considered to be within the normal range of human behavior (Vermeer 1986). The oldest evidence for human geophagy comes from a prehistoric site at Kalambo Falls where the bones of Homo habilis, the immediate predecessor of Homo sapiens, have been found alongside a white clay believed to have been used for geophagical purposes (Root-Bernstein and Root- Bernstein 2000). Human migration then transferred geophagy to other parts of the earth, although Laufer (1930) concluded that the practice is not universal, being unknown in some countries such as Japan, Korea, and parts of Africa. To a certain extent this may be attributable to a lack of reporting on geophagy. For example, although the practice is not recorded in Namibia by Lagercrantz (1958, Figure 1),Thomson (1997) reports that the deliberate consumption of soil is commonly undertaken by pregnant women in the eastern Caprivi region of the country. Geophagy can still be found relatively easily throughout many societies of the world today. While investigating geohelminth (i.e., parasitic worm) infection and mineral nutrient deficiencies in children and pregnant women, Geissler et al. (1997, 1998) indicated the prevalence of geophagy in parts of Kenya. In these studies, 73% of 285 school children aged 5-18 years indulged in the practice, whereas 154 of 275 pregnant women (56%) reported eating soil regularly.