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Journal articles on the topic 'Inductive magnetometry'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 8 February 2022

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1

Kennewell, K. J., X. Ji, J. Hu, K. M. Krishnan, and R. L. Stamps. "Measuring exchange anisotropy in Fe∕MnPd using inductive magnetometry." Journal of Applied Physics 101, no. 9 (May 2007): 09E518. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2713231.

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2

Kennewell, K. J., D. C. Crew, M. J. Lwin, R. C. Woodward, S. Prasad, and R. L. Stamps. "Interpretation of magnetisation dynamics using inductive magnetometry in thin films." Surface Science 601, no. 24 (December 2007): 5766–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.susc.2007.06.056.

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3

Magni, Alessandro, Oriano Bottauscio, Ambra Caprile, Federica Celegato, Enzo Ferrara, and Fausto Fiorillo. "Spin precession by pulsed inductive magnetometry in thin amorphous plates." Journal of Applied Physics 115, no. 17 (May 7, 2014): 17A338. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4867755.

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4

Kennewell, K. J., M. Kostylev, N. Ross, R. Magaraggia, R. L. Stamps, M. Ali, A. A. Stashkevich, D. Greig, and B. J. Hickey. "Magnetization pinning at a Py/Co interface measured using broadband inductive magnetometry." Journal of Applied Physics 108, no. 7 (October 2010): 073917. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3488618.

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5

Schneider, M. L., Th Gerrits, A. B. Kos, and T. J. Silva. "Gyromagnetic damping and the role of spin-wave generation in pulsed inductive microwave magnetometry." Applied Physics Letters 87, no. 7 (August 15, 2005): 072509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2031944.

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6

Crew, D. C., K. J. Kennewell, M. J. Lwin, R. C. Woodward, S. Prasad, and R. L. Stamps. "Optic and acoustic modes measured in a cobalt/Permalloy exchange spring bilayer using inductive magnetometry." Journal of Applied Physics 97, no. 10 (May 15, 2005): 10A707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1849551.

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7

Schneider, M. L., A. B. Kos, and T. J. Silva. "Dynamic anisotropy of thin Permalloy films measured by use of angle-resolved pulsed inductive microwave magnetometry." Applied Physics Letters 86, no. 20 (May 16, 2005): 202503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1923193.

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8

Valentino, M., A. Ruosi, G. Pepe, V. Mollo, R. D'Alto, and G. Peluso. "Experimental Results in Eddy Current Non Destructive Testing Based on Superconductive and Conventional Electromagnetic Probes." International Journal of Modern Physics B 13, no. 09n10 (April 20, 1999): 1117–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979299001053.

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This paper deals with the electromagentic nondestructive testing performed by SQUID magnetometry on stratified aluminum alloy plates as those commonly encountered in the aircraft industry. The anomalous magnetic fields generated by flaws with know electromagnetic characteristics have been modeled by a three-dimensional specific code based on a finite element formulation. The numerical solution has correctly predicted the shape of the complicated magnetic field response due to the defect. Once accuracy and reliability of experimental data taken by superconductive probe have been tested, a benchmark-like problem has been faced. Measurements performed by conventional probes like fluxgate and inductive coil have been compared with the ones taken by innovative device based on superconductive materials.

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9

Morales, Irene, Marta Muñoz, Catia S. Costa, Jose Maria Alonso, João Miguel Silva, Marta Multigner, Mario Quijorna, M. Rosário Ribeiro, and Patricia de la Presa. "Induction Heating in Nanoparticle Impregnated Zeolite." Materials 13, no. 18 (September 10, 2020): 4013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13184013.

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The ultra-stable Y (H-USY) zeolite is used as catalyst for the conversion of plastic feedstocks into high added value products through catalytic cracking technologies. However, the energy requirements associated with these processes are still high. On the other hand, induction heating by magnetic nanoparticles has been exploited for different applications such as cancer treatment by magnetic hyperthermia, improving of water electrolysis and many other heterogeneous catalytic processes. In this work, the heating efficiency of γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticle impregnated zeolites is investigated in order to determine the potential application of this system in catalytic reactions promoted by acid catalyst centers under inductive heating. The γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticle impregnated zeolite has been investigated by X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, ammonia temperature program desorption (NH3-TPD), H2 absorption, thermogravimetry and dc and ac-magnetometry. It is observed that the diffusion of the magnetic nanoparticles in the pores of the zeolite is possible due to a combined micro and mesoporous structure and, even when fixed in a solid matrix, they are capable of releasing heat as efficiently as in a colloidal suspension. This opens up the possibility of exploring the application at higher temperatures.

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10

Xue, Desheng, and Xiaolong Fan. "Comment on “Dynamic anisotropy of thin Permalloy films measured by use of angle-resolved pulsed inductive microwave magnetometry” [Appl. Phys. Lett. 86, 202503 (2005)]." Applied Physics Letters 90, no. 11 (March 12, 2007): 116101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2713125.

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11

Nguyen, Thao A., Tadashi Yogi, and Steven E. Lambert. "The effect of sputtering pressure on microstructure and recording performance of high-density magnetic recording media." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 48, no. 4 (August 1990): 770–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100176988.

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Understanding the magnetic properties of thin films applicable to high density recording requires detailed knowledge of the microstructure and microchemistry of the film. Interactions such as exchange and magnetostatic as well as anisotropies have been shown theoretically to influence the magnetic properties and recording characteristics of the media. These magnetic interactions and anisotropies are very sensitive to microstructure. This study reports the efTcct of sputtering pressure on the microstructurc and magnetic properties of thin CoPtCr films. The relation between the microstructural features and the magnetic interactions will be discussed.The film structure, C/Co77Pt6Cr17/Cr, was sequentially sputtered onto Si and NiP/AlMg substrates precleaned by an rf plasma. The thicknesses were 25/25-60/100 nm respectively. Sputtering pressures ranging from 3 to 24 mtorr were investigated. The magnetic properties of the films (coercive field, Hc, coercive squareness, S*, remanent and saturation moments, Mrand Ms) were determined by vibrating sample magnetometry. The magnetic recording measurements were made with thin film inductive write heads and experimental shielded magnetoresistive read head with a track width of about 10μm. The head-media spacing was 5 μin. Noise voltages for transition densities up to 3000 fc/mm were determined in the usual fashion. The microstructures were studied using the JEOL JEM 2000 FX and 4000 EX transmission electron microscopes.

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12

Nica, Valentin, Carlos Caro, Jose Maria Páez-Muñoz, Manuel Pernia Leal, and Maria Luisa Garcia-Martin. "Bi-Magnetic Core-Shell CoFe2O4@MnFe2O4 Nanoparticles for In Vivo Theranostics." Nanomaterials 10, no. 5 (May 8, 2020): 907. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10050907.

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In this work, we report the synthesis and characterization of three magnetic nanosystems, CoFe2O4, CoFe2O4@ZnFe2O4, and CoFe2O4@MnFe2O4, which were developed as potential theranostic agents for magnetic hyperthermia and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). These nanosystems have been thoroughly characterized by X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Transmission Electron Miscroscopy (TEM), Dark Field-TEM (DF-TEM), Vibrating Sample Magnetometry (VSM), and inductive heating, in order to elucidate their structure, morphology, and magnetic properties. The bi-magnetic CoFe2O4@ZnFe2O4 and CoFe2O4@MnFe2O4 nanoparticles (NPs) exhibited a core-shell structure with a mean average particle size of 11.2 ± 1.4 nm and 14.4 ± 2.4 nm, respectively. The CoFe2O4@MnFe2O4 NPs showed the highest specific absorption rate (SAR) values (210–320 W/g) upon exposure to an external magnetic field, along with the highest saturation magnetization (Ms). Therefore, they were selected for functionalization with the PEGylated ligand to make them stable in aqueous media. After the functionalization process, the NPs showed high magnetic relaxivity values and very low cytotoxicity, demonstrating that CoFe2O4@MnFe2O4 is a good candidate for in vivo applications. Finally, in vivo MRI experiments showed that PEGylated CoFe2O4@MnFe2O4 NPs produce high T2 contrast and exhibit very good stealth properties, leading to the efficient evasion of the mononuclear phagocyte system. Thus, these bi-magnetic core-shell NPs show great potential as theranostic agents for in vivo applications, combining magnetic hyperthermia capabilities with high MRI contrast.

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13

Shi, Hongyu, Yanzhang Wang, and Jun Lin. "Optimized Design and Calibration of the Triaxis Induction Magnetometer with Crosstalk and Nonorthogonality Compensation." Journal of Sensors 2016 (2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/1810636.

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An optimized triaxis induction magnetometer has been designed and calibrated to minimize the influences from the nonorthogonality and the magnetic flux crosstalk. Utilizing the nonlinear least square method, contributions due to the nonorthogonal assembly of three transducers are cancelled. The magnetic flux crosstalk is a frequency-dependent error component in the calibration of the triaxis induction magnetometer. Influences from the assembly density, the frequency, and the feedback amount are analyzed theoretically, and an optimized sensor configuration which has a smaller crosstalk is achieved. Moreover, a mathematical compensation algorithm has also been utilized to suppress the residues crosstalk ulteriorly. To validate the theoretical analysis, a triaxis induction magnetometer was manufactured and the experiment setup has also been built. The experiment results show that the cross-outputs of the transverse induction magnetometers have been significantly decreased about two orders, indicating that the proposed method is applicable for the triaxis induction magnetometer.

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14

Han, Songtong, Xiaoli Rong, Leixiang Bian, Mingyou Zhong, and Lining Zhang. "The Application of Magnetometers and Electromagnetic Induction Sensors in UXO Detection." E3S Web of Conferences 131 (2019): 01045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201913101045.

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This paper introduces the physical model of unexploded ordnance (UXO) in the magnetization process and the formula derivation of the magnetic dipole model. The application of magnetometers and electromagnetic induction sensors in the detection of UXO is introduced. The magnetometers introduce the total field measurements technology of the CS optical-pump marine magnetometer and the MagSTAR (Magnetic Scalar Triangulation and Ranging) gradient detection technology. The electromagnetic induction sensors introduce the working theories and the popular product models of Geophex company and Geonics Ltd. The method of detecting UXO by MTADS of United States Naval Research Laboratory (The multisensor towed array detection system) compares the difference between the United States Naval Research Laboratory for target recognition.

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15

Russenschuck, S., G. Caiafa, L. Fiscarelli, M. Liebsch, C. Petrone, and P. Rogacki. "Challenges in extracting pseudo-multipoles from magnetic measurements." International Journal of Modern Physics A 34, no. 36 (December 11, 2019): 1942022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x19420223.

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Extracting the coefficients of Fourier–Bessel series, known as pseudo-multipoles or generalized gradients, from magnetic measurements of accelerator magnets involves technical and mathematical challenges. First, a novel design of a short, rotating-coil magnetometer is required that does not intercept any axial field component of the magnet. Moreover, displacing short magnetometers, step-by-step along the magnet axis, yields a convolution of the local multipole field errors and the sensitivity (test function) of the induction coil. The deconvolution must then contend with the limited signal-to-noise ratio of the measured quantities, which are integrated voltages corresponding to spatial flux distributions. Finally, the compensation schemes, as implemented on long coils and based on scaling laws derived for the integrated field harmonics, cannot be applied to short magnetometers intercepting only a local field distribution. All this requires careful design of experiment to derive the optimal length of the induction coil, the step-size of the scan, and the highest order of pseudo-multipoles in the field reconstruction. This paper presents the theory of the measurement method, the data acquisition and deconvolution, and the design and production of a saddle-shaped, rotating-coil magnetometer.

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16

Barak, Ohad, Kerry Key, Steven Constable, and Shuki Ronen. "Recording active-seismic ground rotations using induction-coil magnetometers." GEOPHYSICS 83, no. 5 (September 1, 2018): P19—P42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2017-0281.1.

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Most of the current rotational sensing technology is not geared toward the recording of seismic rotations’ amplitudes and frequencies. There are few instruments that are designed for rotational seismology, and the technology for building them is currently being developed. There are no mass industrial producers of seismic rotation sensors as there are for geophones, and only one current sensor model can be deployed on the ocean bottom. We reviewed some current rotational-seismic acquisition technologies, and developed a new method of recording rotations using an existing, robust and field-deployable technology that had seen extensive use in large exploration surveys: induction-coil magnetometers. We conducted an active seismic experiment, in which we found that magnetometers could be used to record seismic rotations. We converted the magnetometer data to rotation-rate data, and validated them by comparing the waveforms and amplitudes with rotation rates recorded by electrokinetic rotation sensors.

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17

Safargaleev, V., A. Serebryanskaya, A. Koustov, M. Lester, E. Pchelkina, and A. Vasilyev. "A possible origin of dayside Pc1 magnetic pulsations observed at high latitudes." Annales Geophysicae 22, no. 8 (September 7, 2004): 2997–3008. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-22-2997-2004.

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Abstract. Induction magnetometer observations of dayside Pc1 activity at Barentsburg (BAB, Spitsbergen archipelago, 78.05°N, 14.12°E) are combined with data from two magnetometers located in Scandinavia and the Kola peninsula. Seven events with very large negative IMF Bz components were considered. For all of the events, the cusp location was expected to be significantly shifted equatorward from the statistical position such that the BAB magnetometer was located well inside the polar cap. The DMSP particle data indicated that the BAB magnetometer was indeed inside the polar cap, whereas other magnetometers were collocated with the ionospheric projections of the cusp, the low-latitude boundary layer or the boundary plasma sheet. Pc1 magnetic pulsations were observed only at BAB. In three cases, for which SuperDARN convection data were available, the Pc1 activity correlated with intervals of large-scale convection reconfiguration, such that the plasma flow crossing the BAB location was associated with newly-reconnected magnetic flux tubes drifting tailward. The convection reconfigurations were in response to a decrease in the IMF By component. We argue that the source of the observed Pc1 pulsations is anisotropic plasma of the depletion layer within the magnetosheath. The plasma anisotropy supports the excitation of electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves that are detectable with a ground-based magnetometer when the flux tubes containing the unstable plasma become connected to the Earth's ionosphere in the course of the dayside reconnection processes.

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18

Yang, Jidong J., and Bashan Zuo. "Performance of Wireless Magnetometers for Stop Bar Detection at Signalized Intersections." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2672, no. 45 (August 29, 2018): 55–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198118796068.

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Wireless magnetometers have been considered as a practical alternative to inductive loops and suitable for large intersections, where span wire is generally used for traffic signal support. In this paper, wireless magnetometers are evaluated for stop bar vehicle detection at signalized intersections. High-resolution detector data were collected in the field subjected to various weather and environmental conditions. Conditional inference trees were used to correlate detection errors with weather and environmental factors that potentially affect the performance of wireless magnetometers. The study results indicated that the wireless magnetometers are fairly robust to various environmental conditions, such as wind, lighting, and visibility. Frequent passing of heavy vehicles, common at large intersections, can cause communication interruption between in-pavement sensors and the access point. This likely increases false and stuck-on call errors, which could be aggravated by adverse weather (e.g., rain, fog, or snow). This communication interruption issue can be mitigated by proper installation of additional repeaters. Provided the interruption issues are site-specific, professional judgment and field test are required for proper system setup, which is critical to delivering accurate and reliable detection for the wireless magnetometer system.

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19

Wolfgram, P. A., R. N. Edwards, L. K. Law, and M. N. Bone. "Polymetallic sulfide exploration on the deep sea floor: The feasibility of the MINI‐MOSES experiment." GEOPHYSICS 51, no. 9 (September 1986): 1808–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1442227.

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The recent discoveries of polymetallic sulfide deposits on the deep sea floor have created an interest in geophysical techniques for mapping them. A magnetometric resistivity method (MINI‐MOSES) has been developed for detecting the distribution of sub‐sea‐floor electrical resistivity. A vertical, long‐wire bipole feeds electric current into the ocean. Some of the current enters the sea floor, and its magnetic field is measured at various distances by a low‐frequency induction coil magnetometer. The method is sensitive to conductive and resistive zones at depth, and information about three‐dimensional resistivity structures can be obtained. The small load resistance of an electric transmitter grounded in the ocean allows high current to be driven by a battery‐powered instrument. The induction coil receiver is more sensitive and less noisy than conventional flux‐gate magnetometers over the selected frequency band. This receiver is therefore well‐adapted to the almost noise‐free deep sea‐floor environment. Both the transmitter and the receiver are completely self‐contained, recording averaged transmitted and received signals in random access memory. The technique was tested near a sulfide deposit at 47° 57′N, 129°06′W on the axis of the Juan de Fuca Ridge. The deep submersible ALVIN positioned and moved the instruments about on the sea floor. Just enough data were obtained to demonstrate the viability of the technique for this kind of geologic mapping and mineral exploration. The electrical resistivity of 14 Ω ⋅ m obtained for a uniform half‐space model is consistent with Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) results for the seawater‐saturated basalt.

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20

Kos, Anthony B., Thomas J. Silva, and Pavel Kabos. "Pulsed inductive microwave magnetometer." Review of Scientific Instruments 73, no. 10 (October 2002): 3563–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1505657.

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21

Leonov, M., and Yu Otruba. "Measurement of the difference in the geomagnetic induction between the magnetometer pillars of the geomagnetic observatory of the Ukrainian Antarctic Akademik Vernadsky station." Ukrainian Antarctic Journal, no. 1 (2021): 16–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.33275/1727-7485.1.2021.662.

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The article describes the features of measurements of spatial inhomogeneities of the geomagnetic field between the pillars of magnetometers in the measuring pavilion, which were carried out at the geomagnetic observatory of the Ukrainian Antarctic Akademik Vernadsky station in 2015. Some preliminary results of these measurements are also given. The concept of the timescaled value of the geomagnetic field induction is introduced, which is convenient for compensating for time changes of the real geomagnetic induction and bringing it to one reference level of induction. The differences in geomagnetic induction between pillars are obtained as the differences in time-scaled values of the geomagnetic induction on the pillars. The technique allows comparing long-term series of measurements of field inhomogeneities at important points in space. The main objectives are to increase the accuracy of measurements of local inhomogeneities of the geomagnetic field in the measuring pavilion of the geomagnetic observatory of the Ukrainian Antarctic Akademik Vernadsky station and to determine the differences in the geomagnetic induction between the pillars on which the magnetometer sensors are installed. Obtaining numerical values of the differences in the geomagnetic induction between the pillars as objective criteria needed to assess the accuracy of the data in the final processing of geomagnetic observatory data. The method of comparison of two series of data is used: one obtained by the scalar magnetometer installed in the observatory as a mandatory stationary device, and the other obtained during measurements with a mobile magnetometer at the desired points in space. Compensation of temporal changes of the geomagnetic field by time-scaling the measurement readings of the mobile magnetometer relative to one reference value and thus, bringing them to one selected and fixed time epoch. Special geometric scheme of mobile measurements in the space around the pillars with magnetometer sensors or at important points in space. A rough estimate of method errors. Based on the analysis of the obtained data, the efficiency of the method and its acceptable potential accuracy were confirmed. We obtained approximate numerical values of the differences in the geomagnetic field induction between the pillars on which the magnetometer sensors are installed. Further increase in the accuracy of determining these differences is possible using modern devices of high accuracy and GPS-synchronization of mobile measurements.

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22

Coillot, C., J. Moutoussamy, G. Chanteur, P. Robert, and F. Alves. "On-board hybrid magnetometer of NASA CHARM-II rocket: principle, design and performances." Journal of Sensors and Sensor Systems 2, no. 2 (August 6, 2013): 137–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/jsss-2-137-2013.

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Abstract. We present a hybrid tri-axes magnetometer designed to measure weak magnetic fields in space from DC (direct current) up to a few kHz with a better sensitivity than fluxgate magnetometers at frequencies above a few Hz. This magnetometer combines a wire-wound ferromagnetic ribbon and a classical induction sensor. The nature of the wire-wound ferromagnetic ribbon sensor, giant magneto-impedance or magneto-inductance, is discussed. New configurations of wire-wound ferromagnetic ribbon sensors based on closed magnetic circuits are suggested and the hybrid sensor is described. The electronic conditioning of the wire-wound ribbon makes use of an alternating bias field to cancel the offset and linearize the output. Finally we summarize the main performances of the hybrid magnetometer and we discuss its advantages and drawbacks. A prototype has been built and was part of the scientific payload of the NASA rocket experiment CHARM-II (Correlation of High Frequency and Auroral Roar Measurements) launched in the auroral ionosphere. Unfortunately the launch campaign ended without any noticeable magnetic event and the rocket was eventually launched on 16 February 2010, through a very quiescent arc in the magnetic cusp and no wave activity was detected at frequencies observable by the hybrid magnetometer.

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23

Kos, A. B., J. P. Nibarger, R. Lopusnik, T. J. Silva, and Z. Celinski. "Cryogenic pulsed inductive microwave magnetometer." Journal of Applied Physics 93, no. 10 (May 15, 2003): 7068–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1543125.

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24

Sklyar, R. "Superconducting induction magnetometer." IEEE Sensors Journal 6, no. 2 (April 2006): 357–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jsen.2006.870167.

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25

Brunke, Heinz-Peter, Rudolf Widmer-Schnidrig, and Monika Korte. "Merging fluxgate and induction coil data to produce low-noise geomagnetic observatory data meeting the INTERMAGNET definitive 1 s data standard." Geoscientific Instrumentation, Methods and Data Systems 6, no. 2 (November 9, 2017): 487–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gi-6-487-2017.

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Abstract. For frequencies above 30 mHz the instrument intrinsic noise level of typical fluxgate magnetometers used at geomagnetic observatories usually masks ambient magnetic field variations on magnetically quiet days. This is especially true for stations located at middle and low latitudes, where variations are generally smaller than at high latitudes. INTERMAGNET has set a minimum quality standard for definitive 1 s data. Natural field variations referred to as pulsations (Pc-1, Pc-2, Pi-1) fall in this band. Usually their intensity is so small that they rarely surpass the instrumental noise of fluxgate magnetometers. Moreover, high-quality magnetic field observations in the band 30 mHz–0.5 Hz contain interesting information, e.g., for the study of ionospheric electron interactions with electromagnetic ion cyclotron plasma waves. We propose a method to improve 1 Hz observatory data by merging data from the proven and tested fluxgate magnetometers currently in use with induction coil magnetometers into a single data stream. We show how measurements of both instruments can be combined without information loss or phase distortion. The result is a time series of the magnetic field vector components, combining the benefits of both instruments: long-term stability (fluxgate) and low noise at high frequencies (induction coil). This new data stream fits perfectly into the data management procedures of INTERMAGNET and meets the requirements defined in the definitive 1 s data standard. We describe the applied algorithm and validate the result by comparing power spectra of the fluxgate magnetometer output with the merged signal. Daily spectrograms from the Niemegk observatory show that the resulting data series reveal information at frequencies above 30 mHz that cannot be seen in raw fluxgate data.

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26

Cutler, J., J. Bortnik, C. Dunson, J. Doering, and T. Bleier. "CalMagNet – an array of search coil magnetometers monitoring ultra low frequency activity in California." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 8, no. 2 (April 15, 2008): 359–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-8-359-2008.

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Abstract. The California Magnetometer Network (CalMagNet) consists of sixty-eight triaxial search-coil magnetometer systems measuring Ultra Low Frequency (ULF), 0.001–16 Hz, magnetic field fluctuations in California. CalMagNet provides data for comprehensive multi-point measurements of specific events in the Pc 1–Pc 5 range at mid-latitudes as well as a systematic, long-term study of ULF signals in active fault regions in California. Typical events include geomagnetic micropulsations and spectral resonant structures associated with the ionospheric Alfvén resonator. This paper provides a technical overview of the CalMagNet sensors and data processing systems. The network is composed of ten reference stations and fifty-eight local monitoring stations. The primary instruments at each site are three orthogonal induction coil magnetometers. A geophone monitors local site vibration. The systems are designed for future sensor expansion and include resources for monitoring four additional channels. Data is currently sampled at 32 samples per second with a 24-bit converter and time tagged with a GPS-based timing system. Several examples of representative magnetic fluctuations and signals as measured by the array are given.

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27

Billings, Stephen D., Leonard R. Pasion, Laurens Beran, Nicolas Lhomme, Lin-Ping Song, Douglas W. Oldenburg, Kevin Kingdon, David Sinex, and Jon Jacobson. "Unexploded ordnance discrimination using magnetic and electromagnetic sensors: Case study from a former military site." GEOPHYSICS 75, no. 3 (May 2010): B103—B114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.3377009.

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In a study at a military range with the objective to discriminate potentially hazardous [Formula: see text] mortars from nonhazardous shrapnel, range, and cultural debris, six different discrimination techniques were tested using data from an array of magnetometers, a time-domain electromagnetic induction (EMI) cart, an array of time-domain sensors, and a time-domain EMI cart with a wider measurement bandwidth. Discrimination was achieved using rule-based or statistical classification of feature vectors extracted from dipole or polarization tensor models fit to detected anomalies. For magnetics, the ranking by moment yielded better discrimination results than that of apparent remanence from relatively large remanent magnetizations of several of the seeded items. The magnetometer results produced very accurate depths and fewer failed fits attributable to noisy data or model insuffi-ciency. The EMI-based methods were more effective than the magnetometer for intrinsic discrimination ability. The higher signal-to-noise ratio, denser coverage, and more precise positioning of the EM-array data resulted in fewer false positives than the EMI cart. When depth constraints from the magnetometer data were used to constrain the EMI fits through cooperative inversion, discrimination performance improved considerably. The wide-band EMI sensor was deployed in a cued-interrogation mode over a subset of anomalies. This produced the highest-quality data because of collecting the densest data around each target and the additional late time-decay information available with the wide-band sensor. When the depth from the magnetometer was used as a constraint in the cooperative inversion process, all [Formula: see text] mortars were recovered before any false positives were encountered.

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28

Reid, James E., and James C. Macnae. "Resistive limit modeling of airborne electromagnetic data." GEOPHYSICS 67, no. 2 (March 2002): 492–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1468609.

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When a confined conductive target embedded in a conductive host is energized by an electromagnetic (EM) source, current flow in the target comes from both direct induction of vortex currents and current channeling. At the resistive limit, a modified magnetometric resistivity integral equation method can be used to rapidly model the current channeling component of the response of a thin-plate target energized by an airborne EM transmitter. For towed-bird transmitter–receiver geometries, the airborne EM anomalies of near-surface, weakly conductive features of large strike extent may be almost entirely attributable to current channeling. However, many targets in contact with a conductive host respond both inductively and galvanically to an airborne EM system. In such cases, the total resistive-limit response of the target is complicated and is not the superposition of the purely inductive and purely galvanic resistive-limit profiles. Numerical model experiments demonstrate that while current channeling increases the width of the resistive-limit airborne EM anomaly of a wide horizontal plate target, it does not necessarily increase the peak anomaly amplitude.

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29

Koprivica, Branko, Marko Sucurovic, and Alenka Milovanovic. "Calibration of ac induction magnetometer." Facta universitatis - series: Electronics and Energetics 31, no. 4 (2018): 613–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fuee1804613k.

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The aim of this paper is to describe a procedure and experimental setup for calibration of AC induction magnetometer. The paper presents an overview of the previous research and results of measurement of magnetic flux density inside large diameter multilayer solenoid. This solenoid is magnetising coil of the magnetometer. The paper also describes a system of five smaller coils of the magnetometer which are placed inside the large solenoid. Three small coils are pickup coils, accompanied with two compensation coils, of which one is an empty coil for magnetic field measurement. The experimental results of calibration of this coil system have been presented. A proper discussion of all the results presented has been also given in the paper.

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30

Kapustin, G. A. "High-sensitivity inductive magnetometer for pulsed magnetic fields." Review of Scientific Instruments 70, no. 1 (January 1999): 82–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1149544.

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Prance, R. J., T. D. Clark, and H. Prance. "Compact broadband gradiometric induction magnetometer system." Sensors and Actuators A: Physical 76, no. 1-3 (August 1999): 117–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-4247(98)00363-x.

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32

Tashiro, K., S. Inoue, H. Wakiwaka, H. Yasui, and H. Kinoshita. "Induction Magnetometer in MHz Range Operation." Sensor Letters 11, no. 1 (January 1, 2013): 153–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/sl.2013.2801.

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Пилипенко, Вячеслав, Vyacheslav Pilipenko, Ольга Козырева, Olga Kozyreva, Евгений Федоров, Eugeny Fedorov, Михаил Успенский, Mikhail Uspensky, Кирсти Кауристи, and Kirsti Kauristie. "Latitudinal amplitude-phase structure of MHD waves: STARE radar and image magnetometer observations and modeling." Solar-Terrestrial Physics 2, no. 3 (October 27, 2016): 56–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/22285.

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We have developed a numerical model that yields a steady-state distribution of field components of MHD wave in an inhomogeneous plasma box simulating the realistic magnetosphere. The problem of adequate boundary condition at the ionosphere–magnetosphere interface for coupled MHD mode is considered. To justify the model’s assumptions, we have derived the explicit inequality showing when the ionospheric inductive Hall effect can be neglected upon the consideration of Alfven wave reflection from the ionospheric boundaries. The model predicts a feature of the ULF spatial amplitude/phase distribution that has not been noticed by the field line resonance theory: the existence of a region with opposite phase delays on the source side of the resonance. This theoretical prediction is supported by the amplitude-phase latitudinal structures of Pc5 waves observed by STARE radar and IMAGE magnetometers. A gradual decrease in azimuthal wave number m at smaller L-shells was observed at longitudinally separated radar beams.

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Grosz, Asaf, Eugene Paperno, Shai Amrusi, and Tal Szpruch. "Minimizing crosstalk in three-axial induction magnetometers." Review of Scientific Instruments 81, no. 12 (December 2010): 125106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3509392.

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35

Dorfbauer, F., T. Schrefl, D. Suess, M. Kirschner, G. Hrkac, and J. Fidler. "Pulsed inductive microwave magnetometer response calculated for IrMn/FeNi bilayers." European Physical Journal B 45, no. 2 (May 2005): 267–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1140/epjb/e2005-00179-2.

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36

Davydov, V. V., V. I. Dudkin, and V. A. Vologdin. "Nuclear-resonance magnetometer with flowing liquid for superstrong inhomogeneous fields measuring." International Journal of Modern Physics: Conference Series 41 (January 2016): 1660146. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010194516601460.

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Multichannel nuclear-resonance magnetometer for remote monitoring of induction and heterogeneity of a magnetic field in different areas inside and near a charged particle accelerator is considered. The maximal distance between the nuclear magnetic resonance signal detector and the magnetometer is 50 m. Measurement error is 0.5%, sensitivity of the magnetometer is 10[Formula: see text] T/Hz[Formula: see text], measurement time of the magnetic field parameters in 24 control points is no more than 4 minutes.

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37

Lee, James B., David L. Dart, Robert J. Turner, Mark A. Downey, Arthur Maddever, Goran Panjkovic, Catherine P. Foley, et al. "Airborne TEM surveying with a SQUID magnetometer sensor." GEOPHYSICS 67, no. 2 (March 2002): 468–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1468606.

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Traditionally airborne time-domain electromagnetic (AEM) survey systems use induction coils as the sensor (receiver). We have replaced the induction coil in a transient electromagnetic (TEM) system with a liquid-nitrogen cooled superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometer sensor. Using this prototype system, we aimed to improve performance in detecting conductive mineralization, particularly where the conductive mineralization of interest is covered by a conductive regolith. We successfully demonstrated one- and three-component SQUID sensors in airborne TEM surveying, and achieved performance comparable to the induction-coil systems. Implementation of the SQUID system required development of devices capable of operating in magnetically unshielded environments with low noise, high slew rate, and wide bandwidth. Operation of the SQUID sensor in the highly dynamic environment of a towed bird was also necessary, and this implies a high dynamic range and high level of noise associated with the motion in Earth's magnetic field. The high dynamic range of the SQUID response was handled by a combination of resetting the SQUID flux locked loop, reducing the bandwidth, and providing high-gain feedback in parallel with the flux locked loop. A digital stacking filter was used to eliminate low-frequency noise associated with sensor motion. Isolation of the sensor from motion at the TEM signal frequencies required development of a sophisticated suspension system. The SQUID systems were tested over two known conductive targets, and their performance compared with the induction-coil TEM system. A comparative performance measure is developed to take the different sensitivities of the SQUID magnetometer and induction-coil receivers into account. This measure indicates that the SQUID system has superior performance for responses over earth structures with decay time constants greater than ∼6 ms when compared with the induction-coil signals. We also estimate the performance in comparison with integrated outputs of the induction-coil system and show that, at the demonstrated levels of SQUID performance, it is expected to have poorer performance by a factor of two or more. This disadvantage will be reduced for lower frequency, wider channel width TEM configurations or by improvements in the SQUID devices.

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Paperno, E., A. Grosz, S. Amrusi, and B. Zadov. "Compensation of Crosstalk in Three-Axial Induction Magnetometers." IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement 60, no. 10 (October 2011): 3416–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tim.2011.2124850.

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39

Sasada, Ichiro. "Induction magnetometer using a high-Tc superconductor coil." Journal of Applied Physics 107, no. 9 (May 2010): 09E721. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3360770.

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40

Duan, Haibin, and Qinan Luo. "Adaptive Backtracking Search Algorithm for Induction Magnetometer Optimization." IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 50, no. 12 (December 2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmag.2014.2342192.

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Yan, Bin, Wanhua Zhu, Xin Zhuang, Leisong Liu, and Guangyou Fang. "Miniature Three-Axis Induction Magnetometer for Borehole Logging." IEEE Magnetics Letters 10 (2019): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lmag.2019.2955058.

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42

Bevington, P., R. Gartman, and W. Chalupczak. "Inductive Imaging of the Concealed Defects with Radio-Frequency Atomic Magnetometers." Applied Sciences 10, no. 19 (September 30, 2020): 6871. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10196871.

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We explore the capabilities of the radio-frequency atomic magnetometers in the non-destructive detection of concealed defects. We present results from the systematic magnetic inductive measurement of various defect types in an electrically conductive object at different rf field frequencies (0.4–12 kHz) that indicate the presence of an optimum operational frequency of the sensor. The optimum in the frequency dependence of the amplitude/phase contrast for defects under a 0.5–1.5 mm conductive barrier was observed within the 1–2 kHz frequency range. The experiments are performed in the self-compensated configuration that automatically removes the background signal created by the rf field producing object response.

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43

Henrard, Daniel, Quoc Lam Vuong, Sébastien Delangre, Xavier Valentini, Denis Nonclercq, Maurice François Gonon, and Yves Gossuin. "Monitoring of Superparamagnetic Particle Sizes in the Langevin Law Regime." Journal of Nanomaterials 2019 (November 19, 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/6409210.

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In this work, aqueous solutions of magnetite nanoparticles (NPs) are studied. Magnetite NPs are very useful in biomedicine for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), for drug delivery therapy, and also for hyperthermia. In order to predict the NP efficiency in these applications, it is crucial to accurately characterize their size distribution and their magnetization. Magnetometry, through the dependence of NP magnetization on the magnetic induction (MB curve), can provide interesting information on these physical properties. In this work, the extraction of the NP size distribution and magnetization from experimental MB curves of aqueous solutions of magnetite NPs is discussed. The results are compared to TEM and XRD characterizations. It is shown that an expression taking into account the size distribution better fits the results than the commonly used simple Langevin function. The size distributions obtained by magnetometry seem comparable to those obtained by TEM measurements. However, a closer look at the results shows some nonnegligible discrepancies: the size distributions obtained by magnetometry vary with the temperature and are closer to the TEM ones at room temperature. Our study suggests that it could be explained by the nonnegligible anisotropy energy of the NPs at low temperature and the lack of NP Brownian rotation below the freezing point of water. This demonstrates that care must be taken when interpreting the results obtained by magnetometry of magnetite NPs: only the size and size distribution obtained at room temperature should be used.

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44

Hatsukade, Yoshimi, K. Noda, S. Masaki, S. Yoshida, and Saburo Tanaka. "Multi-Channel High-T_c SQUID System for Bio-Applications." Solid State Phenomena 152-153 (April 2009): 424–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.152-153.424.

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high-Tc SQUID, magnetometer, bio-magnetism, multi-channel, rat MCG. Abstract. Three-channel directly-coupled-type high-Tc SQUID magnetometer array, with pick-up coil size of 1.5 mm2 comparable to the lift-off distance of the developed multi-channel SQUID system, was designed. In this design, two slits were introduced in the SQUID ring to improve the inductive coupling between the pick-up coil and the SQUID ring to obtain the field sensitivity of about 700 fT/Hz1/2. With the SQUID array that was mounted on the multi-channel SQUID system, the measurements of magnetocardiogram of rat were demonstrated to evaluate the system performance.

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45

Shifrin, Vladlen Ya, Denis I. Belyakov, Alexander E. Shilov, and Denis D. Kosenko. "Research on expanding the range of reproduction of magnetic flux density of the DC field of the state primary standard GET12-2011." Izmeritel`naya Tekhnika, no. 4 (April 2020): 3–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.32446/0368-1025it.2020-4-3-7.

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The results of works aimed at increasing the level of uniformity of measurements of the magnetic induction of a constant field – the basic value in the field of magnetic measurements. A set of equipment for reproducing a unit of magnetic induction of a constant field in the range of 1–25 mT was created and described. The inclusion of this complex in the State primary standard of units of magnetic induction, magnetic flux, magnetic moment and magnetic induction gradient GET 12-2011 will ensure the reproduction and direct transmission of the unit of permanent magnetic induction in the ranges of not only weak (10–3–1 mT), but medium (1–25 mT) and strong (0.025–1 T) magnetic fields. A quantum cesium magnetometer based on the resolved structure of cesium atoms was created to transmit the unit of magnetic induction to the region of medium fields. The procedure for calculating the frequency conversion coefficients to magnetic induction of the created quantum cesium magnetometer is described. The uncertainty budget for reproducing a unit of magnetic induction of a constant field using the created complex is estimated.

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46

Coillot, C., M. El Moussalim, E. Brun, A. Rhouni, R. Lebourgeois, G. Sou, and M. Mansour. "Magnetic noise contribution of the ferromagnetic core of induction magnetometers." Journal of Sensors and Sensor Systems 4, no. 1 (June 18, 2015): 229–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/jsss-4-229-2015.

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Abstract. The performance of induction magnetometers, in terms of resolution, depends both on the induction sensor and the electronic circuit. To investigate accurately the sensor noise sources, an induction sensor, made of a ferrite ferromagnetic core, is combined with a dedicated low voltage and current noise preamplifier, designed in CMOS 0.35 μm technology. A modelling of the contribution of the ferromagnetic core to the noise through the complex permeability formalism is performed. Its comparison with experimental measurements highlight another possible source for the dominating noise near the resonance.

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47

Gawrylczyk, Konstanty. "Electromagnetic methods in nondestructive testing of materials." Facta universitatis - series: Electronics and Energetics 16, no. 1 (2003): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fuee0301001g.

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The article deals with progress in electromagnetic methods used for quality evaluation of conducting materials. The term "electromagnetic methods" covers the following areas: magneto-inductive methods, magnetic leakage flux probe method, magnetometer principle and eddy-current methods. For the aim of numerical cracks recognition the sensitivity analysis with finite elements was shown.

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48

Bleier, T., C. Dunson, C. Alvarez, F. Freund, and R. Dahlgren. "Correlation of pre-earthquake electromagnetic signals with laboratory and field rock experiments." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 10, no. 9 (September 24, 2010): 1965–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-10-1965-2010.

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Abstract. Analysis of the 2007 M5.4 Alum Rock earthquake near San José California showed that magnetic pulsations were present in large numbers and with significant amplitudes during the 2 week period leading up the event. These pulsations were 1–30 s in duration, had unusual polarities (many with only positive or only negative polarities versus both polarities), and were different than other pulsations observed over 2 years of data in that the pulse sequence was sustained over a 2 week period prior to the quake, and then disappeared shortly after the quake. A search for the underlying physics process that might explain these pulses was was undertaken, and one theory (Freund, 2002) demonstrated that charge carriers were released when various types of rocks were stressed in a laboratory environment. It was also significant that the observed charge carrier generation was transient, and resulted in pulsating current patterns. In an attempt to determine if this phenomenon occurred outside of the laboratory environment, the authors scaled up the physics experiment from a relatively small rock sample in a dry laboratory setting, to a large 7 metric tonne boulder comprised of Yosemite granite. This boulder was located in a natural, humid (above ground) setting at Bass Lake, Ca. The boulder was instrumented with two Zonge Engineering, Model ANT4 induction type magnetometers, two Trifield Air Ion Counters, a surface charge detector, a geophone, a Bruker Model EM27 Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR) spectrometer with Sterling cycle cooler, and various temperature sensors. The boulder was stressed over about 8 h using expanding concrete (Bustartm), until it fractured into three major pieces. The recorded data showed surface charge build up, magnetic pulsations, impulsive air conductivity changes, and acoustical cues starting about 5 h before the boulder actually broke. These magnetic and air conductivity pulse signatures resembled both the laboratory rock stressing results and the 30 October 2007 M5.4 Alum Rock earthquake field data. The second part of this paper examined other California earthquakes, prior to the Alum Rock earthquake, to see if magnetic pulsations were also present prior to those events. A search for field examples of medium earthquakes was performed to identify earthquakes where functioning magnetometers were present within 20 km, the expected detection range of the magnetometers. Two earthquakes identified in the search included the 12 August 1998 M5.1 San Juan Bautista (Hollister Ca.) earthquake and the 28 September 2004 M6.0 Parkfield Ca. earthquake. Both of these data sets were recorded using EMI Corp. Model BF4 induction magnetometers, installed in equipment owned and operated by UC Berkeley. Unfortunately, no air conductivity or IR data were available for these earthquake examples. This new analysis of old data used the raw time series data (40 samples per s), and examined the data for short duration pulsations that exceeded the normal background noise levels at each site, similar to the technique used at Alum Rock. Analysis of Hollister magnetometer, positioned 2 km from the epicenter, showed a significant increase in magnetic pulsations above quiescient threshold levels several weeks prior, and especially 2 days prior to the quake. The pattern of positive and negative pulsations observed at Hollister, were similar, but not identical to Alum Rock in that the pattern of pulsations were interspersed with Pc 1 pulsation trains, and did not start 2 weeks prior to the quake, but rather 2 days prior. The Parkfield data (magnetometer positioned 19 km from the epicenter) showed much smaller pre-earthquake pulsations, but the area had significantly higher conductivity (which attenuates the signals). More interesting was the fact that significant pulsations occurred between the aftershock sequences of quakes as the crustal stress patterns were migrating. Comparing laboratory, field experiments with a boulder, and earthquake events, striking similarities were noted in magnetic pulsations and air conductivity changes, as well as IR signals (where instrumented). More earthquake samples, taken with the appropriate detectors and within 10–15 km proximity to large (>M5) earthquakes, are still needed to provide more evidence to understand the variability between earthquakes and various electromagnetic signals detected prior to large earthquakes.

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Marmugi, Luca, and Ferruccio Renzoni. "Electromagnetic Induction Imaging with Atomic Magnetometers: Progress and Perspectives." Applied Sciences 10, no. 18 (September 13, 2020): 6370. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10186370.

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Electromagnetic induction imaging (EMI) allows mapping of the conductivity of target objects and, when combined with appropriate algorithms, the generation of full 3D tomographic images. Despite its tremendous potential, and the wealth of possible applications, the use of EMI has essentially been limited to eddy current testing for monitoring of corrosion and welding in metallic structures. The present work reviews the factors hindering the progress of electromagnetic induction imaging and highlights how the use of atomic magnetometers overcame some of them, opening the path to real world applications of EMI. Perspectives for further developments are discussed.

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Pinçon, Jean-Louis, Michel Menvielle, and Laszlo Szarka. "Geomagnetic induction study using the NetLander network of magnetometers." Planetary and Space Science 48, no. 12-14 (October 2000): 1261–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0032-0633(00)00108-2.

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