Dissertations / Theses: 'Indoor Space'

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Wolf, Mark J. P. "Theorizing navigable space in video games." Universität Potsdam, 2011. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2011/4980/.

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Space is understood best through movement, and complex spaces require not only movement but navigation. The theorization of navigable space requires a conceptual representation of space which is adaptable to the great malleability of video game spaces, a malleability which allows for designs which combine spaces with differing dimensionality and even involve non-Euclidean configurations with contingent connectivity. This essay attempts to describe the structural elements of video game space and to define them in such a way so as to make them applicable to all video game spaces, including potential ones still undiscovered, and to provide analytical tools for their comparison and examination. Along with the consideration of space, there will be a brief discussion of navigational logic, which arises from detectable regularities in a spatial structure that allow players to understand and form expectations regarding a game’s spaces.

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Crane, Justin Fuller. "An indoor public space for a winter city." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/31197.

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Thesis (M. Arch.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 2005.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 90-93).
Winter is a marginalized season in North American design. Even though most cities in the northern United States and Canada have winter conditions-snowfall, ice, freezing temperatures, and long nights-for substantial portions of the year, their built environments do little to embrace their climate. Architecture confronting the problems of design for a winter city must have two complementary components-a social one that addresses comfort and the interaction between the public and private realms, and a technical one that addresses energy- efficiency. First, winter cities lack equitable and attractive indoor places of refuge from the elements. The most common contemporary response to the climate is to create huge commercial developments. These take the form of free-standing megamalls or networks of indoor storefronts winding through downtowns via tunnels and elevated skyways. These draw people who can afford to shop away from the public realm while leaving city streets deserted. Second, winter cities use superlatively high amounts of energy for heating, and this consumption continues to grow as a result of sprawling suburbs and generic building that disregards its context. The proposed mediatheque for St. Paul, Minnesota confronts these problems by using thermal qualities as a driver for its design. Like winter, thermal qualities are an often ignored factor in architecture. However, by using them to shape space, choose materials, and complement social interaction, the design for an indoor urban space will welcome all members of the public, use energy responsibly, and celebrate diverse activities throughout the day and the year.
by Justin Fuller Crane.
M.Arch.

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Amendolare, Vincent Thomas. "Synchronization in an Indoor Precision Location System." Digital WPI, 2007. https://digitalcommons.wpi.edu/etd-theses/672.

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This thesis was conducted as part of the efforts related to WPI's Precision Personnel Location (PPL) project, the purpose of which is to locate emergency personnel in hazardous indoor environments using radio location techniques. A unique signal processing algorithm, sART, developed within the PPL project provides means to determine precise position estimates of a wideband transmitter from multipath corrupted signals captured by distributed receivers. This algorithm has synchronization requirements that can not be met without extraordinary expense and complexity by direct means. This thesis develops digital signal processing that achieves the necessary synchronization to satisfy the sART algorithm requirements without additional implementation complexity. The mathematical underpinnings of this solution are introduced and the results are evaluated in the context of experimental data.

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Hou, Guoying. "An investigation of thermal comfort and the use of indoor transitional space." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2016. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/104068/.

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Indoor transitional space plays an important role in the modern building. The thermal environment in indoor transitional spaces can significantly influence users’ thermal perceptions and therefore potentially their use of such spaces. Improving thermal conditions in indoor transitional spaces may encourage people to spend more time in these spaces, and improve the energy performance in indoor transitional spaces and their potential contribution in minimizing cooling and heating loads of the adjacent building. This thesis investigates thermal conditions in indoor transitional spaces, thermal comfort and the relationship between these and people’s use of space. Three case studies were carefully selected in different kinds of buildings in Cardiff, UK to represent a variety of users in similar climatic contexts. The field surveys were carried out during winter and summer and research methods were used: interviews with a structured questionnaire, thermal environment monitoring and observations of human activity. The results show that a solely physiological approach is insufficient to evaluate the thermal comfort in indoor transitional spaces. The results from the occupant comfort survey established the adaptability of users to a wider range of thermal conditions. Environmental variables such as operative temperature could have a great impact on the use of the indoor transitional spaces, and may determine the number of people and activities in them. The study also shows that participants in indoor transitional spaces have a higher thermal tolerance and can accept lower temperature than in other types of spaces, which creates a potential for saving energy.

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Heggo, M. A. "TV white space and broadband power line communications for indoor high speed networks." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2017. http://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/3007099/.

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Current indoor networks have growing data rate demands to satisfy high speed applications. Broadband power line communications (BPLC) and TV white space (TVWS) communications are considered as effective solutions for indoor networks. However, they encounter several challenges concerning coexistence with wireless services. In this thesis, cooperative BPLC and TVWS is investigated in the very high frequency (VHF) band, for the aim of complementing each other to deliver enhanced performance. The main contributions of the thesis are multi-folds. In the first contribution, a general statistical based path loss mapping (GSBPL) approach is proposed for modelling the path loss of indoor low voltage (i.e. 220 v) BPLC. Also, a simplification method is proposed for computing the channel transfer function, which is proved to be more general and computationally more efficient than the previous method in literature. The feasibility of the cooperation between BPLC and wireless communications is thus concluded, through comparing their corresponding path losses. In the second contribution, a general model is proposed to map the TVWS interference with the BPLC in the VHF band, through exciting antenna mode currents along low voltage BPLC cables. A new model is presented for current conversion from antenna to differential mode, which includes a general formula for the antenna mode characteristic impedance and two solutions to the formulated problem: a) a numerical solution referred to as the antenna theory numerical (ATN) approach; b) an analytical solution referred to as the enhanced TL approximation (ETLA) approach. This is the first reported work to obtain the antenna mode characteristic impedance by the antenna theory. The ETLA approach outperforms the previous frequency-independent solution and requires a reduced complexity over the ATN approach. In the third contribution, new hybrid systems utilising BPLC and TVWS are proposed in the VHF band referred to as white BPLC (WBPLC). Two cases are considered in the proposed system: a) point-to-point WBPLC multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system, where a power allocation algorithm and an iterative precoding technique are proposed to maximise the ergodic capacity, subject to the constraints of total power and interference limit at the TV primary user (PU) receiver (Rx); b) point-to-multipoint WBPLC MIMO system. The overall network downlink capacity maximisation problem is investigated, using an efficient algorithm for power and subcarrier allocation among different users.

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Johansson, Anders. "Acoustic Sound Source Localisation and Tracking : in Indoor Environments." Doctoral thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola [bth.se], School of Engineering - Dept. of Signal Processing, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-00401.

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With advances in micro-electronic complexity and fabrication, sophisticated algorithms for source localisation and tracking can now be deployed in cost sensitive appliances for both consumer and commercial markets. As a result, such algorithms are becoming ubiquitous elements of contemporary communication, robotics and surveillance systems. Two of the main requirements of acoustic localisation and tracking algorithms are robustness to acoustic disturbances (to maximise localisation accuracy), and low computational complexity (to minimise power-dissipation and cost of hardware components). The research presented in this thesis covers both advances in robustness and in computational complexity for acoustic source localisation and tracking algorithms. This thesis also presents advances in modelling of sound propagation in indoor environments; a key to the development and evaluation of acoustic localisation and tracking algorithms. As an advance in the field of tracking, this thesis also presents a new method for tracking human speakers in which the problem of the discontinuous nature of human speech is addressed using a new state-space filter based algorithm which incorporates a voice activity detector. The algorithm is shown to achieve superior tracking performance compared to traditional approaches. Furthermore, the algorithm is implemented in a real-time system using a method which yields a low computational complexity. Additionally, a new method is presented for optimising the parameters for the dynamics model used in a state-space filter. The method features an evolution strategy optimisation algorithm to identify the optimum dynamics’ model parameters. Results show that the algorithm is capable of real-time online identification of optimum parameters for different types of dynamics models without access to ground-truth data. Finally, two new localisation algorithms are developed and compared to older well established methods. In this context an analytic analysis of noise and room reverberation is conducted, considering its influence on the performance of localisation algorithms. The algorithms are implemented in a real-time system and are evaluated with respect to robustness and computational complexity. Results show that the new algorithms outperform their older counterparts, both with regards to computational complexity, and robustness to reverberation and background noise. The field of acoustic modelling is advanced in a new method for predicting the energy decay in impulse responses simulated using the image source method. The new method is applied to the problem of designing synthetic rooms with a defined reverberation time, and is compared to several well established methods for reverberation time prediction. This comparison reveals that the new method is the most accurate.

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Misgeld, Maria. "FOOTPRINTS OF THE FOREST : Exploring the indoor space as an artistic quality in herding call." Thesis, Kungl. Musikhögskolan, Institutionen för folkmusik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kmh:diva-3592.

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This project is based on questions about the significance of the acoustic space for kulning (herding calls). Swedish vocal folk music and in particular kulning, is at the center of my expressive, musical language. I was seduced by the tonality, variety, flexibility in Swedish folk singing as well as the individual freedom of expression. In this work I want to reflect past and present, based on the voice and singing style from my own perspective. The questions were: How can I kula if I don´t have a forest, the natural environment for kulning? Can I create a virtual forest indoors, for my voice to sound in a similar way as outdoors, that would feel like kulning outdoors? Can I find an analog or electronic backdoor to a perfect kulning sound in indoor spaces? Can I create new music with the idea that the room is an extension of the kulning sound? and in the end, how do I convey the artistic qualities of kulning to someone else? I have investigated those questions in the artistic project - The Dome - Part I, Part II and Part III by creating spatial music for voices, in two different dome-shaped indoor spaces. The insight that the room is an extension of the sound of kulning made me understand the importance of uncompromising acoustics. I revalue techniques, directions and positions. Try out tools to create - virtual SoundScapesusing digital technology. Experiment with exercises that can give my voice long durability. Try out composition models to get musical ideas to implement in new music. The artistic outcomes of this research are new concepts for kulning in electroacoustic and analog indoor spaces. The result of the project has become a number of methods for composition, improvisation, performing and teaching. The project has been documented in a website: http://footprints.mariamisgeld.se

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Doyle, Aisling. "The development of a numerical temperature algorithm to predict the indoor temperature of an electric vehicle's cabin space." Thesis, Edinburgh Napier University, 2018. http://researchrepository.napier.ac.uk/Output/1254444.

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Climate change is a significant issue in today's society as countries work towards decarbonising the economic sectors that contribute to significant greenhouse gas emissions. The electric vehicle (EV) is proposed as a solution to reduce the level of emissions in the transport sector. However, if an EV is powered by an electrical fossil fuelled source, their penetration into the UK market will have minimal mitigating effects, as emissions will simply shift from the transport sector to the energy production sector. Limited research has evaluated the loss of propulsion energy as a result of operating on-board climate control systems, and has focused more on traction energy. Unlike conventional fossil fuelled vehicles, EVs do not produce waste heat to warm the interior space of the vehicle. The present research found that up to 30% of a vehicle's total energy consumed per trip is allocated to heating requirements, thus the present research developed a temperature predicting numerical algorithm to compute indoor cabin temperatures. The vehicle was exposed to ambient climate conditions with an auxiliary heating or cooling system to evaluate this thermal model. The numerical algorithm could predict the temperature of a cabin space under solar space heating conditions with 62% more accuracy than previously developed models when comparing the Root Mean Square Error performance indicator. The presently developed temperature prediction algorithm may be applied to a route planning application, thus indicating the electrical energy required by the vehicle's battery for users to increase or decrease the desired temperature level. Additionally, this study investigated the ability of a renewable energy resource to decarbonise the vehicle's built-in climate control system. Integrating solar panels on the roof and bonnet of an EV to power an auxiliary climate control system reduced the electrical loading required to reach the occupant's thermal comfort. By installing an auxiliary heating system to increase cabin temperature by 2 or 5°C, the present research found that energy consumption of the built-in climate control system was reduced by 22% or 57%, respectively. This illuminates the potential an auxiliary climate control system has in improving the thermal performance of EVs.

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Liu, Jun. "A Combination method of Fingerprint Positioning and Propagation Model Based localization scheme in 3D Large-Scale Indoor Space." Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Avdelningen för informationssystem och -teknologi, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-34918.

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To achieve the concrete aim of improving the positioning accuracy for large-scale indoor space in this thesis, we propose a weighted Gaussian and Mean hybrid filter (G-M filter) to obtain the G-M mean of received signal strength indicator (RSSI) measurements, which is implemented by taking the practically experimental measurements of received signal strength indicator and analyzing the characteristics of received signal strength indicator. Meanwhile, various path loss models have been utilized to estimate the separation between the transmitting antenna and the receiver (T-R separation) by calculating the G-M mean of received signal strength indicator, therefore, a dynamic-parameter path loss model has been proposed which can be appropriate to enhance the accuracy of estimated T-R separation and accurately describe the indoor position. Moreover, an improved fingerprint positioning has been proposed as the basic method combined with our tetrahedral trilateration scheme to reduce the positioning error of a large-scale 3D indoor space which can achieve the average localization error of 1.5 meters.

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Gowreesunker, Baboo Lesh Singh. "Phase change thermal enery storage for the thermal control of large thermally lightweight indoor spaces." Thesis, Brunel University, 2013. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/7649.

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Energy storage using Phase Change Materials (PCMs) offers the advantage of higher heat capacity at specific temperature ranges, compared to single phase storage. Incorporating PCMs in lightweight buildings can therefore improve the thermal mass, and reduce indoor temperature fluctuations and energy demand. Large atrium buildings, such as Airport terminal spaces, are typically thermally lightweight structures, with large open indoor spaces, large glazed envelopes, high ceilings and non-uniform internal heat gains. The Heating, Ventilation and Air-Conditioning (HVAC) systems constitute a major portion of the overall energy demand of such buildings. This study presented a case study of the energy saving potential of three different PCM systems (PCM floor tiles, PCM glazed envelope and a retrofitted PCM-HX system) in an airport terminal space. A quasi-dynamic coupled TRNSYS®-FLUENT® simulation approach was used to evaluate the energy performance of each PCM system in the space. FLUENT® simulated the indoor air-flow and PCM, whilst TRNSYS® simulated the HVAC system. Two novel PCM models were developed in FLUENT® as part of this study. The first model improved the phase change conduction model by accounting for hysteresis and non-linear enthalpy-temperature relationships, and was developed using data from Differential Scanning Calorimetry tests. This model was validated with data obtained in a custom-built test cell with different ambient and internal conditions. The second model analysed the impact of radiation on the phase change behaviour. It was developed using data from spectrophotometry tests, and was validated with data from a custom-built PCM-glazed unit. These developed phase change models were found to improve the prediction errors with respect to conventional models, and together with the enthalpy-porosity model, they were used to simulate the performance of the PCM systems in the airport terminal for different operating conditions. This study generally portrayed the benefits and flexibility of using the coupled simulation approach in evaluating the building performance with PCMs, and showed that employing PCMs in large, open and thermally lightweight spaces can be beneficial, depending on the configuration and mode of operation of the PCM system. The simulation results showed that the relative energy performance of the PCM systems relies mainly on the type and control of the system, the night recharge strategy, the latent heat capacity of the system, and the internal heat gain schedules. Semi-active systems provide more control flexibility and better energy performance than passive systems, and for the case of the airport terminal, the annual energy demands can be reduced when night ventilation of the PCM systems is not employed. The semi-active PCM-HX-8mm configuration without night ventilation, produced the highest annual energy and CO2 emissions savings of 38% and 23%, respectively, relative to a displacement conditioning (DC) system without PCM systems.

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Aron, Jason S. "Measurement System and Campaign for Characterizing the Theoretical Capacity and Cross-Correlation of Multiple-Input Multiple Output Indoor Wireless Channels." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/31730.

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The demands for greater capacity and lower transmitted power have historically motivated research in spatial diversity systems. Diversity techniques have been implemented in many current systems and have been shown to reduce the transmit power required to maintain acceptable system performance. Traditionally spatial diversity is based on the transmission and reception of a single stream of symbols through independent and spatially separated propagation channels. In more recent developments, space-time coding and array processing techniques use diversity concepts to resolve multiple independent streams of data and increase the potential data-rate. This new space-time research investigates the unprecedented ability to simultaneously transmit separate data streams from many closely-spaced antennas on a common carrier frequency. The effectiveness of these multi-element arrays in communication systems has been found to depend on antenna design and specific characteristics of the propagation channels. This thesis describes an effort to characterize an indoor office environment with respect to these applications.

Theoretical analyses have demonstrated a relationship between the theoretical capacity of multi-element array systems with the cross-correlation of spatially separated channels. Historical measurements have also shown that in the presence of Rayleigh fading, antenna spacing may be used to control the level of correlation between propagation channels and maximize the diversity gain, or potential system capacity of a space-time system. Both the design of the antenna arrays and characteristics of the propagation environment influence a systemâ s potential capacity.

This thesis describes the construction of a measurement system and the use of this system to evaluate the capacity gains of multi-element arrays in a wireless communication system. The presented system is capable of measuring the channel gains between a number of transmitter and receiver antenna elements and calculating both the cross-correlation between channel gains and the theoretical system capacity. After a discussion of previous research, the measurement system and subsequent measurement results are described.
Master of Science

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Al-Musawi, Hassan. "The design of Radio-over-Fibre (RoF) and Free Space Optics (RoFSO) systems for the indoor and outdoor building networks." Thesis, Northumbria University, 2017. http://nrl.northumbria.ac.uk/33343/.

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The 4th generation- long term evolution (4G-LTE) mobile technology is widely adopted that offer both higher capacity and efficient bandwidth usage at a global level. However, considering that in cellular networks the major data traffic mostly occurs indoor, providing high quality can be a daunting task. 4G-LTE provides strong support for both outdoor and indoor coverage by adopting enhanced NodeB (eNB) and home eNB (HeNB), respectively. This research work presents (i) a single-mode filtering technique (SMFT) as a simple design, low cost scheme to degrade the dispersion behaviour of the hybrid radio over the multi-mode fibre (MMF) and free space optics (RoMMF-FSO); (ii) the hybrid radio-over-fibre and radio-over-FSO (RoF-FSO) system as a solution to extend the indoor coverage of 4G-LTE; and (iii) the use of perfluorinated graded-index polymer-optical fibre (PF-GI-POF) for in-building networks. The results show that SMFT may increase RoMMF-FSO bandwidth by 2 GHz and enhance the error vector magnitude (EVM) performance by 4%. The proposed system was also made to experience weak turbulence and thick fog for transmission of 67.2 Mbps 16-QAM 4G-LTE. A design for the residential gateway is proposed as the interface between the 1550 and 850 nm wavelengths. The 100 m of PF-GI-POF is adopted as in-building network with 4G-LTE being transmitted over the proposed hybrid radio-over-POF and FSO (RoPOF-FSO) link under the thick fog condition. The proposed system can transmit 4G-LTE at a data rate of up to 33.6 Mbps and 100.8 Mbps, with the latter encountering a power penalty of ~8 dB to compensate for the induced fog loss. Furthermore, the successful transmission of 60 Mbps at 2.6 GHz was reported to have achieved the EVM of 3.5% and BER 10-5 for 300 m of PF-GI-POF.

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Åkerstedt, Josefin. "Mötesplats Sätra centrum." Thesis, KTH, Arkitektur, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-281403.

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Hur fungerar förortscentrumen när världen ständigt moderniseras och fysiska butiker minskar? Hur kan man utveckla de befintliga centrumstrukturerna, och vilka andra typer av funktioner kan man lägga till som skulle kunna vara mer relevanta idag? Med det här projektet har jag velat undersöka hur olika typer offentliga rum och funktioner i en centrumanläggning kan fungera tillsammans, och ge upphov till en ökad trygghetskänsla och skapandet av nya mötesplatser. Platsen för projektet är Sätra som ligger sydväst om Stockholms innerstad. Sätra byggdes upp under 60-talet med Sätra centrum som stadsdelscentrum med all service samlad i en enda byggnad, byggd över tunnelbanans spår och hopbyggd med tunnelbanans stationsbyggnad. På grund av centrumets placering och bristande kvalité har förnyelse av Sätra centrum diskuteras flera gånger under årens lopp. I det nuvarande förslaget från Stockholms stad föreslås det att den befintliga centrumanläggningen ska rivs och ersättas av ett publikt utomhustorg, kringbyggt av fyra kvarter med cirka 600 bostäder och lokaler i samtliga bottenvåningar, något detta projekt ifrågasätter. Projektet föreslår en alternativ planering av området och min tanke varit att fokusera på skapa mötesplatser där människor kan mötas på olika sätt och samtidigt känna trygghet. Jag har velat att arkitekturen och programmet ska tillåta pauser och erbjuda platser för människor att vänta på, stanna upp och mötas. Målet har varit att ge människorna i Sätra anledningar till att spendera tid i det nya centrumet, inte bara passera till och från tunnelbanan.
What do we do with the suburban shopping centers when the world is modernizing and physical stores are reducing? How can we develop the already existing structures, what other kind of functions could we add that would be more relevant today?With this project, I wanted to explore how different types of public spaces and functions in a suburban center facility can work together, and give rise to a greater sense of security and the creation of new meeting places. The site for the project is Sätra, located southwest of Stockholm's inner city. Sätra was built during the 1960s with Sätra centrum as a city center with all services gathered in a single building, built over the metro tracks and built together with the metro station building. Due to the center's problematic placement and lack of quality, renewal of Sätra centrum has been discussed several times over the years. In the current proposal from the City of Stockholm, it is proposed that the existing center facility will be demolished and replaced by a public outdoor square, surrounded by four blocks with about 600 apartments and premises in the ground floors, which this project questions.The project proposes an alternative planning of the area and my idea has been to focus on creating meeting places where people can meet in different ways and at the same time feel safe. I wanted the architecture and the program to allow breaks and offer places for people to wait, stop and meet. The goal has been to give the people of Sätra reasons to spend time in the new city center, not just pass by it on their way to the metro.

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Vyčítal, Jaroslav. "Šíření signálů bezdrátových komunikačních systémů IEEE 802.11." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-377156.

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This paper deals with the propagation of waves. Here is the wavelength distribution according to the wavelength. It focuses on the UHF and SHF band in which IEEE802.11n operates. Contains model breakdown by cell type. Describes which propagation methods are dominant in the cell type. Several propagation patterns are presented, which are then modeled in Matlab environment.The models are then compared to experimental measurements.

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Ramani, Amit. "Understanding space syntax theory in relation to indoor environments : analyzing Frank Lloyd Wright's "destruction of the box" through contrasting a Queen Anne house with Wright's Robie and Kaufmann houses." Kansas State University, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/36126.

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Diameh, Yousef A. "The optimization of multiple antenna broadband wireless communications. A study of propagation, space-time coding and spatial envelope correlation in Multiple Input, Multiple Output radio systems." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/6361.

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This work concentrates on the application of diversity techniques and space time block coding for future mobile wireless communications. The initial system analysis employs a space-time coded OFDM transmitter over a multipath Rayleigh channel, and a receiver which uses a selection combining diversity technique. The performance of this combined scenario is characterised in terms of the bit error rate and throughput. A novel four element QOSTBC scheme is introduced, it is created by reforming the detection matrix of the original QOSTBC scheme, for which an orthogonal channel matrix is derived. This results in a computationally less complex linear decoding scheme as compared with the original QOSTBC. Space time coding schemes for three, four and eight transmitters were also derived using a Hadamard matrix. The practical optimization of multi-antenna networks is studied for realistic indoor and mixed propagation scenarios. The starting point is a detailed analysis of the throughput and field strength distributions for a commercial dual band 802.11n MIMO radio operating indoors in a variety of line of sight and non-line of sight scenarios. The physical model of the space is based on architectural schematics, and realistic propagation data for the construction materials. The modelling is then extended and generalized to a multi-storey indoor environment, and a large mixed site for indoor and outdoor channels based on the Bradford University campus. The implications for the physical layer are also explored through the specification of antenna envelope correlation coefficients. Initially this is for an antenna module configuration with two independent antennas in close proximity. An operational method is proposed using the scattering parameters of the system and which incorporates the intrinsic power losses of the radiating elements. The method is extended to estimate the envelope correlation coefficient for any two elements in a general (N,N) MIMO antenna array. Three examples are presented to validate this technique, and very close agreement is shown to exist between this method and the full electromagnetic analysis using the far field antenna radiation patterns.

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Dia'meh, Yousef Ali. "The optimization of multiple antenna broadband wireless communications : a study of propagation, space-time coding and spatial envelope correlation in Multiple Input, Multiple Output radio systems." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/6361.

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This work concentrates on the application of diversity techniques and space time block coding for future mobile wireless communications. The initial system analysis employs a space-time coded OFDM transmitter over a multipath Rayleigh channel, and a receiver which uses a selection combining diversity technique. The performance of this combined scenario is characterised in terms of the bit error rate and throughput. A novel four element QOSTBC scheme is introduced, it is created by reforming the detection matrix of the original QOSTBC scheme, for which an orthogonal channel matrix is derived. This results in a computationally less complex linear decoding scheme as compared with the original QOSTBC. Space time coding schemes for three, four and eight transmitters were also derived using a Hadamard matrix. The practical optimization of multi-antenna networks is studied for realistic indoor and mixed propagation scenarios. The starting point is a detailed analysis of the throughput and field strength distributions for a commercial dual band 802.11n MIMO radio operating indoors in a variety of line of sight and non-line of sight scenarios. The physical model of the space is based on architectural schematics, and realistic propagation data for the construction materials. The modelling is then extended and generalized to a multi-storey indoor environment, and a large mixed site for indoor and outdoor channels based on the Bradford University campus. The implications for the physical layer are also explored through the specification of antenna envelope correlation coefficients. Initially this is for an antenna module configuration with two independent antennas in close proximity. An operational method is proposed using the scattering parameters of the system and which incorporates the intrinsic power losses of the radiating elements. The method is extended to estimate the envelope correlation coefficient for any two elements in a general (N,N) MIMO antenna array. Three examples are presented to validate this technique, and very close agreement is shown to exist between this method and the full electromagnetic analysis using the far field antenna radiation patterns.

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Kamkarian, Pejman. "Crowd Evacuation for Indoor Public Spaces." Available to subscribers only, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1964658581&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=1509&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Tiwari, Shashank Prasad, and Sumanth Potluri. "Analyzing the adaption of energy optimization modules in HVAC systems : A case study within Sweden’s commercial market." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Industriell teknik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-423408.

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This study has been motivated by an understanding of the twin needs to reduce carbon dioxide emissions and increase the access to have complete control of the ventilation system available in the buildings. In consideration of the increasing utilization of fossil fuels, there is an extensive threat of increased global warming conditions associated. To ensure sustainable development, improvement of social welfare and wealth creation, energy is an essential factor. The consumption of electricity and energy delivered per floor area in Sweden has been considerably rising since 2014. The aim of this study is twofold where the authors have mapped and defined the specific customer needs for choosing an “add-on energy optimization module” for the existing HVAC systems in Sweden’s commercial market. Secondly, the study has also focussed to identify the acceptance of the complementary good technology from the perspective of a customer’s experience of value creation. It is a case study carried out in collaboration with a Swedish cleantech company, that will be named “Company-X” in the further part of the study. This company utilises a part of space technology to secure a healthy indoor air climate and at the same time save energy in buildings. The thesis has been carried out qualitatively. Since there is a preunderstanding of this theory where an abductive approach with semi-structured interviews has been followed to perceive the current market situation. The study further underlines the importance and need of making investments for a cleaning module combined with an optimization algorithm which can be easily mounted on current ventilation systems like Lego pieces. Under this module, the air quality is monitored, and the system adapts to current conditions concerning time. The results designate that it is possible to maintain a predefined indoor air quality to the lowest possible energy consumption by real-time monitoring with this cleaning module at facilities that are equipped with single or multiple-split HVAC systems. The best results towards attaining greater energy savings can be obtained from the association of Building energy management system and Air-handling unit with this cleaning module.

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Betuz, Naima Ebru. "Assessment Of Indoor Air Quality In Crowded Educational Spaces." Master's thesis, METU, 2013. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12615317/index.pdf.

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Indoor air quality has become a challenge together with the global aim &lsquo
decreasing energy consumption&rsquo
. Increasing insulation levels of building envelopes but implementing inaccurate building system details has caused excessive heat, accumulation of pollutants, etc. in spaces. In terms of educational spaces, the increase in complaints and illnesses due to unfavorable indoor air conditions leads to a decrease in concentration and so academic performance of students and staff. In the context, the aim of the study was indicating the poor indoor air quality conditions caused by inadequate fresh air supply in crowded educational spaces and making recommendations for the improvement. In the study, a classroom and a design studio in the METU Faculty of Architecture building were investigated. In order to examine the existing situation, at two locations of each room the temperature, relative humidity and CO2 were continuously recorded between 13 September 2011 and 24 February 2012 and air speed for ten-day periods between 26 November 2011 and 5 January 2012. The evaluation of the collected data indicated that both of the rooms had temperature, so relative humidity and CO2 accumulation problems mainly due to insufficient fresh air supply in the winter period. In order to eliminate the poor conditions in the rooms, the needed outdoor air can be provided through the inlet openings coupled with fan coils, which are in existence but not in use.

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Dichtl, Johann. "On 2D SLAM for Large Indoor Spaces - A Polygon-Based Solution." Thesis, Ecole nationale supérieure Mines-Télécom Lille Douai, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MTLD0006.

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Le SLAM d'espaces intérieurs est un sujet important en robotique. La majorité des solutions actuelles se basent sur une carte sous forme de grille 2D. Bien que permettant de réaliser des cartographies satisfaisantes, cette solution admet des limites liées à la quantité importante de mémoire qu'elle requiert. Dans cette thèse, nous introduisons PolySLAM un algorithme de SLAM qui permet de produire des cartes vectorielles 2D à base de polygones
Indoor SLAM and exploration is an important topic in robotics. Most solutions today work with a 2D grid representation as map model, both for the internal data format and for the output of the algorithm. While this is convenient in several ways, it also brings its own limitations, in particular because of the memory requirements of this map format. In this thesis we introduce PolyMap, a 2D map format aimed at indoor mapping, and PolySLAM, a SLAM algorithm that produces PolyMaps

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Curtsson, Fanny. "Designing an Augmented Reality Based Navigation Interface for Large Indoor Spaces." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-300377.

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Navigating from one place to another is something we as humans do on an everyday basis, and modern technology has made it easier than ever by providing navigation tools in our mobile devices. In indoor spaces, augmented reality (AR) based navigation interfaces have shown a lot of potential, as it has been proven to increase efficiency and overall usability. However, there is a lack of research investigating how these types of interfaces should be designed to create a good user experience. This study aimed at providing more insight into this by exploring the usability of a mobile AR interface for indoor navigation through the Rapid Iterative Testing and Evaluation (RITE) method. In total, six participants tested the interface in three rounds of user testing and iteration, with two participants taking part in each round. The results showed that the usability increased with each iteration. Findings also reaffirmed the importance of minimizing the amount of information presented in the AR interface, by for example presenting information prior to the AR interface, as well as the value of adding support for occlusion. Moreover, confusion caused by how the virtual objects aligned with the real physical space showed the importance of testing on-site.
Att navigera från en plats till en annan är något vi människor gör varenda dag, och modern teknologi har gjort detta enklare än någonsin genom att erbjuda navigationsverktyg i våra mobila enheter. I inomhusmiljöer så har navigationsverktyg som använder förstärkt verklighet (AR) visat mycket potential, då det har visats ökat effektiviteten och den övergripliga användbarheten. Däremot finns det en brist på forskning som undersöker hur dessa typer av gränssnitt ska designas för att skapa en bra användarupplevelse. Denna studie syftade till att ge mer insikt i detta genom att utforska användbarheten av ett mobilt AR-gränssnitt för inomhusnavigering med hjälp av metoden Rapid Iterative Testing and Evaluation (RITE). en iterativ design och utvärderingsmetod. Totalt testade sex deltagare gränssnittet i tre omgångar av användartester, där två deltagare deltog i varje omgång. Resultaten visade att användbarheten ökade med varje iteration. Resultaten bekräftade även vikten av att minimera mängden information som presenteras i AR-gränssnittet, till exempel genom att presentera information innan AR-gränssnittet, samt värdet av att lägga till stöd för ocklusion. Vidare så visade även förvirringen kring hur de virtuella objekten relaterade till det riktiga fysiska utrymmet värdet av att testa på plats.

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Ellis, Joanne. "Indoor air quality in lecture theatres and large enclosed public spaces." Thesis, University of Brighton, 2010. https://research.brighton.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/fe5d0da7-d2eb-49f2-920d-699989ca980d.

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Outdoor air quality in the UK is widely governed by existing regulations. This is in contrast to the quality of air indoors which is managed by prescribing ventilation rates recommended by stakeholders from the building industry. This ventilation approach stems from the 1930s, when Yaglou first raised the importance of minimum building ventilation rates to remove body odour from rooms. The minimum ventilation rates approach may deliver acceptable indoor air quality (IAQ) for standard sized rooms, however, when considering large spaces this approach is insufficient.

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Samara, Mahmoud. "Literature review of sensor fusion technology : For improved occupancy information in indoor spaces." Thesis, KTH, Energiteknik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-226728.

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As the energy consumption within the building sector is projected to steadily increase in regards to heating and cooling of the buildings, the importance of improving the principle sensor technology that obtains occupancy information to manage these control systems is prominent. This report aims to provide a basic literature review of the commercially available single-sensor technology applied for occupancy detection in buildings for control systems of heating, cooling and for monitoring the use of indoor spaces. Moreover, detailed information on the researched case studies implementing sensor fusion technology to increase detection accuracy, and the possibility of acquiring the people count within buildings will be provided and discussed. From the articles reviewed, a use of multi-sensory technology systems, and extensive data accu-mulation, the occupancy estimation accuracies are increasing as well as verified energy savings of the Heat-ing, Cooling and Air Condition (HVAC) systems in several experiments. The parameters of success rate obtained in the reviewed sensor fusion studies are occupancy estimation accuracies ranging between 73-78%, occupancy detection accuracies ranging from 74-98%, Root Mean Square Errors (RMSE) of the model performance ranging between 0.084-0.1842, and total energy savings by implementing the articles’ sensory model ranging between 21-39%.

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NEGRELLO, MAICOL. "Architecture for urban agriculture. Spaces and architectures for commercial indoor "zero-acreage farms"." Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11583/2744934.

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Waters, Jane Mary. "A sociocultural consideration of child-initiated interaction with teachers in indoor and outdoor spaces." Thesis, Swansea University, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.634430.

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Tejavanija, Kampanart. "Location-based information system for open spaces." Texas A&M University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/1082.

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Problem solving for location is one of the most critical cognitive skills that can be utilized in deriving a naive location and/or finding a primed location in large open spaces of the built environment. Wayfinding or locating objects in large open spaces is not often easy for individuals due their limitations in building effective mental models of the open space or their lack of a correct procedure for determining the grid coordinates of an object within that space. With the success of the global positioning system (GPS) in providing location information, it is expected that this technology could be utilized to control and improve building construction and facility management productivity within building interior spaces as well. However, GPS cannot perform robustly inside buildings due to the exterior walls or roofs, which weaken the signal. The Cricket indoor location support technology has been developed to respond to this limitation. Cricket uses a combination of radio frequency (RF), ultrasonic sound signals, and the triangular rule to calculate a user's current location. This research investigated performances within the context of a work order system between a human-based system and a computer-based system. Thirty subjects participated in this study. The subjects were asked to derive, find and verify a target box's location. Locating time-on-task, accuracy, and attitudes were measured. The overwhelming results demonstrated the speed and accuracy of the computer-based system over the human-based system. In addition to longer procedural processing times, subject errors included: 1) an incorrect estimation of distance, 2) an inability to correctly locate and/or project the X-axis and Y-axis grid lines, and 3) an incorrect treatment of the positive and negative characteristics of these coordinates. Even though half of the subjects liked the human-based system more, they significantly believe the computer-based system to be more accurate. All but one subject preferred that the computer-based system be used in his or her own future business. Finally, results indicate that the computer-based system does relieve humans of cognitive dependency, which may be further evidence that the computer-based system developed and tested in this study achieved its purpose.

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Aguilar, Sánchez Alexis. "Sunlight and glare : the impact of sun patches on the light balance of indoor spaces." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/284836.

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The overall aim of the thesis is to encourage the presence of sunlight into indoor spaces. The specific objective is to show that, from the lighting point of view, a good design can harness the solar reflection on the surfaces and increase the overall light level, without provoking the excessive contrast that causes glare. A literature review shows off the value of sunlight. The testimony of professional photographers describes its contribution to the visual interest. The scientific works stress the predilection that users feel in relation to the presence of sunlight, and inform about its healthy effects. People spend more and more time indoors and, therefore, require the introduction of sunlight. Ajourney through the history discovers the works and rules that are exemplary examples of good design. Nevertheless, the current legislation shows gaps when it only faces quantitative aspects (distribution of minimum light levels). The qualitative aspects (linked to the vision of light interest) should be part of the design more often. The challenge implies to be provided with tools to assess the balance of visible light into the spaces. The purpose of the glare formulations is to warn if a light contrast is excessive. The difficulty of its purpose is notable as it intends to assess the perceptive reaction of human vision, partially subjective. The attempts to validate a formulation are numerous. The thesis analyses eight indices of glare and chooses two to be included in an assessment methodology based on the reading of HDR images. The development of a script allows a data-processing succession, using the tools of Radiance, Webhdrtools and Evalglare. The methodology includes the assessment of the impact of different calibration parameters belonging to the camera (centre of bracketing) and those of the calculation instructions (calibration factor and threshold definition of glare source) to ensure the reliability of the calculations under sunlight conditions. The measurements were made in summer, at various scenarios located in two cities. In London, the first case considered a singular office lit thanks to roof and side windows (two façades). The outcome was compared with the perception of users with different nationalities and lighting cultures. Then, two meeting rooms permitted the assessment of the perception of a significant number of visual fields. The different orientation of the rooms (north and south) allowed the comparison of the effects of the solar presence inside or outside. In both cases, two variables were included: the window size and the contribution of the artificial light. In Barcelona, two other meeting rooms were studied, having both deeper solar penetrations due to the west orientation. This feature led to the consideration of the effects of several sunlight control devices: roller shutters, roller screens and vertical slats . Finally, in Barcelona, a final case served to judge a space under new conditions, characterized by an intermediate orientation (southwest) that, according to the time of day toggled the solar presence inside and outside, and a small window ratio in relation to the total facade. The results lead to specific conclusions depending on the type of solar penetration, due to the orientation, and the position that users occupy. Their joint contribution permits to suggest that the glare indexes rarely describe a disturbing or intolerable situation that would complicate a visual task. Therefore, except for the situations where the radiation falls on working surfaces, the design can incorporate the solar presence in the interiors in order to improve the lighting and thermal conditions.
El objetivo general de la tesis es fomentar la presencia de la luz solar en los espacios interiores. El objetivo específico es demostrar que, desde el punto de vista lumínico, un buen diseño puede aprovechar la reflexión solar en las superficies y aumentar el nivel lumínico general sin que el contraste sea excesivo y cause deslumbramiento. Una revisión bibliográfica pone en valor la luz solar. El testimonio de fotógrafos profesionales describe su contribución en el interés visual. Los trabajos científicos destacan la predilección que sienten los usuarios por la presencia de la luz solar e informa de sus efectos saludables. Los individuos pasan cada vez más horas en espacios interiores y, por tanto, requieren la introducción de la luz solar. Un recorrido por la historia descubre obras y normas que son muestras ejemplares de buen diseño. Pese a ello, la legislación actual muestra carencias cuando únicamente afronta aspectos cuantitativos (reparto de niveles lumínicos mínimos). Los aspectos cualitativos (interés vinculado a la visión de la luz) deberían formar parte del diseño más a menudo. El reto implica dotarse de herramientas de evaluación del equilibrio de la luz visible en los espacios. El propósito de las fórmulas de deslumbramiento es advertir si un contraste lumínico es excesivo. La dificultad de su propósito es notable ya que pretenden evaluar la reacción perceptiva de la visión, parcialmente subjetiva. Las tentativas para validar una formulación son numerosas. La tesis analiza ocho índices de deslumbramiento y escoge dos para introducirlos en una metodología de evaluación basada en la lectura de imágenes HDR. El desarrollo de un script permite encadenar procedimientos informáticos que aprovechan herramientas de Radiance, Webhdrtool y Evalglare. La metodología incluye la valoración de la repercusión de diferentes parámetros de calibración propios de la cámara (centro del horquillado) y de las instrucciones de cálculo (factor de calibración y umbral de definición de la fuente deslumbramiento) para garantizar la fiabilidad de los cá lculos en condiciones de luz solar. Las mediciones sucedieron en verano, en escenarios diversos ubicados en dos ciudades. En Londres, el primer caso consideró una oficina singular, con luz cenital y lateral (dos fachadas). La obtención de resultados fue comparada con la percepción de unos usuarios de nacionalidades y culturas lumínicas distintas. A continuación, dos salas de reunión permitieron evaluar la percepción de un notable número de campos visuales. La distinta orientación de las salas (norte y sur) permitió comparar los efectos de la presencia solar en el interior o en el exterior. En ambos casos, dos variables fueron incorporadas: el tamaño de ventana y la contribución de la luz artificial. En Barcelona, dos otras salas de reunión fueron estudiadas, ambas con penetraciones solares más profundas a causa de la orientación oeste. Esta particularidad dio lugar a la consideración de los efectos de diferentes dispositivos de control de la luz solar: persianas o cortinas enrollables y lamas verticales. Finalmente, en Barcelona, un último caso sirvió para juzgar un espacio con condiciones distintas a las anteriores, caracterizado por una orientación intermedia (suroeste), que según la hora del día compaginaba la presencia solar en el interior y en el exterior, y por una proporción de ventana pequeña en relación a la totalidad de la fachada pequeña. Los resultados dan lugar a conclusiones específicas en función del tipo de penetración solar según las orientaciones y de la posición que ocupan los usuarios. Su contribución conjunta permite afirmar que los índices de deslumbramiento describen situaciones molestas o perturbadoras para una tarea visual en muy pocas ocasiones. Por tanto, exceptuando las situaciones en que la radiación incide sobre las superficies de trabajo, el diseño puede incorporar la presencia solar en los interiores con el fin de contribuir lumínicamente o térmicamente.

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Bruno, Lucien V. IV. "Contested Road Space: Public Narratives and Bus Rapid Transit in Indore, India." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2014. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/1850.

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Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) has a demonstrated capacity to improve safety, mobility and accessibility for multiple types of road users. In India, where road safety is an ongoing problem, the national government has supported cities’ efforts to implement BRT as a cost-effective tool to improve urban travel. The case of Indore’s iBus attests to the cultural and institutional barriers that Indian cities may face in gaining public support for BRT. After a contentious implementation process, the High Court ruled to open the dedicated bus lane to private automobiles, resulting in drops in ridership and increases in accidents and travel delay. This study examines the competing, public narratives that framed the issues during and after project construction. Contested notions of the public interest, the cause of traffic problems, and community participation informed the basis for the arguments that culminated in the court ruling.

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Sidnell, Jack. "Gender, space and linguistic practice in an Indo-Guyanese village." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp02/NQ33916.pdf.

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Nilsson, Max. "Performance Comparison of Localization Algorithms for UWB Measurements with Closely Spaced Anchors." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Rymdteknik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-70996.

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Tracking objects or people in an indoor environment has a wide variety of uses in many different areas, similarly to positioning systems outdoors. Indoor positioning systems operate in a very different environment however, having to deal with obstructions while also having high accuracy. A common solution for indoor positioning systems is to have three or more stationary anchor antennas spread out around the perimeter of the area that is to be monitored. The position of a tag antenna moving in range of the anchors can then be found using trilateration. One downside of such a setup is that the anchors must be setup in advance, meaning that rapid deployment to new areas of such a system may be impractical. This thesis aims to investigate the possibility of using a different setup, where three anchors are placed close together, so as to fit in a small hand-held device. This would allow the system to be used without any prior setup of anchors, making rapid deployment into new areas more feasible. The measurements done by the antennas for use in trilateration will always contain noise, and as such algorithms have had to be developed in order to obtain an approximation of the position of a tag in the presence of noise. These algorithms have been developed with the setup of three spaced out anchors in mind, and may not be sufficiently accurate when the anchors are spaced very closely together. To investigate the feasibility of such a setup, this thesis tested four different algorithms with the proposed setup, to see its impact on the performance of the algorithms. The algorithms tested are the Weighted Block Newton, Weighted Clipped Block Newton, Linear Least Squares and Non-Linear Least Squares algorithms. The Linear Least Squares algorithm was also run with measurements that were first run through a simple Kalman filter. Previous studies have used the algorithms to find an estimated position of the tag and compared their efficiency using the positional error of the estimate. This thesis will also use the positional estimates to determine the angular position of the estimate in relation to the anchors, and use that to compare the algorithms. Measurements were done using DWM1001 Ultra Wideband (UWB) antennas, and four different cases were tested. In case 1 the anchors and tag were 10 meters apart in line-of-sight, case two were the same as case 1 but with a person standing between the tag and the anchors. In case 3 the tag was moved behind a wall with an adjacent open door, and in case 4 the tag was in the same place as in case 3 but the door was closed. The Linear Least Squares algorithm using the filtered measurements was found to be the most effective in all cases, with a maximum angular error of less than 5$^\circ$ in the worst case. The worst case here was case 2, showing that the influence of a human body has a strong effect on the UWB signal, causing large errors in the estimates of the other algorithms. The presence of a wall in between the anchors and tag was found to have a minimal impact on the angular error, while having a larger effect on the spatial error. Further studies regarding the effects of the human body on UWB signals may be necessary to determine the feasibility of handheld applications, as well as the effect of the tag and/or the anchors moving on the efficiency of the algorithms.

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Kuo, Yi. "Chinatown Square and the Convention Center, Chicago, Il. : a balanced design approach between outdoor spaces and indoor spaces in public buildings, a scheme for a convention center in Chinatown, Chicago, Il." Virtual Press, 1992. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/845982.

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This creative project for the Master of Architecture degree focuses on the building design and landscape design of a urban development, in particular on the mixed cultural basis of deteriorating inner city neighborhoods in the U.S. A.I have lived in America for over two years. During this time, I acquired substantial knowledge on environments and architecture from traveling and studying. Then, I found the characteristics of a mixed culture in this country. We all know that the Chinese people are an important group in America, and they work hard to establish and contribute to the American culture, economy, and environment, now and forever. Although Chinese Americans do not comprise a large portion of the U.S. population, the Chinese patterns of architecture have had some impact on American culture as a whole. However, Chinatown has become a major element in the fabric of many cities in the U.S.A., like Chicago, San Francisco, New York and Washington D.C. For this reason, I chose to explore the design of a new environment for Chinese immigrants in the U.S.A.The topics of this thesis work are the design of the convention center and the planning of Chinatown Square Project. I tried to apply concepts from the Chinese culture, my experience, and professional education in Taiwan, the Republic of China and America. Therefore, the site plan of Chinatown Square Project was designed according to the Chinese Courtyard System. The tower shape of the hotel of the convention center is the transition of the Pagoda. Moreover, the idea of the curved roof comes from the Chinese bowl and tile. Finally, I merged a western feel, and an eastern spirit in the whole design process.I dedicate this thesis to the community of Chinatown in Chicago and America.
Department of Architecture

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Kabanshi, Alan. "Experimental study of an intermittent ventilation system in high occupancy spaces." Doctoral thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Energisystem, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-23754.

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Spaces with high occupancy density like classrooms are challenging to ventilate and use a lot of energy to maintain comfort. Usually, a compromise is made between low energy use and good Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ), of which poor IEQ has consequences for occupants’ health, productivity and comfort. Alternative strategies that incorporate elevated air speeds can reduce cooling energy demand and provide occupant’s comfort and productivity at higher operative temperatures. A ventilation strategy, Intermittent Air Jet Strategy (IAJS), which optimizes controlled intermittent airflow and creates non-uniform airflow and non-isothermal conditions, critical for sedentary operations at elevated temperatures, is proposed herein. The primary aim of the work was to investigate the potential of IAJS as a ventilation system in high occupancy spaces. Ventilation parameters such as air distribution, thermal comfort and indoor air quality are evaluated and the system is compared with a traditional system, specifically, mixing ventilation (MV). A 3-part research process was used: (1) Technical (objective) evaluation of IAJS in-comparison to MV and displacement ventilation (DV) systems. (2) An occupant response study to IAJS. (3) Estimation of the cooling effect under IAJS and its implications on energy use. All studies were conducted in controlled chambers. The results show that while MV and DV creates steady airflow conditions, IAJS has cyclic airflow profiles which results in a sinusoidal temperature profile around occupants. Air distribution capability of IAJS is similar to MV, both having a generic local air quality index in the occupied zone. On the other hand, the systems overall air change rate was higher than a MV. Thermal comfort results suggest that IAJS generates comfortable thermal climate at higher operative temperatures compared to MV. Occupant responses to IAJS show an improved thermal sensation, air quality perception and acceptability of indoor environment at higher temperatures as compared to MV. A comparative study to estimate the cooling effect of IAJS shows that upper HVAC setpoint can be increased from 2.3 – 4.5 oC for a neutral thermal sensation compared to a MV. This implies a substantial energy saving potential on the ventilation system. In general, IAJS showed a potential for use as a ventilation system in classrooms while promising energy savings.
Lokaler där många människor vistas, som t.ex. klassrum, är ofta svåra att ventilera. Att upprätthålla en bra termisk komfort kräver en hög energianvändning. Vanligtvis blir det en kompromiss mellan låg energianvändning och bra kvalitet på inomhusmiljön (IEQ). Dålig IEQ får konsekvenser för människors hälsa, produktivitet och komfort. Alternativa ventilationsstrategier, som använder förhöjda lufthastigheter, kan minska kylbehovet och därmed energianvändningen. I denna avhandling utvärderas en ny ventilationsstrategi, Intermittenta luftstrålar (IAJS), där korta perioder med hög lufthastighet genererar en svalkande effekt, när rummets temperatur upplevs som för hög. Det primära syftet med arbetet var att undersöka potentialen hos IAJS som ett ventilationssystem för klassrum, där den termiska lasten ofta är hög. Strategin jämförs mot traditionella ventilationsprinciper som omblandande ventilation (MV) och deplacerande ventilation (DV). Parametrar som luftdistributionsindex, termisk komfort, luftkvalitet och energibesparing har utvärderats. Alla studier utfördes i klimatkammare. Resultaten visar att medan MV och DV skapar konstanta luftflödesförhållanden genererar IAJS cykliska hastighetsprofiler samt en sinusformad temperaturvariation i vistelsezonen. IAJS klarar att bibehålla ett bra termiskt klimat vid högre operativa temperaturer jämfört med MV. I en jämförelse med ett traditionellt HVAC-system visar beräkningar att dess börvärde kan höjas från 2.3 till 4.5 °C med bibehållen termisk komfort. Detta indikerar en avsevärd energibesparingspotential vid användande av IAJS.

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Panzironi, Yasmine <1997&gt. "(In)visibility and counter-narratives in the public space. A sociological perspective on the defacing of Indro Montanelli’s statue in Milan." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/21229.

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L’oggetto della presente ricerca è la serie di imbrattamenti perpetrati sulla statua di Indro Montanelli, sita a Milano, tra il 2012 e il 2020 da parte di vari gruppi e collettivi, tra cui le femministe di Non Una Di Meno e gli studenti appartenenti alla Rete Studenti Milano e Laboratorio Universitario Metropolitano. I loro atti “vandalici” sono interpretati come pratiche di consumo “dal basso” (bottom-up) del e nello spazio pubblico alla luce dei Cultural Studies, che permettono di inquadrarle come attività di consumo di agenti culturali (cioè non passivi rispetto ai discorsi egemonici), implicati nella lotta per i significati e i processi di costruzione identitaria. Verrà discusso come la voce e l’identità dei subalterni, solitamente invisibili o univocamente rappresentati nelle narrazioni dominanti, possa essere resa manifesta dall’affezione di simboli ritenuti importanti per la società in generale, quali statue e monumenti pubblici. Più nello specifico, verrà considerata la particolare situazione della donna subalterna, che sostiene il peso di una “doppia” discriminazione, che è sessista e razzista al contempo. Da questo punto di vista, il paradigma intersezionale evidenzia la coesistenza e “intreccio” di diversi assi di oppressione che possono essere dati da classe, genere, razza, etnia, sesso et cetera, e che costruiscono ulteriori e più profonde posizioni di marginalità. In questo caso, dato che la storia rivendicata dagli imbrattamenti è quella della sposa bambina Destà, comprata da Montanelli durante la campagna d’Africa fascista, la situazione di specifica subalternità e marginalizzazione che si considera è evidenziata dai contributi di Gayatri Spivak e bell hooks. La loro prospettiva di studiose femministe e post-coloniali permette infatti di leggere la doppia violenza esercitata sulla donna non-bianca, da parte della società patriarcale e razzista che ha il potere di plasmare lo spazio pubblico e reiterare attraverso i suoi simboli le narrazioni e i significati dominanti. L’obiettivo della ricerca è far emergere la profonda polisemia che caratterizza tali pratiche, talvolta additate come vandaliche, talvolta rivendicative di storie collaterali e posizioni contro-egemoniche, che rivela diversi gradi di aderenza ai codici egemonici dominanti della società di appartenenza. Per evidenziare la conversazione pubblica attorno agli eventi, ho deciso di analizzare i commenti e le reazioni degli utenti a vari post pubblicati su Facebook, sia da parte degli imbrattatori che dalle istituzioni ufficiali, mettendo così in luce la diversità e la polarizzazione delle opinioni riguardo le pratiche e lo statuto dell’opera pubblica.

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Kaur, Inder [Verfasser]. "The C₁ conjecture for the moduli space of stable vector bundles with fixed determinant on a smooth projective curve / Inder Kaur." Berlin : Freie Universität Berlin, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1131629337/34.

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Oertle, Annette. "Time and Relative Dimension in Space: Untangling site formation and taphonomic processes on archaeological shell from the tropical Indo-Pacific." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/21080.

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Understanding the formation and transformation of an archaeological site is imperative to creating robust inferences about human behaviour. Relatively little work has been undertaken on the varying anthropic and non-anthropic taphonomic processes that affect shell-bearing archaeological sites, particularly in tropical locations which are prone to extreme weathering and issues of long-term preservation. This thesis provides a greater comprehension of taphonomic processes impacting archaeological shell material and uses this understanding to untangle complex spatial and temporal aspects of an archaeological site in the Indo-Pacific. Two key areas of shell taphonomy include thermal influences, such as burning and heating, and acid dissolution. Experimental studies were undertaken on each of these processes and show variable results between taxa or microstructural type. Building upon these experiments, high-resolution taphonomic analyses of archaeological shell from Golo Cave, Gebe Island, Indonesia highlight taxon-specific patterning of various taphonomic processes (seen through varying physical traces) as well as overall trends in material deposition and preservation linked to human behaviours. The individual environmental conditions of this site also impact the types and intensity of taphonomic processes and thus the formation and transformation of the deposits. This is primarily seen through fragmentation rates, burning, physical abrasion, chemical dissolution, and bioerosion. Thermal influences have a distinct impact on the presence and degree of other taphonomic processes such as bioerosion and fragmentation, highlighting the connectivity between different processes. High-resolution analyses of shell midden from this site reveals periods of intensive occupation and changes in environmental conditions. Each shell tells a story, thus high-resolution taphonomic analyses provides a method to understand how different variables impact the formation and transformation of a site. This approach to shell analysis can provide a sharper understanding of the occupation of a site, particularly when stratigraphy does not provide a clear picture of site formation. It is through the examination of pre- and post-depositional taphonomic processes that archaeologists can create robust inferences about human behaviour, hence the importance of discerning the effects of varying processes on shell material.

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Chovanečková, Nikol. "Centrum pro sport a volný čas Brno." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-355018.

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The theme of the dissertation titled the Centre of Sport and Leisure Time in Brno is a design of a relaxing and sport site „Centrum Lužánky“. The subject of this project is architectonic-city-planning study, which deals with elaborating a concept of a sport centre behind Lužánky in Brno-Ponava. This dissertation contains details of the facility and the area of the current swimming pool Lužánky. The current state of the facility built in 1979 doesn’t meet requirements of visitors and sportsmen anymore. The main aim of this project is the reconstruction of the current fifty-meter swimming pool, a design of a new swimming pool placed under the ground floor of the current building, which will provide space for organizing international competitions, trainings of professional sportsmen, etc. At the same time the busyness of the current swimming pools would be lowered by building a new indoor and outdoor waterpark, especially for the group of recreational visitors. The attractiveness of the facility will be increased by the newly designed park relaxing area and proposed multipurpose area, used as a sports field in the summer and as an ice ring in the winter. Additional value of the facility is comprised by an indoor and outdoor café and large relaxing area on the roof of the waterpark. The whole area increases the community facility availability by a proposed wide range of services for health, relax and sport. The advantage of the whole concept is the mutual connection of all facilities. The entrance to the area is shortened by a designed pedestrian bridge, accessible from the south and north busy areas. The whole project is enhanced by increased number of new parking places, located particularly along the access road, the street Sportovní, going through a green zone. The road and parking places are proposed in the design of residential streets, respecting walking pedestrians. The area has a very rich sport history, which is dated back to 1922. The new concept increases th

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Kramer, Stephan Christoph. "CUDA-based Scientific Computing." Doctoral thesis, Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-000D-FB52-0.

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Averbuch, Bryan Douglas. "From Siraf to Sumatra: Seafaring and Spices in the Islamicate Indo-Pacific, Ninth-Eleventh Centuries C.E." Thesis, Harvard University, 2013. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:10805.

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This dissertation is a study of early Islamicate commerce in natural luxuries of the tropical Indian Ocean and Western Pacific Rim, such as spices, ambergris and pearls, between the ninth and eleventh centuries C.E. I approach this topic by looking at a wide array of textual sources, from geographies, anecdotes, travel narratives, inscriptions, and the records of embassies, to materia medica and the oldest surviving Islamicate cookbook. I analyze these sources alongside material culture, archeological evidence from ports in Iran, Oman, and Southeast Asia, and newly-discovered shipwrecks from the Java Sea. Adapting the work of environmental scientists to the thesis, I locate this early Islamicate commerce within a bio-geographical space, the tropical "Indo-Pacific." I argue that desires for the tropical luxuries of the environmentally-distinct Indo-Pacific helped to define the cosmopolitan culture of early Islamicate societies, from Iran and Iraq to Egypt and Spain. These desires promoted an expanding Islamicate maritime commerce across the Indo-Pacific, which led to the flourishing of port-cities in southern Iran and Oman. This maritime trade expanded Islamicate geographical horizons, as reflected in the evolving "wonders" and geographical literature of the era. It also led to early contacts between the Islamic world and the peoples of the tropical Pacific Rim, a phenomenon that contributed, in time, to the formation of Islamicate societies in maritime Southeast Asia.
Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations

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Pradella, Luiz Gustavo Souza. "Entre os seus e os outros : horizonte, mobilidade e cosmopolítica guarani." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/18351.

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Com base em cinco anos de etnografia junto aos grupos guarani, no estado brasileiro do Rio Grande do Sul e em diálogo com a bibliografia etnológica, esta dissertação versa sobre a mobilidade entre os coletivos guarani. Metodologicamente, a pesquisa na qual ela se baseia interage com a proposta de uma antropologia de rotas, em detrimento ao localismo de uma antropologia de campo. Com o objetivo de compreender os diferentes aspectos do caminhar, são adotados distintos prismas teóricos sob os quais este fenômeno é analisado. Imbricada na cosmopolítica destes grupos, a mobilidade encontra-se intrinsecamente relacionada às aproximações e afastamentos nas relações com as alteridades, sejam estas humanas ou extrahumanas. A mobilidade possui também grande peso nas concepções e cuidados em torno da pessoa divídua que caminha e, igualmente, se constitui na busca pelo estado de perfeição (aguyjê) e/ou pela terra sem males (yvy maraëy). Encontra-se, portanto, estreitamente relacionada ao xamanismo, em seus mais diversos aspectos, permeia o modo de ser e a visão de mundo destas coletividades.
Based on five years of ethnography with the guarani groups in the Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul and in dialogue with the ethnological literature, this dissertation is about the guarani's mobility. Methodologically, the research interacts with the proposal originated in an route's anthropology rather than a field's anthropology. Aiming to understand the different aspects of walking, we adopt different theoretical prisms under which this phenomenon is analyzed. Imbricated in these group's cosmopolitics, the mobility is intrinsically related to the removals and approaches in relations with otherness, whether human or extra-human. Mobility also has great influence on construction and care of the dividuals person in movement, and also is the quest for the condition of perfection (aguyjê) and/or the "land without evil" (yvy maraëy). It is therefore closely related to shamanism, in its several aspects, permeates the way of being and world view of these communities.

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"Indoor white space network design." 2014. http://repository.lib.cuhk.edu.hk/en/item/cuhk-1291747.

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Zhang, Jincheng.
Thesis M.Phil. Chinese University of Hong Kong 2014.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 67-72).
Abstracts also in Chinese.
Title from PDF title page (viewed on 09, November, 2016).

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Cho, Sheng Tien, and 卓聖田. "Recognizing Indoor Human Activity in Canonical Space." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/73d8b7.

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碩士
國立交通大學
電機與控制工程系所
93
Human activity recognition from video streams has a wide range of application such as human-machine interface, security surveillance, home care system, etc. In video processing, the size of image sequence is usually extremely large so that the human activity is difficult to recognize. Therefore, data transformation is usually taken such as principle component analysis, wavelet, etc. The objective of this thesis is to provide a human-like system to auto-surveillance and to track people and identify their activities. We present a system for video-based human activity recognition by transforming the images into canonical space. In our system, foreground subject is first extracted as the binary image by a statistical background model using frame ratio which is robust to illumination change, and then transformed by eigenspace and canonical space transformation, and recognition is done in canonical space. By using several essential templates to represent an activity, our proposed system can recognize the activity of the subject by down sampling the image sequence instead of all consecutive image frames in order to reduce the recognition complexity, decrease the computational load, and improve the recognition performance. Without referring any geographic information such as location, path, and velocity of the subject, our proposed system uses only the binary images of subject to recognize the activity and works very well.

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Lee, Yun-Han, and 李昀翰. "A Study on Indoor Three-Dimensional Space Reconstruction." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/70166255559710362821.

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碩士
銘傳大學
電子工程學系碩士班
98
Accompanying the progresses of automation, technologies of computer vision are blooming, too. Applications on three dimensional spaces are more and more important nowadays. Therefore, how to find out the related information in three dimensional spaces are key points. For example, how could we know the object sizes, the positions and distances of doors and windows from some particular point in indoor spaces? In this study, we use Hough Transform (HT) and least square method to find out the vanishing lines and perpendicular line segments from one single image. Through the characteristics of vanishing point and vanishing line and the theory of projective geometry, we estimate the distances and positions of unknown points from some precise positions. The error ratios are below 10%. We can also use ratio of geometric relationship to estimate the ratio of relative points in actual space, and sketch out a top view with ratio scale for indoor space. It is very helpful for planning the indoor space and space recognition for robots.

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Chou, Tzu-Hsiang, and 周子翔. "Positioning System in Public and Open-Space Indoor Buildings." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/86371402626182229333.

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碩士
國立臺灣大學
資訊工程學研究所
95
This thesis presents an 802.11-based positioning system developed and demonstrated in the Taipei Children''s Museum of Transportation and Communication. The proposed positioning system partitions the service area into several regions, and the goal of the proposed positioning system is to correctly locate the locations of the visitors. The proposed system would use signal strength signature which contains a sequence of access point IDs with the average power strength measured in each direction of each reference point, so signal strength signatures will be collected in each reference point in the proposed positioning system. In the positioning, the proposed positioning system will locate visitors via the collection of power strengths of the visitors’ positions, and then applies the proposed positioning method called region score comparison (RSC) positioning method to determine the regions which the visitors are located in. A location database called the region database (RDB) is applied to store and maintain the signal strength signatures in each reference point. The experimental results validate that the location information provided by the proposed positioning system assures high correctness of region classification.

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JOU, HUANG YA, and 黃雅柔. "Study on Participatory Design in Public Indoor Space Use." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/38016206245356849824.

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碩士
高苑科技大學
建築研究所
102
"Participation design" is prevalent for construction of space now. However with the change and enlargement of the definition and range of users, the definition between the specialists and users will change correspondingly. It is not partial conversation and communication that can resolve the problem of how to consider users' need and intention in the activity of design. If the users become complicated, the opinions coming from different main bodies will interact with each other, so we can execute the new balance point from different opinions. Kao Yuan University establishes an environment to integrate practice blueprint for students. The advantage of this project is to make a part of space of school also have the feature of education of technology and simulation of company. It also enables school become the treasury bank of students. Base on this idea, students can practice how to build a good campus in different ways. Therefore this study aims to plan this various platform for teachers and students to interact with each other and practice in "participation design". In this essay teachers and students can really participate in this various platform in "participation design". Hence, it can promote the integration of sense of participation and using for teachers and students. The objects of this study mainly include teachers and students of Bachelor Degree Program of Tourism and Recreation Managements and potential participators of other departments. The essential inclusions of the essay are as follows: (1)Using the observation and analysis of "Participation design",this study considers that the original levels and the quantity of participators should be wider because that the answers or messages resulted from different levels and viewpoints should be different. Widening the original levels and the quantity of participators would make the study have different results and become more various. (2)Increasing the ratio of opinions of the specialists and absorbing their opinions would make students pay attention to the viewpoints they ignored. Keyword: Participatory Design

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Chou, Tzu-Hsiang. "Positioning System in Public and Open-Space Indoor Buildings." 2007. http://www.cetd.com.tw/ec/thesisdetail.aspx?etdun=U0001-0308200710093000.

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Alqudah, Yazan A. "Space diversity techniques in indoor broadband optical wireless communications." 2003. http://etda.libraries.psu.edu/theses/approved/PSUonlyIndex/ETD-318/index.html.

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Tu, Yih-Min, and 涂益民. "Horizontal and Vertical Space Diversity Prediction in Indoor Environment." Thesis, 1997. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/37879658652108033228.

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碩士
國立交通大學
電信研究所
85
In this paper a newly developed hybrid model, composed of a site-specific model and a statistical model is proposed to investigate space diversity in indoor environments. The latter model is used to describe the field scattered by rough surface boundaries and randomly positioned scatters. By comparing the predicted spatial correlation with the measured one 2.44-GHZ , it is shown that the hybrid model has a better prediction accuracy. It is found that environment with heavier cluster introduces stronger scattered fields and leads to a lesser spatial correlation and to a better space diversity performance. The correlation of the horizontal space diversity is weaker than that of the vertical space diversity and the former diversity has a larger diversity gain. Good diversity gains can be obtained with antenna spacing greater than or equal to one wavelength.

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Tu, Yi-Min, and 涂益民. "Horizontal and Vertical Space Diversity Prediction in Indoor Environment." Thesis, 1997. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/65131125242405670878.

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Tsai, Tsung-Lin, and 蔡宗霖. "Indoor 3-D Space Positioning Algorithm Based on RFID Technology." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/88892648616003054367.

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碩士
國立臺灣海洋大學
電機工程學系
95
Abstract In recent years, due to rapid progress of semiconductor fabrication and microwave device technologies, techniques and applications of RF-based indoor positioning systems have received much attention. At present, RF-based indoor positioning systems use, received signal strength（RSS）or time of arrival（TOA）of received signals as metric for indoor geolocation, wherein TOA provides more accurate positioning than RSS. These systems require at least two receivers to locate the signal source of interest, thus cost becomes a big concern for systems based on RFID. Moreover, these systems are only suitable for 2-D （plane） environment, namely target’s height is not available. When applied to indoor environment, RFID system will incur co-channel interference （CCI）except for multipath and no line-of-sight （NLOS） effects, therefore, facing great challenge to accurate positioning. In the thesis, we propose an indoor positioning algorithm, known as TOA-AEOA, for 3-D indoor environment. Using only one receiver, the proposed algorithm can accurately estimate TOA、azimuth and elevation angles of arrival（AEOA） of the desired source. In this method, a single of uniform circular array of multiple antennas is used in the receiver and an orthogonal pseudo noise sequence is assigned as the identification code for each source. The method uses a matched filter bank to suppress CCI, the T-MUSIC algorithm to estimate TOA of the desired source, a temporal filter to extract LOS component, and the 2-D MUSIC algorithm to estimate the azimuth and elevation angles of the desired source. Computer simulation results show that the proposed method is very effective for target positioning in indoor environment. Keywords : RFID、Indoor Positioning、azimuth-of-arrival estimation、elevation-of-arrival estimation、time-of-arrival estimation

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Indoor Space'

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