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Journal articles on the topic 'Individuation (Psychology)'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 28 July 2024

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1

Humphreys, Connie N., and William B. Davidson. "Individuation of Self and Stereotyping of others." Psychological Reports 81, no. 3_suppl (December 1997): 1252–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1997.81.3f.1252.

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This study investigated whether people who present themselves as individuated tend not to see others in stereotyped ways. 106 undergraduates completed a measure of self-individuation and a measure of stereotyping others. The measure of self-individuation, the Individuation scale, has 12 items on which respondents rate their willingness to engage in individuating behavior such as self-disclosure and attention-getting. The measure of stereotyping has 40 items on which respondents rate the likelihood that certain types of people would engage in certain types of actions. Analysis showed scores on the measures of individuation and stereotyping were internally reliable (83 and 85 respectively), and significantly negatively correlated (−.33) with each other Respondents who scored high on the Individuation scale tended to rate the likelihood of others' actions in a manner different from common stereotypes.

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2

Milton, Chris. "Towards individuation." Ata: Journal of Psychotherapy Aotearoa New Zealand 15, no. 1 (December 30, 2010): 92–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.9791/ajpanz.2010.10.

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Jungian theory and practice, more properly called analytical psychology, like psycho-analysis (Ogden, 1994, 1996, 1997), has dethroned the notion of a central conscious subject and replaced it with the notion of the centrality of a dialectic between consciousness and the unconscious. This shift away from the notion of a central conscious subject is scribed in the idea of individuation. Indeed analytical psychology is itself centred on the notion of individuation and, as Brooke (1991a, p. 88) has so forthrightly put it: 'Individuation is not "individualism'". How then does this challenge to individualism find expression in analytical psychology and what are the implications for analytic practice?

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3

Gil Congote, Lina Marcela, and Germán Vargas Guillén. "The Psychology of Individuation as Epistemology." Philosophy Today 63, no. 3 (2019): 659–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/philtoday2019111287.

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This article explores the indissoluble connection between the order of being and knowing in the allagmatic epistemology proposed by Gilbert Simondon based on the following thesis: the knowledge of psychic individuation is the condition for the possibility of knowing different modes of individuation. This statement requires the passage through logic, according to the author’s conception of ontogenesis, for describing the analogy and the subject that knows analogically and individuates itself as he knows. Thus, the psychology of individuation is established as a scientific field of work opened up by Simondon and its epistemological implications in the way of conceiving the subject-object relation.

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4

Burge, Tyler. "INDIVIDUATION AND CAUSATION IN PSYCHOLOGY." Pacific Philosophical Quarterly 70, no. 4 (December 1989): 303–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0114.1989.tb00384.x.

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5

Reis, Olaf. "Families as niches during communism in East Germany: Consequences for parent–child relationships during times of change." International Journal of Behavioral Development 32, no. 5 (September 2008): 412–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0165025408093660.

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This study brings together two main theoretical traditions in order to better understand how parent–child relationships are influenced by the societal conditions around the family. The concept of the ecological niche has been used to describe the way in which East German families dealt with government institutions during communism, while we used the concept of individuation to describe relationships between parents and their children. Using a model predicting individuation within a family we demonstrate that the type of niche predicts individuation even after intrafamilial variables, such as the level of parent–child conflict, agency and time of the interaction have been controlled for. By employing hierarchical log-linear techniques to analyze narrative interviews of parents and their adult children from 34 families, we found that families who were more balanced in their interactions with communist government institutions were also more balanced in their parent–child individuations.

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6

Dennis, Sara. "Individuation." Psychological Perspectives 66, no. 1 (January 2, 2023): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00332925.2023.2211006.

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7

Verner, Daryl, Charlotte Chandler, and Philip Clarke. "Exploring the Contribution of Personal Qualities to the Personal and Professional Development of Trainee Sport Psychology Practitioners’ Within the Individuation Process." Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research 92, no. 1 (November 26, 2021): 43–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pcssr-2021-0024.

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Abstract Since the person behind the practitioner has been recognised as a core foundation of professional practice in sport psychology, research attention has diffused to focus on navigating the ‘rocky road’ towards individuation. As such, this study extended the literature by illuminating the importance of developing personal qualities during the embryonic stages of supervised experience (SE) in sport psychology to help support the individuation process occurring throughout the training journey. Specifically, the aim of the current study was to explore the contribution of personal qualities to the personal and professional development of trainee sport psychology practitioners, within the individuation process. Seven semi-structured interviews were conducted with probationary sport and exercise scientists (psychology) working in a range of elite and professional sports (i.e., premier league football, rugby league, golf, gymnastics, swimming, and several other Olympic sports). The interview schedule was refined following a pilot study. Interview transcripts were content analysed and trustworthiness criteria applied. Interpretative phenomenological analysis identified three main superordinate themes, labelled ‘self-development of personal qualities’, ‘facilitators of supervisee individuation’, and ‘initial consulting experiences of practitioners’. This study extends the literature by illuminating the importance of developing personal qualities during the embryonic stages of SE to help support the individuation process occurring throughout the training journey, thus better preparing sport psychologist’s for self-governed practice once accredited. Considerations are given in relation to how sport psychology education and training programmes could aid the individuation process via the development of personal qualities.

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8

Lescinskaite, Irma. "DISSEMINATION OF THE CONCEPT OF PERSONAL INDIVIDUATION IN MODERN PHILOSOPHY AND PSYCHOLOGY (THEORETICAL AND HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF THE CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT)." SOCIETY. INTEGRATION. EDUCATION. Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference 2 (May 21, 2019): 291. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/sie2019vol2.3941.

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The article aims to reveal the concept of Individuation. Individuation is perceived as a conscious decision to constantly create one’s qualitative life by realizing one’s creative strengths and personal human needs. It can and is also perceived as a (self)educational process, which occurs in an educational environment that is suitable for the self-expression and individuation of a person. The following article reveals the philosophical and psychological approaches towards the concept of personal individuation. The concepts of individuation of the following authors are being reviewed: I. Kant, F. Schiller, F. Nietzsche, J. Dewey, R. Rorty, G. Jung, C. Rogers and A. Maslow.

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9

Driver, Christine. "Michael Fordham’s Theories of Human Development: An Analytical Psychology Perspective." Journal of Symbols & Sandplay Therapy 13, no. 2 (December 31, 2022): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.12964/jsst.22006.

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This paper examines the work of Dr. Michael Fordham, Child Psychiatrist and Jungian Analyst, and his theories of human development. Starting with a brief overview of Jung’s concept of the self the paper considers how Fordham recognised that the processes of individuation occur from birth and describes how he introduced the idea of a primary self which fuels development through processes of deintegration and reintegration. This paper considers these processes in detail and how they can lead, in optimal circumstances, to ego development, the development of mind in relation to self and individuation. A brief example is given of the dynamics of deintegration and reintegration between an infant and their mother/caregiver. Links between Fordham’s ideas and the development of feeling toned complexes are explored and a brief overview is given of how neglect, abuse and trauma can impede the processes of deintegration and reintegration and lead to splitting and defences of the self. A clinical example is provided to illustrate the impact of neglect on infant development and how therapy can enable further processes of deintegration, reintegration and individuation. Overall this paper considers Fordham’s concept of the primary self and the processes of deintegration and reintegration and examines how these dynamics enable the gradual expression and integration of aspects of the self, the development of mind in relation to self and others, and individuation.

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10

Frantz, Gilda. "Aging and Individuation." Psychological Perspectives 56, no. 2 (April 2013): 129–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00332925.2013.786629.

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11

Müller, Lutz. "Individuation und Synchronizität." Analytische Psychologie 32, no. 4 (2001): 307–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000046790.

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12

Tresan, David. "Thinking individuation forward." Journal of Analytical Psychology 52, no. 1 (January 22, 2007): 17–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5922.2007.00638.x.

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13

DOWNTON, J. V. "Individuation and Shamanism." Journal of Analytical Psychology 34, no. 1 (January 1989): 73–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-5922.1989.00073.x.

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14

Zoja, Luigi, and Henry Martin. "Individuation and paideia." Journal of Analytical Psychology 42, no. 3 (July 1997): 481–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-5922.1997.00481.x.

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15

Bartle, Suzanne E., and Karen Rosen. "Individuation and relationship violence." American Journal of Family Therapy 22, no. 3 (September 1994): 222–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01926189408251316.

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16

Mitchell, Robert L. "Jung, Neumann and Gebser." International Journal of Jungian Studies 12, no. 1 (February 3, 2020): 41–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19409060-01201004.

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Abstract In recent decades, indeterminate states of cultural identity in both individuals and nations have resulted from cross-cultural migrations and the resistance of host nations to critically re-evaluate traditional cultural complexes and welcome new influences. Jung’s theory of individuation, Neumann’s centroversion and Gebser’s integrality provide a new foundation in consciousness for re-evaluating both individual and national cultural identities. In terms of the development and education of children, the two common threads in these three theories are individuation and recapitulation theory. Individuation, re-imagined by Neumann as centroversion, parallels Gebser’s concept of integrality and provides a mediating foundation for comparing individuation and integrality. Both concepts are compared in terms of the first phase of the individuation process, characterized by the development and education of the child. The objective is to achieve an individuated-integral, spiritualized personality in the first half of life so that the spiritually mature adult can contribute to an evolved human consciousness and global cultural identity in the second half of life.

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17

Tam, Wai-Cheong Carl, Yung-Jong Shiah, and Shih-Kuang Chiang. "Chinese Version of the Separation-Individuation Inventory." Psychological Reports 93, no. 1 (August 2003): 291–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.2003.93.1.291.

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The importance of the separation-individuation process in object relations theory is well known in disciplines of psychology, counseling, and human development. Based on the Separation-individuation Inventory of Christenson and Wilson, which measures the manifestations of disturbances in this process, a Chinese version of the inventory was developed. For college students Cronbach coefficient alpha was .89, and test-retest reliability over 28 days was .77. The scores of the inventory had positive correlations with both the number of borderline personality characteristics and the Individualism-Collectivism Scale, respectively. Also, the mean score on the inventory of patients diagnosed with borderline personality disorder was significantly higher than that of the two normal control groups ( ns = 564). Thus the inventory possessed satisfactory construct validity. Cultural differences regarding the separation-individuation process need to be investigated further.

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18

Kruse, Joachim, and Sabine Walper. "Types of individuation in relation to parents: Predictors and outcomes." International Journal of Behavioral Development 32, no. 5 (September 2008): 390–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0165025408093657.

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Individuation in relation to father and mother is one of the key developmental tasks of adolescence, and has been conceptualized as gaining autonomy while maintaining relatedness to parents. Research on high-conflict, divorced and step-families suggests that specific stressors in these family types may compromise successful individuation by undermining relatedness, triggering insecurities or leading to early independence. This study takes a typological approach (1) seeking to identify distinct patterns of adolescents' relationships to mother and residential father figure (biological or stepfather), (2) testing the effects of family structure and dynamics, and (3) investigating links between type of individuation and adolescents' adjustment. The sample consisted of N = 649 adolescents in Germany aged between 10 and 20 years who lived in nuclear, single-mother or stepfather families. The Munich Individuation Test of Adolescence (MITA) was used to assess individuation. For n = 473 adolescents data on individuation in relation to the biological or stepfather were available. Cluster analyses resulted in three types of individuation regarding mothers and four types regarding fathers. In particular, children from (nuclear) families with high interparental conflict were at risk for an insecure ambivalent relationship. Securely individuated youth showed significantly better adjustment in a variety of outcomes.

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19

Kanwal, Gurmeet S. "Integrative Individuation: An Alternative To The Separation-Individuation Model." Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association 71, no. 3 (June 2023): 419–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00030651231182316.

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An alternative to Mahler’s separation-individuation model of child development is presented to explain differences in the development and experience of a sense of self in Indian culture and other cultures where the Western sense of individual selfhood is not seen as the goal of maturity and adulthood. In the absence of such a formulation, called here integrative individuation, the familial and relational experience of people from non-Western cultures is often misunderstood and pathologized by clinicians. Features of this non-Western sense of self include looser boundaries, different relational priorities, and greater tolerance regarding personal space. Though these differences have been commented on by scholars, a detailed developmental model has not previously been formulated.

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20

Odermatt, Martin. "Individuation und gesellschaftliche Realität." Analytische Psychologie 29, no. 4 (1998): 256–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000013672.

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21

FIELD, NATHAN. "Object Relations and Individuation:." Journal of Analytical Psychology 39, no. 4 (October 1994): 463–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-5922.1994.00463.x.

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22

Semetsky, Inna. "The complexity of individuation." International Journal of Applied Psychoanalytic Studies 1, no. 4 (November 2004): 324–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aps.84.

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23

Chrzescijanska, Martyna. "The sacrifice ritual and process of individuation: analysis of a model." International Journal of Jungian Studies 9, no. 2 (May 4, 2017): 97–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19409052.2017.1303238.

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ABSTRACTThis paper aims to discuss a relation between the theme of sacrifice in Ancient Greece and in the Jungian understanding of the process of individuation and other similar models of personality/self-development. My argument claims that models such as the process of individuation, Post-Traumatic Growth or Positive Disintegration share features on a structural level with a specific model of sacrifice. A special focus will be oneniautos daimon, the Year-King or a spirit of the year, a concept popularized in anthropology at the beginning of the twentieth century which I claim had influence on developing Jung’s theory of individuation. In this paper, I will apply a philosophical analysis to models of psychotherapy, and especially Jungian psychology. The philosophical analysis of models allows to indicate structural similarities between them without claiming anything about their accuracy.

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24

Kins, Evie, Wim Beyers, and Bart Soenens. "When the separation-individuation process goes awry." International Journal of Behavioral Development 37, no. 1 (September 6, 2012): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0165025412454027.

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Problematic separation-individuation has been conceptualized almost unilaterally as separation anxiety or as intolerance of being alone (i.e., dysfunctional dependence). However, as separation-individuation involves a dynamic interaction between independence and relatedness, it was argued in this study that disturbances in the separation-individuation process could manifest in at least two ways; that is, as dysfunctional dependence and as dysfunctional independence. In a sample of 232 emerging adults, we examined correlates and outcomes of the two types of dysfunctional separation-individuation. We found that both types were related in similar ways to depressive symptoms and a general measure of pathological separation-individuation. Yet they were associated differentially and in theoretically expected ways with: (a) dimensions of attachment (i.e., anxiety and avoidance); and (b) dimensions of personality that confer vulnerability to depression (i.e., dependency and self-criticism). In addition, person-centered results showed evidence for four groups of individuals with distinct profiles of separation-individuation (i.e., healthy, dysfunctional dependent, dysfunctional independent, and combined). Implications for clinical practice and future research are discussed.

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25

Huguet, Pascal, Emmanuelle Charbonnier, and Jean-Marc Monteil. "WHERE DOES SELF-ESTEEM COME FROM? THE INFLUENCE OF PRIVATE VERSUS PUBLIC INDIVIDUATION." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 23, no. 4 (January 1, 1995): 335–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.1995.23.4.335.

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Josephs, Markus, and Tafarodi (1992) recently claimed that male self-esteem (SE) can be linked to an individuation process in which personal distinguishing achievements are emphasized. Most of the effects they found with a measure of private individuation, however, were only marginally significant. Not surprisingly regarding this statistical point, the present investigation failed to produce findings consistent with Josephs et males' hypothesis when using the same measure. Instead, this investigation revealed that both males and females' self-esteem can be affected by another form of individuation which emphasizes subjects' willingness to engage in behaviors that would publicly differentiate themselves from others.

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26

Barbaranelli, Claudio, Gian Vittorio Caprara, and Christina Maslach. "Individuation and the Five Factor Model of Personality Traits1." European Journal of Psychological Assessment 13, no. 2 (May 1997): 75–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759.13.2.75.

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Two studies have been conducted respectively to examine the validity of the Italian version of the Individuation scale ( Maslach, Stapp & Santee, 1985 ), and to investigate individuation within the frame of the Five Factor Model of personality (FFM). The Italian version of the scale showed psychometric characteristics fully comparable to those of the American normative sample. Although Italians scored lower, on average, than Americans in their willingness to individuate themselves, this effect was due largely to the lower scores of Italian women, rather than men. Individuation appeared to correlate with Extraversion and Openness to Experience in both the Italian and American samples.

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27

Jones, Raya A. "Dialogicality and culture of psychology in a study of individuation." Culture & Psychology 26, no. 4 (August 20, 2019): 894–906. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1354067x19871208.

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Viewing psychology as a cultural activity associated with technologies of the self, and noting the cultural phenomenon of the Jungian movement internationally, this paper presents a reading of Jung’s ‘A Study in the Process of Individuation’ through the lens of dialogism. Jung’s study pivots on the interpretation of paintings by a middle-aged American woman, ‘Miss X’, whom he treated in 1928. The present paper critically examines dialogical aspects of the Jungian text, such as Jung’s metaphor of a dialogue with the unconscious, how he and his patient co-constructed her ‘inner’ dialogue, and the text’s dialogue with its audience. It is concluded that the process of individuation described by Jung is fundamentally dialogical, evincing the human capacity to co-construct meanings of self-experience and thereby to change how we experience our own selves.

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28

Usandivaras, Raúl J. "Through `Communitas' to Individuation." Group Analysis 22, no. 2 (June 1989): 161–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0533316489222005.

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29

Reis, Olaf, and Heike M. Buhl. "Individuation during adolescence and emerging adulthood – five German studies." International Journal of Behavioral Development 32, no. 5 (September 2008): 369–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0165025408093653.

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Among theories describing human relationships and interactions, individuation theory has increasingly gained attention over the last three decades. After ideas of individuation were introduced to the USA by German emigrants, such as Erik Erikson and Peter Blos, a second generation of American researchers brought the issue to the fore during the 1980s. Since then, German research has taken up the topic. Current lines of German research resonate with contemporary American research (e.g., Allen, Smetana), but also explore possible extensions of the theory. Here we introduce five German studies that explore relations between individuation and attachment, interactions between transmissions and relationships, or try to extend individuation theory beyond adolescence and the family system.

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30

Chen, Zeng-Yin. "Ethnic Similarities and Differences in the Association of Emotional Autonomy and Adolescent Outcomes: Comparing Euro-American and Asian-American Adolescents." Psychological Reports 84, no. 2 (April 1999): 501–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1999.84.2.501.

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This study has conducted an ethnic comparison on the strength of the association between Individuation, a subscale from the Emotional Autonomy construct presented originally by Steinberg and Silverberg in 1986, and adolescent outcomes in terms of self-esteem and susceptibility to negative peer pressure. Consistent with what was expected, the association between Individuation and lowered self-esteem was more salient among 287 Asian-American adolescent boys than among 1,353 Euro-American adolescent boys. Contrary to what was hypothesized, the association between Individuation and susceptibility to negative peer pressure was more pronounced among 1,573 Euro-American adolescent girls than among 292 Asian-American adolescent girls.

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31

GORDON, ROSEMARY. "Individuation in the Developmental Process." Journal of Analytical Psychology 31, no. 3 (July 1986): 223–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-5922.1986.00223.x.

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32

NOLL, R. "Comment on 'Individuation and Shamanism'." Journal of Analytical Psychology 35, no. 2 (April 1990): 213–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-5922.1990.00213.x.

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33

Morena, Gita Dorothy. "Generational Individuation: Who Am I?" Psychological Perspectives 65, no. 2 (April 3, 2022): 204–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00332925.2022.2119759.

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34

Mazza, Veronica. "Simultanagnosia and object individuation." Cognitive Neuropsychology 34, no. 7-8 (June 6, 2017): 430–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02643294.2017.1331212.

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35

Smollar, Jacqueline, and James Youniss. "Transformations in Adolescents' Perceptions of Parents." International Journal of Behavioral Development 12, no. 1 (March 1989): 71–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016502548901200104.

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In this article, the connections between adolescents' perceptions of their relationships with parents and the concept of individuation are explored. Individuation is discussed with respect to its relevance for understanding the transformations that occur in parent-child relationships as the child moves through adolescence toward adulthood. It is proposed that individuation is a necessary process in the transition from childhood to adulthood since it allows the child to develop a self-identity that is separate from that of parents while at the same time to remain connected to parents as important sources of advice and psychological support. Some data are provided suggesting that the separation and connectedness that characterise the process of individuation are the product of a transformation in adolescents' perceptions of parents in which parents, who are seen in childhood as "allknowing" and "all powerful" beings are first de-idealised and then come to be appreciated as persons themselves. Finally, the value of the concept of individuation for understanding adolescence is proposed to lie in its focus on the child in the context of relationship with others rather than as a separate entity. This focus is seen as providing a basis for attending to the social context in the study of adolescence.

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36

Valls-Vidal, Clara, Carles Pérez-Testor, Joan Guàrdia-Olmos, and Raffaella Iafrate. "A Battery for the Assessment of Young Spanish Adults." European Journal of Psychological Assessment 28, no. 4 (January 1, 2012): 270–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000107.

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In Spanish families, parent-child relationships play a crucial role, but they also present specific risks for the children’s transition to adulthood which may hinder their individuation and foster the creation of dysfunctional family patterns in their family of origin. In Spain there is a lack of instruments to assess parent-child relationships in these terms. The present study examines the psychometric properties of a battery to assess individuation with mother, individuation with father, and the existence of dysfunctional family patterns (DFP) in 535 young Spanish adults (20–31 years). Items from the Munich Individuation Test of Adolescence ( Walper, 1998 ), the Network of Relationships Inventory ( Furman & Buhrmester, 1985 ), the Filial Responsibility Scale ( Jurkovic & Thirkield, 1999 ), and the Feeling Caught Between Parents and Parental Pressure scales ( Walper & Schwarz, 2001 ) have been used. The initial structure obtained through exploratory factor analysis underwent a confirmatory factor analysis. The results hint at a model adjusted to the data which guarantees the construct validity of the proposed structure. Internal consistencies for scales and subscales were acceptable to excellent, with α ranging from .62 to .91. Different indices of concurrent validity were also analyzed. The results generally support the reliability and validity of the new instrument. Limitations are discussed.

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37

Rubinstein, Rachel S., Lee Jussim, Bryan Loh, and Megan Buraus. "A Theory of Reliance on Individuating Information and Stereotypes in Implicit Judgments of Individuals and Social Groups." Journal of Theoretical Social Psychology 2022 (August 27, 2022): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/5118325.

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We propose a theory of (a) reliance on stereotypes and individuating information in implicit person perception and (b) the relationship between individuation in implicit person perception and shifts in implicit group stereotypes. The present research preliminarily tested this theory by assessing whether individuating information or stereotypes take primacy in implicit judgments of individuals under circumstances specified by our model and then testing the malleability of implicit group stereotypes in the presence of the same (or additional) counterstereotypic individuating information. Studies 1 and 2 conceptually replicated previous research by examining the effects of stereotype-inconsistent and stereotype-consistent individuating information on implicit stereotype-relevant judgments of individuals. Both studies showed that stereotypic implicit judgments of individuals made in the absence of individuating information were reversed when the individuals were portrayed as stereotype-inconsistent and were strengthened when targets were portrayed as stereotype-consistent (though in Study 2 this strengthening was descriptive rather than inferential). Studies 3 and 4 examined whether the strong effects of individuating information found in studies 1 and 2 extended to the social groups to which the individuals belonged. Even in the presence of up to eight counterstereotypic exemplars, there was no evidence of significant shifts in group stereotypes. Thus, the data showed that the shifts in implicit judgments that were caused by individuating information did not generalize to stereotypes of the social groups to which the individuals belong. Finally, we propose modifications to our theory that include potential reasons for this lack of generalization that we invite future research to explore.

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38

Biancoli, Romano. "Individuation in Analytic Relatedness." Contemporary Psychoanalysis 38, no. 4 (October 2002): 589–612. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00107530.2002.10747187.

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39

Swanger, Jeffrey. "Painting and Individuation." Jung Journal 15, no. 3 (July 3, 2021): 72–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19342039.2021.1942756.

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40

Brooke, Roger. "Ubuntu and the Individuation Process: Toward a Multicultural Analytical Psychology." Psychological Perspectives 51, no. 1 (June 2, 2008): 36–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00332920802031870.

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41

Grünbaum, Thor. "Commonsense psychology, dual visual streams, and the individuation of action." Philosophical Psychology 25, no. 1 (February 2012): 25–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09515089.2011.569911.

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42

Hall, James. "The Snail's glass path of individuation." Psychological Perspectives 41, no. 1 (January 2000): 22–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00332920008403386.

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Curran, Ronald T. "Kali, Individuation, and the Primordial Unconscious." Psychological Perspectives 48, no. 2 (July 2005): 172–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00332920500374903.

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Edinger, Edward E. "Individuation: A Myth for Modern Man." Psychological Perspectives 39, no. 1 (June 1999): 19–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00332929908405651.

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Wynn, Karen. "Infants' Individuation and Enumeration of Actions." Psychological Science 7, no. 3 (May 1996): 164–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.1996.tb00350.x.

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Two experiments examined 6-month-old infants' ability to individuate and enumerate physical actions—the sequential jumps of a puppet In both experiments, which employed a habituation paradigm, infants successfully discriminated two-jump from three-jump sequences The sequences of activity in the two experiments provided for an initial exploration of the cues infants use to individuate actions Results show that (a) infants can individuate and enumerate actions in a sequence, indicating that their enumeration mechanism is quite general in the kinds of entities over which it will operate, (b) actions whose temporal boundaries are characterized by a contrast between motion and absence of motion are especially easy to individuate and enumerate, but nonetheless (c) infants can individuate and enumerate actions embedded in a sequence of continuous motion, indicating that infants possess procedures for parsing an ongoing motionful scene into distinct portions of activity

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Almaraz, Steven M., Kurt Hugenberg, and Steven G. Young. "Perceiving Sophisticated Minds Influences Perceptual Individuation." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 44, no. 2 (November 2, 2017): 143–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167217733070.

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In six studies, we investigated how ascribing humanlike versus animallike minds to targets influences how easily targets are individuated. Across the studies, participants learned to discriminate among a variety of “aliens” (actually Greebles). Our initial study showed that participants’ ability to learn to individuate targets was related to beliefs that targets had sophisticated minds. Investigating the directionality of this relationship, we found that learning to better recognize the targets did not affect perceptions of mind (Study 2). However, when targets were described as having sophisticated humanlike (relative to simplistic animallike) mental faculties, perceivers indicated more motivation to individuate (Study 3) and were more successful individuating them (Studies 4 and 5). Finally, we showed that increased self-similarity mediated the relationship between targets’ mental sophistication and perceivers’ motivation to individuate (Study 6). These findings indicate ascribing sophisticated mental faculties to others has implications for how we individuate them.

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Transeau, Gail, and John Eliot. "Individuation and Adult Children of Alcoholics." Psychological Reports 67, no. 1 (August 1990): 137–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1990.67.1.137.

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Carvalho, Richard. "The final challenge: ageing, dying, individuation." Journal of Analytical Psychology 53, no. 1 (January 16, 2008): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5922.2007.00699.x.

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KAU, JOSEPH. "Individuation and the Poetics of Injustice." Journal of Analytical Psychology 33, no. 2 (April 1988): 165–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-5922.1988.00165.x.

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Sharon, Tanya, and Karen Wynn. "Individuation of Actions from Continuous Motion." Psychological Science 9, no. 5 (September 1998): 357–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.00068.

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Three studies explored how infants parse a stream of motion into distinct actions. Results show that infants (a) can perceptually discriminate different actions performed by a puppet and (b) can individuate and enumerate heterogeneous sequences of such actions (e.g., jump-fall-jump) when the actions are separated by brief motionless pauses, but (c) are not able to individuate such actions when embedded within a continuous stream of motion. Combined with previous research showing that infants can individuate homogeneous actions from an ongoing stream of motion, these findings suggest that infants can use repeating patterns of motion in the perceptual input to define action boundaries. Results have implications as well for infants' conceptual structure for actions.

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