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Academic literature on the topic 'Individuals opinions'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 29 March 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Individuals opinions"

Yunhong, Zhang, Liu Qipeng, Ding Lin, and Zhang Siying. "Opinion formation with time-varying bounded confidence related to the node degree." SIMULATION 95, no. 3 (July 3, 2018): 219–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0037549718784188.

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People like to communicate with others who have similar opinions in daily life. “Open” individuals are willing to accept peers’ opinions, whereas “conservative” individuals are more closed to others’ opinions. Based on this reality, an opinion dynamic model is proposed with a time-varying trust threshold related to the node degree, which refers to the number of individuals that can be communicated directly. Similar opinions within the trust thresholds at the beginning will eventually form a consensus opinion. Individuals who have common neighbors converge to consensus faster than ones who have no common neighbors. The network size impacts the convergent speed of the opinion cluster and the trust threshold cluster. Individuals in small groups are more stressed than in large ones when they try to insist their opinions. A group with half of the individuals categorized as doubting and the other half categorized as trusting exhibits consistent confidence but experiences difficulty in reaching a consensus: “harmony but difference” may be a criterion for unifying a group.

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., Pavani, U. V. Anbazhagu, Bhavadharani ., M. Latha, and J. Senthil. "Opinion Mining Embedding with Applications to Opinions." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3.27 (August 15, 2018): 192. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.27.17760.

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The main objective of this project, we portray strategies to consequently create and score another estimation vocabulary, called sentimental analysis. Sentimental analysis is the one of the real errands of machine learning processing. Individuals post their own emotions and contemplating any items for an internet business website, (for example, Amazon, Flip card etc).sometime individuals needs to know whether these posts are positive, negative or unbiased. Existing word inserting learning calculations regularly just utilize the settings of words yet disregard the assumption of writings. Now we are applying enclose to word level assumption and stepwise level supposition arrangement, and estimation vocabularies. Information utilized as a part of this study are online item data sets are gathered from amazon.com. Experiments for both sentence-level and word-level are performed.

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Amirjanov, Adil. "The cooperative and competitive mechanisms of a leader’s opinion transmission." International Journal of Modern Physics C 31, no. 09 (August 13, 2020): 2050127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129183120501272.

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The paper modeled a leader’s opinion transmission in a population. The proposed model develops the cooperation agent-based continuous model in which the cooperation of individuals is based on the similarity of evolved “tags” which are relative to evolved tag-difference tolerances. In proposed model, an individual’s opinion and the individual’s tolerance are specified as variables in the model. During communication with each other and with a leader, the resources of individuals are incremented, if they are tolerable to the opinions of their opponents. An opinion formation in population is established by a cooperative process — changing individual’s opinion, if the individual is tolerable to the opinions of opponents, and by a competitive process — copying opinions and tolerances of successful individuals who have higher resource. Numerical experiments have proven that the public opinion reached a consensus followed the leader’s opinion.

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ALIZADEH, MEYSAM, CLAUDIO CIOFFI-REVILLA, and ANDREW CROOKS. "THE EFFECT OF IN-GROUP FAVORITISM ON THE COLLECTIVE BEHAVIOR OF INDIVIDUALS' OPINIONS." Advances in Complex Systems 18, no. 01n02 (February 2015): 1550002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219525915500022.

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Empirical findings from social psychology show that sometimes people show favoritism toward in-group members in order to reach a global consensus, even against individuals' own preferences (e.g., altruistically or deontically). Here we integrate ideas and findings on in-group favoritism, opinion dynamics, and radicalization using an agent-based model entitled cooperative bounded confidence (CBC). We investigate the interplay of homophily, rejection, and in-group cooperation drivers on the formation of opinion clusters and the emergence of extremist, radical opinions. Our model is the first to explicitly explore the effect of in-group favoritism on the macro-level, collective behavior of opinions. We compare our model against the two-dimentional bounded confidence model with rejection mechanism, proposed by Huet et al. [Adv. Complex Syst.13(3) (2010) 405–423], and find that the number of opinion clusters and extremists is reduced in our model. Moreover, results show that group influence can never dominate homophilous and rejecting encounters in the process of opinion cluster formation. We conclude by discussing implications of our model for research on collective behavior of opinions emerging from individuals' interaction.

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Li, Zhifang, Xiaojie Chen, Han-Xin Yang, and Attila Szolnoki. "Game-theoretical approach for opinion dynamics on social networks." Chaos: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Nonlinear Science 32, no. 7 (July 2022): 073117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0084178.

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Opinion dynamics on social networks have received considerable attentions in recent years. Nevertheless, just a few works have theoretically analyzed the condition in which a certain opinion can spread in the whole structured population. In this article, we propose an evolutionary game approach for a binary opinion model to explore the conditions for an opinion’s spreading. Inspired by real-life observations, we assume that an agent’s choice to select an opinion is not random but is based on a score rooted from both public knowledge and the interactions with neighbors. By means of coalescing random walks, we obtain a condition in which opinion [Formula: see text] can be favored to spread on social networks in the weak selection limit. We find that the successfully spreading condition of opinion [Formula: see text] is closely related to the basic scores of binary opinions, the feedback scores on opinion interactions, and the structural parameters including the edge weights, the weighted degrees of vertices, and the average degree of the network. In particular, when individuals adjust their opinions based solely on the public information, the vitality of opinion [Formula: see text] depends exclusively on the difference of basic scores of [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]. When there are no negative (positive) feedback interactions between connected individuals, we find that the success of opinion [Formula: see text] depends on the ratio of the obtained positive (negative) feedback scores of competing opinions. To complete our study, we perform computer simulations on fully connected, small-world, and scale-free networks, respectively, which support and confirm our theoretical findings.

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WU, YUE, YONG HU, and XIAO-HAI HE. "PUBLIC OPINION FORMATION MODEL BASED ON OPINION ENTROPY." International Journal of Modern Physics C 24, no. 11 (October 14, 2013): 1350080. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129183113500800.

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In this paper, we introduce the concept of opinion entropy based on Shannon entropy, which is used to describe the uncertainty of opinions. With opinion entropy, we further present a public opinion formation model, and simulate the process of public opinion formation under various controlled conditions. Simulation results on the Holme–Kim network show that the opinion entropy will reduce to zero, and all individuals will hold the opinion of agreeing with the topic, only by adjusting the cons' opinions with a high control intensity. Controlling the individuals with big degree can bring down the opinion entropy in a short time. Besides, extremists do not easily change their opinion entropy. Compared with previous opinion clusters, opinion entropy provides a quantitative measurement for the uncertainty of opinions. Moreover, the model can be helpful for understanding the dynamics of opinion entropy, and controlling the public opinion.

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Moharir, Sharayu, Ananya S. Omanwar, and Neeraja Sahasrabudhe. "Diffusion of binary opinions in a growing population with heterogeneous behaviour and external influence." Networks and Heterogeneous Media 18, no. 3 (2023): 1288–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/nhm.2023056.

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<abstract><p>We consider a growing population of individuals with binary opinions, namely, 0 or 1, that evolve in discrete time. The underlying interaction network is complete. At every time step, a fixed number of individuals are added to the population. The opinion of the new individuals may or may not depend on the current configuration of opinions in the population. Further, in each time step, a fixed number of individuals are chosen and they update their opinion in three possible ways: they organically switch their opinion with some probability and with some probability they adopt the majority or the minority opinion. We study the asymptotic behaviour of the fraction of individuals with either opinion and characterize conditions under which it converges to a deterministic limit. We analyze the behaviour of the limiting fraction as a function of the probability of new individuals having opinion 1 as well as with respect to the ratio of the number of people being added to the population and the number of people being chosen to update opinions. We also discuss the nature of fluctuations around the limiting fraction and study the transitions in scaling depending on the system parameters. Further, for this opinion dynamics model on a finite time horizon, we obtain optimal external influencing strategies in terms of when to influence to get the maximum expected fraction of individuals with opinion 1 at the end of the finite time horizon.</p></abstract>

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Bradley, R., and C. Wagner. "REALISTIC OPINION AGGREGATION: LEHRER-WAGNER WITH A FINITE SET OF OPINION VALUES." Episteme 9, no. 2 (June 2012): 91–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/epi.2012.2.

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AbstractAn allocation problem is a type of aggregation problem in which the values of individuals' opinions on some set of variables (canonically a set of mutually exclusive and exhaustive possibilities) sum to a constant. This paper shows that for realistic allocation problems, namely ones in which the set of possible opinion values is finite, the only universal aggregation methods that satisfy two commonly invoked conditions are the dictatorial ones. The two conditions are, first, that the aggregate opinion on any variable depends only on the individuals' opinions on that variable and not on their opinions on any other variable and, secondly, that the aggregate opinion minimally preserves unanimous individual opinion. Connections between this result and similar ones in the literature on judgment aggregation are explored and their significance assessed.

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JIA, FAN, and DI XIE. "DEMPSTER–SHAFER EVIDENCE THEORY-BASED UPDATING RULE FOR CONTINUOUS OPINIONS AND DISCRETE ACTIONS." International Journal of Modern Physics C 22, no. 06 (June 2011): 595–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129183111016476.

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The opinion of an individual about a given problem is determined by the quantity and the degree of certainty of knowledge mastered by the individual. The knowledge and information from other individuals might bring some conflicts with the individual's internal knowledge, which would make the individual become uncertain about its opinion. Based on Dempster–Shafer (D–S) evidence theory, a new opinion updating rule is proposed for individuals to form their opinion as the process of reasoning from the internal or the external knowledge in real life. Many computer simulations are conducted under different situations. It is found that the common phenomena such as consensus, fragment opinions can be observed among the individuals on square lattices during the evolution of opinion, and that information is spread from the higher certainty to the lower certainty, and the influence of opinion leaders become weaken during the spread of information, and the range of influence is determined by the threshold of individual acceptance of uncertainty of information.

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Ozpulat, Funda, Fatma Yagmur Bulut, and Merve Kor. "University students' opinions on LGBT individuals." International Journal of New Trends in Social Sciences 1, no. 2 (December 6, 2017): 23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/ijss.v1i2.2768.

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Bu çalışma, üniversite öğrencilerinin lezbiyen, gay, biseksüel ve transeksüel (LGBT) bireyler hakkındaki görüşlerini saptamayı amaçlayan tanımlayıcı bir araştırmadır. 18 Nisan - 11 Mayıs 2016 tarihleri arasında 600 öğrencinin katılımı ile yürütülen çalışmada veri toplama aracı olarak, araştırmacı tarafından geliştirilen ve 2 bölümden oluşan anket formu kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen veriler SPSS paket programı kullanılarak değerlendirilmiş, verilerin yüzdeler ve sayılarla değerlendirilmesi yanı sıra, Ki-Kare hesaplaması yapılmıştır. Araştırmaya katılanların %68.3’ü kadınlardan oluşmakta, %77.3’ü 17-21 yaş aralığında bulunmaktadır. %81.7’sinin ailesi çekirdek ailedir. Araştırma sonunda, LGBT bireylerin, kendilerini özgürce ifade etmesi, LGBT bireylere devlet tarafından kanunlarca haklar verilmesi, LGBT bireylerin sözlü veya fiziksel şiddete maruz kalmasıyla ilgili ifadelere verilen cevapların katılımcıların cinsiyetine göre değiştiği ve erkeklerin daha yüksek oranlarla olumsuz cevaplar verdikleri saptanmıştır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Üniversite öğrencileri, lezbiyen, gay, biseksüel, transeksüel, katılımcı görüşleri

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Individuals opinions"

Kaisso, Nour. "Modeling the Dynamics of Opinion Change : when Individuals may have Different Overt and Covert Opinions." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för utbildning, kultur och kommunikation, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-45603.

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This thesis aims to present and explore a mathematical model of attitude change within society. Building on the foundations set up by Lave and March [2] and Eriksson and Strimling [1] we propose a model which includes the possibility of having an overt as well as covert opinion by any individual on a given issue. We lay out the verbal and mathematical speciﬁcations for our model, interpret them in the framework of discrete-time dynamical systems and simulate the behavior using Matlab programming. Finally, we propose three conjectures based on the results of our simulations and proceed to subject two of them to further analytical treatment.

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Gadani, Giulia. "Désastres, politique et économie : l'interaction entre les cyclones tropicaux, les opinions politiques et la croissance économique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Côte d'Azur, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024COAZ0030.

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Cette dissertation vise à combler d'importantes lacunes dans l'étude de l'impact des cyclones tropicaux sur (i) la croissance économique infranationale ; (ii) le lien entre les cyclones tropicaux et la polarisation politique ; et (iii) la relation entre les nouvelles sur le changement climatique et les opinions des individus. Premièrement, les cyclones tropicaux causent des dommages et des préjudices considérables, et la proportion des tempêtes les plus intenses devrait augmenter avec le réchauffement futur. Les analyses précédentes étaient limitées à des régions spécifiques, à des niveaux de pays ou à des dangers uniques liés aux cyclones tropicaux, principalement la vitesse du vent. Chapitre 1 évalue l'effet combiné des trois principaux dangers des cyclones tropicaux—la vitesse du vent, l'onde de tempête et les pluies—sur la croissance macroéconomique infranationale à l'échelle mondiale. À cette fin, nous combinons des données d'intensité des cyclones tropicaux modélisées spatialement avec des données de croissance économique provenant de 1.642 régions infranationales pour les années 1980-2020. Nous mettons en évidence que, bien que la vitesse du vent entraîne les plus grandes pertes macroéconomiques, il est important de tenir compte des deux autres dangers. L'onde de tempête cause d'autres pertes, tandis que l'effet des pluies est bénéfique jusqu'à un certain seuil de précipitations. Deuxièmement, la littérature a examiné l'impact des extrêmes climatiques sur les préférences politiques, mettant en évidence un déplacement positif vers des positions environnementales et démocrates. Cependant, elle n'a pas abordé les effets potentiellement polarisants sur l'opinion publique. Chapitre 2 examine la relation entre les cyclones tropicaux et la polarisation politique aux États-Unis, offrant de nouvelles perspectives sur ce sujet. Pour ce faire, nous utilisons la base de données du Cooperative Election Study pour l'idéologie politique et des données modélisées sur la vitesse maximale du vent pour mesurer les dommages causés par les tempêtes pendant la période 2010-2018. Nous constatons que les cyclones tropicaux particulièrement destructeurs sont associés à une augmentation de la polarisation politique au sein de la population. En particulier, les démocrates présentent une augmentation des opinions libérales, tandis que les républicains s'orientent vers des opinions plus conservatrices. Troisièmement, la littérature existante a montré que les actualités sur le changement climatique influencent positivement l'acceptation de sa réalité. Cependant, il n'a pas été examiné si ces actualités contribuent à une plus grande stabilité des opinions, en tenant compte à la fois de l'acceptation et du déni du changement climatique. Chapitre 3 aborde une avenue inexplorée en se concentrant sur la question de savoir si les actualités sur le changement climatique renforcent l'adhésion à l'opinion de l'individu et écartent les perspectives opposées concernant la réalité du changement climatique parmi les résidents américains. J'utilise les données historiques d'enquêtes sur plus de 9.000 individus recueillis durant les années paires de la période 2010-2014. J'ai constaté qu'une plus grande exposition aux actualités sur le climat augmente la probabilité d'avoir (i) une acceptation stable du changement climatique parmi les démocrates ; (ii) un déni stable du changement climatique parmi les républicains ; (iii) un déni instable du changement climatique parmi les démocrates ; et (iv) une acceptation instable du changement climatique parmi les républicains
This dissertation aims at closing important research gaps in the study of (i) the effect of tropical cyclones on subnational economic growth; (ii) the linkage between tropical cyclones and political polarization; and (iii) the relation between climate change news and individuals' opinions. First, tropical cyclones cause substantial damage and harm, and the proportion of the most intense storms is projected to increase under future warming. Previous analyses are limited to specific regions, country levels, or single tropical cyclone hazards, mainly wind speed. Chapter 1 assesses the compound effect of all three main tropical cyclone hazards—wind speed, storm surge, and rainfall—on subnational macroeconomic growth globally. To this end, we combine spatially modeled tropical cyclone intensity data with economic growth data from 1,642 subnational regions for the years 1980-2020. We find that while wind speed induces the largest macroeconomic losses, accounting for the other two hazards is important. Storm surges cause further losses, whereas the effect of rainfall is beneficial up to a certain rainfall amount. Second, previous literature has examined the impact of extreme events on political preferences, highlighting a positive shift towards environmental and Democratic positions. However, it has not addressed the potential polarizing effect on public opinion. Chapter 2 investigates the relation between tropical cyclones and political polarization in the United States, offering new insights into this topic. To do so, we use the Cooperative Election Study database for political ideology and scientific maximum wind-speed modeled data for measuring storm damage over the 2010-2018 period. We find that extremely damaging tropical cyclones are associated with increased political polarization within the population. Specifically, Democrats exhibit an increase in liberal opinions, while Republicans shift towards more conservative views. Third, existing literature has shown that climate change news positively influences the acceptance of climate change. However, there has been no examination of whether climate change news contributes to greater stability in opinions, taking into account both acceptance and denial of climate change. Chapter 3 addresses an unexplored avenue by focusing on whether climate change news reinforces adherence to the individual's opinion and discards opposing perspectives about the existence of climate change among U.S. residents. I use individuals' historical survey data on over 9,000 individuals collected during the even years of the 2010-2014 period and find that greater exposure to climate news increases the probability of having (i) stable climate change acceptance among Democrats; (ii) stable climate change denial among Republicans; (iii) unstable climate change denial among Democrats; and (iv) unstable climate change acceptance among Republicans

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Shahin, Dana, and Mimmi Fadhil. "Scrolla, kommentera eller gilla? : En studie av hur användare reagerar på inlägg på sociala medier som rör samhällsdiskussioner." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för naturvetenskap, miljö och teknik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-38400.

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Denna kandidatuppsats tar upp samhällsfrågor kopplade till sociala medier, till exempel huranvändare delar med sig av sina åsikter kring samhällsfrågor på sociala medier samt deras reaktion på dessa diskussioner i sociala medier. I denna studie använde vi oss av metoden enkätundersökning för datainsamling, sedan analyserades all data via en tematisk analys. Resultatet visade att respondenterna reagerade olika på inlägg i samhällsdiskussioner på sociala medier. Resultatet analyserades i två teman, tema 1 besvarar hur användare reagerar på samhällsdiskussioner i sociala medier, tema 2 besvarar frågan hur villiga användare är att delta i samhällsdiskussioner på sociala medier. Vissa respondenter anser att kunna delta i samhällsdiskussioner på sociala medier ger de en möjlighet att uttrycka sig samt upplysa sina följare. Andra respondenter väljer att inte delta i dessa diskussioner då de anser att det är slöseri med tid samt att det inte kommer ha någon positiv påverkan utan istället starta onödiga diskussioner och konflikter, därför väljer dessa respondenter att hålla sina åsikter privata.
This bachelor thesis addresses social matters linked to social media, such as how users share their views on social issues and their reaction to these discussions in social media. In this study, we used the survey methodology for data collection. Afterwards, we analyzed the data through a thematic analysis. The result showed that the respondents reacted differently to contributions to social discussions on social media. The result was analyzed in two themes; theme 1 answers how users react to social discussions on social media, and theme 2 answers the question of how willing users are to participate in social discussions on social media. Some respondents believe that being able to participate in social discussions on social media gives them an opportunity to express themselves and educate their followers. Other respondents choose not to participate in these discussions as they consider that it is a waste of time and that it will have no positive impact but instead start unnecessary discussions and conflicts. Therefore, these respondents choose to keep their opinions private.

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Boarini, Romina. "Justice distributive : opinions, jugements et choix individuels." Phd thesis, Ecole Polytechnique X, 2004. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00000947.

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Cette thèse a pour objet l'examen empirique des préférences individuelles dans certains problèmes de distribution. L'analyse des préférences individuelles est menée à partir de leur expression sous forme d'opinions, de jugements et de choix. D'une part, nous mettons à jour les conceptions individuelles du juste sur lesquelles repose l'évaluation normative de certaines règles d'allocation de ressources, droits et obligations. Nous cherchons d'autre part à comprendre les raisons qui guident les individus dans leurs choix distributifs. La thèse se compose de six études indépendantes utilisant différentes méthodes empiriques (questionnaires, enquêtes et expériences de laboratoire). La première partie de la thèse traite de l'attribution de droits prioritaires dans le contexte de l'économie des transferts entre générations (héritage et retraites) et dans le domaine de la santé. Dans la deuxième partie, nous étudions des situations où le choix distributif résulte d'un arbitrage entre l'intérêt personnel de l'agent et celui d'autrui. Nous étudions cet arbitrage dans le cadre des politiques publiques de type redistributif et dans une situation de marchandage stylisé entre des agents ayant des revendications asymétriques. Dans cette partie, nous faisons l'hypothèse que les motifs et les déterminants des choix ne se réduisent pas aux intérêts privés des agents. En particulier, nous prenons en compte les attentions à l'autre et les considérations d'équité et de réciprocité. Nous validons cette hypothèse par le biais d'un certain nombre de tests économétriques et expérimentaux.

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Wright, Brittany Lauren. "BALANCING OPINIONS: THE EFFECTS ON AN INDIVIDUAL'S ROMANTIC RELATIONSHIP WHEN THIRD PARTIES' OPINIONS COLLIDE." MSSTATE, 2009. http://sun.library.msstate.edu/ETD-db/theses/available/etd-07092009-232628/.

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Previous researchers have established that social networks can influence an individuals romantic relationship. Two studies examined whether one third partys opinion was more influential than another when multiple parties opinions conflict or concur. The first study was a 2 (Parent Opinion: approval, disapproval) x 2 (Friend Opinion: approval, disapproval) between-subjects factorial design experimental survey which examined how third party opinions influenced an individuals current romantic relationship state. Analyses revealed that both friend and parent opinion had significant effects on an individuals romantic relationship. The second study incorporated a virtual dating game in which participants received feedback about one of their interaction partners. The study employed a 2 (Parent Opinion: good match, bad match) x 2 (Friend Opinion: good match, bad match) x 2 (Interaction Partner: Target, Control within-subjects) mixed factorial design. Friend opinion emerged as playing an important role in individuals perceptions and choices of a potential romantic partner.

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Bos, Ryan A. "Resident assistants' attitudes toward gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgendered individuals." Virtual Press, 1998. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1210535.

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This study examined the attitudes and perceptions of resident assistants towardgay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgendered (GLBT) students. Attitudes and perceptions of floor environments, hall environments, and the campus community were looked at. The original intent of this study was to find a relationship between resident assistants' attitudes and perceptions toward GLBT individuals and its relationship to the environment created on the RA's floor. The sample of GLBT students was too small to make reference to it in this study.A significant difference was found between hall staffs' attitudes. The study suggests that their hall environment can influence RAs' attitudes and perceptions. Consistent with past research, male resident assistants (RAs) had more negative views toward gay men and lesbians than female RAs. Inconsistent responses were found to individual questions, which suggests a lack of education on GLBT issues. The majority of RAs believed there should not be more GLBT material integrated in the classroom, however they felt they didn't have adequate training on GLBT issues. RAs felt that GLBT students experience less harassment and discrimination in the residence halls then on campus and in society.
Department of Secondary, Higher, and Foundations of Education

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McGee, Nancy I. "Rural Wyoming community's perceptions of individuals experiencing mental illness." Laramie, Wyo. : University of Wyoming, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1445048341&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=18949&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Blodgett, Billy P. (Billy Paul). "The Change of Individual Opinions Through Gender-Related Group Influence: An Empirical Study of College Students." Thesis, North Texas State University, 1986. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc331986/.

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The opinions of individuals may be influenced by groups of different gender configurations. This influence was studied by asking college students to respond to a series of statements in pretest and post-test settings. Post-test settings included the use of manipulatively constructed confederate groups to influence the subjects' responses. A pretest was administered in an anonymous nonthreatening environment. Within a week, the subjects were post-tested in a setting with four "confederates" who had previously been instructed to unanimously voice opposite answers to the subjects' initial responses to pretest questions. The objective of this experiment was to determine the number of opinions that were changed when confronted with opposing views. Change of opinions between pretest and post-test were considered to be operational definitions of "conformity."

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Lau, Andrea. "Opinions of Adoptive Parents Regarding Adoption Disclosure to the Child| A Study of Hong Kong Chinese Participants." Thesis, Alliant International University, 2013. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3568180.

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Study Aims: With adoption becoming more common in Hong Kong, the present study was conducted to gain an understanding of the opinions of Hong Kong adoptive parents regarding adoption disclosure to their child. Multiple research questions were investigated that may interest both the general public and those associated with adoption. Reasons for adoption disclosure, gender differences, and whether high or low Asian values have a significant influence were examined. Method: Fifty-four participants (18 men and 31 women) were recruited from Mother's Choice (a Hong Kong NGO). They were asked to complete a Disclosure Questionnaire, which determines the opinions and attitudes of adoptive parents on disclosure that was developed for use in this specific study, and the Asian Values Scale, which can be divided into five subscales (i.e., Collectivism, Conformity to Norms, Emotional Self-Control, Family Recognition Through Achievement, and Humility). Results: Majority of the participants reported that infertility was their main reason for the adoption and that they disclose because the child has the right to know. In addition, the majority strongly feel that disclosing will save future trauma and will not affect their relationship. The overwhelming majority of parents (94.4%, 51 out of 54) are planning to or already have disclosed the adoptive status to their child. Two participants (3.7%) are not planning to disclose and one (1.9%) did not answer. The 51 participants were then asked a follow up question regarding whether they would still disclose if it were guaranteed that their child would never find out about his/her adoptive status and ten of them changed their mind and one did not answer. Some gender differences were found and there were a few significant items where participants who responded differently on Disclosure Questionnaire items also varied on Asian values. Conclusions: This study is important to further understand Hong Kong's adoption population. Although there are limitations due to sample size and convenient sampling, this study is a beginning in the exploration of opinions of adoptive parents towards disclosure. As the majority of participants adopted due to infertility, more care and counseling should be provided targeting infertile couples to explore infertility, the possibility of adoption, and what the adoption means to them. This is especially important in Hong Kong, where infertility may be seen as culturally deviant as the purpose of marriage is to parent (Ko, 2001). With the cultural and social stigma of infertility, many couples may choose to remain secretive and thus perhaps keep a subsequent adoption secretive as well. It can be concluded that adoption disclosure is a complicated action that requires a lot of consideration and preparation. However, even with this, thoughts and feelings may continue to conflict with each other as it is a complex process.

Keywords: adoption, disclosure, Hong Kong, Asian Values Scale

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Bergen, Steven. "Antisocial personality disorder: an exploration and discussion of the experience, impact and opinions of the diagnosed individual." Thesis, McGill University, 2010. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=86898.

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It is important for the medical community, specifically mental health professionals, to understand the complexities that influence the diagnosis of Antisocial Personality Disorder. Social influences and experiences have a direct influence on how an individual understands his/her role within the various social systems that they will navigate throughout their lifetime.
I have undertaken a phenomological study that looks at the social experiences of three men who have been labeled with Antisocial Personality Disorder. Accounts of their experiences are contrasted and compared to draw out similarities and consistent themes that have shaped these mens' lives as they are today.
From a client-centred model of care, it is important for mental health professionals to understand these experiences and interpretations as it impacts that quality of mental health services that are providing. It also influences the manner in which mental health professionals view models of recovery when working with this specific population.
Il est important pour la communauté médicale, plus précisément des professionnels de santé mentale, à comprendre les complexités qui influent sur le diagnostic de trouble de Antisocial Personality Disorder. Influences sociales et des expériences ont une influence directe sur la façon dont une personne comprend son rôle au sein des différents systèmes sociaux qu'ils vont naviguer dans toute leur durée de vie.
J'ai entrepris une étude de phenomological qui se penche sur les expériences sociales des trois hommes qui ont été intitulées avec trouble de Antisocial Personality Disorder Les comptes de leurs expériences sont contrastées et par rapport à attirer les similitudes et cohérentes des thèmes qui ont façonné vie ces mens ' qu'ils sont aujourd'hui.
D'un modèle axé sur le client de soins, il est important pour professionnels de santé mentale de comprendre ces expériences et des interprétations qu'il a un impact que la qualité des services de santé mentale qui fournissent des. Elle influence également la manière dans laquelle les professionnels de santé mentale afficher les modèles de recouvrement lorsque vous travaillez avec cette population spécifique.

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Books on the topic "Individuals opinions"

Popkin, William D. Evolution of the judicial opinion: Institutional and individual styles. New York: New York University Press, 2007.

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Paternostro, Stefano. Individual attitudes toward corruption: Do social effects matter? Washington, D.C: World Bank, 2003.

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Facchini, Giovanni. Individual attitudes towards immigrants: Welfare-state determinants across countries. Bonn, Germany: IZA, 2006.

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Inter-American Court of Human Rights and International Court of Justice, eds. The construction of a humanized international law: A collection of individual opinions (1991-2013). Leiden: Brill Nijhoff, 2015.

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Marcie, Pitt-Catsouphes, and Educational Resources Information Center (U.S.), eds. Different perspectives: Workplace experience with the employment of individuals with disabilities. [Boston, MA]: Center on Work & Family, Boston University, 1995.

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H, Karash Karla, National Research Council (U.S.). Transportation Research Board., Transit Cooperative Research Program, United States. Federal Transit Administration., and Transit Development Corporation, eds. Understanding how individuals make travel and location decisions: Implications for public transportation. Washington, D.C: Transportation Research Board, 2008.

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Lochner, Lance. Individual perceptions of the criminal justice system. Cambridge, Mass: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2003.

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Atkin, Jonathan. A war of individuals: Bloomsbury attitudes to the Great War. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2002.

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Ziółkowski, Marek. Jednostka wobec władzy. Poznań: NAKOM, 1994.

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Romashkina, Al'bina. Virtual communication space: interaction between government and society. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/2032495.

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The monograph is devoted to the Internet communication space as one of the key resources of the political sphere of activity. The article describes the emergence of new, previously non-existent forms and ways of interaction between different social groups, individuals and strata of society; the formation of interactive platforms for public discussions, where subjects of communication can accumulate and articulate their opinions, design and change public and individual consciousness. The article highlights the need for government institutions to maintain the ability to manage society, and for the political system to respond to the changes taking place; the possibility of personalized user management based on their psychological characteristics in the interests of the initiators of communication. The article reveals the mobilization potential of the Internet space, used by various actors to attract various groups of the population and civil society institutions to political participation and increasing the importance of communication processes in the political governance of modern states; the expansion of the political segment of the Internet, allowing the use of modern digital technologies to implement various tasks, including ensuring the stability of the political system. The digital communication space is considered as a competitive environment, where the struggle between different political actors for the possession, interpretation and transmission of information as one of the key resources of power increases, which can contribute to the formation of new totalitarian and authoritarian regimes based on new communication technologies. It is characterized by the possibility of changing the consciousness of individuals with the help of information they receive in the online space to achieve the goals of various actors in real life, which gives new meaning and significance to the problem of freedom of information and communication in connection with the development of digital communication technologies. For students, postgraduates and teachers of political science universities and faculties, as well as a wide range of readers interested in issues of interaction between government and society in the virtual communication space.

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Book chapters on the topic "Individuals opinions"

Maity, Suman Kalyan, and Animesh Mukherjee. "Emergence of Dominant Opinions in Presence of Rigid Individuals." In Understanding Complex Systems, 279–95. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-47238-5_13.

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Wang, Hua, and Emily Coren. "Storytelling as a Catalyst for Climate Change Communication and Empowerment." In Storytelling to Accelerate Climate Solutions, 1–16. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-54790-4_1.

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AbstractIn this introductory chapter, we use storytelling as an umbrella term for any type, form, genre, and practice of narrative communication. After briefly reviewing the current scientific understanding of climate change, recent public opinions about the issue, and the international community’s efforts, we point out three critical and interrelated gaps in climate change communication and articulate how narrative strategies, especially entertainment-education for social and behavior change, can effectively inspire and mobilize individuals and communities worldwide to engage in climate action and empowerment.

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Al-Etaibi, Abdulla. "Identity and Globalisation: Tribal Identity in the Age of Social Media." In Gulf Studies, 41–60. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-7796-1_3.

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AbstractThe age of globalisation and digital technology gives people the means to stay connected more than ever. As elsewhere, social media is rapidly spreading in the Gulf region where it constitutes a virtual public forum for people to express opinions on current issues. Social media has been used for political purposes by both governments and individuals since the Arab Spring. The use of social media to disseminate political information and mobilise groups extended to the 2017 Gulf Crisis. This paper will focus on the use and effects of social media on tribes during the crisis and how technology has provided a virtual space for mobilising tribal kinship networks.

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Tippayawong, Korrakot, Leoš Šafár, Jakub Sopko, Darya Dancaková, and Manuel Woschank. "General Assessment of Industry 4.0 Awareness in South India—A Precondition for Efficient Organization Models?" In Implementing Industry 4.0 in SMEs, 345–91. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-70516-9_11.

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AbstractThis chapter provides a questionnaire-based survey on individuals, with an attempt to examine general awareness about I4.0, in the South India region. Results show inadequate future expectations regarding effects on several aspects of respondents’ lives, which mostly stem from a rather poor informational level of I4.0. Conversely, rather positive opinions and expectations of possible future trends come from respondents with prior information about I4.0. Thus, from a broader discussion we generalize, that for sustainable and successful development leading towards the Fourth Industrial Revolution, sufficient information and knowledge base within the potential labour force, especially in a particular region with promising demography, should be achieved. We find obtained information not negligible from SMEs management perspective and successful development of organization and network models.

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Croitoru, Cosmina. "Argumentative Aggregation of Individual Opinions." In Logics in Artificial Intelligence, 600–608. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-11558-0_43.

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Lesourne, Jacques. "The Forming of Opinions." In The Economics of Order and Disorder, 123–40. Oxford University PressOxford, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198287391.003.0010.

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Abstract Twice already, the role of opinion forming in market dynamics has appeared in this book: in Chapter 3 when the workers, in the presence of information costs, accepted being unable to hope for revenues superior to those observed in the past, and in Chapter 6 when the individuals, faced with goods of unknown quality, used prices to form an assumption on the quality of the goods. Nevertheless, in both cases, the creating of opinion did not make up the central element of the hypothesis. It will be entirely different in this chapter which deals with the influences that individuals exert on their respective opinions: direct influences resulting from contacts, and indirect influences resulting from parallel efforts to interpret price formation.

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Batra, Mridula, and Vishaw Jyoti. "Feature Based Opinion Mining." In Research Anthology on Implementing Sentiment Analysis Across Multiple Disciplines, 1553–68. IGI Global, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-6303-1.ch082.

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Opinion mining is the estimated learning of user's beliefs, evaluation and sentiments about units, actions and its features. This method has several features matched with data mining techniques, language processing methods and feature oriented data abstraction. This seems to be extremely difficult to mine opinions from analysis those exist in common human used language. Views are very essentials when one desires to construct a judgment. Data abstraction is an important characteristic for decision making applicable to individuals and organization of different nature. While selecting and purchasing a particular product, it is always beneficial for an individual to collect other views for correct decision making. One association wants to conduct surveys and gather opinions to develop their product excellence. Internet as a source of information, having a number of websites available with the customer reviews as a number of products, it is easy to extract the features from these opinions, sentiments and view, is a task comes under feature-based opinion mining.

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Batra, Mridula, and Vishaw Jyoti. "Feature Based Opinion Mining." In Advances in Data Mining and Database Management, 20–39. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-6117-0.ch002.

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Yan Fuhan, Li Zhaofeng, and Jiang Yichuan. "Noised Diffusion Dynamics with Individual Biased Opinion." In Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications. IOS Press, 2014. https://doi.org/10.3233/978-1-61499-419-0-1129.

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In online social network, the personal information dissemination behavior is reported to be affected by the clash of social individuals' biased opinions. In this paper, we present a model to discuss the influence of individual biased opinion on diffusion dynamics. Based on multi-agent simulations, we obtain some conclusions which are helpful for recommender systems and in controlling diffusion. In addition, our study offers potential avenues for the study of diffusion dynamics with personal biases.

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Gupta, Neha, and Siddharth Verma. "Tools of Opinion Mining." In Research Anthology on Implementing Sentiment Analysis Across Multiple Disciplines, 726–47. IGI Global, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-6303-1.ch038.

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Today's generation express their views and opinions publicly. For any organization or for individuals, this feedback is very crucial to improve their products and services. This huge volume of reviews can be analyzed by opinion mining (also known as semantic analysis). It is an emerging field for researchers that aims to distinguish the emotions expressed within the reviews, classifying them into positive or negative opinions, and summarizing it into a form that is easily understood by users. The idea of opinion mining and sentiment analysis tool is to process a set of search results for a given item based on the quality and features. Research has been conducted to mine opinions in form of document, sentence, and feature level sentiment analysis. This chapter examines how opinion mining is moving to the sentimental reviews of Twitter data, comments used in Facebook on pictures, videos, or Facebook statuses. Thus, this chapter discusses an overview of opinion mining in detail with the techniques and tools.

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Conference papers on the topic "Individuals opinions"

Rossie, Juliete, Jérôme Delobelle, Sébastien Konieczny, Clément Lens, and Srdjan Vesic. "Collective Satisfaction Semantics for Opinion Based Argumentation." In 21st International Conference on Principles of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning {KR-2023}, 631–41. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/kr.2024/59.

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Voting on arguments in a debate is a natural approach for reaching a consensual decision. Despite this, there are few formal methods of abstract argumentation dealing with the use of votes in the process of selecting accepted arguments. We introduce the Opinion Based Argumentation (OBA) framework, where individuals can vote (or abstain) for or against arguments in a Dung argumentation framework. Our research aims to determine the most appropriate collective decisions within this framework. We propose a new semantics for this framework, called Collective Satisfaction Semantics (CSS), to evaluate the acceptability of arguments and study their properties. Additionally, we compare these semantics against alternative methods adapted from related literature to provide insights into their relative effectiveness.

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An, Jisun, Daniele Quercia, and Jon Crowcroft. "Why individuals seek diverse opinions (or why they don't)." In the 5th Annual ACM Web Science Conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2464464.2464493.

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Al Maruf, Abdullah, Luyao Niu, Bhaskar Ramasubramanian, Andrew Clark, and Radha Poovendran. "Learning Dissemination Strategies for External Sources in Opinion Dynamic Models with Cognitive Biases." In Thirty-Second International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-23}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2023/1.

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The opinions of members of a population are influenced by opinions of their peers, their own predispositions, and information from external sources via one or more information channels (e.g., news, social media). Due to individual cognitive biases, the perceptual impact of and importance assigned by agents to information on each channel can be different. In this paper, we propose a model of opinion evolution that uses prospect theory to represent perception of information from the external source along each channel. Our prospect-theoretic model reflects traits observed in humans such as loss aversion, assigning inflated (deflated) values to low (high) probability events, and evaluating outcomes relative to an individually known reference point. We consider the problem of determining information dissemination strategies for the external source to adopt in order to drive opinions of individuals towards a desired value. However, computing a strategy faces a challenge that agents' initial predispositions and functions characterizing their perceptions of information disseminated might be unknown. We overcome this challenge by using Gaussian process learning to estimate these unknown parameters. When the external source sends information over multiple channels, the problem of jointly selecting optimal dissemination strategies is in general, combinatorial. We prove that this problem is submodular, and design near-optimal dissemination algorithms. We evaluate our model on three different widely used large graphs that represent real-world social interactions. Our results indicate that the external source can effectively drive opinions towards a desired value when using prospect-theory based dissemination strategies.

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Proncheva, Olga. "A Model of Propaganda Battle with Individuals’ Opinions on Topics Saliency." In 2020 13th International Conference Management of large-scale system development (MLSD). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mlsd49919.2020.9247796.

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Chartishvili, Alexander G., Ivan V. Kozitsin, Vyacheslav L. Goiko, and Eduard R. Saifulin. "On an Approach to Measure the Level of Polarization of Individuals’ Opinions." In 2019 Twelfth International Conference "Management of large-scale system development" (MLSD). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mlsd.2019.8911015.

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Wood-Doughty, Zach, Praateek Mahajan, and Mark Dredze. "Johns Hopkins or johnny-hopkins: Classifying Individuals versus Organizations on Twitter." In Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Computational Modeling of People’s Opinions, Personality, and Emotions in Social Media. Stroudsburg, PA, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/w18-1108.

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Shapiro, Frank. "Opinions of Individuals from Different Age and Income Brackets on the duterte Administration’s Overall Performance." In 2nd International Conference on Research in Humanities and Social Sciences. Acavent, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.33422/2nd.icrhs.2019.09.521.

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Manolii, Adela, and Wei Pang. "The linguistic perspective of cultural dimensions (on Romanian-Chinese material)." In Conferința științifică națională cu participare internațională "Integrare prin cercetare și inovare" dedicată Zilei Internaționale a Științei pentru Pace și Dezvoltare, 118–23. Moldova State University, 2025. https://doi.org/10.59295/spd2024u.19.

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The cultural identity of an individual is created in relation to others, in a unique social context. Any cultural identity is defined by recognizing the presence of the other and its cultural practices. Intercultural dialogue is essential in building cultural identity, because it supports individuals in seeing both the similarities and differences that exist in relation to others and in defining who they are. Providing a dedicated space for foreign students learning Romanian to freely express their opinions and actively engage in intercultural exchanges is essential to facilitate language learning and culture acceptance.

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Gangadharaiah, Rakesh, Lauren Mims, Yunyi Jia, and Johnell Brooks. "Opinions from Users Across the Lifespan about Fully Autonomous and Rideshare Vehicles with Associated Features." In WCX SAE World Congress Experience. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2023-01-0673.

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<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Fully autonomous vehicles have the potential to fundamentally transform the future transportation system. While previous research has examined individuals’ perceptions towards fully autonomous vehicles, a complete understanding of attitudes and opinions across the lifespan is unknown. Therefore, individuals’ awareness, acceptance, and preferences towards autonomous vehicles were obtained from 75 participants through interviews with three diverse groups of participants: 20 automotive engineering graduate students who were building an autonomous concept vehicle, 21 non-technical adults, and 34 senior citizens. The results showed that regardless of age, an individual’s readiness to ride in a fully autonomous vehicle and the vehicle’s requirements were influenced by the users’ understanding of autonomous vehicles. All of the engineering students understand what a fully autonomous vehicle is and this group was the most willing to ride especially compared to the seniors, where only half of the seniors knew what a fully autonomous vehicle is and 58.8% were not at all ready to ride one. The desire to have a manual control option or the ability to override the vehicle was common (90% of the engineering students, 95.2% of the adults, and 82.4% of the seniors), especially for individuals who reported not being ready to ride in a fully autonomous vehicle. The majority of all three groups of participants (85% of the engineering students, 81% of the adults, and 52.9% of the seniors) considered it essential that the vehicle should convey information about the vehicle’s status and intended behavior. Diagnostic information about the vehicle was desired by the engineering students (71.4%), who had a technical understanding of autonomous vehicles and current automotive related technologies. When autonomous vehicles are available, most participants anticipate preferring to use them as a rideshare service model (75% of the engineering students, 38% of the adults, and 27% of the seniors) rather than owning (5% of the engineering students, 19% of the adults, and 21% of the seniors) the autonomous vehicle themselves. Regarding the topic of sharing rides with strangers, both the automotive engineering students (90%) and the adults (52.6%) were comfortable with the idea of pooled rideshare in comparison to the seniors (29.4%). In future efforts, it will be important to include potential autonomous vehicle users of a wide age range as well as physical, cognitive, and visual abilities.</div></div>

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WATANABE, Joji. "Convertible Government Bond as a Solution to “Moneycracy”." In 5th World Conference on Business, Management, Finance, Economics, and Marketing, 50. Eurasia Conferences, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.62422/978-81-968539-6-9-028.

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Since the primary concern for politicians is to get as many votes as possible for their survivals at every election that requires plenty of money/work, they tend to listen to opinions of influential wealthy individuals and large entities. Due to widening gaps in income levels and accumulated wealth for a small number of individuals, “Democracy” in most countries has been transforming to “Moneycracy” where money plays a vital role in shaping public policies, rather than opinions of “Demo-”, ordinary small individuals, especially the underprivileged/handicapped. Once a political leader establishes a strong position, even modest hopes of such small but many individuals are often ignored. In the history of currency, drastic changes are seen in its material/type from typically coins of precious metals, paper currency, numbers in bank accounts to the recent digital currencies in electronic memory, which means technically there is no limit in issuance of today’s currency. Although the amount of issued currency has been one of the determinant factors in the management of national economies, we still keep the notion that its excessive supply would create hyperinflation, and government bond issuance is not considered sound for the economy. However, having reviewed the economic difficulties of some countries, e.g. Ireland, Greece, Mongolia, Sri Lanca and Japan, this paper discusses a fundamental defect in today’s standard currency system, and suggests a new system such as convertible government bonds, which can be converted to currency as necessary. This can be one of the solutions to alleviate today’s “Moneycracy”.

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Reports on the topic "Individuals opinions"

Guizzo Altube, Matías, and Carlos Scartascini. Gender-Based Research and Interviewer Effects: Evidence for Latin America and the Caribbean. Inter-American Development Bank, April 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0012886.

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As the measurement of public opinion and attitudes toward gender issues has gained increasing attention in gender policy and research, the accurate design, implementation, and analysis of survey data has become paramount. In this paper, we examine the impact of the gender of the interviewer on survey responses in Latin America and the Caribbean, both individually and in the aggregate, using data from the LAPOP surveys (2012-2018). We also present a formal model that illustrates how the gender of the interviewer may influence responses and derive an optimal adjustment in survey design and analysis to account for this bias. Our findings highlight the substantial influence of social norms on gender opinions, revealing that respondents are more likely to overestimate men's abilities in politics relative to women's and to accept domestic violence when interviewed by men rather than women. Two key actions emerge as a corollary: survey firms should always provide the gender of the interviewer in their data, and researchers should adjust for this bias in their analysis. Without implementing these recommended practices, survey data may not accurately reflect what individuals in the region think about gender issues, potentially skewing behaviors and public policy.

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Heinrich, Carolyn, and Yeri López. Does Community Participation Produce Dividends in Social Investment Fund Projects? Inter-American Development Bank, March 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011175.

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Social investment funds, a widely used tool of development efforts, aim to support and strengthen local capacity for effective implementation of social and economic infrastructure projects through participatory, community-driven approaches. This working paper investigates whether these participatory methods improve the outcomes of education projects and community members' perceptions of their effectiveness using data from an impact evaluation of the third phase of the Fondo Hondureño de Inversión Social (FHIS). The study also makes an important contribution with more carefully defined and explicit measures of individuals' participation in community projects. In regards to the outcome, the authors do not find statistically significant effects of the education projects on academic outcomes of school-aged youth, but they do observe positive, statistically significant relationships between the use of participatory methodologies and household opinions of the projects, as well as between households' level of participation and their opinions of the projects.

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Collyer, Michael, Dolf Te Lintelo, and Tahir Zaman. Assessing Displaced People’s Design Choices Around Social Assistance. Institute of Development Studies, September 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/basic.2024.016.

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Many social assistance programmes make no explicit provision for displaced people at all. Although refugees have more often been considered in terms of international protection, this has not been the case as regularly for internally displaced people (IDPs). As crises become more prolonged, international support is also likely to decline. Whenever displaced people are included, they are usually considered in terms of the reach or impact of social assistance programmes but are rarely consulted about the design of such programmes. This is often due to political barriers around exclusion by host governments. This paper does not tackle these political barriers but sets out to partially address the exclusion of displaced people from the design and planning of social assistance programming by consulting them in a range of design choices about how they engage with social assistance and what a good social assistance programme would look like. The paper draws on research in two locations (camp and city) in each of three countries: the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Lebanon, and Pakistan. Each of these countries has hosted large numbers of displaced people for extensive periods of time but they are otherwise very different contexts. This is therefore a ‘most different’ comparative research design, so common factors across the three countries are particularly important. Research is based on Q method – a relatively unusual methodological approach that has a number of specific advantages in this field. One of the aims of this paper is to test and outline this relatively unusual method, meaning that academics are one of the primary audiences. Displaced participants were consulted directly on their views about the design of social assistance programmes. Rather than expanding on individual perspectives (as focus groups or interviews do) or taking aggregate views of multiple variables (as surveys do), Q allows the identification of groups by individual. Rather than isolating multiple opinions on single points of design, Q allows for the complexity of a single individual’s opinions on multiple points of design and compares these statistically to many other individuals’ opinions of the same design points. This results in the identification of groups of individuals who share similar sets of perspectives, allowing the creation of personas that are statistically representative of the group. This method is set out in detail in the annexe and the resulting personas are presented in section 3. These groups allow us to highlight the key lines of differentiation around important design points. Overall, the paper provides a series of significant directions to consider in the design of formal social assistance programmes. These are expanded on in section 4, but in summary: ● Opinions on design of social assistance fall significantly along gender lines. In all three countries, at least one of the groups was exclusively or mostly comprised of women, meaning that significant groups of women share common opinions on social assistance, which are distinct from men’s opinions. This underlines the importance of consulting men and women separately. ● When looking at the range of opinions particular to women’s groups, some issues stand out, particularly a reluctance to engage with community or neighbourhood organisations that is not shared by groups that are majority men. This is important for the paper’s analysis of informal social assistance. We argue that it is important for formal programmes to recognise the role played by informal social assistance, and the greater sensitivity expressed by women around reliance on neighbourhoods and communities is a significant element of this. ● A second key distinction across all three countries is between urban and ‘camp’ locations, though this was less evident in Lebanon. Urban residents are more likely to demand more from the state in fulfilling its responsibility of managing the population on its territory, and have less confidence in United Nations (UN) agencies. This suggests that displaced people will be more receptive to social assistance programmes that are delivered through or alongside state-based programmes in urban areas. ● A third common point was in support for universality, with very little targeting of particular vulnerable groups. In DRC there was strong support among displaced groups to focus social assistance exclusively on them, though within this focus there was also little support for targeting of specific displaced groups (for ‍example, women, even among the majority women’s groups). ● Significant currents of opinion also emerge around the importance of dignity in support programmes, which is closely linked to anonymity and invisibility in means of receipt of assistance. There are very clear lessons here in ensuring that recipients are not publicly identified in the operation of these programmes. ● The research provides further support for the value of cash, but this is nuanced in situations where vital needs (medicine in the case of DRC) are not available to buy. Generally, those people with experience of receiving cash were more supportive. The design lesson here is that greater support will be needed to introduce and monitor cash in areas where there is limited experience of using cash. ● Finally, research highlights the values of incorporating informal forms of social assistance (from neighbours, family, religious organisations, and community groups) into analysis of more formal sources, even though support for this (as noted earlier) was not universal, highlighting how informal social assistance is far from an ideal alternative to the decline in formal sources of assistance.

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Chong, Alberto E., and Mark Gradstein. Education and Democratic Preferences. Inter-American Development Bank, June 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0010914.

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This paper examines the causal link between education and democracy. Motivated by a model whereby educated individuals are in a better position to assess the effects of public policies and hence favor democracy where their opinions matter, the empirical analysis uses World Values Surveys to study the link between education and democratic attitudes. Controlling for a variety of characteristics, the paper finds that higher education levels tend to result in rodemocracy views. These results hold across countries with different levels of democracy, thus rejecting the hypothesis that indoctrination through education is an effective tool in non-democratic countries.

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Albornoz, Facundo, Guillermo Cruces, and María Lombardi. Trusting Covid-19 recommendations: The role of experts, markets and governments. Inter-American Development Bank, August 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0005097.

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Do individuals trust experts' advice? Does the sector represented by these experts matter for trust and compliance? Do individuals prefer the public or the private sector for large-scale responses to events such as the pandemic? We answer these questions by means of a large-scale survey on a representative sample of 9,444 respondents from Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico, Peru and Uruguay. We study if opinions on risk-mitigating actions against Covid-19 are shaped by expert recommendations and the sectors they represent. We identify a backlash against experts' recommendations that is robust across expert sectors and countries, and more pronounced for recommendations that require more effort to implement. We also find that, even for individuals with a low level of trust in the public sector, there is widespread agreement that governments should be preferred over the private sector to lead the production and distribution of vaccines. Most respondents, even those expressing distrust in governments, believe that governments should get involved in producing the vaccine for Covid-19, either exclusively or in a partnership with the private sector. This result is stronger for the distribution of the vaccine than for its production.

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Lizama-Pérez, Rodrigo, Ignacio Chirosa-Ríos, Luis Chirosa-Ríos, Enrique Olave, Carmen Ferragut, Helena Vila, and Daniel Jerez-Mayorga. Effects of eccentric exercise on muscle architecture in adults: A systematic review. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2021.12.0094.

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Review question / Objective: Question: What is the effect of eccentric training on muscle architecture in the adult population? Objective: This review aims to evaluate the effects of eccentric training on muscle architecture in the adult population. Condition being studied: Healthy individuals who were subjected to eccentric training. Eligibility criteria: Articles that met the following criteria were included in this review: (I) subjects >18 years old, (II) Eccentric training program longer than 4 weeks (III) Studies with randomized clinical trial design, (IV) studies reporting measures of muscle architecture: “pennation angle”, “fascicle length”, “muscle thickness”, (V) full text available, and (VI) articles in English. In addition, we excluded all those articles that (I) Eccentric training programs of less than 4 weeks (II) conference presentations, theses, books, editorials, review articles and expert opinions, (III) duplicate articles, and (IV) articles in which the principal or secondary authors did not respond to e-mail requests.

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Holzer, Peter, Gaur Abhishek, Edward Arens, Shady Attia, Vincenzo Corrado, Rajat Gupta, Mohamed Hamdy, et al. International Energy Agency - Resilient Cooling of Buildings - Key Performance Indicators Report (Annex 80). Edited by Philipp Stern and Patryk Czarnecki. Institute of Building Research & Innovation, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.52776/rhet5776.

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The world is facing a rapid increase of air conditioning of buildings. It is the motivation of Annex 80 to develop, assess and communicate solutions of resilient cooling and overheating protection. Resilient Cooling is used to denote low energy and low carbon cooling solutions that strengthen the ability of individuals and our community to withstand, and prevent, thermal and other impacts of changes in global and local climates. Within Annex 80, there is a manifold need to use key performance indicators (KPI, i.e. performance metrics). This study employs a structured approach to evaluate Key Performance Indicators for assessing the resilience of buildings across various technologies. All suggested KPIs pertinent to assessing building resilience were collected and listed comprehensively. This involved an extensive review of existing literature, standards, and expert opinions. The aim was to compile a comprehensive inventory of KPIs that encompass diverse aspects of building resilience. Each identified KPI is systematically described to ensure clarity and understanding. This description includes a definition, a list of commonly used synonyms, units of measurement, and sources for the information.

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Salazar, Alessandro Toledo, Matthew Medrano, Mathias Duque Medina, Julio Roa, and Jorge E. Pesantez. Enhancing Evacuation Warning Responsiveness: Exploring the Impact of Social Interactions through an Agent-Based Model Approach. Mineta Transportation Institute, June 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2024.2356.

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Evacuations are the preferred response to human- or natural-caused disasters. The process often involves people deciding when and how to evacuate based on messages from local authorities. However, diverse opinions of the affected people may influence their decision to evacuate or to stay and see how the situation unfolds. This project applies an opinion dynamics concept to model the opinion and decision-making of people threatened by wildfire. To demonstrate how individual opinions evolve with time, the model applies an agent-based approach that includes the interaction between an agency sending an evacuation message and the affected population. There are three sources of information concerning the mathematical model of an opinion: the global broadcasting message, interaction of the agent with its social media network, and observations of neighbors’ actions. The opinion value of each agent leads to a decision to evacuate if it overcomes a resistance threshold. By combining sources of information, the results show that when global broadcasting is the only information available to agents, a decision to evacuate is unanimously reached after a short period. However, when social media interactions are included, there is a delay in reaching a unanimous agreement to evacuate. Furthermore, when social media interactions are replaced by observing the actions of neighbors, there is no agreement to evacuate among the agents, and most of them decide to stay and see how the situation progresses. This research project provides opportunities for planning and management of traffic and routes when an evacuation is expected but the number of people participating is unknown. The results provide valuable insights that could be applied as part of disaster-planning and other potentially life-saving measures.

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Shey Wiysonge, Charles. Does use of local opinion leaders improve professional practice and patient outcomes? SUPPORT, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.30846/1608113.

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Opinion leaders are a small number of individuals within a community who have an influence on what the rest of the community does. They are active media users, who interpret the meaning of media messages or content for lower-end media users. Because of their influence, it is thought that opinion leaders may be able to persuade healthcare providers to use the best available evidence when treating and managing patients.

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Hernández-López, Luis Pablo, and Miriam Romero-López. Social competence and self-esteem: a systematic review. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, April 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.4.0149.

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Review question / Objective: What kind of relationship exists between social competence and self-esteem in students of any age? Condition being studied: Self-esteem is understood as the evaluative dimension of self-concept, having great importance in the interpretation of opinions, behavior, and emotions. The study of the relationship between these two concepts is important because low levels of self-esteem can be a source of significant psychological distress and can diminish the individual's social competence skills. And in turn, the strengthening of self-esteem would increase the likelihood of adequate progress in social competence, which would imply a healthy development of the individual in his or her environment. Other studies reveal the association between perceived social competence, higher levels of emotional regulation, better academic performance, adequate coping strategies, and a healthier self-concept among the child and adolescent population.

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