Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Individualized Writing'

Thesis (D.A.)--Illinois State University, 1987.
Title from title page screen, viewed August 30, 2005. Dissertation Committee: Ron Fortune (chair), Mack Bowen, Irene Brosnahan, Elizabeth McMahan, Maurice Scharton. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 185-194) and abstract. Also available in print.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Illinois State University, 1998.
Title from title page screen, viewed July 11, 2006. Dissertation Committee: Janice Neuleib (chair), Julia Visor, Jerry Weber, Heather Graves. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 169-176) and abstract. Also available in print.

The goal of this study was to examine the professional development experiences of two participants while they were creating standards-based individualized education plan (IEP) goals using a virtual world called TeacherSim. The focuses of the study were how did special educators engage with the task of creating standards-based IEP goals using TeacherSim and how did TeacherSim support or hinder this? This research used a descriptive case study selecting two participants from the larger data set of seven participants. The data was analyzed using qualitative coding which compared the observed experiences with the case propositions. This case study demonstrated that special education professionals can work at a distance to learn the process of creating standards-based IEP goals while using the technology of a virtual world. Similarly, the use of virtual world technology appeared to facilitate feelings of physical and social presence, which aided in online collaborative activities.

This study investigated the effects of individualized writing instruction with and without phonemic segmentation on the standard spelling performance of at-risk first graders. Forty-two students from fifteen non-public elementary school Chapter I programs participated in the study. Subjects were pretested using the Yopp-Singer Test of Phoneme Segmentation to determine their phonemic awareness level. Students were matched in triads and placed in one of two treatment groups or the control group using a constrained random assignment procedure. The Basic Achievement Skills Individual Screener (BASIS) spelling subtest was administered to assess standard spelling performance. The first treatment group received individualized writing instruction using a phonemic segmentation procedure based on the work of D. B. Elkonin and used in the Reading Recovery program for at-risk first graders. The second treatment group received individualized writing instruction where teachers supplied correct spellings. The control group received no additional writing instruction emphasizing spelling. Treatment occurred twice weekly for twelve weeks. Following treatment students were re-evaluated using the BASIS spelling subtest and Yopp-Singer Test of Phoneme Segmentation. The Cognitive Abilities Test was also administered to determine a cognitive ability level for each subject. Data were analyzed using a 3X3X3 analysis of covariance. Due to the impact phonemic awareness and cognitive ability have on spelling performance, the study stratified students into high, medium and low phonemic awareness levels and high, average and low cognitive ability levels. Results indicated there were no differences among the groups following treatment. As the data analysis progressed a question as to whether either treatment improved phonemic awareness arose. Analysis of variance on the mean differences of phonemic awareness scores indicated there were no significant differences among the three groups. Study results suggested that use of the Elkonin analysis phonemic segmentation procedure in isolation may have limited benefits in improving spelling for at-risk first graders. Additionally, the study pointed to the need for further research on phonemic awareness training programs and the importance of earmarking financial resources for students who will benefit most from phonemic awareness instruction.

A in-depth analysis of the literary production by a group of female authors labelled by Chinese literary critics as "Individualized Writers", all born in the 60s of the last century and displaying some common features both in contents and style

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Researchers have made great efforts on building effective teaching methodologies for learners with diverse repertoires. In this direction, a group of behavior analysts developed a computerized teaching program that has been widely used in laboratory context and has been recently used in school context. Satisfactory results have been obtained on teaching reading and writing basic skills in both contexts. The program, named Aprendendo a Ler e a Escrever em Pequenos Passos (ProgLeit), was developed based on literature on the formation of equivalence classes of stimuli. It has some of the features established as favorable for learning to read by anyone: speed and degree of difficulty are individually programmed and constant feedback is provided to the performance of the learner. Considering the positive results in controlled environments and school situation, it was possible to extend the controlled use of the teaching program to broader contexts, such as the student s residence. The application of the program in home context by relatives or families trained to monitor and record the sessions created the opportunity to benefit a greater number of children. This study evaluated reading learning by children with intellectual disabilities when trained on the tasks of Module 1 of ProgLeit by their relatives or families in their homes. Concomitantly, the behavior of relatives as ProgLeit monitors was evaluated. For this purpose, a computer with the program was provided for relatives for the duration of Module 1 application. The researcher had trained and supervised the relatives to provide constant monitoring and evaluation of results. Six students from a special school participated in this study, among which five have completed Module 1. Single subject design guided data analysis. Five out of the six students went from zero performance and less than 20% accuracy in reading words printed on pre-test for average performance in the pos-test was near to 89.3% for trained words and 52% for generalization words. Furthermore, they required a reduced number of sessions of each step to reach the learning criteria along the exposure to the procedure. These results replicated those obtained in studies conducted in laboratory and school settings with the same teaching program. The behavior of relative members as monitors was evaluated in terms of providing cues and application frequency. The number of cues provided by them decreased as the student reached the learning criteria in each step, showing greater efficiency teaching program to control the response of the learner. The control of some environmental variables related to the program application such as the local conditions where it is applied, the monitors training and the type of cue provided by them during the application may be important to obtain results even more promising for students with intellectual disabilities. The results indicate that the program application by relatives in the residence of the participants may be a promising learning condition for this population. Furthermore, data showed evidence of the generality of ProgLeit efficiency in other contexts as well as laboratory and school context.
Pesquisadores têm empreendido esforços para a construção de metodologias eficazes de ensino que atendam às necessidades de aprendizes com repertórios diversificados. Nessa direção, um grupo de analistas do comportamento desenvolveu um programa de ensino informatizado para aplicação indivualizada que vem sendo largamente utilizado, em ambiente controlado de laboratório e, mais recentemente, em situação escolar, com resultados comprovadamente positivos no ensino de habilidades básicas de leitura e escrita. O programa, denominado Aprendendo a Ler e a Escrever em Pequenos Passos (ProgLeit), foi desenvolvido com base na literatura sobre a formação de classes de estímulos equivalentes e dentre suas principais características podem-se destacar: consequências diferenciais para o desempenho e a progressão gradual do conteúdo a ser ensinado, conforme o ritmo do aprendiz. Tendo em vista os resultados positivos em ambientes controlados e em situação escolar, foi possível estender o uso controlado do programa de ensino para contextos mais abrangentes, como a residência do aprendiz. A aplicação doméstica do programa por um familiar treinado para monitorar e registrar as sessões gerou a possibilidade de beneficiar maior número de aprendizes. Esta pesquisa objetivou avaliar a aprendizagem de leitura de aprendizes com deficiência intelectual, quando expostos ao Módulo 1 do ProgLeit aplicado pelos seus familiares em suas residências e investigar o comportamento dos familiares enquanto monitores do ProgLeit. Para tal finalidade, foi fornecido para as famílias, por um período limitado ao tempo de aplicação do Módulo 1, um computador com o programa necessário para sua execução. Foi implementado um esquema de treinamento, acompanhamento e avaliação dos resultados. Participaram dessa pesquisa seis aprendizes de uma escola especial, dentre os quais, cinco finalizaram o Módulo 1. Os dados foram coletados e analisados pelo delineamento de sujeito único. Dos seis aprendizes, cinco passaram de desempenhos nulos e inferiores a 20% de acertos na leitura de palavras impressas no pré-teste para desempenho médio próximo a 89,3% para palavras de treino e 52% para palavras de generalização no pósteste. O número necessário de sessões dos passos para alcance dos critérios de aprendizagem diminuiu, ao longo da exposição ao procedimento, replicando os resultados de estudos prévios realizados em situação laboratorial e escolar. O comportamento dos familiares enquanto monitores foi avaliado em termos de fornecimento de dicas e frequência de aplicação. O número de dicas fornecido por eles reduziu conforme o aprendiz atingia os critérios de ensino programados em cada passo, evidenciando maior eficiência do programa de ensino no controle do comportamento do aprendiz, em relação ao controle exercido pelo monitoramento dos pais. O estudo mostrou que o controle das variáveis ambientais relacionadas à aplicação do programa, como o local de aplicação, o treinamento dos monitores e o tipo de dica fornecida por eles durante a aplicação pode ser importante para a obtenção de resultados cada vez mais promissores para aprendizes com deficiência intelectual. Os resultados indicam que a implementação na residência dos aprendizes e a aplicação pelos familiares pode ser uma situação promissora de aprendizagem para essa população, demonstrando a generalidade da aplicabilidade do ProgLeit para além do contexto laboratorial e escolar.

Syftet med detta arbete är att ta reda på hur lärarna arbetar med försenad läs– och skrivutveckling. Jag har valt att undersöka vad en försenad läs- och skrivutveckling kan bero på, hur man som lärare kan arbeta med att förebygga svårigheterna och vad svårigheterna kan få för konsekvenser längre fram. Lärarna har en viktig roll i att lära eleverna läsa och skriva för att förbereda eleverna på det kommande vuxenlivet och ge dem möjlighet till vidareutbildning. Jag har valt att intervjua lärare i olika årskurser för att se hur man arbetar med svårigheterna på olika stadier. Jag har även valt att intervjua elever för att få en bild av hur de själva ser på sin läs- och skrivutveckling.

Min undersökning visar att det finns ett flertal orsaker till en försenad läs- och skrivutveckling som ofta samverkar med varandra. Elever har olika förutsättningar beroende på bland annat hemmiljö, emotionella problem och dålig fonologisk medvetenhet. Även lärarna har en stor och viktig roll, undervisningen måste individanpassas så att varje elev känner glädje och motivation för den utmaning de står inför. Lärarna måste också arbeta med att eleverna inte jämför sin egna utveckling med kamraternas och att eleverna lär för sin egen skull.

The purpose of this work is to find out how teachers work with delayed reading and writing development. I have chosen to investigate what a delay of reading and writing development depends on, how you, as a teacher, can prevent the difficulties and what consequences they can lead to in the future. The teachers have an important task in teaching the students to read and write, to prepare them for the future grown-up life and to give them possibilities for further development. I have chosen to interview teachers in different grades to see how they work with difficulties in different stages. I have also interviewed some students to get a picture of how they look upon their own reading and writing evolvement.

The result of my investigation is that there are a number of reasons for this problem that interact with each other. The students have different conditions regarding for example home environment, emotional problems and low phonologic awareness. The teachers play a big part in this question as well. The education has to be individually adjusted so that every student feels joy and motivation for the challenge they face. The teachers also need to have the students understand that they study for there own knowledge and that they should not compare themselves with other students.

Abstract

The purpose of this research paper is to study which methods teachers are using to develop children’s reading and writing skills. The purpose is also to investigate necessarily conditions to individualize the teaching of reading and writing.

The qualitative research is based on interviews with six elementary school teachers. The interviewed teachers think that it is important to see every child individually to be able to develop the reading and writing skills. Education can only be stimulating and delightful when it is individualized. In spite of this, the result shows that the majority of the teachers are using only one method when teaching children reading and writing. The teachers agree that there should be collaboration with the children’s previous teachers to be able to know each child faster. Mapping and documentation are also useful for teachers. The result of the study also shows that computers and fiction books are good complements to the regular reading and writing teaching. The most common reading and writing methods among the teachers are a combination of the sound imitating method and the full word method. Success in individualizing depends on the access of remedial teacher and the number of stand by teachers. Furthermore, it is immensely important that all teaching is well thought-out and well planned, according to the interviewed teachers.

My conclusions are that teachers have to offer a lot of different methods in order to get all children the same conditions for their learning. I feel that it’s important to meet and see every child and their needs. To be able to do so teachers must vary their approach when children learn to read and write.

博士
國立臺灣大學
政治學研究所
107
This dissertation adopts the concept of post-Chineseness to explain how Chinese-Indonesian from different backgrounds understand their thoughts and their views on China, and to clarify how Chinese-Indonesian writers utilize their cultural resources to practice their identities. According the concept of post-Chineseness, the main question is whether China is an ”motherland” or a "foreign country" for Chinese-Indonesian analytically. Empirically speaking, how do Chinese-Indonesian identify themselves and view China after several riots in Indonesia? To answer the research questions, this article analyzes the literature and oral histories of four Chinese-Indonesian writers individually for their identities and understanding of China. Each chapter offers an in-depth study of four Chinese-Indonesian writers, Benny Gatot Setiono, Thung Ju Lan, Sunardi Mulia and Hendry Jurnawan respectively about their background, experience and identification among themselves as Chinese. According to the analytical framework of post-Chineseness, these four writers can be divided by two aspects: one is to discuss China outside/inside China, and the other is to utilize Chinese culture as identity/social resources. The four Chinese-Indonesian writers have exemplified four different forms of post-Chineseness. The concept of post-Chineseness reflects how local Chinese reconnect to China and its multiple practices. The continuous usage of the same cultural resources ensures mutual understanding between China and overseas Chinese descendant even though everyone owns different cultural memories. The conclusion of this dissertation is that the post-Chineseness can analyze and explain the differences among Chinese-Indonesians and their various views on China systematically which also apply to other overseas Chinese. Such differentiated Chinese-Indonesian identies have reduced the solidarity of Chinese-Indonesian as an ethic minority but affirmed the economic contribution of Chinese-Indonesian to Indonisia. The idea of post-Chinese properly explain the effects of the assimilation program of Indonesian government which have diversified the Chinese-Indonesian identities making Chinese-Indonesian as an integral part of Indonesia.

Across grade levels, students with learning disabilities (LD) experience challenges with aspects of their academic learning in terms of reading and writing. In many cases, these challenges can be addressed by utilizing assistive technology (AT) applications as a potential solution. According to the reauthorization of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act in 2004, AT should be "considered" in the development of the Individualized Education Program (IEP) to meet the requirement of providing a free and appropriate public education (FAPE) and to assist students in accessing the general education curriculum. The law requires IEP teams to consider AT to determine whether AT devices and services are necessary; therefore, IEP team members play an important role for considering AT and how AT should be specified in the IEP (Golden, 1998). The IEP team members include school administrators, teachers, and professionals who are responsible for developing, reviewing, and revising the IEP for students with disabilities. Thus, the IEP team members should have essential knowledge to inform AT decisionmaking (Bowser, 2003). The Technology and Media Division (TAM) of the Council of Exceptional Children (CEC) lists standards and teacher competencies regarding knowledge and skills of AT for practitioners and related professionals to follow. The standards include obtaining knowledge about AT legal foundations, students' characteristics, instructional content, technology applications, and related services for providing technology. In order to know whether IEP team members possess knowledge for considering AT for students with LD, the purpose of this study was to examine IEP team members' knowledge regarding characteristics of students with LD, AT legislation, AT devices, and AT services for considering assistive technology in the IEP development for 3rd grade to 5th grade students who have been identified as having learning disabilities in reading and writing. Participants (N=1050) including school administrators, general education teachers, special education teachers, diagnosticians, and speech/language pathologists from three school districts in a southern state were surveyed. Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) was used to analyze the data. The results showed that participants were somewhat knowledgeable about the characteristics of students with LD, AT legislation, AT devices, and AT services when considering AT in the IEP development. Training in terms of quality and quantity was suggested by researchers to provide IEP team members who are serving students with LD better preparing for considering AT in the IEP team meetings. Future research should focus on conducting a similar study with different IEP team members and with different disability groups rather than just learning disability.

Accelerating technological and social innovation drives the need for graduates ready for self-directed lifelong learning. Self-directed learning (SDL) projects are now an integral part of many formal undergraduate programs across the disciplines. A Personal Development Portfolio (PDP) based on Grow’s Iterative Staged Self-directed Learning Model was introduced into a second year Information Systems course to raise awareness of the need for SDL and enable students to drive their own learning. The study evaluates the success of the PDP in preparing graduates as self-directed lifelong learners. Students’ reflective writing and learning journals, together with submitted portfolio work was taken as evidence of success and difficulties. Resistance often accompanies the changes introduced by SDL. This research therefore also explores the potential for business change management principles in mediating change to the educational environment. Student engagement with SDL was found to be accomplished with mixed success; most students demonstrated initial resistance, while many developed into focused reflective learners over time. While students were able to define appropriate learning goals and reflect on progress and achievement, mixed ability in specifying resources, strategies and validation to support their learning was found. Creating change readiness through messaging, cooperative SDL and using adapted change management models were of use in refining the SDL process.