Books: 'Individual variability'

1

Wong, Judy M. Y. Inter-individual variability of carbonyl reductase activity. Ottawa: National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1993.

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2

Carr, Karen. Individual variability in visual search with irrelevant stimuli. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 1989.

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3

F, Sing Charles, and Hanis Craig L, eds. Genetics of cellular, individual, family, and population variability. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993.

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4

B, Seleka Tebogo, and New York State College of Agriculture and Life Sciences. Dept. of Agricultural Economics., eds. Agricultural diversity and cash receipt variability for individual states. Ithaca, N.Y: Dept. of Agricultural Economics, Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, 1993.

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5

Tauer, Loren W. Agricultural diversity and cash receipt variability for individual states. Ithaca, N.Y: Dept. of Agricultural, Resource, and Managerial Economics, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Cornell University, 1994.

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6

Kovalev, E. E. Estimation of radiation risk based on the concept of individual variability of radiosenitivity. Bethesda, Md: Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, 1996.

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7

Kovalev, E. E. Estimation of radiation risk based on the concept of individual variability of radiosensitivity. Bethesda, Md: Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, 1996.

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8

Kovalev, E. E. Estimation of radiation risk based on the concept of individual variability of radiosenitivity. Bethesda, Md: Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, 1996.

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9

Riedmaier, Arian Emami. Characterization of organic anion transporter 7 (OAT7): Expression, substrate selectivity, regulation and inter-individual variability in human liver. [S.l: s.n.], 2014.

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10

Cotie, Lisa. The validation of heart rate variability in individuals with spinal cord injury. St. Catharines, Ont: Brock University, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, 2009.

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11

Eidson, Thomas. The effects of variability of practice on normal and mentally handicapped individuals for closed and open motor skills. Eugene: Microform Publications, College of Human Development and Performance, University of Oregon, 1987.

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12

Lott, Dale F. Intraspecific variation in the social systems of wild vertebrates. Cambridge [England]: Cambridge University Press, 1991.

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13

Cognitive Development and Individual Variability. MDPI, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/books978-3-03921-053-4.

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14

Lecerf, Thierry. Cognitive Development and Individual Variability. Mdpi AG, 2019.

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15

Chan, Burton. The intra- and inter-individual variability of nifedipine pa pharmacokinetics. 1995.

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16

Lemieux, Camille. Inter- and intra- individual variability in acetylation-characterization with caffeine. 1985.

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17

Mendoza-Denton, Rodolfo, and Jordan B. Leitner. Stigma, Health, and Individual Differences. Edited by Brenda Major, John F. Dovidio, and Bruce G. Link. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190243470.013.20.

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This chapter discusses how within-group variability is as important a component to understanding the relationship between stigma and health outcomes as between-group variability. The chapter offers a framework that proposes that people’s expectations, beliefs, attitudes, goals, and self-regulatory competencies interact with one another, as well as with people’s cultural environment, to yield individual differences in response to perceived discrimination. The chapter reviews a set of individual difference constructs that have been shown to affect physical and psychological health-related outcomes. Throughout the chapter, we emphasize that individual differences can arise not only through differences in how much a given construct characterizes a person but also through differences in the relationships among the constructs themselves as well as differences in the environment. The broad goal is to reconcile individual variability with group-level differences.

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18

Sommerville, Jessica, Alia Martin, and Talee Ziv, eds. Variability and Individual Differences in Early Social Perception and Social Cognition. Frontiers Media SA, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/978-2-88919-848-1.

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19

Minbashian, Amirali. Within-Person Variability in Performance. Edited by David G. Collings, Kamel Mellahi, and Wayne F. Cascio. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198758273.013.27.

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Understanding individual performance at work is an important element in developing effective talent-management systems. Although research on individual performance has largely addressed between-person differences in performance, more recently, focus has been on within-person variability in performance. This chapter reviews the literature on within-person variability. A model of individual performance is presented that incorporates short-term and long-term within-person performance variability and individual differences. The benefits of the model as a framework for explaining individual performance are outlined, as are its implications for the conceptualization of talent and the development of talent-management systems. Specific talent-management practices with respect to employee assessment and employee motivation are discussed.

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20

MacPherson, Sarah E., Celine R. Gillebert, Gail A. Robinson, and Antonino Vallesi, eds. Intra- and Inter-individual Variability of Executive Functions: Determinant and Modulating Factors in Healthy and Pathological Conditions. Frontiers Media SA, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/978-2-88945-837-0.

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21

Traxler, Matthew J. Using Multilevel Models to Evaluate Individual Differences in Deaf Readers. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190455651.003.0014.

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Understanding how and why individuals vary is an important aspect of understanding language function. In assessing literacy in deaf readers, we must supplement normative models of functioning with models that take into account how individual differences enhance or detract from skill attainment. This chapter provides a brief case for and description of multilevel models (sometimes known as hierarchical linear models) as a tool to aid research on individual differences. These kinds of models have been applied successfully to understand variability in both hearing and deaf readers. This chapter explains how multilevel models resemble and differ from other commonly applied data analysis techniques, and why they offer a better alternative than those techniques for many applications within deaf education research.

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22

Guisinger, Alexandra. Economic Vulnerability, Self-Interest, and Individual Trade Preferences. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190651824.003.0004.

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Chapter 4 provides an original explanation both for why women and minorities are more likely to express protectionist sentiments and for why those protectionist sentiments are not reflected in their voting. The chapter provides an extension of standard models of individual economic well-being to consider trade’s effect not only on wages but also on employment volatility, which is increased by openness to foreign trade. The chapter offers analysis of original survey data from 2006 and 2010 and three decades of American National Election Studies to confirm the previously observed gender gap and newly identified racial gap in trade preferences. The chapter then presents two experimental surveys testing alternative causal mechanisms for the divides. Both experiments vary the type of information provided to respondents about trade partners and potential benefits of trade. In both cases, experiments show stability in women and non-whites preferences for trade and variability in white men’s preferences. Next, the chapter reinvestigates the salience of trade by gender and racial groupings and shows low salience among women and non-whites. The chapter concludes with a description of who might benefit from women and minorities stable preferences and why so few organizations seek to do so.

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23

Mills, Caitlin, Arianne Herrera-Bennett, Myrthe Faber, and Kalina Christoff. Why the Mind Wanders. Edited by Kalina Christoff and Kieran C. R. Fox. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190464745.013.42.

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This chapter offers a functional account of why the mind—when free from the demands of a task or the constraints of heightened emotions—tends to wander from one topic to another, in a ceaseless and seemingly random fashion. We propose the default variability hypothesis, which builds on William James’s phenomenological account of thought as a form of mental locomotion, as well as on recent advances in cognitive neuroscience and computational modeling. Specifically, the default variability hypothesis proposes that the default mode of mental content production yields the frequent arising of new mental states that have heightened variability of content over time. This heightened variability in the default mode of mental content production may be an adaptive mechanism that (1) enhances episodic memory efficiency through de-correlating individual episodic memories from one another via temporally spaced reactivations, and (2) facilitates semantic knowledge optimization by providing optimal conditions for interleaved learning.

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24

Railsback, Steven F., and Bret C. Harvey. Modeling Populations of Adaptive Individuals. Princeton University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691195285.001.0001.

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Ecologists now recognize that the dynamics of populations, communities, and ecosystems are strongly affected by adaptive individual behaviors. Yet until now, we have lacked effective and flexible methods for modeling such dynamics. Traditional ecological models become impractical with the inclusion of behavior, and the optimization approaches of behavioral ecology cannot be used when future conditions are unpredictable due to feedbacks from the behavior of other individuals. This book provides a comprehensive introduction to state- and prediction-based theory, or SPT, a powerful new approach to modeling trade-off behaviors in contexts such as individual-based population models where feedbacks and variability make optimization impossible. This book features a wealth of examples that range from highly simplified behavior models to complex population models in which individuals make adaptive trade-off decisions about habitat and activity selection in highly heterogeneous environments. The book explains how SPT builds on key concepts from the state-based dynamic modeling theory of behavioral ecology, and how it combines explicit predictions of future conditions with approximations of a fitness measure to represent how individuals make good—not optimal—decisions that they revise as conditions change. The resulting models are realistic, testable, adaptable, and invaluable for answering fundamental questions in ecology and forecasting ecological outcomes of real-world scenarios.

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25

Morell-Ducos, Fausto. COMT and morphine use in cancer pain. Edited by Paul Farquhar-Smith, Pierre Beaulieu, and Sian Jagger. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198834359.003.0082.

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The landmark paper discussed in this chapter is ‘Genetic variation in the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene and morphine requirements in cancer patients with pain’, published by Rakvåg et al. in 2008. Genetic variation contributes to differences in pain sensitivity and response to analgesics. Catecholamines are involved in the modulation of pain and are metabolized by catchol-O-methyltransferase (COMT). Genetic variability in the COMT gene may therefore contribute to differences in pain sensitivity and response to analgesics. It has been shown that a polymorphism in the COMT gene, Rs4680 (val158met), influences pain sensitivity and efficacy for morphine in cancer pain treatment. This study investigated whether the variability in other regions in the COMT gene also contributes to the inter-individual variability of morphine efficacy by mapping 11 single nucleotide polymorphisms, constructing haplotypes from them, and then comparing genotypes and haplotypes against pharmacological, demographic, and patient symptom measurements in patients receiving morphine for cancer pain.

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26

Kosch, Michelle. Rational Agency. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198809661.003.0002.

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Chapter 2 presents Fichte’s conception of rational agency and of the psychological dispositions and capacities on which he takes it to depend. It begins with an examination of Fichte’s notion of the spontaneity of the will, and compares his account of it to Kant’s. It then explains Fichte’s account of practical deliberation and its necessary conditions. Practical deliberation is means/ends or part/whole reasoning toward the end (viz. independence) provided by practical reason. Its conditions of possibility include empirical cognition, a set of naturally given conative attitudes, embodiment, causal efficacy, social interaction, and a sense of itself as one individual among others. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the variability of rational agency among individuals and the reasons for it.

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27

McPherson, Gary, and Susan Hallam. Musical potential. Edited by Susan Hallam, Ian Cross, and Michael Thaut. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199298457.013.0024.

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An ongoing controversy persists regarding the extent of individual variability in musical potential and the extent to which observable differences in acquiring musical skills result from social contexts that facilitate learning, genetic factors, or interactions between the two. This article outlines key elements of these debates and considers how ‘musical potential’ has been assessed. It argues that what children are born withenablesrather thanconstrainswhat they will eventually be able to achieve. While a range of generalized abilities may come into play when learning music, a host of environmental and personal catalysts work in combination with teaching and learning processes to develop particular types of talent. These talents form the basis of the many professional, amateur, and informal forms of meaningful engagement that individuals can have with music.

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28

Forster, Michael N. Aesthetics. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199588367.003.0007.

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Aesthetics, or the philosophy of literature and art, was one of Herder’s main focuses. By valorizing these areas of culture (in comparison with others such as science and religion) and in several other ways he prepared the ground for German Romanticism. He also established many principles of great intrinsic importance: rejecting apriorism and systematization in aesthetics in favor of an empirical, non-systematic approach; insisting that arts such as sculpture and painting express meanings and therefore require interpretation; recognizing the central role of genre not only in literature but also in such arts; perceiving the deep historical, cultural, and even individual variability of literature and art in respect of semantic content, genre, moral values, and aesthetic values, plus the major implications this variability has for both interpretation and evaluation; developing a set of radical views concerning beauty; and emphasizing the importance of literature and art as means of moral pedagogy.

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Forster, Michael N. Moral Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199588367.003.0008.

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Herder develops a number of very important principles both in meta-ethics and in first-order morality. In meta-ethics he argues for a form of sentimentalism, but a form of it that acknowledges a role for cognition in the sentiments involved and which emphasizes their radical variability between periods and cultures. He also invents a “genetic” or “genealogical” method predicated on such variability and applies it to moral values in particular in order to make them better understood. And finally, he develops an ambitious theory and practice of moral pedagogy that rests on his sentimentalism and which accordingly focuses on causal influences on moral character formation, such as role models and literature. In first-order morality he invents an important pluralistic form of cosmopolitanism to replace the more usual but problematic homogenizing cosmopolitanism of the Enlightenment; an influential ideal of individual Bildung, or self-formation; and a distinctive ideal of humanity.

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30

Frid, Christopher L. J., and Bryony A. Caswell. Toxicology. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198726289.003.0002.

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To determine whether or not a contaminant has the potential to become a pollutant, its biological effects must first be established. The scientific discipline of toxicology considers the measurement of toxins, their mechanisms and the effects they have on the environment, its inhabitants and on human health. This chapter describes how contaminants behave in marine environments, how organisms are exposed to them and how they respond at the molecular, individual, population and ecosystem levels. Marine organisms exhibit a range of different responses and detoxification mechanisms that are used as the basis of approaches for measuring toxicity. The complex interactions of pollutants in the environment, their interactions with other toxicants and the large natural variability in toxic effects between species and individuals make this challenging. However, in order to regulate the production and discharge of pollutants it is critical that the impacts on ecosystems and ecosystem services are understood.

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31

Cawvey, Matthew, Matthew Hayes, Damarys Canache, and Jeffery J. Mondak. Biological and Psychological Influences on Interpersonal and Political Trust. Edited by Eric M. Uslaner. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190274801.013.11.

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Levels of interpersonal and political trust undoubtedly ebb and flow in response to external stimuli. Despite the variability in one’s environment, there is good reason to believe that interpersonal and political trust also originate from individual characteristics. In this chapter, we focus on the impact of biology and personality on trust. Biological factors and personality traits constitute relatively stable individual differences that influence perceptions, evaluations, and orientations toward the social and political world. Research on trust has examined both of these influences, and we review this literature below. The first section considers the role of biology in shaping trust, and the second examines trust as a dimension of personality and as an individual orientation that can be shaped by personality. We then present a brief statistical analysis of the impact of personality traits on interpersonal and political trust. The last section summarizes the discussion and suggests avenues for future research.

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32

Wuttke, Alexander. When the World Around You Is Changing. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198792130.003.0008.

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This chapter investigates the amount of variability in individual turnout decisions over time and its dependence on the changing characteristics of political parties as one feature of the political context. Electoral participation in the German federal elections from 1994 to 2013 was characterized by inertia for most eligible voters. However, one reason for dynamics in turnout behavior is changes in individual alienation with regard to the political parties. When voters develop a more favorable view of the political parties than in the previous election in terms of the parties’ generalized evaluation or perceived competence, they are motivated to switch from abstention to voting (and vice versa). But the political parties’ capacity to raise turnout rates is rather narrow compared to the influence of other determinants, such as the perceived duty to vote.

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Divan, Aysha, and Janice A. Royds. 8. Molecular forensics. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198723882.003.0008.

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A key challenge for molecular biology is to use research outcomes to meet the demands of modern society. ‘Molecular forensics’ shows that molecular markers are having a substantial impact; from bench to boardroom or even courtroom. DNA profiling plays a role in helping to solve crimes and miscarriages of justice. Although 99.5 per cent of the human DNA sequence is the same for everyone, there are small regions of variability that are specific to each individual giving each person a unique DNA profile, or fingerprint. DNA profile applications are increasing and are now used to identify food counterfeits and contamination of food; to tackle pandemics and epidemics; and in biosecurity measures.

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Proust, Joëlle, and Martin Fortier, eds. Metacognitive Diversity. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789710.001.0001.

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This book focuses on the variability of metacognitive skills across cultures. Metacognition refers to the processes that enable agents to contextually control their first-order cognitive activity (e.g. perceiving, remembering, learning, or problem-solving) by monitoring them, i.e. assessing their likely success. It is involved in our daily observations, such as “I don’t remember where my keys are,” or “I understand your point.” These assessments may rely either on specialized feelings (e.g. the felt fluency involved in distinguishing familiar from new environments, informative from repetitive messages, difficult from easy cognitive tasks) or on folk theories about one’s own mental abilities. Variable and universal features associated with these dimensions are documented, using anthropological, linguistic, neuroscientific, and psychological evidence. Among the universal cross-cultural aspects of metacognition, children are found to be more sensitive to their own ignorance than to that of others, adults have an intuitive understanding of what counts as knowledge, and speakers are sensitive to the reliability of informational sources (independently of the way the information is linguistically expressed). On the other hand, an agent’s decisions to allocate effort, motivation to learn, and sense of being right or wrong in perceptions and memories (and other cognitive tasks) are shown to depend on specific transmitted goals, norms, and values. Metacognitive variability is seen to be modulated (among other factors) by variation in attention patterns (analytic or holistic), self-concepts (independent or interdependent), agentive properties (autonomous or heteronomous), childrearing style (individual or collective), and modes of learning (observational or pedagogical). New domains of metacognitive variability are studied, such as those generated by metacognition-oriented embodied practices (present in rituals and religious worship) and by culture-specific lay theories about subjective uncertainty and knowledge regarding natural or supernatural entities.

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35

Seal, David Wyatt, Sarah Yancey, Manasa Reddy, and Stuart A. Kinner. Alcohol Use Among Incarcerated Individuals. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199374847.003.0004.

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This chapter examines alcohol use among individuals who experience incarceration. It reviews the epidemiology of alcohol use before prison, in prison, and after release from prison, and discusses the role of treatment and policy reform in reducing the health and social harms associated with alcohol use in this population. Finally, it summarizes key conclusions, including the lack of data from resource-poor settings where neither routine surveillance nor epidemiological research is common; the failure of much surveillance to distinguish between alcohol use and drug use; and the wide variability in the measurement of alcohol use, misuse, or dependence across studies. The chapter discusses the difficulties in assessing the effectiveness of alcohol use reduction programs in correctional systems, given that many programs prioritize drug use reduction as a primary goal, and that there are wide differences across correctional settings in the availability and quality of these services.

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36

Warsh, Molly A. American Baroque. University of North Carolina Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469638973.001.0001.

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Patterns of pearl cultivation and circulation reveal vernacular practices that shaped emerging imperial ideas about value and wealth in the early modern world. Pearls’ variability and subjective beauty posed a profound challenge to the imperial impulse to order and control, underscoring the complexity of governing subjects and objects in the early modern world. Qualitative, evaluative language would play a prominent role in crown officials’ attempts to contain and channel this complexity. The book’s title reflects the evolving significance of the term barrueca (which became “baroque” in English), a word initially employed in the Venezuelan fisheries to describe irregular pearls. Over time, this term lost its close association with the jewel but came to serve as a metaphor for irregular, unbounded expression. Pearls’ enduring importance lies less in the revenue they generated than in the conversations they prompted about the nature of value and the importance of individual skill and judgment, as well as the natural world, in its creation and husbandry. The stories generated by pearls—an unusual, organic jewel—range globally, crossing geographic and imperial boundaries as well as moving across scales, linking the bounded experiences of individuals to the expansion of imperial bureaucracies. These microhistories illuminate the connections between these small- and large-scale historical processes, revealing the connections between empire as envisioned by monarchs, enacted in law, and experienced at sea and on the ground by individuals.

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37

Dodds, Chris, Chandra M. Kumar, and Frédérique Servin. Postoperative care and analgesia. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198735571.003.0011.

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There are many reasons for delayed recovery, but, usually, it is due to residual effects of anaesthetic agents/premedication. There are guidelines for recognizing and managing these cases. Emergence delirium may be dangerous, and it should be recognized and treated as an emergency. Elderly patients may have impaired hearing and vision. Spectacles and hearing aids should be given back to them as soon as possible in the recovery area to limit disorientation. Pain and its intensity may be difficult to recognize and quantify in the elderly. Increased inter-individual variability in the elderly means that titration to effect rather than a fixed dosage is essential, and when the mental status of the patient allows it, patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) is quite appropriate.

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38

Nothaft, C. Philipp E. Astronomers and the Calendar, 1290–1500. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198799559.003.0006.

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This chapter identifies three important developments in the field of late medieval computational astronomy and discusses their influence on the calendar-reform debate. First on is the evolution of astronomically ‘enhanced’ calendars and related lunar tables or almanacs, whose dissemination in a variety of forms and different languages became a central feature of astronomical culture between 1290 and 1500. Next in line are some new departures in observational and mathematical astronomy in the 1290s, which led Latin Christian authors to reconsider key questions such as the length and long-term variability of the solar year. Finally, there is the introduction of the Alfonsine Tables in 1320s Paris, which laid the basis for the gradual formation of a European-wide standard for computational astronomy, but also fostered continuing doubts about the accuracy of individual parameters and the Alfonsine theory of precession.

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Kucyi, Aaron. Pain and Spontaneous Thought. Edited by Kalina Christoff and Kieran C. R. Fox. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190464745.013.40.

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Pain is among the most salient of experiences, while also, curiously, being among the most malleable. A large body of research has revealed that a multitude of explicit strategies can be used to effectively alter the attention-demanding quality of acute and chronic pains and their associated neural correlates. However, thoughts that are spontaneous, rather than actively generated, are common in daily life, and so attention to pain can often temporally fluctuate because of ongoing self-generated experiences. Classic pain theories have largely neglected to account for unconstrained fluctuations in cognition, but new studies have demonstrated the behavioral relevance, putative neural basis, and individual variability of interactions between pain and spontaneous thoughts. This chapter reviews behavioral studies of ongoing fluctuations in attention to pain, studies of the neural basis of spontaneous mind-wandering away from pain, and the clinical implications of this research.

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40

Mazer, Jeffrey, and Mitchell M. Levy. Policies, bundles, and protocols in critical care. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0017.

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Recently, the medicine community has been driven to think about patient safety in new ways, and with this new found interest in patient safety, large health care systems and individual institutions have been forced to develop mechanisms to track and measure performance. There is ample evidence that physicians and systems can do better. The tools of this new craft include checklists, protocols, guidelines, and bundles. These tools help to decrease variability in care and enhance the translation of evidence-based medicine to bedside care. Ongoing measurement of both performance and clinical outcomes is central to this movement. This allows for rapid detection of both successes and possible unintended consequences associated with the rapid translation of evidence into practice. As hospitals and intensive care units (ICU) worldwide have embraced the field of quality improvement (QI), many lessons have been learned about the process. QI includes four essential phases—development, implementation, evaluation, and maintenance. Essential to the QI process and each of these QI phases is that the project must be tailored to each individual ICU and/or Institution. A one-size-fits-all project is less efficient, less effective, and at times unnecessary compare with a locally-driven process.

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Rotter, Merrill, and Virginia Barber-Rioja. Diversion programs and alternatives to incarceration. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199360574.003.0021.

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Decreasing the number of individuals with mental illness in the criminal justice system remains a public mental health priority – one that has even reached the U.S. Supreme Court. Diverting individuals with mental illness from jail or prison decreases their exposure to that traumatic environment and addresses security concerns of corrections professionals charged with their care and management. When diversion is coupled with the court-based, problem-solving approach of monitored care and treatment in the community, public safety is improved and the clinical success of the individual is enhanced. When treatment in the community includes an explicit focus on criminogenic factors, the ability to meet public safety goals are enhanced even further. Given these several goals, as well as the considerable variability from jurisdiction to jurisdiction in court resources, treatment resources, social supports, political philosophies, and fiscal realities, the types of diversion that will work for one community may not work for another. However, the overwhelming majority of the data is clear that diversion can be implemented with documented success in the domains described above, and that there are a number of beneficial models for client intercept and associated programming. This chapter reviews the major models used to divert those with serious mental illness from incarceration, paying attention to some of the legal and clinical issues that arise as a result of diversion initiatives. Brief overviews of those interventions, including drug and mental health courts, jail diversion programs, and alternatives to incarceration for the mentally ill, are presented.

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42

de Geus, Eco, Rene van Lien, Melanie Neijts, and Gonneke Willemsen. Genetics of Autonomic Nervous System Activity. Edited by Turhan Canli. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199753888.013.010.

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Large individual differences in the activity of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) play a key role in risk for cardiovascular disease. This chapter presents an overview of the measurement strategies that can be used to study ANS activity in samples that are sufficiently large to allow genetic analyses. Heart rate variability, in particular, respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) is identified as the measure of choice to index parasympathetic activity, whereas preejection period (PEP) is the measure of choice to index sympathetic activity. Twin studies have demonstrated significant genetic contributions to resting levels of both RSA (heritability estimates range from 25 to 71 percent) and PEP (heritability estimates range from 48 to 74 percent) and the genetic variance in these traits seems to further increase under conditions of psychological stress. Identifying the genetic variants that influence parasympathetic and sympathetic activity may increase our understanding of the role of the ANS in cardiovascular disease.

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Castellanos, Irina, David B. Pisoni, Chen Yu, Chi-hsin Chen, and Derek M. Houston. Embodied Cognition in Prelingually Deaf Children with Cochlear Implants. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190880545.003.0017.

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The theory of embodiment postulates that cognition emerges from multisensory interactions of an agent with its environment and as a result of multiple overlapping and time-locked sensory-motor activities. In this chapter, we discuss the complex multisensory system that may underlie young children’s novel word learning, how embodied attention may provide new insights into language learning after prelingual hearing loss, and how embodied attention may underlie learning in the classroom. We present new behavioral data demonstrating the coordination of sensory-motor behaviors in groups of young children with prelingual hearing loss (deaf, early implanted children with cochlear implants and hard-of-hearing children with hearing aids) and without hearing loss (two control groups of peers matched for chronological and hearing age). Our preliminary findings suggest that individual differences and variability in language outcomes may be traced to children’s coordination of auditory, visual, and motor behaviors with a social partner.

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Lysaker, John T. Brian Eno's Ambient 1: Music for Airports. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190497293.001.0001.

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This study situates Eno’s ambient masterpiece, Music For Airports, within various avant-garde trends in order to underscore its multiple dimensions. In the manner of Satie, it aims to tint living situations without demanding that listeners give the album their full attention. In the manner of Cage, and with La Monte Young’s feel for the textures of individual tones, it arranges the activity of sounds outside traditional Euro-American musical conventions, and in a manner that can spark a kind of thoughtful reverie, thus bringing art into vital, possibly transformative contact with everyday life. Finally, like some of Steve Reich’s works, Music for Airports functions as a piece of conceptual art, facilitating sustained reflections on creativity, listening, and the overall ecology of human activity and meaning, including its technological variability. Because the album has these three distinct dimensions, it requires “prismatic listening,” which switches between distinct modes of attention in the knowledge that these dimensions cannot be heard simultaneously.

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Montgomery, Jr, Erwin B. Deep Brain Stimulation Programming. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190259600.001.0001.

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This second edition of the book continues the basic premise that a thorough knowledge of the mechanisms by which neurons respond to electrical stimulation, how to control the stimulation and the regional anatomy allows the Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) programmer to effectively and efficiently help patients reach optimal control of their disorder. There are a great many variables that influence the patient’s response to DBS, such as the exact nature of the patient’s individual symptoms and disabilities and the variability of the surgical placement of stimulating leads. The complexity has expanded because rapid increases in technology, both current and anticipated. The book makes no assumptions as to the prior knowledge or expertise. As the brain fundamentally is an electrical device, the book begins explaining the relevant electronics, building a nearly intuitive knowledge of how electrons are affected by electrical and magnetic forces and how the actions of the programmer controls electrical charges that ultimately activate neurons, which themselves are electrical devices.

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Miller, Peggy J., and Grace E. Cho. Discipline. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199959723.003.0006.

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Chapter 6, “Discipline,” describes how discipline was practiced in Centerville families, and includes illustrative vignettes from recorded observations. Discipline was a delicate matter within the social imaginary of childrearing and self-esteem because negative feedback was construed as damaging children’s self-esteem if not handled adroitly. Although parents believed that discipline was important, they did not want to be too harsh or discipline in the wrong way. They sometimes cast children’s misdeeds as preferences or self-expression, thereby sidestepping the need for discipline. And when parents resorted to punishment, they often used humor, endearments, or expressions of love to soften their criticism and mitigate the psychological impact on the child. The most negative messages directed at the focal children came from their siblings. This chapter also describes variability across families; parents often drew on their own personal experiences and considered their child’s individual temperament when disciplining. Stressful life conditions posed additional challenges.

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Botsford, Louis W., J. Wilson White, and Alan Hastings. Population Dynamics for Conservation. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198758365.001.0001.

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This book is a quantitative exposition of our current understanding of the dynamics of plant and animal populations, with the goal that readers will be able to understand, and participate in the management of populations in the wild. The book uses mathematical models to establish the basic principles of population behaviour. It begins with a philosophical approach to mathematical models of populations. It then progresses from a description of models with a single variable, abundance, to models that describe changes in the abundance of individuals at each age, then similar models that describe populations in terms of the abundance over size, life stage, and space. The book assumes a knowledge of basic calculus, but explains more advanced mathematical concepts such as partial derivatives, matrices, and random signals, as it makes use of them. The book explains the basis of the principles underlying important population processes, such as the mechanism that allow populations to persist, rather than go extinct, the way in which populations respond to variable environments, and the origin of population cycles.The next two chapters focus on application of the principles of population dynamics to manage for the prevention of extinction, as well as the management of fisheries for sustainable, high yields. The final chapter recapitulates how different population behaviors arise in situations with different levels of density dependence and replacement (the potential lifetime reproduction per individual), and how variability arises at different time scales set by a species’ life history.

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The effects of variability of practice on normal and mentally handicapped individuals for closed and open motor skills. 1987.

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The effects of variability of practice on normal and mentally handicapped individuals for closed and open motor skills. 1985.

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Bergmann, Carsten, and Klaus Zerres. Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease. Edited by Neil Turner. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0313.

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Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD) is an important cause of childhood renal- and liver-related morbidity and mortality with variable disease expression. Many patients manifest peri- or neonatally with a mortality rate of 30–50%, whereas others survive to adulthood with only minor clinical features. ARPKD is typically caused by mutations in the PKHD1 gene that encodes a 4074-amino acid type 1 single-pass transmembrane protein called fibrocystin or polyductin. Fibrocystin/polyductin is among other cystoproteins expressed in primary cilia, basal bodies, and centrosomes, but its exact function has still not been fully unravelled. Mutations were found to be scattered throughout the gene with many of them being private to single families. Correlations have been drawn for the type of mutation rather than for the site of the individual mutation. Virtually all patients carrying two truncating mutations display a severe phenotype with peri- or neonatal demise while surviving patients bear at least one hypomorphic missense mutation. However, about 20–30% of all sibships exhibit major intrafamilial phenotypic variability and it becomes increasingly obvious that ARPKD is clinically and genetically much more heterogeneous and complex than previously thought.

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Books on the topic 'Individual variability'

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