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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Individual rights'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 24 January 2023

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1

Saranchuk, Andrew. "Aboriginal and treaty rights : collective or individual rights? /." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/mq25728.pdf.

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2

Stjernschantz, Forsberg Joanna. "Biobank Research : Individual Rights and Public Benefit." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Centrum för forsknings- och bioetik, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-171898.

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The aim of this thesis is to investigate the relationship between individuals and society in the context of healthcare and medical research, more specifically concerning the rights and duties of individuals in regard to biobank-based research. My starting point is that we all have a strong vested interest in improved healthcare, and therefore the possibilities to conduct important research should be optimized. In the first article, I investigate whether individual results from research using samples in large-scale biobanks should be returned. I conclude that there is good reason not to implement such policies, and instead to allocate available resources to pursuing medical advances. In the second article, I compare consent for using stored samples in research with consent for organ donation, whereby many countries have adopted opt-out strategies in order to increase the number of organs available. I claim that the default position should be changed in biobank research as well, i.e. it should be presumed that individuals want to contribute rather than that they do not. In the third article, I argue that safeguarding autonomy by requiring informed consent for using samples in research not only defeats the interests of society but also runs counter to the interests of the individuals the policy purports to protect. Finally, in the fourth article I suggest that it is reasonable to view participation in medical research from the perspective of a social contract, built on our mutual need for medical advances, and that this implies that there is a moral duty to adhere to the contract by allowing one’s samples to be used in research. A central conclusion in this thesis is that biobank research should be viewed as a natural part of healthcare, like quality control, method development and teaching, and that as such, it ought to be endorsed and facilitated.
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3

Bacha, Gabrielle Marie Bacha. "Individual and Community Rights Within University Conduct Systems." Ohio University Art and Sciences Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ouashonors1461675735.

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4

Nolan, Mark Andrew. "Construals of human rights law protecting subgroups as well as individual humans /." Connect to this title online, 2003. http://thesis.anu.edu.au/public/adt-ANU20050324.155005/.

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5

O'Connell, Ciara. "Women's reproductive rights : repairing gender-based harm in the Inter-American System of Human Rights." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2017. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/68303/.

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6

Viera-Crespo, Sharon Ellysse. "Children's rights and empowerment." Thesis, University of Colorado at Denver, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1571300.

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My objective in the proceeding paper is to qualitatively analyze the conditions of children since the child population faces severe discrimination with few laws created and enforced to protect it, especially when most societal systems are predicated on ageism (a form of discrimination based on age). The most comprehensive child policy present on an international level is the Convention of the Rights of the Child (CRC). This also includes the CRC's three Optional Protocols (OPs), which countries can also ratify for further protections or address emerging issues; these are OP number one: the safeguarding of children from armed conflict, OP number two: the sale of children, child prostitution, and child pornography, and OP number three: the opening of communications procedures for children with complaints of violations. Because of the progressiveness of the Convention and its Protocols, if ratified and adhered to by a country's government or if at least followed by those that have not ratified it, children's conditions would progressively improve. My primary case studies include El Salvador, Costa Rica, the United States; and I also touch upon Kenya, the Philippines, Sweden, Norway, and Canada. The conditions of children in neighboring Central American countries, El Salvador and Costa Rica, are compared with those in the U.S. By measuring the level of each country's fulfillment of key provisions and concepts within the CRC and the Protocols, despite the U.S not ratifying the core body of the CRC, I qualify the conditions of these country's children. The first Optional Protocol is especially pertinent to El Salvador, Costa Rica, and the Philippines since there are extremely high rates of child sexual exploitation in these countries. This is especially the case for the Philippines, since UNICEF estimates that one million children per year are trafficked out of Southeast Asia alone. The second Optional Protocol is especially pertinent to El Salvador since the Salvadorian community and its government are still recovering from the country's civil war and the participation of children in this conflict. Out of all of my case studies, Costa Rica is the only state that has adopted the third Optional Protocol (Melton), again demonstrating the country's progressiveness not only in valuing the child's voice, but more generally in human rights.

The analysis showed that the cultural and social backgrounds of each country are leading variables (other variables including standing law and economic systems in each country and inertia that follows after major policies are ratified) that drive the country's views and subsequent treatment of children; and the ratifying countries, Kenya, the Philippines, Sweden, and Norway also confirm this conclusion. Thus mere ratification of the CRC by a country is insufficient in ensuring children's rights under its provisions. In my concluding chapter, I look to leading international examples of child welfare promoters, Nordic countries such as Sweden and Norway, to offer suggestions on how local and national governments can better actualize and support positive conditions for children.

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7

Heymann, Ababio Anita Mawusinu. "Trokosi, woryokwe, cultural and individual rights, a case study of women's empowerment and community rights in Ghana." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ56710.pdf.

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8

Maloberti, Nicolas. "Individual Sovereignty and Political Legitimacy." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1181593400.

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9

Nolan, Mark Andrew, and mark nolan@anu edu au. "Construals of Human Rights Law: Protecting Subgroups As Well As Individual Humans." The Australian National University. Faculty of Science, 2003. http://thesis.anu.edu.au./public/adt-ANU20050324.155005.

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This research develops the social psychological study of lay perception of human rights and of rights-based reactions to perceived injustice. The pioneering work by social representation theorists is reviewed. Of particular interest is the use of rights-based responses to perceived relative subgroup disadvantage. It is argued that these responses are shaped by the historical development of the legal concept of unique subgroup rights; rights asserted by a subgroup that cannot be asserted by outgroup members or by members of a broader collective that includes all subgroups. The assertion of unique subgroup rights in contrast to individual rights was studied by presenting participants with scenarios suggestive of human rights violations. These included possible violations of privacy rights of indigenous Australians (Study 1), civil and political rights of indigenous Australians under mandatory sentencing schemes (Study 2), privacy rights of students in comparison to public servants (Study 3), refugee rights (Study 4), and reproductive rights of lesbians and single women in comparison to married women and women in de facto relationships (Study 5). The scenarios were based on real policy issues being debated in Australia at the time of data collection. Human rights activists participated in Studies 4 and 5. In Study 5, these activists participated via an online, web-based experiment. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected. A social identity theory perspective is used drawing on concepts from both social identity theory and self-categorization theory. The studies reveal a preference for an equality-driven construal of the purpose of human rights law (i.e. that all Australians be treated equally regardless of subgroup membership) in contrast to minority support for a vulnerable groups construal of the purpose of human rights (i.e. that the purpose of human rights law is to protect vulnerable subgroups within a broader collective). Tajfelian social belief orientations of social mobility and social change are explicitly measured in Studies 3-5. Consistent with the social identity perspective, these ideological beliefs are conceptualised as background knowledge relevant to the subjective structuring of social reality (violation contexts) and to the process of motivated relative perception from the vantage point of the perceiver. There is some indication from these studies that social belief orientation may determine construals of the purpose of human rights. In Study 5 the observed preference for using inclusive human rights rhetoric in response to perceived subgroup injustice is explained as an identity-management strategy of social creativity. In Studies 4 and 5, explicit measurement of activist identification was also made in an attempt to further explain the apparently-dominant preference for an equality-driven construal of the purpose of human rights law and the preferred use of inclusive, individualised rights rhetoric in response to perceived subgroup injustice. Activist identification explained some action preferences, but did not simply translate into preferences for using subgroup interest arguments. In Study 5, metastereotyping measures revealed that inclusive rights-based protest strategies were used in order to create positive impressions of social justice campaigners in the minds of both outgroup and ingroup audiences. Ideas for future social psychological research on human rights is discussed.
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10

Spaventa, Eleanor. "Barriers to movement or individual rights? : towards a (non-) economic European constitution." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2003. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:fd22f768-e610-4e4c-87aa-c4e402858360.

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This thesis explores the notion of barrier to intra-Community trade and movement as developed by the European Court of Justice. Through a critical assessment of the case law, it aims at identifying the content of the rights granted by the free movement provisions and at providing a normative justification capable of accommodating the evolution of the Court's interpretation. Thus, it is argued that some of the recent case law can be better explained having regard to the notion of the fundamental right to exercise an economic activity free of unjustified and disproportionate restrictions. Further, other problematic strands of case law can be better explained having regard to the fundamental rights discourse. The thesis therefore challenges the traditional doctrinal approaches to the free movement provisions, to suggest that the broad interpretation currently adopted by the Court in this field cannot be justified having sole regard to a Ideological interpretation of the free movement provisions. Instead, it suggests that the developments in the case law should be appreciated in the context of the constitutional changes which have occurred in the past decade in the European Union. Thus, it links the extensive interpretation given to the free movement of persons provisions, to the introduction of Union citizenship, to argue that the normative justification for the Court's case law is better found in a joint reading of the free movement of persons and Union citizenship provisions. Thus, the extensive approach adopted in the field of free movement of persons signals the emergence of a new constitutional dimension whereby the individual is protected also qua citizen, rather than just qua economic actor.
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11

Galip, Bugem. "The European human rights law with emphasis on the Cyprus question : land claims and human rights, arguments before the European Court of Human Rights." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2014. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/51577/.

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This thesis presents a critical analysis of the property rights in terms of Article 1 of Protocol No. 1 (P1-1) of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) to the property conflict in Cyprus. The theme that runs through the paper is whether property disputes in Cyprus have had an impact on the established case law of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR). Also addressed is the extent to which Cypriot property claims caused the Court to depart from its traditional approach concerning property rights under the ECHR and whether these cases before the Court have introduced a new aspect to the understanding and interpretation of the protection of property rights in the Convention system, specifically the application of the P1-1 to the Convention. The Court's approach, in its various precedents, in examining property rights within the remit of P1-1 will be compared with the property claims from Cyprus in order to determine the unique and significant character of the Cypriot property cases and to analyse their relationship with the right to property under P1-1 to the ECHR.
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12

Prunty, Anita. "Individual Education Plans for Pupils with Autistic Spectrum Disorder : A Children's Rights Perspective." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.486186.

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Implementation of children's rights in practice is necessary to maximise their potential to improve the lives of children. This study aimed to develop a set of indicators to evaluate critically current practice in relation to Individual Education Plans (IEPs) for pupils with autistic spectrum disorder (asd) in Ireland from a children's rights perspective. The study was conducted in two stages using both qualitative and quantitative approaches. The first stage focused on the development of a set of indicators for the IEP process based on a children's rights framework and informed by the perspectives of children, parents and teachers, alongside the literature on best practice on IEPs. In the second stage, a survey questionnaire was designed, based on the children's rights indicators, to evaluate current IEP practice in Ireland for pupils with asd. The main findings indicated that current IEP practice is compliant with indicators relating to participation ofparents and to the appropriateness of IEP goals and targets. Significant non-compliance was evident with respect to the right ofchildren to be given an opportmiity to express their views in relation to their IEP, but also that these views must be listened to and taken into account. The findings also indicated a serious shortfall in accessing resources to implement and co-ordinate the IEP. This study presents a strong argument for the importance of giving meaning to the application and implementation of children's rights in IEP practice for pupils with asd, in a climate of impending legislation on IEPs in Ireland.
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13

Miller, Peter N. "From community to individual rights : English political thought and imperial crisis, 1750-1776." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1990. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/272943.

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14

Mbazira, Christopher. "Enforcing the economic, social and cultural rights in the South African Constitution as justicable individual rights: the role of judicial remedies." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2007. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_7448_1254751404.

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Judicial remedies are, amongst others, a vehicle through which respect, protection, promotion and fulfilment of human rights can be delivered to those who need them. A remedy is the perspective from which litigants judge either the success or failure of judicial decisions. Judicial remedies make the rights whole, they complete the justiciability of human rights because without them human rights remain statements of legal rhetoric. The nature of the remedies that the courts grant is not only based on the normative nature of the rights they seek to enforce. They are also influenced by factors such as the goals and objectives of judicial remedies as defined, amongst others, by the ethos of either corrective or distributive forms of justice. This thesis explored these factors and their impact on judicial remedies. Stress is put on the impact of the separation of powers doctrine, institutional competence concerns and on the forms of justice pursued by courts. The study is based on the judicial enforcement of the socio-economic rights protected in the South African 1996 Constitution. The research undertaken here was intended to guide scholars, legal practitioners and judicial officers who confront socio-economic rights issues as part of their daily work.

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15

Doebbler, Curtis Francis. "The individual in the process of international human rights law : a value oriented policy." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.300543.

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This thesis evaluatesth e individual's role in the protection of internationalh uman rights. It argues that by conceptualizing international human rights law as a process that includes individuals as full participants we, as world society, can develop more effective strategies for achieving respect for human dignity. The study examines how current theories and policies of international human rights law attempt to achieve the policy goals of a modem world society, especially the goals related to human dignity. It does this by reviewing practices relevant to the achievement of human dignity. Part I is devoted to defining the problem, method and concepts that form the foundation of this study. In the introduction the problem is defined and in the two subsequent chapters process and participation are described. In the second part four chapters are devoted to examining past trends in specific areas of international human rights law. Both claims and authoritative decisions are described. The four chapters examine past trends in the areas of. (1) theories about the status of the individual under international law; (2) the individual's procedural capacity under international human rights law; (3) the ability of individuals to influence the creation and implementation of international human rights law by the exercise of individual human rights; and (4) individual responsibility for ensuring respect for international human rights law. The thesis of the study comest o sevene ssentialc onclusions. First, becauseh uman rights reflect individuals' values, the individual must be actively involved in their prescription, interpretation, application and evaluation. Second, historically there is adequate evidence to suggestt hat individuals have played a leading role in each of thesep rocessesa t different times during the development of international law. Third, a project to determine the optimal participatory role of the individual must consider at least the four areas of past trends dealt with in this study, to wit, theory, procedural capacity, rights and responsibilities. Fourth, the theory of international law should take into account the individual as a full participant in all processes related to the achievement of human values, especially international human rights law. Fifth, this theory should be reflected by enhancing the procedural capacity of the individual in internationalf orums. Sixth, this should be accompaniedb y the recognition of individual rights to act contrary to the laws and policies that are contrary to the achievement of values of human dignity. And seventh, the duty to respect others' human rights, both by not interfering with others' freedoms and by taking positive steps to ensure others! enjoyment of human rights, is an essentialf eatureo f a society wherein humanr ights are respecteda nd ensured. In essencet,h ese conclusions indicate that international human rights law, both in theory and in practice must reassert the priority of the individual that it has tended to neglect since the arrival of the nationstate on the world stage.
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16

Banda, Natasha. "Protection of the rights of persons living with cognitive disabilities in the context of HIV & AIDS under the African Human Rights system." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/37281.

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The purpose of this paper is to analyse the link between human rights and, HIV and AIDS. It also assesses whether persons who experience inequality, prejudice, marginalisation and limitations in their social, economic and cultural rights are at a greater risk of HIV exposure. The study aims to assess whether persons living with cognitive disabilities have been a marginalised in the international and regional responses to HIV and AIDS, because cognitive disabilities impact on the basic social skills of an individual such as reading, writing, interacting with people and affect the ability of an individual to learn new things and infer information from social cues and body language. The author will therefore review specific international human rights instruments, African human rights instruments and some national policies and legislation in order to examine this, and based on the findings will provide recommendations accordingly.
Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2012.
gm2014
Centre for Human Rights
unrestricted
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17

Braga, Raphael Brasileiro. "Altruísmo e tolerância em meio ao pluralismo: a proposta de John Rawls em favor de uma sociedade justa." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFC, 2010. http://www.repositorio.ufc.br/handle/riufc/26058.

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BRAGA, Raphael Brasileiro. Altruísmo e tolerância em meio ao pluralismo: a proposta de John Rawls em favor de uma sociedade justa. 2010. 132f. – Dissertação (Mestrado) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Programa de Pós-graduação em Filosofia, Fortaleza (CE), 2010.
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For John Rawls, a fair society, at first, is a political community where there is the prevalence of cooperation, sense of justice and citizenship virtues. His theory presents the principles of justice, which will be the basis for a well-organized social basic structure in which each citizen acts with justice and contributes for the maintenance of fair institutions. However, for Robert Nozick a fair State with its citizens is a State that respects the individual behavior. The author says that a State does not have right of force a person more privileged to contribute with a less privileged in order to this has increased his well-being. If you are forced, or by State, or by any person, to contribute to well-being of third party, your rights are violated. Like this, Nozick says that the Minimal State is the most extensive that we can justify. Any other wider violate the citizens’ rights.
Para John Rawls, uma sociedade justa é, em princípio, uma comunidade política onde prevalecem a cooperação, o senso de justiça e as virtudes da cidadania. Sua teoria apresenta princípios de justiça, que servirão de fundamento para uma estrutura básica social bem-ordenada, na qual cada cidadão age justamente e contribui para a manutenção de instituições justas. Para Robert Nozick, porém, um Estado justo em relação aos seus cidadãos nada mais é do que um Estado que respeita a conduta individual. O autor afirma que um Estado não tem o direito de forçar uma pessoa mais privilegiada a contribuir com um menos favorecido a fim de que este tenha seu bem-estar aumentado. Se você for forçado, seja pelo Estado, seja por alguém, a contribuir para o bem-estar de terceiros, seus direitos estarão sendo violados. Diante disso, Nozick afirma que o Estado Mínimo é o mais extenso que se pode justificar. Qualquer outro mais amplo viola os direitos dos cidadãos
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18

May, David Keith. "Individual and collective human rights| The contributions of Jacques Maritain, Gustavo Gutierrez, and Martha Nussbaum." Thesis, The Florida State University, 2013. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3564926.

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Abstract The proclamation of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights by the United Nations on December 10, 1948 gave birth to the contemporary human rights movement. Despite the worldwide influence the idea of human rights has enjoyed, the concept of human rights has been plagued by a number of criticisms. Among the most pervasive and persistent criticisms of human rights are that they represent an individualist viewpoint, and they are a relative product of Western society that are hardly universal. One purpose of this dissertation is to challenge these criticisms. However, in recent decades the idea of human rights has been expanded past its original individual focus to incorporate the idea of collective, or group rights. The juxtaposition of universal, individual rights with particular, collective rights raises anew the issues of individualism and universalism in the human rights debate. In this dissertation, I compare the work of the French Catholic philosopher Jacques Maritain, the Peruvian theologian Gustavo Gutiérrez, and the American philosopher Martha Nussbaum in order to yield a contextually sensitive natural law approach to human rights that will serve as a common justificatory basis for individual and collective human rights. This common justificatory basis is capable of addressing the questions of individualism and universalism generated by the theoretical tensions generated by the juxtaposition of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948), which enshrines individual, universal rights, and the more recent United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (2007), which enshrines more particularistic, group rights.

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19

Шулякова, Т. В. "„Права людини”, „права особи” та „права громодянина”: співвідношення понять та їх конституційне закріплення." Thesis, Українська академія банківської справи Національного банку України, 2006. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/60925.

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Визначення правового статусу людини, громадянина та особистості пов’язується із формуванням розуміння даних термінів, оскільки їх особливості та зміст понять безпосередньо впливають на аналіз статусу позначуваних ними осіб.
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20

Cunha, Michele Lee. "Privacy Rights for Families and Children in K-12 Schools| A Mixed-Methods Study on the Effects of Perceptions of Educators on Implementation of the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA)." Thesis, Concordia University Irvine, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10843290.

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In the 1960s and 1970s, there was an important issue in education that dealt with student privacy. Student education records were not accessible to parents, and important decisions were being made for the students without input from the parents. Based on this abuse, the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA) was signed into law.

The purpose of this study was to determine if site administrators and teachers from educational institutions understand how to enforce FERPA. This study assessed the site administrators’ understanding of FERPA via a survey with questions on the knowledge of FERPA, student data, and student/parent rights. The study also assessed the impact of providing FERPA training to site administrators with a pre- and post-test. Interviews were conducted with the teachers to gain an understanding of their knowledge of FERPA with questions on student confidentiality and student data. The methodology for this study was a mixed-methods approach that used a one-group pretest-posttest design for the quantitative research and was supplemented by the qualitative data.

The results presented in this study contribute to the research literature on the importance of being trained in FERPA to enforce compliance and protect student confidentiality and privacy. Although there was a small sample size, there were slight increases from the pre-test to the post-test, which reinforces the importance of being trained on FERPA.

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21

Kartal, Filiz. "Changing Concepts And Practices Of Citizenship: Experiences And Perceptions Of Second-generation Turkish-germans." Phd thesis, METU, 2004. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/3/12605651/index.pdf.

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The purpose of this thesis is to explore the challenges of immigration on the modern concept of citizenship by interpreting the perceptions of individuals. It tries to reveal the ways in which citizenship practices and conceptualizations of second-generationTurkish-Germans support and/or diverge from the theoretical approaches that attempt to explicate the immigration/citizenship problem. Second-generation Turkish-Germans&rsquo
experiences and perceptions of citizenship are investigated with respect to three aspects of citizenship that are legal status, identity, and civic virtue.
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22

Bonyhady, T. J. "The individual and the environment : The rights of members of the public in the English countryside." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.373260.

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23

Kaya, Hülya. "The EU-Turkey agreement on refugees : a critical evaluation of its impact on the fundamental rights of refugees." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2018. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/76738/.

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24

Häseler, Sönke [Verfasser], and Hans-Bernd [Akademischer Betreuer] Schäfer. "Individual versus Collective Creditor Rights in Sovereign Bond Restructurings : An Economic Analysis / Sönke Häseler. Betreuer: Hans-Bernd Schäfer." Hamburg : Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg, 2012. http://d-nb.info/102092991X/34.

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25

Larsson, Amanda. "Not Just War, But A Just War : Individual rights versus the collective good in just cause for war." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Filosofiska institutionen, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-433324.

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26

Nelson, Inga Katrin. ""Each Generation of a Free Society": The Relationship between Montana's Constitutional Convention, Individual Rights Protections, and State Constitutionalism." PDXScholar, 2011. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/311.

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In the mid-1970s, state courts began to interpret state constitutions independently of the federal constitution in a way that provided greater protection for individual rights at the state versus federal level. Scholars have generally attributed the rise of this movement, known as state constitutionalism, to the actions and scholarship of judges and point to the cause as a fear that the Burger court would rollback Warren court era protections for individual rights. In reality, the concept of state constitutionalism had been present throughout the 1950s-1970s period of state constitutional revision and was deeply influenced by concerns over the status of the federal system. Montana's 1972 Constitutional Convention illustrates the role that constitutional revision had in the subsequent adoption of state constitutionalism. In particular, the creation, adoption, and interpretation of two provisions--the privacy and dignity clauses--shows that the public was engaged in a conscious decision to go beyond the federal protections for individual rights. Montana's experience suggests that further research is needed in order for scholars to fully understand the rise and adoption of state constitutionalism.
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27

Karlsson, Elisabet. "Is an individual complaint mechanism an appropriate way to correct the imbalance between civil and political rights and economic, social and cultural rights? : From the perspective of justiciability." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-105643.

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28

Belton, Kristy. "THE GREAT DIVIDE: CITIZENSHIP AND STATELESSNESS." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2005. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/3747.

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This thesis investigates the implications of State control of citizenship upon the individual's ability to choose membership in a given State polity. It briefly examines how States gained absolute control over the granting, denying and revoking of citizenship and demonstrates how the acquisition of citizenship and statelessness are both State-determined statuses. The repercussions of statelessness at the individual, regional and global levels are presented to demonstrate the severity of being unable to choose a citizenship. Efforts made by States and the international community to prevent and reduce statelessness are examined in order to illustrate the lack of prioritization given to the subject of statelessness, and possible courses of action for States and the United Nations to undertake in order to better address this topic are introduced. The thesis concludes that citizenship is a human right and that States need to consider individual choice concerning citizenship matters. If such choice is not taken into account with regard to State membership, States will be performing a disservice to citizens, the stateless, and the system of States.
M.A.
Department of Political Science
Arts and Sciences
Political Science
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29

Braga, Raphael Brasileiro. "AltruÃsmo e tolerÃncia em meio ao pluralismo: a proposta de John Rawls em favor de uma sociedade justa." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2010. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=19927.

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CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior
Para John Rawls, uma sociedade justa Ã, em princÃpio, uma comunidade polÃtica onde prevalecem a cooperaÃÃo, o senso de justiÃa e as virtudes da cidadania. Sua teoria apresenta princÃpios de justiÃa, que servirÃo de fundamento para uma estrutura bÃsica social bem-ordenada, na qual cada cidadÃo age justamente e contribui para a manutenÃÃo de instituiÃÃes justas. Para Robert Nozick, porÃm, um Estado justo em relaÃÃo aos seus cidadÃos nada mais à do que um Estado que respeita a conduta individual. O autor afirma que um Estado nÃo tem o direito de forÃar uma pessoa mais privilegiada a contribuir com um menos favorecido a fim de que este tenha seu bem-estar aumentado. Se vocà for forÃado, seja pelo Estado, seja por alguÃm, a contribuir para o bem-estar de terceiros, seus direitos estarÃo sendo violados. Diante disso, Nozick afirma que o Estado MÃnimo à o mais extenso que se pode justificar. Qualquer outro mais amplo viola os direitos dos cidadÃos.
For John Rawls, a fair society, at first, is a political community where there is the prevalence of cooperation, sense of justice and citizenship virtues. His theory presents the principles of justice, which will be the basis for a well-organized social basic structure in which each citizen acts with justice and contributes for the maintenance of fair institutions. However, for Robert Nozick a fair State with its citizens is a State that respects the individual behavior. The author says that a State does not have right of force a person more privileged to contribute with a less privileged in order to this has increased his well-being. If you are forced, or by State, or by any person, to contribute to well-being of third party, your rights are violated. Like this, Nozick says that the Minimal State is the most extensive that we can justify. Any other wider violate the citizensâ rights.
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30

Bonabom, Isidore. "The development of a truth regime on 'the human' : human rights in the Gold Coast (1945-57)." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2012. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/38621/.

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The thesis proposes to approach the idea of human rights as a specific truth regime on ‘the human' that contests those regimes of falsity which deny the essence of humanness on grounds such as race, sex, colour, gender, national or social origin. This theoretical proposition is supported by a case study of the deployment of the idea of human rights in the Gold Coast from 1945 up to Ghana's independence from colonial rule in 1957. As such, the study analyses how the concept of human rights, affirmed in the 1945 United Nations Charter and the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights and articulated in the 1950 European Convention on Human Rights, influenced domestic politics in one British colony in Africa. At the same time, the study highlights the way in which post-World War II nationalism produced some of the most important political changes affecting this region in this era. Relying on a first-hand investigation of archival and primary sources, the thesis scrutinizes the formulation of demands for the collective right to self-determination which emanated from nationalist movements, the evolving drafts for a bill of rights in Ghana's Independence Constitution and the debates on whether or not to extend the European Convention on Human Rights to the Gold Coast. The particular and disprivileged position of women in the colony is a subject of critical commentary throughout the thesis. By examining critically the emergence of the human rights idea, the study draws attention to the complex interplay of factors as well as actors that inspired a new-fangled notion of universal rights, while highlighting the way politics, including Cold War politics, contributed to define the subject of human rights in an ambiguous, incomplete but promising way.
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31

Fick, Sarah Johanna. "Consenting to objectifying treatment? Human dignity and individual freedom." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/20286.

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Thesis (LLM)-- Stellenbosch University, 2012.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study was to determine whether an individual can and/or should be allowed to consent to objectifying treatment. This necessitated the determination of the meaning of dignity, the meaning of freedom and the relationship between dignity and freedom. It was found that both the right not to be objectified and the right to consent to objectification could be found within human dignity. This is due to the broad definition of dignity in terms of which dignity has two, sometimes contradicting, components. One component safeguards autonomy and the right to choose, which supports consent to objectification, whereas the other promotes individual self-worth by prohibiting objectifying treatment. By investigating the meaning of freedom it was found that freedom as a constitutional value, and possibly also a free-standing constitutional right, could incorporate the right to consent to objectifying treatment. Three possible solutions to this tension between human dignity and freedom were identified and critically analysed. The first was that an individual cannot and should not be allowed to consent to objectification. This solution is primarily based on the notion that dignity is supreme to freedom and that freedom should yield to communitarian dignity. Furthermore, it is contended that consent to objectification is often invalid due to economic coercion and undue influence. The second possible solution was that, although an individual might not be able to validly consent to objectifying treatment, such consent should still be allowed under certain circumstances. The example of invalid consent due to economic coercion introduced in the previous solution was examined in relation to prostitution. The contention regarding this approach is that, since our government is unable to fulfil the socio-economic needs of those who consent due to economic coercion, such consent should be allowed and strictly regulated. The third possible approach was that circumstances do exist in which individuals can give valid consent to objectification and that in these circumstances they should be allowed to do so. In this solution the grounds of the first approach is criticised by contending, for example, that dignity is not supreme to freedom, that a plural society should allow these type of choices and that consent to objectification is already allowed in some instances. The results of this study were that, although there are situations in which genuine consent is not possible, it can be given under certain circumstances. An individual who cannot give genuine consent to objectification should not be allowed to do so, unless transitional measures dictate otherwise. However, an individual who is capable of giving valid consent to objectification should be allowed to do so. Finally, regardless of whether such consent is genuine or not, strict regulation thereof is required.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van hierdie studie was om vas te stel of 'n individu kan toestem en/of toegelaat behoort te word om toe te stem tot objektiverende behandeling. Dit genoodsaak dat die betekenis van menswaardigheid en vryheid, asook verhouding tussen hierdie twee begrippe vasgestel word. Daar is bevind dat beide die reg om nie te geobjektifeer te word nie en die reg om toe te stem tot objektivering gevind kan word binne die begrip van menswaardigheid. Hierdie is te danke aan die breë definisie van menswaardigheid in terme waarvan menswaardigheid uit twee, soms weersprekende, komponente bestaan. Een komponent beskerm outonomie en die reg om te kies, wat toestemming tot objektivering ondersteun, terwyl die ander komponent individuele waarde bevorder deurdat dit objektiverende behandeling verbied. Tydens die ondersoek aangaande die betekenis van vryheid is bevind dat vryheid as 'n grondwetlike waarde, en moontlik ook 'n vrystaande grondwetlike reg, die reg om toe te stem tot objektiverende behandeling kan inkorporeer. Drie moontlike oplossings vir hierdie spanning tussen menswaardigheid en vryheid is geïdentifiseer en krities ontleed. Die eerste is dat 'n individu nie kan toestem en ook nie toegelaat behoort te word om toe te stem tot objektivering nie. Hierdie oplossing is hoofsaaklik gebaseer op die veronderstelling dat vryheid onderworpe is aan menswaardigheid en dat individuele vryheid moet toegee tot die menswaardigheid van die gemeenskap. Verder word dit beweer dat toestemming tot objektivering dikwels ongeldig is as gevolg van die ekonomiese dwang en onbehoorlike beïnvloeding. Die tweede moontlike oplossing was dat, alhoewel 'n individu nie noodwendig instaat is om geldige toestemming tot objektiverende behandeling te verskaf nie, sodanige toestemming onder sekere omstandighede steeds toegelaat behoort te word. Die voorbeeld van ongeldig toestemming as gevolg van ekonomiese dwang wat in die vorige oplossing bekendgestel is, is ondersoek aan die hand van prostitusie. Die bewering ingevolge hierdie benadering is dat, aangesien ons regering is nie in staat is om die sosio-ekonomiese behoeftes van diegene wat toestem tot objektivering as gevolg van ekonomiese dwang te vervul nie, sodanige toestemming toegelaat en streng gereguleer behoort te word. Die derde moontlike benadering is dat daar wel omstandighede bestaan waar individue geldige toestemming kan gee tot objektivering en dat hulle in hierdie omstandighede toegelaat behoort te word om dit te gee. In terme van hierdie oplossing word die gronde waarop die eerste benadering gebaseer is gekritiseer, deur byvoorbeeld te argumenteer dat menswaardigheid nie verhewe is bo vryheid nie, dat in ons huidige diverse samelewing sulke soort keuses aanvaar behoort te word en dat toestemming tot objektivering reeds in sommige geval toegelaat word. Die resultate van hierdie studie was dat, alhoewel daar omstandighede bestaan waaronder geldige toestemming nie moontlik is nie, dit wel onder sekere omstandighede gegee kan word. 'n Individu wat nie daartoe instaat is om geldige toestemming tot objektivering te gee nie, behoort nie toegelaat word om dit te doen nie, tensy oorgangsmaatreëls anders bepaal. Waar 'n individu egter in staat is om geldige toestemming tot die objektivering te gee, behoort dit toegelaat word. Ten slotte is streng regulering van toestemming tot objektiverende behandeling nodig ongeag of sodanige toestemming geldig is of nie.
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32

Richardson, Russell Mark. "A comparative examination of the protection of individual rights in the European Community leading towards th creation of a European administrative system." Thesis, Anglia Ruskin University, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.297650.

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33

Ferrão, Brisa Lopes de Mello. "A dimensão coletiva do direito individual à imagem de indivíduos pertencentes a grupos sociais vulneráveis ou o direito à imagem de minorias." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2139/tde-22042013-140131/.

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A regulação contra a discriminação de minorias pelos meios de comunicação de massa está normalmente restrita na maioria dos países (incluindo o Brasil) ao direito penal e a algumas sanções administrativas. Menor atenção é dada ao esfera civil. O a imagem minorias pode reforçar estereótipos, limitados à estigmatização de grupo e, claramente, provocar danos para cada membro dessa minoria. Eu diria que, embora o direito à própria imagem seja reconhecido como um direito pessoal, ele tem tanto aspectos individuais, quanto coletivos. Além disso, defendo que a estigmatização grupal acarretaria danos muito maiores para minorias, e que merece proteção jurídica. No entanto, desenhar os remédios legais capazes de garantir esta proteção não é uma tarefa fácil, e pode exigir uma nova doutrina legal. Na verdade, tal desenho deve reconciliar a reparação por danos individuais e coletivos, contra a exigência de um desempenho específico que exige a restauração da imagem do grupo e, acima disso, lidar com a regulação das concessões de TV e de rádio e com matérias de censura. Defendo o uso de direitos de resposta ou de retificação como uma medida possível para fazer valer os direitos das minorias. Ao forçar os violadores a produzirem e transmitirem as respostas das minorias para retrato injusto, estamos dando a devida voz e compensação para elas.
The legal discipline for prejudicial depict of minorities by mass media vehicles is usually restricted in most countries (including Brazil) to criminal law and some administrative sanctions. Much less attention is paid to civil litigation. The portrayal of those minorities could reinforce stereotypes to the limit of group stigmatization, and clearly give rise to damages to each member of this minority. I would argue that, although the right to ones own image is acknowledged as a personal right, it has both individual and collective aspects. Furthermore, I claim the damages a prejudicial characterization could entail would be far greater for minorities, and deserves legal protection. However, to design the legal remedies able to assure this protection is not an easy task, and may require a new legal doctrine. Indeed, such approach should reconcile individual and collective reparation for damages, tradeoff the payment of such damages against the demand for a specific performance requiring the restoration of the group image and, on top of that, deal with public regulation of TV and Radio concessions and censorship concerns. I personally advocate the use of the rights of reply or correction as one possible measure to enforce minority rights. By forcing violators to produce and broadcast the answers of minorities to unfair portrait, we are giving appropriate voice and compensation to them.
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34

Melde, Susanne. "Ahead of the game? : the human rights origins and potential of Argentina's 2004 migration policy." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2017. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/72928/.

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35

Gunn, Michelle. "Bedside rationing: Reconciling medical practitioners perceived duties to the individual and community." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2022. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/234107/1/Michelle_Gunn_Thesis.pdf.

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Widespread use of technology, and rapidly growing health care expenditure, is driving the need for macro-level policy and funding decisions about resource allocation to achieve public health cost containment. Medical practitioners face dilemmas meeting competing expectations when rationing at the bedside, yet this has attracted limited attention in Australia and internationally. It is unknown how orthopaedic surgeons perceive their legal and ethical obligations to the individual patient, and broader community, and how they reconcile competing obligations when rationing. This mixed methods research, focused on Australian orthopaedic surgeons, explores law, ethics and professional practices around the resource allocation decisions they make.
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36

Клименко, И. В. "Основные универсальные механизмы защиты прав человека: проблемы функционирования." Thesis, Українська академія банківської справи Національного банку України, 2006. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/60947.

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37

Silva, Geocarlos Augusto Cavalcante da. "Direitos individuais homogêneos: aspectos materiais, processuais e sua natureza jurídica." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2012. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/5909.

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This paper aims to address the collective right in Brazil, with emphasis on homogeneous individual rights. In order to achieve this purpose, it presents the legal structure of class action in Brazil, its substantive and procedural aspects: the dichotomy between interest and right; types of transindividual right, res judicata; standing; and other legal concepts. Moreover, it performs a specific analysis of the emergence of new rights from the transformation of society. It concludes that the homogeneous individual right, as a type of transindividual right characterized by a common origin, is not to be confused with pure individual right, being an autonomous subjective right
Este trabalho tem por objetivo estudar a tutela jurisdicional coletiva no Brasil, com ênfase no direito individual homogêneo. Para tanto, investigam-se os aspectos legais de direito material coletivo no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro, tais como: a dicotomia interesse e direito; a titularidade dos direitos transindividuais; e as suas espécies. São também analisados os aspectos processuais do direito coletivo: competência, legitimidade, causa de pedir, pedido e coisa julgada, além da dinâmica da liquidação e da execução. Efetua-se ainda uma abordagem específica sobre o surgimento de novos direitos a partir da transformação da sociedade. Conclui que o direito individual homogêneo, espécie de direito transindividual caracterizado pela origem comum, não se confunde com o direito individual puro, sendo independente deste, constituindo-se em verdadeiro direito subjetivo autônomo
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38

Nilsson, Viktoria. "EU Counterterrorist Sanctions and Individual Rights : An Examination of the Potential Difference in Level of Protection within the AFSJ and CFSP." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-250278.

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The AFSJ is an area of law developed through the purpose of creating and withholding internal security and justice. This area is of vast importance due to both the realization of an internal market and a Union without internal borders. The CFSP is an area dealing with foreign policy, thus focusing on the security, defense and diplomatic action relating to third countries. There are extensive constitutional differences between the two areas of law. In terms of individual protection, the AFSJ has as one of the main purposes to provide the Union with an effective judicial system, where the right for a fair trial has a central role. In the CFSP, on the other hand, the original premise is that there is no protection for the individual.  The main idea is that political aims concerning security and other relations to third countries governs the CFSP and triumph other aspects such as individual rights. Thus, individual rights have had a different development within the two areas. The protection has, however, developed in both of the areas, especially since the introduction of the Lisbon Treaty. The Kadi I case have had a vast impact on this development and showed that there used to be a lack of a clear legal basis for the adoption of counterterrorist sanctions and also noted the lack of judicial protection for the individuals. The case showed that the EU did not satisfy fundamental human rights. The Lisbon Treaty introduced two explicit legal bases in Articles 75 and 215 TFEU. This work shows, that the pre-existing problems concerning the legal basis still exist due to the unclear scope of application for the two articles. This renders problems of constitutional character and harms the effectiveness of the counterterrorist policy.   The Bamba case shows, that there is a difference in level of protection within Article 215 TFEU. The case did not concern counterterrorism measures but still has an impact on the overall impression of the level of the protection within the CFSP. This case further shows that counterterrorism is a field that is highly influenced by the AFSJ. The seemingly strong emphasis of individual rights within this area could, thus, in connection to the strong link between the AFSJ and the CFSP in terms of terrorism, have lead to a higher level of rights that otherwise don’t exists within the CFSP. To conclude, even if there is no stated difference in level of protection, it has been shown that a practical difference in level of protection does in fact exist.
Området för frihet, säkerhet och rättvisa (AFSJ) har utvecklats utifrån syftet att skapa och upprätthålla intern säkerhet och rättvisa. Detta område är således betydelsefullt för skapandet av en fungerande inre marknad och av en Union utan inre gränser. Området för en gemensam utrikes- och säkerhetspolitik (GUSP) är ett område som hanterar EUs externa relationer, med fokus på säkerhet och diplomatiska förbindelser. Det råder stora konstitutionella skillnader områdena emellan. I fråga om individers rättigheter, så utgör dessa, inom ramen för en straffrättslig kontext, ett utav AFSJs mest grundläggande syften. Inom GUSP däremot, har utgångspunkten varit att det inte finns något rättsligt skydd för individen. Det övergripande syftet inom GUSP uppnås i huvudsak genom politiska mål gällande relationerna till tredje länder, där skyddet för individen prioriteras bort. Individens rättigheter har således haft en olik utgångspunkt inom de respektive områdena. Skyddet för individen har dock utvecklats inom såväl AFSJ som inom GUSP, framförallt sedan Lissabonfördragets ikraftträdande. Kadi I-fallet har haft stor betydelse för utvecklingen av individens skydd i terroristsammanhang och visade på avsaknaden av en tydlig rättslig grund som fanns inom EU, samt det bristfälliga individskydd som rådde. Fallet visade att EU inte upprätthöll grundläggande skydd för individen. Lissabonfördraget introducerade två uttryckliga rättsliga grunder för antagandet av anti-terroristsanktioner: artiklarna 75 och 215 TFEU. Detta arbete visar att de problem som fanns gällande de rättsliga grunderna innan Lissabonfördragets ikraftträdande, fortfarande i viss mån lever kvar, då artiklarna har ett vagt tillämpningsområde. Detta skapar konstitutionella problem och motverkar effektiviteten av anti-terroristarbetet. Bamba-fallet visar att det råder en skillnad i nivån av individens rättigheter inom artikel 215 TFEU. Fallet rör inte anti-terroristsanktioner, men kan likväl påverka helhetssynen av individens skydd inom GUSP. Vidare belyser fallet AFSJs höga grad av påverkan av anti-terroristarbetet, vilket tyder på att AFSJ har en inverkan även på nivån av individskyddet inom GUSP. Även om det inte finns en uttrycklig nivåskillnad så kan en skillnad utrönas i praktiken.
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39

Dürr, Schnutz Rudolf. "Individual Access to Constitutional Courts as an Effective Remedy against Human Rights Violations in Europe : The Contribution of the Venice Commission." 名古屋大学大学院法学研究科, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/20936.

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40

Pontes, Hamilton Valvo Cordeiro. "Efetividade da tutela jurisdicional coletiva sob a ótica dos direitos individuais homogêneos." Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, 2008. http://tede.mackenzie.br/jspui/handle/tede/1210.

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The defense of groups rights slowly stops to be studied only by few people to become a reality in modern world. Brazil was the pioneer on creating and applying collective procedure. However, it is important to highlight that the tools set on Brazilian laws are not enough. To develop research about collective procedures´ efectivity represents a step forward in order to turn real the Democratical State of Law. In this sense, it is important to emphasize the draft law for a Brazilian Code of Collective Procedure and the Pattern Code of Collective Procedure for Iberian America, which shall contribute to improve jurisdictional service and to provide universal access to Justice.
A defesa dos direitos coletivos lentamente deixa de ser objeto de estudo de poucos para se tornar realidade no mundo moderno. O Brasil foi pioneiro na criação e implementação dos processos coletivos. Todavia, frise-se que os instrumentos previstos na legislação pátria são insuficientes. Avanço no tocante à realização do Estado Democrático de Direito é desenvolver estudo destinado à busca da efetividade do processo coletivo, destacando-se os Anteprojetos de Código Brasileiro de Processos Coletivos e o Código Modelo de Processos Coletivos para Ibero-América, contribuindo-se, assim, para a melhoria na prestação jurisdicional e para o acesso à Justiça.
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41

McQuaid, Katie. "'Another war' : stories of violence, humanitarianism and human rights amongst Congolese refugees in Uganda." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2015. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/54026/.

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42

Halvarsson, Daniel. "The Suspect and Mutual Legal Assistance : A legal analysis of the rights of the individual in the suppression of transnational organised crime." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-260044.

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The suppression of transnational organised crime has continued to rise on the agenda of the international community and is today an affirmed goal of most states. To increase the effectiveness of suppression, it is necessary for states to cooperate across borders in criminal investigations. The legal regime by which this is done is called mutual legal assistance, MLA, and is one of the most practically important developments in public international law over recent decades. The development however has led to several unanswered questions regarding the position of the individual in the procedure. Those are manifested in three main areas, namely; the requirements for employment of MLA; the application of exceptions and; human rights protection.   This thesis elaborates on and analyses the balance between effectiveness in formal international law enforcement and the protection of fundamental rights in such procedures in the three main ambiguous areas.   The analysis points to the importance of the principle of reciprocity for effective cooperation and argues that the conditions for MLA should not be altered. It argues that the number of exceptions shall be kept at a minimum. However, the efforts to abolish the exception for offences of a political nature should be halted or at least approached with more caution. This is true also of when concerning terrorism offences.   The analysis shows that the protection available to the person whom the MLA request concerns is inadequate. There is an urgent need to reform the system in that respect, in particular by opening channels of complaint.   The final conclusion is that, in light of the unquestionable importance of MLA in the suppression of transnational organised crime, it is possible to make limited reform in the areas of human rights and the guarantee of a right to a fair trial without jeopardising the necessary effectiveness of the system.
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43

Robinson, Sarah R. "Is There a Right to Healthcare? An Analysis from the Perspective of Liberty and Libertarianism." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2012. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/493.

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Despite already having the most expensive healthcare system in the world, the U.S. is facing rapidly rising costs, a growing population not covered by health insurance, and outcomes that are no better, and frequently worse, than those seen in the majority of developed nations with universal healthcare. Popular justifications of keeping the state out of healthcare appeal to protecting individual liberty; those who assert that there is a universal right to healthcare usually fail to address this claim. This paper describes the kinds of obligations in healthcare that are consistent with, if not demanded by, theories of justice that emphasize liberty. I give three different perspectives on liberty, and compare their relationship with healthcare obligations. First, I examine a plausible account of liberty, based on the condition of equal freedom, given by Immanuel Kant and Arthur Ripstein, and show how this account necessitates a system of universal public healthcare. Second, I grant the specifically libertarian approach to liberty through inviolable self-ownership, which seeks to limit the abilities of the state – using a reasonable interpretation of the Lockean proviso, as given by left-libertarians such as Peter Vallentyne, Hillel Steiner, and Michael Otsuka, this approach undoubtedly brings about increased equality in a society, which would have positive implications for healthcare access. Third, I grant furthermore the right-libertarian limited reading of the proviso, and demonstrate that even with Robert Nozick’s unhindered rules for property ownership, right-libertarianism properly understood obligates the state to act in many important aspects of healthcare.
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Nascimento, Sandra. "Da restrição da autonomia da pessoa em prol da dignidade: ilustrado por estudo de casos da mídia televisiva." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2140/tde-11022015-131533/.

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O objetivo deste trabalho é o de fazer uma reflexão sobre a legitimidade da restrição da autonomia da pessoa para a proteção de sua dignidade, dando destaque para os casos que envolvem sua exposição na mídia televisiva. A partir do moderno conceito de dignidade humana, que confere ao Homem um valor intrínseco e absoluto, diferenciado em relação às coisas, em razão de sua capacidade de ditar suas próprias leis, sendo dotado, portanto, como proposto por Immanuel Kant, de uma autonomia, pretende-se analisar se os tratamentos a que se sujeitam as pessoas que voluntariamente participam de determinados tipos de programas televisivos constituem, de fato, uma ofensa à sua dignidade e se, por tal motivo, seria justificável a proibição de tais participações. Será feita uma abordagem, no desenvolvimento do trabalho, a respeito da elaboração do moderno conceito de dignidade humana e sua relação com a autonomia, a qual permite à pessoa formar suas convicções de acordo com seus próprios valores, direito que lhe é reconhecido pelo Estado democrático moderno. Far-se-á um estudo a fim de se tentar compreender se realmente constitui a dignidade humana um princípio ou valor absoluto segundo critérios objetivos que autorizem a limitação da autonomia da pessoa para protegê-la sem que isso configure uma ingerência indevida, por parte do Estado, em sua liberdade individual.
This paper aims at doing a reflection about the legitimacy of the restriction of the person\'s autonomy for protecting his/her dignity, emphasizing the cases involving his/her exposition on TV media. Based on the modern concept of human dignity, that confers to man an intrinsic and absolute value, that makes him different of things, due to his capacity of doing his own laws, having, thus, as purposed by Immanuel Kant, an autonomy, the intention is to do an analysis if some treatments given to people that voluntarily participate in some kind of TV programs do represent a violation to their own dignity, and, for this reason, if it\'s justifiable to forbid people to take part in such programs. In the development of this paper will be made a study about the elaboration of the modern concept of human dignity and it\'s relation to autonomy, which allows a person to form his/her convictions according to his/her own values, what is recognized as his/her right in a modern democratic State. It\'ll be done a study to understand if human dignity is indeed an absolute principle or value according to objective criteria that authorizes the limitation of the autonomy of the person to protect him/her without making it represent an improper interference of the State in his/her individual freedom.
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45

Jonsson, Anna. "Judicial Review and Individual Legal Activism : The Case of Russia in Theoretical Perspective." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala : Faculty of Law & Department of East European Studies, Uppsala University, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-5811.

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46

Hooker, Marie-Antoinette. "A philosophical study of the meaning, justification and scope of personal and individual human rights in the contemporary world, and their social context." Online version, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?did=1&uin=uk.bl.ethos.233392.

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47

Hooker, M.-A. "A philosophical study of the meaning, justification and scope of personal and individual human rights in the contemporary world, and their social context." Thesis, University of Manchester, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.233392.

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48

Restoy, Enrique. "Global norms-domestic practice : the role of community-based organisations in the diffusion of HIV and human rights norms." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2016. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/59591/.

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International norms are central to international relations because they constitute key instruments to influence state behaviour (Finnemore and Sikkink, 1998; Risse and Sikkink, 1999; Acharya, 2004). The process by which international norms, principles and procedures diffuse into national systems is called norm diffusion (Krook and True, 2010; Towns, 2012; Brown, 2014). This thesis contributes to our understanding of the complexities of norm diffusion processes by undertaking the first in-depth analysis of the role that community-based organizations (CBOs) play in such processes. Focusing on the area of global health norms regarding HIV/AIDS, and based on extensive field research undertaken in Honduras, Ukraine, Uganda, and El Salvador, the thesis presents evidence of the CBOs analysed playing various essential roles in the diffusion of international norms domestically. First, they may act as implementers of such norms ensuring their appropriation among the populations they represent and generating local practice, on occasion even bypassing their own governments when these have rejected such norms. Second, CBOs may also be able to influence their governments and other relevant state actors at the later stages of norm diffusion, when states are deemed to implement international norms through their integration into national practice, even to the point of making states change their stated positions on certain international norms. Thirdly, through the simultaneous interaction with and entanglement in multiple norm diffusion processes, CBOs may also be able to alter such processes by tactically interlinking them and affecting their respective outcomes.
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49

DeBono, Daniela. "In search of the building blocks of a human rights culture : lessons from the treatment of irregular immigrants in Malta." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2012. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/38668/.

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The treatment of irregular migrants in Malta is problematic from a human rights perspective, for it contravenes the principle of universalism that is intrinsic to human rights philosophy. This study investigates this treatment. Crucially, it identifies four elements of political practice in the absence of which it is contended a human rights culture cannot flourish, as well as underlying patterns in Maltese political culture which contravene these four elements. Its ultimate aim is to propose meaningful, effective and long-lasting human-rights-compliant solutions to the treatment of irregular immigrants in Malta. Based on a reading of foundational documents of the modern human rights movement, especially the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the thesis posits that human rights should be ‘located' between the political and the cultural. The four basic principles of human rights identified as framing the optimal political conditions for the nurturing of a human rights culture are related to dignity, a cosmopolitan orientation, democratic practice and a commitment to equality. This concept of a human rights culture is innovatively used as an analytical tool for examining Maltese responses to irregular migration. This is done in a two-way manner, with the examination of practice enriching the identified theoretical framework, and the theoretical framework then guiding the search for possible new human-rights-consistent policy directions which Malta could take. Drawing on a range of ethnographic methods, including in-depth interviews and participant observation, this study brings to light the difficulties of putting into practice human rights principles within an already established local culture grappling with its own ghosts like occupations and colonial experiences. Although resistance to change is often difficult to identify since it is shrouded in ‘modern' language, hidden under security arguments or bureaucratic explanations. Interviews and a range of documents illustrate the multi-layered misconceptions, stereotypes and fear that play out among the Maltese.
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Rigoulot, Pierre. "Une critique du totalitarisme. Méthode et enjeux." Thesis, Paris 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA020048/document.

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Quatre ouvrages sont retenus dans le cadre de cette thèse sur travaux. Le Siècle des Camps s’interroge sur les raisons qui font du siècle précédent la période de l’histoire connaissant la plus grande extension de systèmes concentrationnaires. Il propose une typologie des camps liée à la fonction qu’ils exercent dans les différents systèmes politiques. Corée du Nord, Etat voyou examine la genèse d’un Etat dont on affirme souvent qu’il est la forme la plus achevée du totalitarisme. Cette affirmation est endossée ici, avec des nuances qui tiennent à un fonctionnement sectaire et à une idiosyncrasie idéologique spécifique. Coucher de Soleil sur La Havane propose une histoire de la formation volontariste d’un Etat au fonctionnement totalitaire, de ses rapports avec le monde extérieur et des illusions qu’il a suscitées. Georges Albertini, biographie d’un socialiste pacifiste des années 1930 devenu Collaborateur tout en se revendiquant de la gauche et de la révolution oblige à s’interroger sur les rapports entre certaines acceptions du socialisme avec le nazisme. Ces travaux renvoient tous en effet à des réalités totalitaires et à quelques-uns des problèmes que pose l’utilisation du concept de totalitarisme en science politique. Ils sont aussi l’occasion d’une réflexion sur les rapports entre une oeuvre conçue par leur auteur comme « militante » et l’objectivité exigible de tout effort d’acquisition de connaissances. L’engagement éthique et politique préalable n’a-t-il pas valeur heuristique ? Il détermine une approche qui privilégie l’attention au sort des individus et aux droits humains – ce que précisément refusent de prendre en compte les idéologies ou les institutions totalitaires
The following research is organized around four books. At the center of The Century of Camps lies this question : how can we explain the historically unprecedented extension of concentration camps in the preceding century? The work offers a typology of the concentration camps that seeks to explain the phenomenon by reference to the different political systems that made use of them. North Korea: A Rogue State examines the evolution of a state that is sometimes described as the ultimate development of totalitarianism. The work endorses this view, allowing for certain nuances with regard to North Korea’s sectarian modus operandi and the idiosyncrasies specific to its reigning ideology. Sunset over Havana is a history of Cuban communism as the creation of an act of will, and of its relations with the rest of the world with special attention to the illusions to which it gave rise. Georges Albertini is the biography of a socialist and pacifist of the 1930s who became a leading French Collaborator, without forsaking the left and its revolutionary project. These studies all bring us back to totalitarianism and the problems raised by this concept in the study of political science. They offer opportunities to reflect upon the connection between work conceived as an act of militancy by its author, and the objectivity that is the necessary condition of scientific study and the acquisition of knowledge. Would there not be a heuristic quality inherent in a moral and political bias? The latter requires a focus on the fates of individuals and matters of human rights the significance of which are denied by totalitarian systems
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