Relevant bibliographies by topics / Individual rights

Academic literature on the topic 'Individual rights'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 24 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Individual rights"

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Keat, Russell. "Individual Rights as Social Rights." Social & Legal Studies 24, no. 4 (December 2015): 618–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0964663915617860c.

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Gaertner, Wulf, Prasanta K. Pattanaik, and Kotaro Suzumura. "Individual Rights Revisited." Economica 59, no. 234 (May 1992): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2554744.

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Martland, Rebecca. "GDPR: Individual rights." Child Care 15, no. 5 (May 2, 2018): 2–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/chca.2018.15.5.2.

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Raphael, Cohen-Almagor. "Between Individual Rights and Group Rights." Academicus International Scientific Journal 18 (February 2018): 9–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.7336/academicus.2018.18.01.

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Amtaika, Alexius. "Community Rights, Individual Rights, and Toleration." Journal of Developing Societies 29, no. 4 (November 26, 2013): 405–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0169796x13503199.

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Pestieau, Joseph. "Minority Rights: Caught Between Individual Rights and Peoples’ Rights." Canadian Journal of Law & Jurisprudence 4, no. 2 (July 1991): 361–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0841820900002988.

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When the liberals of the 18th and the 19th centuries demanded that the rights of men, of citizens or of peoples be guaranteed, it was in opposition to the abuse of power. They proclaimed in the name of mankind rights inherent to individuals and nations. From the French Revolution to President Wilson, one might have believed that individuals and peoples had been winning their freedom together. Individuals participated as citizens of a single nation in the power of the state. This power enforced civil and political, private and public rights. The Old Regime had to be destroyed, the empires dismembered and the nations liberated so that the people could be organized into states. But in practice, things were not so simple.Since all peoples could not become nation-states, it was hoped that minorities could be protected. But how can they be protected? Who will protect them? How can one define a minority? What rights should they have? Are the collective rights of a people or a minority compatible with individual rights? These are the questions that arise spontaneously and which will be discussed in the following pages. We shall find no simple answer, but rather shall see why the answer is so difficult.
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Goldiner, Adi. "Membership Rights: The Individual Rights of Group Members." Canadian Journal of Law & Jurisprudence 32, no. 02 (August 2019): 343–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cjlj.2019.19.

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AbstractIndividuals often invoke the moral rights that they hold as members of certain groups or social categories. Yet, there is ambiguity in both terminology and theorizing surrounding the nature of those rights. Focusing on the paradigmatic case of disabled people’s right to reasonable accommodations, this paper develops a descriptive account of those group-related rights, as a distinct category of rights which I call ‘membership rights’. Membership rights neither fit the concept of ‘human rights’, as not all people hold them, nor are they typical ’group rights’, as they are held by members of some group as individuals, not by groups collectively. In addition, the grounding of membership rights is linked to the distinct features of group members, be it their special interests or special circumstances. Finally, the content of membership rights includes distinct entitlements and correlating duties, which are not secured by human rights, group rights, or any combination thereof. Recognizing the distinct features of membership rights may have practical implications by strengthening efforts to secure legal protection to membership rights. It also invites further theoretical inquiry, for example, towards identifying other specific rights that fit into this category.
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Saari, Donald G. "Are Individual Rights Possible?" Mathematics Magazine 70, no. 2 (April 1, 1997): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2691429.

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Epps, Garrett. "Congress: Protecting Individual Rights." Congress & the Presidency 43, no. 3 (September 2016): 410–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07343469.2016.1214509.

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Saari, Donald G. "Are Individual Rights Possible?" Mathematics Magazine 70, no. 2 (April 1997): 83–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0025570x.1997.11996510.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Individual rights"

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Saranchuk, Andrew. "Aboriginal and treaty rights : collective or individual rights? /." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/mq25728.pdf.

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Stjernschantz, Forsberg Joanna. "Biobank Research : Individual Rights and Public Benefit." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Centrum för forsknings- och bioetik, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-171898.

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The aim of this thesis is to investigate the relationship between individuals and society in the context of healthcare and medical research, more specifically concerning the rights and duties of individuals in regard to biobank-based research. My starting point is that we all have a strong vested interest in improved healthcare, and therefore the possibilities to conduct important research should be optimized. In the first article, I investigate whether individual results from research using samples in large-scale biobanks should be returned. I conclude that there is good reason not to implement such policies, and instead to allocate available resources to pursuing medical advances. In the second article, I compare consent for using stored samples in research with consent for organ donation, whereby many countries have adopted opt-out strategies in order to increase the number of organs available. I claim that the default position should be changed in biobank research as well, i.e. it should be presumed that individuals want to contribute rather than that they do not. In the third article, I argue that safeguarding autonomy by requiring informed consent for using samples in research not only defeats the interests of society but also runs counter to the interests of the individuals the policy purports to protect. Finally, in the fourth article I suggest that it is reasonable to view participation in medical research from the perspective of a social contract, built on our mutual need for medical advances, and that this implies that there is a moral duty to adhere to the contract by allowing one’s samples to be used in research. A central conclusion in this thesis is that biobank research should be viewed as a natural part of healthcare, like quality control, method development and teaching, and that as such, it ought to be endorsed and facilitated.
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Bacha, Gabrielle Marie Bacha. "Individual and Community Rights Within University Conduct Systems." Ohio University Art and Sciences Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ouashonors1461675735.

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Nolan, Mark Andrew. "Construals of human rights law protecting subgroups as well as individual humans /." Connect to this title online, 2003. http://thesis.anu.edu.au/public/adt-ANU20050324.155005/.

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O'Connell, Ciara. "Women's reproductive rights : repairing gender-based harm in the Inter-American System of Human Rights." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2017. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/68303/.

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Viera-Crespo, Sharon Ellysse. "Children's rights and empowerment." Thesis, University of Colorado at Denver, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1571300.

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My objective in the proceeding paper is to qualitatively analyze the conditions of children since the child population faces severe discrimination with few laws created and enforced to protect it, especially when most societal systems are predicated on ageism (a form of discrimination based on age). The most comprehensive child policy present on an international level is the Convention of the Rights of the Child (CRC). This also includes the CRC's three Optional Protocols (OPs), which countries can also ratify for further protections or address emerging issues; these are OP number one: the safeguarding of children from armed conflict, OP number two: the sale of children, child prostitution, and child pornography, and OP number three: the opening of communications procedures for children with complaints of violations. Because of the progressiveness of the Convention and its Protocols, if ratified and adhered to by a country's government or if at least followed by those that have not ratified it, children's conditions would progressively improve. My primary case studies include El Salvador, Costa Rica, the United States; and I also touch upon Kenya, the Philippines, Sweden, Norway, and Canada. The conditions of children in neighboring Central American countries, El Salvador and Costa Rica, are compared with those in the U.S. By measuring the level of each country's fulfillment of key provisions and concepts within the CRC and the Protocols, despite the U.S not ratifying the core body of the CRC, I qualify the conditions of these country's children. The first Optional Protocol is especially pertinent to El Salvador, Costa Rica, and the Philippines since there are extremely high rates of child sexual exploitation in these countries. This is especially the case for the Philippines, since UNICEF estimates that one million children per year are trafficked out of Southeast Asia alone. The second Optional Protocol is especially pertinent to El Salvador since the Salvadorian community and its government are still recovering from the country's civil war and the participation of children in this conflict. Out of all of my case studies, Costa Rica is the only state that has adopted the third Optional Protocol (Melton), again demonstrating the country's progressiveness not only in valuing the child's voice, but more generally in human rights.

The analysis showed that the cultural and social backgrounds of each country are leading variables (other variables including standing law and economic systems in each country and inertia that follows after major policies are ratified) that drive the country's views and subsequent treatment of children; and the ratifying countries, Kenya, the Philippines, Sweden, and Norway also confirm this conclusion. Thus mere ratification of the CRC by a country is insufficient in ensuring children's rights under its provisions. In my concluding chapter, I look to leading international examples of child welfare promoters, Nordic countries such as Sweden and Norway, to offer suggestions on how local and national governments can better actualize and support positive conditions for children.

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Heymann, Ababio Anita Mawusinu. "Trokosi, woryokwe, cultural and individual rights, a case study of women's empowerment and community rights in Ghana." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ56710.pdf.

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Maloberti, Nicolas. "Individual Sovereignty and Political Legitimacy." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1181593400.

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Nolan, Mark Andrew, and mark nolan@anu edu au. "Construals of Human Rights Law: Protecting Subgroups As Well As Individual Humans." The Australian National University. Faculty of Science, 2003. http://thesis.anu.edu.au./public/adt-ANU20050324.155005.

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This research develops the social psychological study of lay perception of human rights and of rights-based reactions to perceived injustice. The pioneering work by social representation theorists is reviewed. Of particular interest is the use of rights-based responses to perceived relative subgroup disadvantage. It is argued that these responses are shaped by the historical development of the legal concept of unique subgroup rights; rights asserted by a subgroup that cannot be asserted by outgroup members or by members of a broader collective that includes all subgroups. The assertion of unique subgroup rights in contrast to individual rights was studied by presenting participants with scenarios suggestive of human rights violations. These included possible violations of privacy rights of indigenous Australians (Study 1), civil and political rights of indigenous Australians under mandatory sentencing schemes (Study 2), privacy rights of students in comparison to public servants (Study 3), refugee rights (Study 4), and reproductive rights of lesbians and single women in comparison to married women and women in de facto relationships (Study 5). The scenarios were based on real policy issues being debated in Australia at the time of data collection. Human rights activists participated in Studies 4 and 5. In Study 5, these activists participated via an online, web-based experiment. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected. A social identity theory perspective is used drawing on concepts from both social identity theory and self-categorization theory. The studies reveal a preference for an equality-driven construal of the purpose of human rights law (i.e. that all Australians be treated equally regardless of subgroup membership) in contrast to minority support for a vulnerable groups construal of the purpose of human rights (i.e. that the purpose of human rights law is to protect vulnerable subgroups within a broader collective). Tajfelian social belief orientations of social mobility and social change are explicitly measured in Studies 3-5. Consistent with the social identity perspective, these ideological beliefs are conceptualised as background knowledge relevant to the subjective structuring of social reality (violation contexts) and to the process of motivated relative perception from the vantage point of the perceiver. There is some indication from these studies that social belief orientation may determine construals of the purpose of human rights. In Study 5 the observed preference for using inclusive human rights rhetoric in response to perceived subgroup injustice is explained as an identity-management strategy of social creativity. In Studies 4 and 5, explicit measurement of activist identification was also made in an attempt to further explain the apparently-dominant preference for an equality-driven construal of the purpose of human rights law and the preferred use of inclusive, individualised rights rhetoric in response to perceived subgroup injustice. Activist identification explained some action preferences, but did not simply translate into preferences for using subgroup interest arguments. In Study 5, metastereotyping measures revealed that inclusive rights-based protest strategies were used in order to create positive impressions of social justice campaigners in the minds of both outgroup and ingroup audiences. Ideas for future social psychological research on human rights is discussed.
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Spaventa, Eleanor. "Barriers to movement or individual rights? : towards a (non-) economic European constitution." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2003. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:fd22f768-e610-4e4c-87aa-c4e402858360.

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This thesis explores the notion of barrier to intra-Community trade and movement as developed by the European Court of Justice. Through a critical assessment of the case law, it aims at identifying the content of the rights granted by the free movement provisions and at providing a normative justification capable of accommodating the evolution of the Court's interpretation. Thus, it is argued that some of the recent case law can be better explained having regard to the notion of the fundamental right to exercise an economic activity free of unjustified and disproportionate restrictions. Further, other problematic strands of case law can be better explained having regard to the fundamental rights discourse. The thesis therefore challenges the traditional doctrinal approaches to the free movement provisions, to suggest that the broad interpretation currently adopted by the Court in this field cannot be justified having sole regard to a Ideological interpretation of the free movement provisions. Instead, it suggests that the developments in the case law should be appreciated in the context of the constitutional changes which have occurred in the past decade in the European Union. Thus, it links the extensive interpretation given to the free movement of persons provisions, to the introduction of Union citizenship, to argue that the normative justification for the Court's case law is better found in a joint reading of the free movement of persons and Union citizenship provisions. Thus, the extensive approach adopted in the field of free movement of persons signals the emergence of a new constitutional dimension whereby the individual is protected also qua citizen, rather than just qua economic actor.
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Books on the topic "Individual rights"

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Advisory, Conciliation and Arbitration Service. Individual employment rights. London: ACAS, 1995.

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author, May Christopher N., and Grossi Simona author, eds. Constitutional law -- individual rights. New York: Wolters Kluwer, 2016.

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N, May Christopher, ed. Constitutional law--individual rights. 6th ed. New York: Wolters Kluwer Law & Business, 2013.

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Northern, Ireland Department of Higher and Further Education Training and Employment. Individual rights of employees. Belfast: Department of Higher and Further Education, Training & Employment, 2001.

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Kulish, Taras. Police powers & individual rights. Montreal: Legal Information Research Group, 1986.

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Decker, Kurt H. The individual employment rights primer. Amityville, N.Y: Baywood Pub. Co., 1991.

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Feliu, Alfred G. Primer on individual employee rights. 2nd ed. Washington, D.C: Bureau of National Affairs, 1996.

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M, Mialon Hugo, and Rubin Paul H, eds. Economics, law, and individual rights. New York: Routledge, 2008.

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A, Schmall Lorraine, ed. Individual rights within the union. Washington, D.C: Bureau of National Affairs, 1988.

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Chandler, Ralph C. Constitutional law deskbook: Individual rights. Rochester, N.Y: Lawyers Co-operative Publishing Co., 1987.

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Book chapters on the topic "Individual rights"

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Wall, Steven. "Collective Rights and Individual Autonomy*." In Group Rights, 377–407. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315253770-23.

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van Hees, Martin. "Individual and Collective Rights." In Rights and Decisions, 107–25. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2903-1_6.

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Thorson, Bjarte. "Determination of Individual Rights." In Individual Rights in EU Law, 227–73. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32771-6_16.

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Bonner, Yelena. "Individual and Group Rights." In Russian Pluralism—Now Irreversible?, 93–101. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-11917-9_6.

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McDonald, Leighton. "Can Collective and Individual Rights Coexist?*." In Group Rights, 349–75. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315253770-22.

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Aure, Andreas Harald. "Hugo Grotius – Individual Rights RIGHTS INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS as the Core of Natural Law." In Philosophy of Justice, 75–94. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9175-5_6.

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Douzinas, Costas. "Subject, individual, human." In The Radical Philosophy of Rights, 50–67. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2019.: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315775388-5.

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Skinns, Layla. "Meeting individual needs." In Police Powers and Citizens’ Rights, 155–84. Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY: Routledge, 2019.: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203080979-8.

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Thorson, Bjarte. "Sources of Rights." In Individual Rights in EU Law, 193–225. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32771-6_15.

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Thorson, Bjarte. "On ‘Rights Language’." In Individual Rights in EU Law, 353–54. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32771-6_22.

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Conference papers on the topic "Individual rights"

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Sampson, Fraser. "7 Rights of Individuation: The Need for Greater Protection of Individual Rights in Big Data." In 2014 IEEE/ACM 7th International Conference on Utility and Cloud Computing (UCC). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ucc.2014.109.

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"INDIVIDUAL WAYS OF PROTECTING THE PERSONAL NON-PROPERTY RIGHTS OF INDIVIDUALS IN THE HEALTHCARE SECTOR." In Global Business and Law Development Imperatives. Київський національний торговельно-економічний університет, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31617/k.knute.2019-10-10.63.

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Карташов, Михаил, and Mikhail Kartashov. "Individual problems of international inheritance and means of their solution." In International legal aspects of family law and protection of children's rights. Москва: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/2966-309-321.

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Ганаева, Есита Эминовна. "ISSUES OF RESTORING SEPARATE RIGHTS OF THE REHABILITATED." In Наука. Исследования. Практика: сборник избранных статей по материалам Международной научной конференции (Санкт-Петербург, Декабрь 2020). Crossref, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37539/srp294.2020.54.56.021.

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В статье рассмотрены вопросы восстановления отдельных прав реабилитированного, процесс восстановления трудовых прав граждан, имеющих право на реабилитацию. The article considers the issues of restoration of individual rights of the rehabilitated person, the process of restoration of labor rights of citizens who have the right to rehabilitation.
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Semyakin, Mikhail. "Reformation of the Russian Civil Code in the Context of Human Rights Protection." In The Public/Private in Modern Civilization, the 22nd Russian Scientific-Practical Conference (with international participation) (Yekaterinburg, April 16-17, 2020). Liberal Arts University – University for Humanities, Yekaterinburg, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35853/ufh-public/private-2020-20.

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In connection with the reform of civil legislation, several amendments are being drafted into the Russian Civil Code, in particular into the institute of property rights, which need to be scientifically analysed from the perspective of ensuring that citizens’ rights are adequately protected. The study is to scientifically evaluate the proposed amendments, and to develop individual recommendations for their improvement. Besides general scientific methodology, the following specific scientific study methods were employed: dogmatic, formal-logic, comparative-legal, as well as methods of interpreting normative material and analysing court practice. In the context of the protection of the rights and legal interests of civilians, an analysis was carried out of the projected regulations on the institute of property rights and the individual novelties contained in the Law ‘On introducing amendments to Part One of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation’ have been examined. In general, the proposed amendments to the institution of proprietary rights implying the assurance of proper protection of rights of bona fide individuals are adequately protected. Particular attention was paid to certain contentious points between the designed amendments and effective legislative provisions, in particular those relating to the rights of the previous owner of the property and the good faith purchaser of the property in question. Recommendations regarding certain incorrect provisions were given, particularly in relation to recognising a real estate acquirer as a bona fide purchaser who relied on data from the state register until it is proven in court that he knew that there was no right to alienate the concerned property. The draft amendments are considered for the first time in the context of the proper protection of citizens’ rights and in close connection with the provisions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation and the European principle of proportionality.
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Piergiorgio, Fedeli, Cingolani Mariano, Nunzia Cannovo, Roberto Scendoni, and Rosa Guarino. "THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC - HOW WELL ARE WE BALANCING HEALTH, FREEDOM, AND THE ECONOMY?" In 6th International Scientific Conference ERAZ - Knowledge Based Sustainable Development. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/eraz.2020.9.

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The worsening healthcare emergency with the COVID-19 pandemic has demanded a prompt reaction from authorities to contain the damage related to the spread of the virus. Our aim is to provide a bioethical contribution, with a careful analysis about the balance of individual rights with those of the whole community. The protection of the right to health in the emergency phase, with the restriction of the right to work and other rights, can have long-term negative consequences on the economy, with fallout affecting funding for the healthcare system as well. The right to health in its community dimension can sometimes clash with the protection of the sacrosanct dignity of the individual. Choices to protect health may have social and economic repercussions that could undermine the stability of many national governments.
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Tarasova, Anna. "International and national standards of the right to health and their modern development. Protection of the rights of special patients - minors: civilizational choice vs individual rights." In The 20th anniversary of Russia's accession to the Council of Europe. History and prospects ». ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/23308.

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Lotorev, Evgeniy. "HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE SISTEM OF CONSTITUTIONAL VAUES." In Development of legal systems in Russia and foreign countries: problems of theory and practices. ru: Publishing Center RIOR, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.29039/02090-6-0-100-109.

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The relevance of the problem under study is due to issues arising in connection with the low level of legal literacy of the population of the Russian Federation. Using the term “population”, the author combines in it both citizens and foreign citizens, as well as stateless persons, since the main migration flows to Russia are directed from neighboring countries, where established legal orders also did not have time to form and the attitude to Law is characterized by the denial of its key role. in the regulation of social processes. In this regard, this article is aimed at a comprehensive analysis of human rights in the system of constitutional values. The leading approach to the study of this problem is the general philosophical dialectical method, which makes it possible to define human rights as one of the most important values of all mankind and to correlate the problems of teaching human rights in the context of globalization and socio-cultural integration with the formation of individual autonomy, the recognition of the sovereign nature of its rights as an inevitable factor in international communication. The article summarizes the problematic points associated with the need to establish a relationship between the right to education and the idea of human rights, without which the true socialization of the individual and the full-fledged process of education in modern Russia are impossible, as well as a doctrinal approach to the subject under consideration.
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Koval, E. A., N. V. Zhadunova, and A. A. Sychev. "NORM-SETTING IN EXTREME SITUATIONS." In SAKHAROV READINGS 2021: ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS OF THE XXI CENTURY. International Sakharov Environmental Institute, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46646/sakh-2021-1-61-64.

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The pandemic has exacerbated the clash of interests between various actors, including individual, society, government and business. It is necessary to balance the individual rights and public interest. On the one hand, restrictions addressed to individuals put significant limits to their rights. The sanctions that are implemented through the mechanisms of state coercion seem to be excessively strict. On the other hand, such an element of the common good as public health in an emergency situation cannot be protected without new and rather strict restrictions and prohibitions. The study is focused on the search of a balance between the interests of the individual and society in the context of the current transition of emergency situations into the category of normal ones.
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Talvela, J., M. Karvonen, T. Kassi, and V. Ojanen. "How individual inventors and SMEs exploit intellectual property rights: The case of Finland." In 2016 Portland International Conference on Management of Engineering and Technology (PICMET). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/picmet.2016.7806731.

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Reports on the topic "Individual rights"

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Dobbie, Will, and Crystal Yang. The US Pretrial System: Balancing Individual Rights and Public Interests. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, October 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w29332.

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Hicks, Jacqueline. Drivers of Compliance with International Human Rights Treaties. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.130.

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Are international human rights treaties associated with better rights performance? The appetite for a conclusive answer has driven a number of large scale quantitative studies that have broadly shown little or no effect, and sometimes even a backsliding. However, the headline conclusions belie much more complicated findings, and the research methods used are controversial. These issues undermine confidence in the findings. Comparative and individual case studies allow for more detailed information about how domestic human rights activists use international human rights laws in practice. They tend to be more positive about the effect of treaties, but they are not as systematic as the quantitative work. Some indirect measures of treaty effect show that the norms contained within them filter down into domestic constitutions, and that the process of human rights reporting at the UN may be useful if dialogue can be considered an a priori good. It is likely that states are driven to comply with human rights obligations through a combination of dynamic influences. Drivers of compliance with international law is a major, unresolved question in the research that is heavily influenced by the worldview of researchers. The two strongest findings are: Domestic context drives compliance. In particular: (1) The strength of domestic non-governmental organisations (NGOs), and links with international NGOs (INGOs), and (2) in partial and transitioning democracies where locals have a reason to use the treaties as tools to press their claims. External enforcement may help drive compliance when: (1) other states link human rights obligations in the treaties to preferential trade agreements, and (2) INGOs ‘name and shame’ human rights violations, possibly reducing inward investment flows from companies worried about their reputation. Scholars also identify intermediate effects of continued dialogue and norm socialisation from the UN’s human rights reporting processes. Interviews with diplomats involved in UN reporting say that the process is more effective when NGOs and individual governments are involved.
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3

Nelson, Inga. "Each Generation of a Free Society": The Relationship between Montana's Constitutional Convention, Individual Rights Protections, and State Constitutionalism. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.311.

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4

Eastman, Brittany. Legal Issues Facing Automated Vehicles, Facial Recognition, and Privacy Rights. SAE International, July 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/epr2022016.

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Facial recognition software (FRS) is a form of biometric security that detects a face, analyzes it, converts it to data, and then matches it with images in a database. This technology is currently being used in vehicles for safety and convenience features, such as detecting driver fatigue, ensuring ride share drivers are wearing a face covering, or unlocking the vehicle. Public transportation hubs can also use FRS to identify missing persons, intercept domestic terrorism, deter theft, and achieve other security initiatives. However, biometric data is sensitive and there are numerous remaining questions about how to implement and regulate FRS in a way that maximizes its safety and security potential while simultaneously ensuring individual’s right to privacy, data security, and technology-based equality. Legal Issues Facing Automated Vehicles, Facial Recognition, and Individual Rights seeks to highlight the benefits of using FRS in public and private transportation technology and addresses some of the legitimate concerns regarding its use by private corporations and government entities, including law enforcement, in public transportation hubs and traffic stops. Constitutional questions, including First, Forth, and Ninth Amendment issues, also remain unanswered. FRS is now a permanent part of transportation technology and society; with meaningful legislation and conscious engineering, it can make future transportation safer and more convenient.
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van der Sloot, Bart. The Quality of Life: Protecting Non-personal Interests and Non-personal Data in the Age of Big Data. Universitätsbibliothek J. C. Senckenberg, Frankfurt am Main, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/gups.64579.

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Under the current legal paradigm, the rights to privacy and data protection provide natural persons with subjective rights to protect their private interests, such as related to human dignity, individual autonomy and personal freedom. In principle, when data processing is based on non-personal or aggregated data or when such data pro- cesses have an impact on societal, rather than individual interests, citizens cannot rely on these rights. Although this legal paradigm has worked well for decades, it is increasingly put under pressure because Big Data processes are typically based indis- criminate rather than targeted data collection, because the high volumes of data are processed on an aggregated rather than a personal level and because the policies and decisions based on the statistical correlations found through algorithmic analytics are mostly addressed at large groups or society as a whole rather than specific individuals. This means that large parts of the data-driven environment are currently left unregu- lated and that individuals are often unable to rely on their fundamental rights when addressing the more systemic effects of Big Data processes. This article will discuss how this tension might be relieved by turning to the notion ‘quality of life’, which has the potential of becoming the new standard for the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) when dealing with privacy related cases.
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Weil, David. Individual Rights and Collective Agents: The Role of Old and New Workplace Institutions in the Regulation of Labor Markets. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, March 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w9565.

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7

Smyth, Ines. Transformative Leadership for Women's Rights (TLWR): Lessons and recommendations from Oxfam's experiences. Oxfam, April 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2018.2289.

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The aim of promoting gender equality and women’s rights as integral parts of development efforts is enshrined in the key strategies and plans of many organizations. This is the case for the individual affiliates that comprise Oxfam International (OI), and the Oxfam confederation as a whole. This report sets out to assist Oxfam to better understand and learn from the Confederation’s work in this area to date. The purpose of the report is to provide an initial mapping of work on transformative leadership for women's rights (TLWR) in order to offer suggestions, impetus and a programmatic framework for the development of an ambitious global program on TLWR. It is intended to complement and drive Oxfam’s efforts to bring about the transformation of the pervasive gender inequality that limits women’s wellbeing, confidence and potential, reproduces negative masculinity traits, and contributes to the inequity dominant in contemporary societies.
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El Asmar, Francesca. Claiming and Reclaiming the Digital World as a Public Space: Experiences and insights from feminists in the Middle East and North Africa. Oxfam, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2020.6874.

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This paper seeks to highlight the experiences and aspirations of young women and feminist activists in the MENA region around digital spaces, safety and rights. It explores individual women’s experiences engaging with the digital world, the opportunities and challenges that women’s rights and feminist organizations find in these platforms, and the digital world as a space of resistance, despite restrictions on civic space. Drawing on interviews with feminist activists from the region, the paper sheds light on women’s online experiences and related offline risks, illustrates patterns and behaviours that prevailed during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Stansel, Dean, José Torra, Fred McMahon, and Ángel Carrión-Tavárez. Economic Freedom of North America 2022. Fraser Institute, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.53095/88975004.

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Economic Freedom of North America measures the extent to which the policies of individual provinces and states are supportive of economic freedom—the ability of individuals to act in the economic sphere free of undue restrictions. It includes a subnational index for comparison of individual jurisdictions (provincial/state and municipal/local governments) within the same country, and an all-government index for comparison of jurisdictions (federal governments) in different countries. For the subnational index, Economic Freedom of North America employs 10 variables for the 92 provincial/state governments in Canada, the United States, and Mexico in three areas: (1) Government Spending, (2) Taxes, and (3) Regulation. In the case of the all-government index, we incorporate three additional areas at the federal level from Economic Freedom of the World Annual Report: (4) Legal Systems and Property Rights, (5) Sound Money, and (6) Freedom to Trade Internationally. In addition, we expand area 1 to include government investment, area 2 to include top marginal income and payroll tax rates, and area 3 to include credit market regulation and business regulations. These additions help capture restrictions on economic freedom that are difficult to measure at the provincial/state and municipal/local level.
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Stansel, Dean, José Torra, Fred McMahon, and Ángel Carrión-Tavárez. Economic Freedom of North America 2022 Full Dataset. Fraser Institute, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.53095/88975008.

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Full dataset of the Economic Freedom of North America that measures the extent to which the policies of individual provinces and states are supportive of economic freedom—the ability of individuals to act in the economic sphere free of undue restrictions. It includes a subnational index for comparison of individual jurisdictions (provincial/state and municipal/local governments) within the same country, and an all-government index for comparison of jurisdictions (federal governments) in different countries. For the subnational index, Economic Freedom of North America employs 10 variables for the 92 provincial/state governments in Canada, the United States, and Mexico in three areas: (1) Government Spending, (2) Taxes, and (3) Regulation. In the case of the all-government index, we incorporate three additional areas at the federal level from Economic Freedom of the World Annual Report: (4) Legal Systems and Property Rights, (5) Sound Money, and (6) Freedom to Trade Internationally. In addition, we expand area 1 to include government investment, area 2 to include top marginal income and payroll tax rates, and area 3 to include credit market regulation and business regulations. These additions help capture restrictions on economic freedom that are difficult to measure at the provincial/state and municipal/local level.
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