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Academic literature on the topic 'Individual poverty'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 31 August 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Individual poverty"

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Pennings, Joost M. E., and Philip Garcia. "The poverty challenge: How individual decision-making behavior influences poverty." Economics Letters 88, no. 1 (2005): 115–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2005.01.015.

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Kliuchnyk, Ruslan M. "НАСЛІДКИ БІДНОСТІ ДЛЯ ОСОБИСТОСТІ ТА СУСПІЛЬСТВА". Європейський вектор економічного розвитку 2, № 33 (2022): 50–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.32342/2074-5362-2022-2-33-4.

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The article examines the main consequences of poverty for individual citizens and society as a whole. Among the consequences of poverty for individuals, physiological, psychological and communicative effects are distinguished. The physiological consequences of poverty are the unavailability of quality food, as well as quality medical, hygiene, and health services, which reduces both life expectancy and health in general. Psychological problems include stress, depression, alcohol and drug abuse, which can lead to suicidal tendencies. The communicative consequences mean that a poor person often loses social ties, and his or her circle of communication becomes quite limited. Poverty also affects society as a whole. Among the purely economic consequences, we singled out the Vicious Cycle of Poverty, to which many Western studies are devoted. Also, impoverished societies in general cannot afford goods and services that are not related to survival. Therefore, there is a low demand for various categories of services, in particular, educational ones. Poverty is one of the factors of labor migration, which is illustrated by the example of Ukraine. In the conditions of a transitional and a market economy in post-Soviet states, the desire to withstand competition on the world market under the conditions of high energy and material intensity of production has been reflected in the preservation of low labour costs. Low wages, in turn, are a direct factor in the formation of social and economic risks in the field of human development. Poverty is also associated with the phenomenon of social exclusion, which we consider as the process of excluding an individual or a social group from social relations. A special class of precariat is being formed. The precariat is capable of self-organization under certain conditions. This group of people is associated with the spread of shadow employment and other forms of violation of the law. Political problems caused by poverty are also important. Poor citizens in the vast majority of countries (at least in all democracies) have the right to vote. Accordingly, they often support populist movements. Poverty and unemployment lead people to support far-left and far-right parties. Far-right movements often have an anti-immigrant focus. Sometimes poverty, social exclusion, social deprivation and other related socio-economic factors lead to revolutions and coups. In our opinion, relative poverty is unavoidable in principle, since in any society there will always be more and less wealthy citizens. But absolute poverty, which puts a person on the edge of normal existence, can and must be overcome. According to this, most countries of the world, including Ukraine, declare themselves welfare states. The article uses the achievements of economic, political, sociological, psychological and other sciences, taking into account the interdisciplinary synthesis and the pluralism of approaches. Modern trends in the interpretation of the consequences of poverty, which can be traced in the works of Ukrainian and foreign authors, are analyzed.

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Lo Bue, Maria C., and Flaviana Palmisano. "The Individual Poverty Incidence of Growth." Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 82, no. 6 (2020): 1295–321. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/obes.12362.

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Calvo, Cesar, and Stefan Dercon. "Vulnerability to individual and aggregate poverty." Social Choice and Welfare 41, no. 4 (2012): 721–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00355-012-0706-y.

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Decancq, Koen, Marc Fleurbaey, and François Maniquet. "Multidimensional poverty measurement with individual preferences." Journal of Economic Inequality 17, no. 1 (2019): 29–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10888-019-09407-9.

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Beeghley, Leonard. "Individual and structural explanations of poverty." Population Research and Policy Review 7, no. 3 (1988): 201–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02456102.

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Mercier, Marion, and Philip Verwimp. "ARE WE COUNTING ALL THE POOR?" Journal of Demographic Economics 83, no. 3 (2017): 307–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/dem.2017.12.

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AbstractHaving accurate poverty statistics is of primary importance for researchers and policy-makers. Based on original data on Burundi, we investigate the sensitivity of poverty headcount calculations to considering individual- instead of household-level consumption. Relying on a survey module which provides information on the share of expenses allocated to each member of the households, we calculate poverty statutes on an individual basis. Exploiting these direct measures to compute poverty headcounts allows us to put forward the discrepancy between individual- and household-level poverty computations. We identify “hidden poor,”i.e.poor individuals living in non-poor households, and show that they are predominantly children. We finally discuss potential mechanisms that could drive the results, and emphasize the importance of improving data collection devices for poverty-related policy making.

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Symonds, James. "The Poverty Trap: Or, Why Poverty is Not About the Individual." International Journal of Historical Archaeology 15, no. 4 (2011): 563–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10761-011-0156-8.

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Peneva, Teodora, Emanuil Zabov, and Dragovest Djalov. "Individual assessment of energy poverty – possibilities and solutions." Economic Thought journal 67, no. 5 (2022): 541–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.56497/etj2267502.

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The article presents a proposal for individual assessment of energy poverty through a quantitative model for measuring household energy needs. The assessment contains a demographic and technical component, and is an important part of determining normalized household energy expenditure, as part of an official energy poverty line, in addition to income and energy prices. The expenditure-oriented approach to measuring energy poverty has been proven to be the most suitable for the national specifics in Bulgaria. The energy poverty line is necessary when applying financial schemes for crediting measures for energy efficiency of buildings and heating systems of domestic energy consumers in Bulgaria, as part of a comprehensive mechanism to combat energy poverty.

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McCulloch, Andrew. "Local Labour Markets and Individual Transitions into and out of Poverty: Evidence from the British Household Panel Study Waves 1 to 8." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 35, no. 3 (2003): 551–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a3552.

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Using data from the British Household Panel Study 1991 to 1998 and the Annual Employment Survey this paper examines the impact of changes in local-labour market conditions on individual poverty exits and entrances. Transitions out of poverty and transitions into poverty are estimated by using discrete duration models that control for individual and family-level characteristics, duration effects, and local labour-market variables. After controlling for individual and family-level characteristics, probabilities of exiting poverty were found to be higher and probabilities of entering poverty were found to be lower for those individuals living in labour markets which experienced increases in the proportion of the population in employment. The relative contribution of labour market variables is substantially smaller than individual and family characteristics in determining transitions out of and into poverty. Whether changes in employment in the local labour-market were biased towards manufacturing or services did not have a systematic influence on poverty exits and entrances. The link between employment conditions in the local labour market and poverty suggests that the poor did share in the gains from economic growth in the 1990s. This finding gives support to the idea that expansionary demand policies at the local level could help to mitigate the economic position of the economically disadvantaged.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Individual poverty"

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Gosselin, Abigail. "Individual agency within political contexts: Responsibility for global poverty." Diss., Connect to online resource, 2005. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/colorado/fullcit?p3189993.

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Kanagaratnam, Usha. "Macro, household and individual level explanations for the geographic differences in poverty levels in Indonesia, 2000-2009." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2017. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:01d9627e-5bd4-4c12-a269-8d82d3705ab1.

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Measuring and explaining poverty and its geographic differences in Indonesia is mostly confined to a single measure of poverty and to macro-level explanations. This thesis moves beyond these constraints to investigate regional poverty trends using multiple measures of poverty and to explore household and individual level explanations. The analyses in the thesis are undertaken using data from the SUSENAS core, covering the period 2000-2009. Different measures of poverty produce different numbers of poor. Some 33 million additional Indonesians were identified as poor using the $1.25 a day poverty measure than the official measure used by the government. The differences between both measures of poverty are, however, driven by poverty trends in the early 2000s, following the devastating impact of the 1997-1998 financial crisis. In the latter part of the 2000s, poverty trends were converging between the two poverty measures, suggesting some degree of reliability of Indonesia's official poverty measure. At the macro level, on average, increasing GDP is significantly associated with falling levels of poverty. The association is reduced marginally when the share of the informal workforce is taken into account, but in general the negative relationship remains robust. Regional analyses, however, reveal that GDP has a very small, insignificant negative association with poverty in the poorest region. At the individual level, education strongly determines poverty, independently of employment status. A substantial share of the primary and lower secondary qualified population is employed in informal work, yet their risk of poverty is substantially lower when compared to those with no formal qualification engaging as informal workers. More importantly, the highest risk of poverty exists among the unemployed who lack a formal education. This finding is highlighted because unemployment is often seen as having little relevance to poverty, since a higher proportion of the unemployed are tertiary educated. The 'penalty' on poverty for those occupying the lower tiers of educational qualification is heavier in less developed regions. Household level analysis show that the different groups of female-headed households (de facto, widows and divorcees) are less likely to be in poverty than male-headed couple households. After controlling for socioeconomic characteristics and the number of young children within households, however, female-headed divorcee households are found to be marginally poorer than male-headed couple households. Regional level analyses reveal that poverty is significantly higher in female divorcee-led households than in male-headed couple households in all regions, except in the most and least developed ones, where poverty is comparable between both groups.

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Iglesias, Pinedo Wilman Javier. "Intra-household inequality in Brazil: using a collective model to evaluate individual poverty." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2016. http://www.locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/7678.

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Submitted by Marco Antônio de Ramos Chagas (mchagas@ufv.br) on 2016-05-19T14:40:15Z No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 731194 bytes, checksum: de0ca8227319cb94bf2c78c95761a251 (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-19T14:40:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 731194 bytes, checksum: de0ca8227319cb94bf2c78c95761a251 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-23<br>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior<br>A distribuição dos recursos nos domicílios é importante para a compreensão do bem-estar material de seus integrantes e para a formulação de políticas redistributivas. Apesar da aparente importância da dimensão intrafamiliar da desigualdade, muito pouco tem sido feito para entender o quanto dos recursos do domicílio são apropriados pelos indivíduos que o compõem, e assim, tentar avaliar a pobreza individual. De fato, a avaliação da pobreza e da desigualdade, muitas vezes, assume uma distribuição igualitária dos recursos entre os membros do agregado familiar. Além disso, as medidas de pobreza não apenas negligenciam a distribuição dos recursos dentro dos domicílios, mas também os ganhos decorrentes do consumo conjunto. No entanto, a parcela de recursos domésticos dedicados a cada membro da família é difícil de identificar porque o consumo é medido ao nível do domicílio e os bens podem certamente ser compartilhados. Esta pesquisa tentou analisar o grau de desigualdade dentro das famílias e sua contribuição para os níveis de pobreza no contexto brasileiro. Em particular, estimou-se o processo de alocação de recursos e as economias de escala nos domicílios do Brasil usando um modelo coletivo de consumo das famílias. Mais especificamente, tentou-se analisar as parcelas de recursos de crianças e adultos e a relação com as economias de escala decorrentes do consumo conjunto e o processo de barganha dos pais, a fim de calcular uma medida direta da pobreza individual para o Brasil. A identificação da parcela de recursos dos membros do agregado familiar requer, além da observação de bens específicos dos adultos, a estimativa conjunta de curvas de Engel para domicílios de casais e solteiros. Esta estratégia de identificação difere do método tradicional de Rothbarth na medida em que é compatível com as economias de escala, bem como com o processo de barganha parental. A base de dados utilizada foi a Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares do Brasil (POF 2008-2009). Os principais resultados forneceram evidência de desigualdade e economias de escala dentro dos domicílios brasileiros, o que nos leva à rejeição do modelo unitário de consumo e da abordagem tradicional de Rothbarth no caso do Brasil, respectivamente. Os resultados também mostraram que a parcela dos gastos totais dos homens é ligeiramente maior do que as parcelas das mulheres para quase todas as estruturas familiares consideradas no presente trabalho. Por sua vez, a magnitude das parcelas das crianças, interpretadas como o custo dos filhos para os pais, é comparativamente menor. Outros resultados também mostraram como os recursos destinados a cada membro variam de acordo com o tamanho e a estrutura da família, e, em particular, como as medidas tradicionais de pobreza tendem a superestimar a incidência da pobreza infantil. Além disso, encontrou-se que a parcela de recursos dedicada às crianças aumenta com o número de crianças, mas a parcela média por cada criança tende a diminuir. Por outro lado, verificou-se que as economias de escala dos adultos são grandes e afetam as medidas de pobreza. Especificamente, a pobreza entre adultos é menor porque os pais são altamente compensados pelas economias de escala decorrentes do consumo conjunto. Apesar de os filhos comandarem uma parcela de recursos razoavelmente grande do agregado familiar, tal parcela não é suficiente para evitar que eles tenham taxas mais elevadas de pobreza do que os seus pais. Além disso, foi encontrado que as mães parecem contribuir com mais recursos para os filhos do que os pais, e por outro lado, não foram encontradas diferenças de gênero, mas sim diferenças etárias nas parcelas de recursos entre as crianças. Ainda, os resultados fornecem evidências indicando que o poder de barganha das mulheres dentro da família melhora com a idade, nível de educação e a participação no mercado de trabalho. No geral, a principal conclusão é que a desigualdade intrafamiliar é significativa. Uma consequência importante disso é que as medidas tradicionais per capita de pobreza, que, por construção, ignoram a desigualdade intrafamiliar, apresentam uma imagem enganosa da pobreza, em especial para as crianças. Finalmente, essas estimativas são importantes para as intervenções de políticas redistributivas, porque constituem medidas mais precisas do bem-estar material relativo dos brasileiros em domicílios de diversas composições. Igualmente, o fato de que é plausível medir as parcelas de recursos de cada membro das famílias é um passo muito útil para medir a pobreza individual e, assim, informar de forma mais precisa aos formuladores de políticas que estão focados na redução da pobreza.<br>The distribution of resources within households is crucial to the understanding of its members’ material well-being and for the design of redistributive policies. Although the apparent importance of the intra-household dimension of inequality, very little research has focused on how much of the family resources are dedicated to each member, and thereby attempting to assess individual poverty. In fact, the assessment of poverty and inequality often assumes an equal distribution of resources among household members. Moreover, poverty measures not only neglect the distribution of resources within families, but also the gains from joint consumption. However, the share of household resources devoted to each family member is hard to identify, because consumption is measured at the household level and goods can indeed be shared. This research attempted to analyze the extent of inequality within households and its contribution to levels of poverty in the Brazilian context. In particular, we estimated the process of resources allocation and economies of scale in households from Brazil using a collective model of household consumption. More specifically, we attempted to analyze the resource shares of children and adults in relation with the scale economies of joint consumption and the parental bargaining in order to calculate a direct measure of individual poverty for Brazil. The identification of the household member’s resource share requires the observation of adult-specific goods and a joint estimation on couples and singles. This identification strategy differs from the traditional Rothbarth method, in that it is compatible with economies of scale as well as with parents’ bargaining. The database used was Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares (POF 2008-2009). The main results provide evidence of inequality and economies of scale within Brazilian households, which leads us to the rejection of the unitary model and the traditional Rothbarth approach for Brazil, respectively. Our findings also showed that men’s share of total expenditures is slightly larger than women's shares for almost all the family structures considered here. The magnitude of children’s shares, interpreted as the cost of children for the parents, is in turn comparatively smaller. We also showed how resources devoted to each household member vary by family size and structure, and we find that, particularly, standard poverty measures tend to overstate the incidence of child poverty. Furthermore, we found that the share of resources devoted to children rises with the number of children, but the average share per child tends to decrease. On the other hand, we found that adult's scale economies are large and affect poverty measures. Specifically, adult poverty is smaller because parents are highly compensated by the scale economies due to joint consumption. Despite that the children command a reasonably large share of household resources, such share is not enough to avoid having higher rates of poverty than their parents. In addition, we found that mothers seem to contribute more resources than fathers to children, and we do not find evidence of gender but age differences in children’s resource shares. Also, results provide evidence indicating that women’s bargaining power within the household improves with their age, level of education and participation in the labor market. Overall, our main finding is that there is substantial intra-household inequality. One important consequence of this is that standard per-capita poverty measures, which by construction ignore intra-household inequality, present a misleading picture of poverty, particularly for children. Finally, our estimates are important for redistributive policy interventions, because they constitute more accurate measures of the relative material welfare of Brazilians in households of varying composition. Furthermore, the fact that it is plausible to measure of each member’s resource shares within households is a very useful step in measuring individual poverty, and thus informing in a more precise way to policy makers which are focused on poverty alleviation.<br>Sem Lattes

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Coriden, Ellen. "Resiliency and families in poverty: evaluation of the effectiveness of circles Manhattan." Kansas State University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/18994.

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Master of Science<br>School of Family Studies and Human Services<br>Melinda Markham<br>Resiliency in the low-income population includes individual as well as familial and community achievement. In order to break down the barriers of poverty, all three must be interconnected. This report provides a review of the current literature on factors that affect individuals and families to become resilient and what programs are available for support along the way. Circles Manhattan is one program in the Manhattan, Kansas community that rallies around individuals and families in poverty and works to see them through to earning 200% of the Federal Poverty Guidelines. This report also provides an evaluation of the Circles Manhattan Circle Leader training using pre-evaluation, post-evaluation, and weekly evaluation tools. Based on the results of the evaluation, recommendations are made for the future of Circles Manhattan as well as for researchers studying the topic of resiliency and poverty.

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Manoil, Kim M. "Teachers' implementation of early literacy parent involvement strategies school predictor variables and differences across high- and low-poverty schools /." [Bloomington, Ind.] : Indiana University, 2008. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3319887.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Indiana University, School of Education, 2008.<br>Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on May 11, 2009). Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 69-08, Section: A, page: 3025. Advisers: Edward P. St. John; Thomas J. Huberty.

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Saunders, Demetria. "Fostering parental engagement at the elementary school level for urban students of poverty and color| A grant proposal." Thesis, California State University, Long Beach, 2013. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1523192.

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<p> The purpose ofthis project was to establish a system of structured parental involvement utilizing parent liaisons in Verde Elementary and Peres Elementary Schools within the West Contra Costa Unified School District in Northern California. This system would facilitate parental engagement in the educational process of the students.</p><p> The target population, urban students of poverty and color, has been shown to have lower levels of academic achievement and high school graduation rates than other students. Parental involvement has been shown to enhance academic achievement and to benefit families, schools, and communities. The primary goal of the program is to increase the level of engagement of all parents within the school by actively reaching out to them, with the assumption that increased parental involvement will increase student performance, attendance, retention, and graduation rates. The concept of cultural humility will serve as the central theoretical framework which guides the establishment and operation of all aspects of this project. The actual submission and/or funding of this grant were not required for successful completion of this project. </p>

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Lockhart, Destiny. "The Effect of Welfare Work Requirements on TANF Recipients: Individual Employment and Economic Mobility." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2019. https://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/1270.

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With many families in poverty in need of assistance in the United States, the government has implemented stricter work requirements to get individuals off welfare and to work. Recipients must now work a state specified number of hours per week to receive aid. Some research suggest that these policies may increase employment rates amongst recipients, yet not lead to their economic growth and independence. This study examines the effect of TANF work requirements on various socioeconomic outcomes for individual recipients, including employment, job quality and income. Data on TANF recipients come from 2014 Survey of Income and Participation. Results suggest a negative reserve effect than what policy-makers intended for, yet are inconclusive of the net effect of work requirements. Other factors, such as race, sex and educational attainment play a significant role in various outcomes.

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Rowell, Katherine R. "An examination of how black families and white families exit persistent poverty: exploring the importance of individual and structural factors /." The Ohio State University, 1994. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487858106116003.

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Aktuna, Gunes Armagan Tuna. "Economie informelle et pauvreté en Turquie : une analyse des comportements individuels sur des données des dépenses monétaires et temporelles de 2003 à 2006." Thesis, Paris 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA010102.

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Economie informelle et pauvreté en Turquie : une analyse des comportements individuels sur des données des dépenses monétaires et temporelles de 2003 à 2006<br>Since it was first introduced by Hart in 1973, the concept of “informal economy” has had vast implications for social-scientific research. Over the last four decades, informal economy has received increased attention in literature and has been keenly discussed by public authorities and scholars. There were two main motivations behind these efforts to identify the informal economy: to measure its size and to know its determinants. From a practical point of view, informal economy has been an enigma for economists seeking to identify its nature and to measure activities that have various economic motivations. Informality has been denoted by many names, such as “shadow”, “underground”, “second” or “parallel” economy- a plethora of terms resulting from the struggle to define informality. Likewise, the various approaches to studying the phenomenon differ greatly in the way that they relate to socio-economic characterization. Although there is great variation between definitions of informality, these diversifications allow authorities to deal more easily with the source of the problem, being able to inform themselves and create accurate policies. Generally speaking, these policies aim to increase the level of productivity for any given sector and to protect growth in an economy as a whole. The implicit goal of these strategies is to prevent informal earnings by protecting formal market transactions (Schneider and Enste, 2002) and thereby combat informality. To this end, identifying the stimulating economic factors behind informal activities by gathering information about participants, their actions and the concurrency of these activities becomes essential for the optimal distribution of economic resources

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Colacce, Maira. "Three essays on intra-household distribution of resources and poverty." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bordeaux, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024BORD0121.

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Cette thèse analyse les modèles d'inégalités intra-ménage dans les pays non développés et la manière dont ils sont affectés par la culture et les politiques. À l'aide d'enquêtes sur les dépenses des ménages, j'utilise un modèle collectif pour analyser la répartition de la consommation des ménages et ses moteurs, et pour évaluer ses implications pour la pauvreté individuelle.Dans le premier chapitre, je présente des résultats inédits sur la répartition des ressources au sein des ménages dans 45 pays à revenu faible ou intermédiaire. Les résultats révèlent que les femmes sont presque deux fois plus pauvres que les hommes à l'échelle mondiale, et que les enfants sont encore plus démunis. En outre, les disparités au sein des ménages sont plus prononcées dans les pays pauvres et, au sein des pays, parmi les ménages pauvres.Dans le deuxième chapitre, je cherche à savoir si les coutumes de résidence post-matrimoniale fondées sur la parenté - en particulier la patrilocalité (résidence avec les parents du marié) et la matrilocalité (résidence avec les parents de la mariée) - continuent d'influencer le partage de la consommation des ménages et les niveaux de pauvreté individuels au Ghana et au Malawi. L'analyse indique que la patrilocalité ancestrale, comparée à la matrilocalité, correspond à une allocation réduite des ressources aux femmes et à une incidence notablement plus élevée de la pauvreté chez les femmes pour les différents niveaux de consommation des ménages.Dans le troisième chapitre, j'examine l'impact du plus grand programme d'aide sociale de l'Uruguay, qui cible les familles pauvres avec enfants et qui est versé aux femmes. En utilisant un modèle de discontinuité de la régression dans un cadre d'estimation structurelle, je constate une augmentation significative de l'allocation des ressources aux femmes éligibles dans les zones rurales, sans effets sur les enfants. Je traduis ces résultats en termes de pauvreté individuelle : tous les membres de la famille bénéficient de l'effet de revenu, mais l'effet de négociation réduit encore plus la pauvreté des femmes<br>This dissertation analyzes the patterns of intra-household inequalities in non-developed countries and how they are affected by culture and policies. Using household expenditure surveys, I employ a collective model to analyze household consumption allocation and its drivers, and to assess its implications for individual poverty.In the first chapter, I present novel findings on intra-household resource distribution for 45 low- and middle-income countries. The results reveal that women are nearly twice as poor as men on a global scale, with children experiencing even greater deprivation. Furthermore, intra-household disparities are more pronounced in poor countries and, within countries, among poor households.In the second chapter, I investigate whether kinship-based post-marital residence customs—specifically, patrilocality (residing with the groom's parents) and matrilocality (residing with the bride's parents)—continue to influence household consumption sharing and individual poverty levels in Ghana and Malawi. Analysis indicates that ancestral patrilocality, compared to matrilocality, corresponds with reduced resource allocation to women and a notably higher incidence of poverty among women across various household consumption levels.In the third chapter, I examine the impact of Uruguay's largest social assistance program, which targets poor families with children and paid to women. Employing a regression discontinuity design within a structural estimation framework, I find a significant increase in resource allocation to eligible women in rural areas, with no effects on children. I translate these results into terms of individual poverty: all family members benefit from the income effect, but the bargaining effect reduces women's poverty even more

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Books on the topic "Individual poverty"

1

Bourguignon, François. Estimating individual vulnerability to poverty with pseudo-panel data. World Bank, 2004.

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Sala-i-Martin, Xavier. The world distribution of income (estimated from individual country distributions). National Bureau of Economic Research, 2002.

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Antman, Francisca. Poverty traps and nonlinear income dynamics with measurement error and individual heterogeneity. World Bank, 2005.

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Biewen, Martin. Measuring state dependence in individual poverty status: Are there feedback effects to employment decisions and household composition? IZA, 2004.

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Daniel, Suryadarma, and Social Monitoring and Early Response Unit (Indonesia), eds. Objective measures of family welfare for individual targeting: Results from Pilot Project on Community Based Monitoring System in Indonesia. SMERU Research Institute, 2005.

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Taskforce, International Year for the Eradication of Poverty (1996). Community choices - individual lives: A report to the Government of Western Australia through the Minister for Family and Children's Services. The Taskforce, 1998.

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Kane, Dianna. Responding to multi-dimensional poverty: Exploring the impacts of government, community and the individual resilience of HIV positive unemployed mothers in Khayelitsha. Centre for Social Science Research, University of Cape Town, 2009.

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Hlavačka, Milan, and Pavel Cibulka. Chudinství a chudoba jako sociálně historický fenomén: Ambivalence dobových perspektiv, individuální a kolektivní strategie chudých a instrumentária řešení = Poverty and care of the poor as social historical phenomena : ambivalence of historical perspectives, individual and collective strategies of the poor, and instruments of solution in the past. Historický ústav, 2013.

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editor, Pietromarchi Bartolomeo 1968, and Gallerie dell'Accademia di Venezia, eds. Mario Merz: Città irreale. Skira, 2015.

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Giovanni, Castagnoli Pier, Gianelli Ida, and Merz Beatrice, eds. Mario Merz. Fondazione Merz, 2006.

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Book chapters on the topic "Individual poverty"

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Garcia, Ginny. "Individual Level Results: Mexican Americans." In Mexican American and Immigrant Poverty in the United States. Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0539-5_5.

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Garcia, Ginny. "Individual Level Results: Mexican Immigrants." In Mexican American and Immigrant Poverty in the United States. Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0539-5_6.

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Lloyd-Sherlock, Peter. "The Case-studies: Individual Strategies." In Old Age and Urban Poverty in the Developing World. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230375475_5.

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Santos, Danilo Braun, Alexandre Ribeiro Leichsenring, Naercio Aquino Menezes Filho, and Wesley Mendes-Da-Silva. "Income Distribution and Duration of Poverty-Level Employment." In Individual Behaviors and Technologies for Financial Innovations. Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91911-9_6.

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Kröger, Teppo. "Concept of Care Poverty." In Care Poverty. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-97243-1_2.

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AbstractThis chapter introduces the concept of care poverty and suggests it as a key approach for research and policy-making on care for older people. The concept combines and connects three different strands of research literature: gerontological studies that focus on functional limitations and unmet needs, feminist social policy scholarship that has introduced concepts like care regimes and care deficit, and research on poverty and social inequality. The chapter describes how the concept of care poverty is also inspired by Raiz’s term of health care poverty. Care poverty is defined as the deprivation of adequate coverage of care needs resulting from interplay between individual and societal factors. It is further described as a situation where people in need of care do not receive sufficient assistance from either informal or formal sources. The mission of the concept of care poverty is to help identify inequalities in access to adequate care and to contribute to the creation of policies that can eradicate these inequalities.

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Kröger, Teppo. "Consequences of Care Poverty." In Care Poverty. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-97243-1_6.

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AbstractThis chapter summarises available empirical knowledge concerning the consequences of care poverty. According to a growing body of research evidence, care poverty has many kinds of unwelcome consequences for older people’s health and well-being, and it also leads to an increased use of social and health care. Personal care poverty brings adverse consequences like wetting or soiling oneself, and together with socio-emotional care poverty, it also predicts depression. All domains of care poverty are associated with the incidence of emotional difficulties. Personal and socio-emotional care poverty predict health care use, and admissions in residential long-term care are more frequent among those in personal care poverty. Socio-emotional care poverty even predicts increased mortality. Thus, all domains of care poverty prove to have negative consequences for older people’s health and well-being. These consequences are not restricted to the individual level as care poverty also affects the use of health care and residential long-term care.

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Tinios, Platon, Antigone Lyberaki, and Thomas Georgiadis. "Explaining Persistent Poverty in SHARE: Does the Past Play a Role?" In The Individual and the Welfare State. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-17472-8_2.

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Ramos, Xavier. "Using Efficiency Analysis to Measure Individual Well-being with an Illustration for Catalonia." In Quantitative Approaches to Multidimensional Poverty Measurement. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230582354_9.

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Phillips, Joshua D. "The Culture of Poverty: On Individual Choices and Infantilizing Bureaucracies." In Cultural Competence in Applied Psychology. Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-78997-2_16.

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Tribble, Rebekah, and Pilyoung Kim. "Intergenerational Transmission of Poverty: How Low Socioeconomic Status Impacts the Neurobiology of Two Generations." In Emerging Issues in Family and Individual Resilience. Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05952-1_4.

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Conference papers on the topic "Individual poverty"

1

Liu, Xiaohong, and Xianyi Zeng. "Causality and inference identification method of individual poverty." In Conference on Data Science and Knowledge Engineering for Sensing Decision Support (FLINS 2018). WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789813273238_0142.

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Sadyrtdinov, Ruslan. "Estimation Of Relative Poverty In Russian Regions Using Equivalence Scales." In II International Scientific and Practical Conference "Individual and Society in the Modern Geopolitical Environment" Conference. European Publisher, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2020.12.04.91.

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Bozkaya, Gülferah. "The Role of Social Protection Expenditure in the Fight against Poverty." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c05.00990.

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The concept gradually accumulate wealth in the world and intensifies poverty and insecurity are increasing to the same extent. When we look at the past, present and edit the markets cannot self-cleaning, as they cannot, by themselves can be considered as social justice has been seen cannot produce. Social justice-seeking different genders, groups and generations ensures the promotion of equality between the values. The realization of social justice on a global scale before everything redistribution of income from the rich to the poor is mandatory. Redistributing income in various forms of social protection social justice, provide more in several sizes. Avoidance of poverty by helping individuals develop their individual autonomy, dignity, protects and supports integration with the community. Whatever the economic power and productivity of individuals worthy of human dignity to have a minimum standard of social life provides guaranteed by the state. Spread evenly across society for education and health facilities and offers high standards. Social protection expenditure used in the creation of the European Union using ESSPROS method a methodology that has been guiding international social protection expenditures to produce an international comparison also provides the opportunity to do. In the light of current international developments in the field of social policy, social protection expenditure in Turkey will be evaluated in a comparative perspective.

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Timus, Angela, Tatiana Gutium, and Andrei Timus. "Impactul crizelor asupra sărăciei în muncă." In International Scientific-Practical Conference "Economic growth in the conditions of globalization". National Institute for Economic Research, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36004/nier.cecg.iv.2023.17.11.

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Poverty continues to be one of the characteristics of any society. The income gap between the poorest and wealthiest people and countries has widened. This gap is so large that international reports no longer compare the income of the richest 10% of the global population with the revenue of the poorest 10% to hide the veritable situation. An international report published in 2022 compares the income of the wealthiest 10% of the global population with that of the poorest 50%, so every second inhabitant of the planet is classified as one of the poorest people, and comparing the income level of 10% of the population to 50% of the global inhabitants does not give a real-world situation about poverty. Naturally, 50% of the population is not unemployed, so employment does not guarantee an individual escape from poverty. In the Republic of Moldova, in 2022, the level of wage earnings increased, it did not ensure the achievement of a decent wage level and reduce the number of employees receiving low wages because inflation was much higher than wage growth, and as a result, the real wages decreased almost by 10%, and the risk of in-work poverty increased. Therefore, the subject of the study is the workers' risk of poverty. The purpose of the study is to assess poverty among working people in the Republic of Moldova.

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Stanciu, Sorin Mihai, Raul Pascalau, and Carmen Simona Dumitrescu. "ASPECTS REGARIND THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE 2030 AGENDA OBJECTIVES IN THE EUROPEAN UNION." In 22nd SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2022. STEF92 Technology, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2022v/6.2/s29.86.

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Combating poverty and social exclusion requires addressing individual needs in terms of life cycles. As children growing up in poor households will face a higher risk of poverty in the future, in order to break the intergenerational circle of poverty, the governments must adopt programs aimed at simultaneously child and adult poverty in a household. The intergenerational circle of exclusion is perpetuated when low levels of education and poor health seriously limit the chances of access to the labour market for the next generation of children. Breaking the intergenerational circle of poverty and exclusion will require targeted interventions to eliminate the multiple causes of inequality. A coordinated approach is needed in the implementation of policies, programs and interventions aimed at the poor and vulnerable population as well as at marginalized areas. The European Union and the United Nations are natural partners in the effort to build a safer and better world for all. To this end, the European Union supports effective multilateralism and a rules-based international order, in which the United Nations plays a central role. Being a great success for the EU in negotiating, the Sustainable Development Goals are a useful tool to design EU values and objectives globally and provide a useful common framework for international partnerships. It is therefore in the EU's interest to play a leading role in the implementation of the 2030 Agenda globally through its external action. The 2030 Agenda, together with the Paris Agreement on Climate change, is the roadmap to a better world, the global framework for international cooperation on sustainable development and the economic, social, environmental and governance dimensions of this framework [1]. In this article, the attention is oriented towards the first SDG � No poverty and so, the population exposed to poverty and social exclusion risks is analysed. The main criteria used for the population analyses are the population under 18 years old, the urbanization degree, the social transfers beneficiaries, severe material and social deprivation, low work intensity households or even employed persons exposed to poverty, persons overburdened by housing expenses are also part of this category. The research methods consist of analysing the data from the official sources using the descriptive statistical methods and graphical representations.

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CIMPOIES, Liliana, and Elena SEMENOVA. "THE INDIVIDUAL SECTOR OF AGRICULTURE IN MOLDOVA AND ITS CONTRIBUTION TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF RURAL AREAS." In RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2017.114.

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Moldovan agriculture is still characterized by a pronounced structural dualism with a very large number of small-scale family farms. The accentuated poverty makes rural economy to flow more and more to a natural subsistence economy, isolating itself from the market economy. The scope of the paper is to assess the farm performance and its contribution to the development of rural areas. The research analysis is based on national statistics and survey data of 723 farms. In order to assess farm performance technical efficiency (TE) and stochastic frontier analysis is used. The contribution of different types of income on the farm development level is analysed through regression analysis. Increasing of farm performance through a higher efficiency and competitiveness could be regarded as the key solution to the low income problem of rural families.

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Campos, Pedro. "The use of microdata versus aggregated data in teaching and learning migration statistics." In Promoting Understanding of Statistics about Society. International Association for Statistical Education, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.52041/srap.16501.

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Data analysis and visualization of real data is important when it comes to teach and learn social phenomena, such as migration, unemployment, poverty, etc. The interdependency of the variables allows for the use of multivariate techniques along with rich and authentic data from official agencies or other data providers. However, certain phenomena are confidential at individual level, or are not easy to capture, so raw data is not always available for certain types of data. The purpose of this paper is to share a teaching experience at the tertiary level using individual data of migration, where students explore several socioeconomics aspects related to migration in the overall population dynamics using micro and macrodata.

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Wasley, Nicholas S., Patrick K. Lewis, and Christopher A. Mattson. "Designing Products for Optimal Collaborative Performance With Application to Engineering-Based Poverty Alleviation." In ASME 2012 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2012-71209.

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Collaborative products are created by combining components from two or more products to result in an additional product that performs previously unattainable tasks. The resulting reduction in cost, weight, and size of a set of products needed to perform a set of functions makes collaborative products useful in the developing world. In this paper, a method for designing a set of products for optimal individual and collaborative performance is introduced. This is accomplished by: (i) characterizing the collaborative design space of the product set and collaborative product, (ii) defining areas of acceptable Pareto offset, (iii) identifying the combinations of designs that fall within the defined areas of acceptable Pareto offset for each product, and (iv) selecting the optimal set of product designs. An example is provided to illustrate this method and demonstrate its usefulness in designing collaborative products for both the developed and developing world. We conclude that the presented method is a novel, and useful, approach for balancing the inherent trade-offs between the performance of collaborative products and the product sets used to create them.

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Hamáček, Jaromír, and Barbora Frličková. "Regional and Geographic Features of pro-poor growth in Africa." In 27th edition of the Central European Conference with subtitle (Teaching) of regional geography. Masaryk University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cz.muni.p210-9694-2020-3.

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The paper focuses on regional and geographic features of pro-poor growth in African countries. The concept of pro-poor growth interconnects and examines mutual relationships between income growth, income poverty and income inequality. Using the World Bank’s income data, we calculate and interpret indicators of pro-poor growth for individual African countries. Then we analyze the results in terms of African regionalization and we investigate possible associations between pro-poor growth categories and selected geographic factors such as location, population size or population density. We show that higher pro-poorness of growth is typical for countries of Northern and Western Africa. The results also indicate that some of the geographic factors are significantly associated with pro-poor growth across African countries.

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Mahmood Majeed Al-Samarai, Naghim, and Saad Mahmood Al-Kawaz. "The impact of banking reform on the performance of financial inclusion in Iraq for the period (2004-2017)." In 11th International Conference of Economic and Administrative Reform: Necessities and Challenges. University of Human Development, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21928/icearnc/25.

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The existence of the need for banking reform in the occurrence of a real and radical revolution in banking transactions from its traditional roots through banking services at the personal or commercial level locally and globally and by measuring the progress of the growth of the Iraqi economy and the extent to which banking systems are effective in the accelerating global changes and in the development of infrastructure and then the work of reform The banking sector specializes in the distribution of resources, which has a positive impact on economic activity. The World Bank considered financial inclusion a main and main focus in its agenda because it contributes to the eradication of poverty and improving the lives of individuals by encouraging small and large investments, which leads to an improvement in the life of the Iraqi individual. The analysis of banking sector data for some economic variables was used and relied on the monetary stability indicator represented in the general level of consumer prices, as well as an indicator of financial inclusion represented by the number of bank deposits and bank credit in Iraq.

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Reports on the topic "Individual poverty"

1

Orlando, María Beatriz, and Molly Pollack. Microenterprises and Poverty: Evidence from Latin America. Inter-American Development Bank, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0008864.

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This study assesses poverty in the microenterprise sector in Latin America, presenting stylized facts on potential poverty risk factors at the household and individual levels. The goal of the paper is to describe the main trends in the region and the scope of the paper is limited to a descriptive analysis of poverty risk factors based on the nature of the data set (household surveys). Therefore, the study does not explore the causes of poverty in the MIC sector or the factors that determine whether an individual works in a microenterprise. The end result is a comparison of poverty rates in the MIC sector with the rest of the economy; and also the determination of the poverty rate of households with microenterprise income, as compared to the poverty rate of other households.

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Londoño, Juan Luis, and Miguel Székely. Persistent Poverty and Excess Inequality: Latin America, 1970-1995. Inter-American Development Bank, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011565.

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The objective of this work is to assess the changes in poverty and inequality that have taken place in Latin America and the Caribbean from 1970 to 1995, with special emphasis on the 1990s. The main distinctive characteristic of the study is that rather than focusing on individual country experiences, as most of the literature on this subject has done, we produce aggregate indicators for the whole region.

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Cranfield, John, Paul Preckel, and Thomas Hertel. Poverty Analysis Using an International Cross-Country Demand System. GTAP Working Paper, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.21642/gtap.wp34.

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This paper proposes a new method for ex ante analysis of the poverty impacts arising from policy reforms. Three innovations underlie this approach. The first is the estimation of a global demand system using a combination of micro-data from household surveys, and macro-data from the International Comparisons Project. Estimation is undertaken in a manner that reconciles these two sources of information, explicitly recognizing that per capita national demands are an aggregation of the disaggregated, individual household demands. The second innovation relates to a methodology for post-estimation calibration of the global demand system, giving rise to country specific demand systems and an associated expenditure function which, when aggregated across the expenditure distribution, reproduce observed per capita budget shares exactly. The third innovation is use of the calibrated expenditure function to calculate the change in the head-count of poverty, poverty gap and squared poverty gap arising from policy reforms, where the poverty measures are derived using a unique poverty level of utility, rather than an income or expenditure-based measure. We employ these techniques with a demand system for food, other non-durables and services estimated using a combination of 1996 ICP data set and national expenditure distribution data. Calibration is demonstrated for three countries for which household survey expenditure data are utilized during estimation; namely, Indonesia, the Philippines and Thailand. To illustrate the usefulness of these calibrated models for policy analysis, we assess the impacts of an assumed five percent food price rise as might be realized in the wake of a multilateral trade agreement. Results illustrate the important role of subsistence expenditures at low per capita income levels, but of discretionary expenditure at higher per capita income levels. The welfare analysis underscores the relatively large impact of the price hike on poorer households, while a modified Foster-Greer-Thorbecke poverty measure shows that the five percent price rise has a differential effect on poverty across the three focus countries, although it increases the incidence and intensity of poverty in all three cases.

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Winters, Paul, Marco Stampini, Benjamin Davis, Marta Ruiz-Arranz, and Sudhanshu Handa. An Impact Evaluation of Agricultural Subsidies on Human Capital Development and Poverty Reduction: Evidence from Rural Mexico. Inter-American Development Bank, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011173.

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This working papers offers an impact evaluation of two innovative programs cash transfer schemes from the Mexican Government: PROGRESA, which is a national anti-poverty scheme directed at chronic rural poverty, and PROCAMPO, a scheme designed to compensate farmers for the negative price effects of NAFTA. The analysis of data collected for an evaluation of PROGRESA suggests that the overall level of food consumption and health check-ups is lower among PROGRESA households that also participate in PROCAMPO. The overall conclusions are that program conditionality does influence longer-term (human capital) and medium term (productive) investment decisions, the receipt of multiple forms of treatment by beneficiaries can affect the overall impact of each individual program, and conditional transfers may have muted effects among agricultural households in the face of market imperfections.

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Frisancho, Verónica. How to Raise Household Savings in LAC: Constraints and Best Practices. Inter-American Development Bank, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0009286.

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This technical note examines demand-side constraints households in Latin America and the Caribbean face when making saving decisions, particularly households from lower income deciles. This emphasis is important because poverty can impact individuals' ability to process information, manage their time efficiently, or resist temptation, thus limiting their ability to make sound financial choices, forecast, or plan ahead. The note first reviews the main formal constraints on saving such as transaction costs, regulatory barriers and limited trust in financial systems. The note then considers constraints on saving in general, whether formal or informal, including social pressure, intra-household allocation issues, information and knowledge gaps, and behavioral biases when making financial choices. Reviewing advances in behavioral economics, particular emphasis is placed on how features of individual behavior can impact savings. Alleviating behavioral constraints could yield large welfare gains at relatively low costs.

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Nolan, Brian, Brenda Gannon, Richard Layte, Dorothy Watson, Christopher T. Whelan, and James Williams. Monitoring Poverty Trends in Ireland: Results from the 2000 Living in Ireland survey. ESRI, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.26504/prs45.

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This study is the latest in a series monitoring the evolution of poverty, based on data gathered by The ESRI in the Living in Ireland Surveys since 1994. These have allowed progress towards achieving the targets set out in the National Anti Poverty Strategy since 1997 to be assessed. The present study provides an updated picture using results from the 2000 round of the Living in Ireland survey. The numbers interviewed in the 2000 Living in Ireland survey were enhanced substantially, to compensate for attrition in the panel survey since it commenced in 1994. Individual interviews were conducted with 8,056 respondents. Relative income poverty lines do not on their own provide a satisfactory measure of exclusion due to lack of resources, but do nonetheless produce important key indicators of medium to long-term background trends. The numbers falling below relative income poverty lines were most often higher in 2000 than in 1997 or 1994. The income gap for those falling below these thresholds also increased. By contrast, the percentage of persons falling below income lines indexed only to prices (rather than average income) since 1994 or 1997 fell sharply, reflecting the pronounced real income growth throughout the distribution between then and 2000. This contrast points to the fundamental factors at work over this highly unusual period: unemployment fell very sharply and substantial real income growth was seen throughout the distribution, including social welfare payments, but these lagged behind income from work and property so social welfare recipients were more likely to fall below thresholds linked to average income. The study shows an increasing probability of falling below key relative income thresholds for single person households, those affected by illness or disability, and for those who are aged 65 or over - many of whom rely on social welfare support. Those in households where the reference person is unemployed still face a relatively high risk of falling below the income thresholds but continue to decline as a proportion of all those below the lines. Women face a higher risk of falling below those lines than men, but this gap was marked among the elderly. The study shows a marked decline in deprivation levels across different household types. As a result consistent poverty, that is the numbers both below relative income poverty lines and experiencing basic deprivation, also declined sharply. Those living in households comprising one adult with children continue to face a particularly high risk of consistent poverty, followed by those in families with two adults and four or more children. The percentage of adults in households below 70 per cent of median income and experiencing basic deprivation was seen to have fallen from 9 per cent in 1997 to about 4 per cent, while the percentage of children in such households fell from 15 per cent to 8 per cent. Women aged 65 or over faced a significantly higher risk of consistent poverty than men of that age. Up to 2000, the set of eight basic deprivation items included in the measure of consistent poverty were unchanged, so it was important to assess whether they were still capturing what would be widely seen as generalised deprivation. Factor analysis suggested that the structuring of deprivation items into the different dimensions has remained remarkably stable over time. Combining low income with the original set of basic deprivation indicators did still appear to identify a set of households experiencing generalised deprivation as a result of prolonged constraints in terms of command over resources, and distinguished from those experiencing other types of deprivation. However, on its own this does not tell the whole story - like purely relative income measures - nor does it necessarily remain the most appropriate set of indicators looking forward. Finally, it is argued that it would now be appropriate to expand the range of monitoring tools to include alternative poverty measures incorporating income and deprivation. Levels of deprivation for some of the items included in the original basic set were so low by 2000 that further progress will be difficult to capture empirically. This represents a remarkable achievement in a short space of time, but poverty is invariably reconstituted in terms of new and emerging social needs in a context of higher societal living standards and expectations. An alternative set of basic deprivation indicators and measure of consistent poverty is presented, which would be more likely to capture key trends over the next number of years. This has implications for the approach adopted in monitoring the National Anti-Poverty Strategy. Monitoring over the period to 2007 should take a broader focus than the consistent poverty measure as constructed to date, with attention also paid to both relative income and to consistent poverty with the amended set of indicators identified here.

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Brakarz, José, and Laura Jaitman. Evaluation of Slum Upgrading Programs: Literature Review and Methodological Approaches. Inter-American Development Bank, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0009149.

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This technical note analyzes the methodologies used to evaluate neighborhood upgrading programs, describes their results, and suggests approaches for future evaluations. Local and central governments are increasingly utilizing slum or neighborhood upgrading programs to deal with the multiple problems of urban poverty. These programs employ a methodology of integral interventions, combining of both infrastructure works and social services targeted to specific neighborhoods. Due to this variety of interventions the assessment of their impact is complicated and requires a comprehensive approach. This document analyzes the methods used in the evaluation of a number of upgrading programs either looking at individual interventions or their combined outcomes. It proposes a methodological approach for their assessment based on three categories of outcomes: housing, neighborhood, and individual. For each type of outcome, the authors present a literature review of common interventions and their evaluation results. The document also suggests relevant indicators for evaluating slum upgrading programs according to these three types of outcomes, and finally, it presents methodological issues to take into consideration when designing the evaluations of integral programs.

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Fan, Li, and Veronica Mendizabal Joffre. The Gender Dimension of Sustainable Consumption and Production: A Microsurvey-Based Analysis of Gender Differences in Awareness, Attitudes, and Behaviors in the People’s Republic of China. Asian Development Bank, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/wps200401-2.

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Using microsurveys conducted in the People’s Republic of China over the past 2 decades, this paper explores the individual preferences among men and women toward sustainable consumption and production—the concept of doing more with less and decoupling economic growth from environmental degradation. The study finds that women exhibit greener living and working habits than men. However, women—regardless of education, rural–urban setting, or age—are impacted by time poverty, low political participation, limited awareness, gender norms, and, for younger and older women, financial limitations. To encourage and increase women’s capacity in shaping environmental solutions, economic and political gender gaps must be addressed and awareness on the impact of consumption needs to be strengthened.

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Stewart, Alastair, and Miranda Morgan. A Final Evaluation of Oxfam's Gendered Enterprise and Markets Programme (2014-18): Summary of findings. Oxfam GB, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2019.5358.

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Gendered Enterprise and Markets (GEM) is Oxfam GB’s approach to market systems development. The GEM approach facilitates change in market systems and social norms, with the aim of ensuring more sustainable livelihood opportunities for marginalized women and men. The GEM DFID AidMatch Programme (June 2014–February 2018) worked within the soya, milk and vegetable value chains targeting women smallholder farmers in areas of poverty. The programme aimed to benefit 63,600 people (10,600 smallholder households) living in Zambia, Tajikistan and Bangladesh through increases in household income, women having greater influence over key livelihood decisions within their households and communities, and engaging in livelihoods more resilient to shocks, such as natural disasters and market volatility. This evaluation was designed to investigate if and how the GEM programme contributed to its intended outcomes – not only in the lives of individual women smallholder farmers targeted by the programme but also in terms of changes in their communities and the larger market system. It also sought to capture any potential unintended outcomes of the programme. This summary report outlines the key findings from the three individual country evaluations in Bangladesh, Tajikistan and Zambia - for which the full reports are also available.

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Pires, Jose Claudio Linhares, Diether Beuermann, Tulio Cravo, and Simon Lodato. Approach Paper: A Comparative Analysis of SME Models Supported by IDB: The Case of Brazil. Inter-American Development Bank, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0010543.

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Abstract:

The evaluation of the effectiveness of SME-oriented projects has gained particular relevance in recent years, as they have been used as an instrument to help achieve IDB's strategic goals, defined by the IDB's Ninth General Capital Increase (IDB-9) mandate, such as poverty reduction and competitiveness. LAC experienced considerable economic growth over the past decade, and SME projects have been considered as tools to contribute and sustain progress based on private sector initiatives. The Bank has undertaken significant efforts to evaluate the effectiveness of different individual SME support models and their spillovers. However, less is known on whether and how alternative SME-oriented interventions reinforce each other. Accordingly, the main objective of this evaluation is to provide rigorous evidence of impacts of different models of SME support where IDB has been active.

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