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Journal articles on the topic 'Individual fertility'
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1
Hern, Warren M. "Individual fertility rate: A new individual fertility measure for small populations." Biodemography and Social Biology 37, no. 1-2 (March 1990): 102–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19485565.1990.9988750.
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Al-Inany, Hesham G., GerardA J. Dunselman, JohnC M. Dumoulin, JacquesW M. Maas, and JohannesL H. Evers. "Fertility Potential of Individual Sperm Donors." Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation 47, no. 3 (1999): 147–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000010082.
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Sundaram, Viji, and Evelyn Mok-Lin. "Fertility Preservation for the Transgender Individual." Current Obstetrics and Gynecology Reports 9, no. 3 (June 25, 2020): 129–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13669-020-00291-z.
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Kamalakannan, R., M. Varghese, J. M. Park, S. H. Kwon, J. H. Song, and Kyu-Suk Kang. "Fertility Variation and its Impact on Effective Population Size in Seed Stands of Tamarindus indica and Azadirachta indica." Silvae Genetica 64, no. 1-6 (December 1, 2015): 91–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sg-2015-0008.
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Abstract Growth and reproductive traits were assessed in seed stands of two native Indian tree species Tamarindus indica and Azadirachta indica. Positive correlation between growth (height and GBH) and reproductive traits (male and female contribution) were found in both species. Fertility was estimated from the flower and fruit production of individuals. Based on the fertility variation among individuals, parental balance, femaleness index and status number (Ns) were determined. The option of equal seed collection among individuals was also considered for estimating Ns. The percentage of fertile trees was higher in the high flowering year in both species. The best male contributing individuals also showed high female contribution (fruit production). The parental contribution in seed stands showed high deviation from expectation; 20% individuals contributed about 70% of male and female gametes in both species. Femaleness index showed that female and male contribution of individual tree was more balanced in the good flowering year, compared to the poor year. Coefficient of variation in male and female fertility was higher in the low flowering year resulting in high fertility variation among individuals and low status number. In T. indica, the female contribution was less variable compared to that of male fertility whereas in A. indica the female fertility variation was higher than that of male fertility. The relative status number (Nr = Ns/N) of the stands was lower for male and female fertility compared to the combined (male and female) fertility of individual trees.
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Hawkes, Kristen, and Eric L. Charnov. "On Human Fertility: Individual or Group Benefit?" Current Anthropology 29, no. 3 (June 1988): 469–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/203657.
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Schnabel, Landon. "Secularism and Fertility Worldwide." Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World 7 (January 2021): 237802312110313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23780231211031320.
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This study proposes and explores a new fertility determinant: societal secularism. Using country-level data from multiple sources ( n = 181) and multilevel data from 58 countries in the World Values Survey ( n = 83,301), the author documents a strong negative relationship between societal secularism and both country-level fertility rates and individual-level fertility behavior. Secularism, even in small amounts, is associated with population stagnation or even decline absent substantial immigration, whereas highly religious countries have higher fertility rates that promote population growth. This country-level pattern is driven by more than aggregate lower fertility of secular individuals. In fact, societal secularism is a better predictor of highly religious individuals’ fertility behavior than that of secular individuals, and this pattern is largely a function of cultural values related to gender, reproduction, and autonomy in secular societies. Beyond their importance for the religious composition of the world population, the patterns presented in this study are relevant to key fertility theories and could help account for below-replacement fertility.
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Karavadra, B., A. Stockl, A. H. Balen, and E. P. Morris. "COVID-19 and fertility services in the United Kingdom: a biphasic qualitative study." Reproduction and Fertility 2, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/raf-20-0055.
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Recently, fertility services have started resuming since COVID-19 was declared a pandemic, but there remains significant uncertainty in the way this care will be delivered in the United Kingdom. The objective of our study was to explore the impact of COVID-19 on individuals using fertility services in the United Kingdom. The study was conducted in two phases between May 2020 and July 2020: an online questionnaire involving 1212 participants and subsequent individual semi-structured telephone interviews with 15 participants. Through thematic analysis, we learned from the questionnaire findings that 74% of individuals identified as White British, 21% as Black and Minority Ethnic (BAME) and 2.6% as male. Ninety-six per cent of individuals from the questionnaire explained that COVID-19 had a ‘negative impact’ on their fertility treatment, namely ‘delay in care’. Eighty-two per cent of participants discussed concerns about the ‘uncertainty’ they felt about fertility services; these included the ‘unknown impact of COVID-19 on pregnancy outcomes’, the ‘unknown impact on general gynaecology services’ and the ‘unknown impact of COVID-19 on fertility success’. Through semi-structured telephone interviews with 15 participants, we learned about the ‘cultural pressures’ individuals from BAME backgrounds faced in relation to care. Participants were mindful about the ‘pressures on the service’ when reopening, and therefore ‘advancing maternal age’, ‘socio-economic background’ and ‘previous unsuccessful fertility treatment’ were the main factors individuals considered important when ‘prioritising’ fertility care. Our findings can be used by fertility service providers to appreciate the patient perspective when considering the reopening of fertility services nationally and internationally. Lay summary The impact of COVID-19 on patients seeking or undergoing fertility treatment is not entirely known. Many patients have had their treatment postponed during the pandemic. As fertility services begin to recommence, it is important to understand how the pandemic has affected this group of patients. In addition, it is vital to appreciate and understand the patient’s voice in order to ensure services take into account the patients’ concerns as they begin to offer certain fertility treatments. Our study was conducted in two phases and involved an online questionnaire and individual interviews with people. We found that people were worried about services restarting and how care would be prioritised. People also discussed some of the perceived barriers to seeking fertility healthcare. Our findings highlight the importance of understanding the patient’s voice when recommencing fertility services.
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Chen, Feng, and Xiuwu Zhang. "A Predictive Model for Fertility Behavior of Women of Childbearing Age: Based on the Apriori Algorithm and Smooth Cut-Point Calculation." Journal of Advanced Computational Intelligence and Intelligent Informatics 24, no. 3 (May 20, 2020): 260–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jaciii.2020.p0260.
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We combine the Apriori data mining algorithm and smooth cut-point calculation to build a model that uses microscopic individual data to predict fertility behavior. The data of China’s migrant population from 2013 to 2015 are used to predict the reproductive behavior of migrant women. The accuracy of the prediction results is over 84%. The model also quantifies the extent to which the existing characteristics of individuals influence their reproductive behavior. The government can regulate individual fertility behavior based on the quantified scores.
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Hruschka, Daniel J., and Oskar Burger. "How does variance in fertility change over the demographic transition?" Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 371, no. 1692 (April 19, 2016): 20150155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2015.0155.
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Most work on the human fertility transition has focused on declines in mean fertility. However, understanding changes in the variance of reproductive outcomes can be equally important for evolutionary questions about the heritability of fertility, individual determinants of fertility and changing patterns of reproductive skew. Here, we document how variance in completed fertility among women (45–49 years) differs across 200 surveys in 72 low- to middle-income countries where fertility transitions are currently in progress at various stages. Nearly all (91%) of samples exhibit variance consistent with a Poisson process of fertility, which places systematic, and often severe, theoretical upper bounds on the proportion of variance that can be attributed to individual differences. In contrast to the pattern of total variance, these upper bounds increase from high- to mid-fertility samples, then decline again as samples move from mid to low fertility. Notably, the lowest fertility samples often deviate from a Poisson process. This suggests that as populations move to low fertility their reproduction shifts from a rate-based process to a focus on an ideal number of children. We discuss the implications of these findings for predicting completed fertility from individual-level variables.
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Piriu, Andreea Alexandra. "Globalization and Gender‐Specific Patterns in Individual Fertility Decisions." Population and Development Review 48, no. 1 (December 2021): 129–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/padr.12453.
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Cooper, Holly C., Jin Long, and Tandy Aye. "Fertility preservation in transgender and non-binary adolescents and young adults." PLOS ONE 17, no. 3 (March 11, 2022): e0265043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0265043.
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Although 37.5–51% of transgender adults state they would’ve considered freezing gametes before gender-affirming therapy if offered and 24–25.8% of transgender adolescents express interest in having biological children, less than 5% of transgender adolescents have opted for fertility preservation. We sought to assess fertility preservation utilization in our multidisciplinary adolescent gender clinic. We also aimed to identify fertility preservation utilization and interest among non-binary adolescents and young adults. A retrospective review was conducted of patients seen in the Stanford Pediatric & Adolescent Gender Clinic from October 2015 through March 2019 who were >10 years of age at initial visit. All individuals with documented discussion of fertility preservation were offered referral for formal fertility preservation consultation but only 24% of patients accepted. Only 6.8% of individuals subsequently underwent fertility preservation (n = 9). Transfeminine adolescents are more likely to pursue fertility preservation than transmasculine adolescents (p = 0.01). The rate of fertility preservation in non-binary adolescents did not significantly differ from those in transfeminine adolescents (p = 1.00) or transmasculine adolescents (p = 0.31). Although only one non-binary individual underwent fertility preservation, several more expressed interest with 36% accepting referral (n = 4) and 27% being seen in consultation (n = 3). Despite offering fertility preservation with designated members of a gender clinic team, utilization remains low in transgender adolescents. Additionally, non-binary adolescents and their families are interested in fertility preservation and referrals should be offered to these individuals. Further studies and advocacy are required to continue to address fertility needs of transgender adolescents.
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Botha, Willings, Natasha Donnolley, Marian Shanahan, and Georgina M. Chambers. "Assessment of the societal and individual preferences for fertility treatment in Australia: study protocol for stated preference discrete choice experiments." BMJ Open 8, no. 2 (February 2018): e020509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-020509.
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IntroductionIn Australia, societal and individual preferences for funding fertility treatment remain largely unknown. This has resulted in a lack of evidence about willingness to pay (WTP) for fertility treatment by either the general population (the funders) or infertile individuals (who directly benefit). Using a stated preference discrete choice experiment (SPDCE) approach has been suggested as a more appropriate method to inform economic evaluations of fertility treatment. We outline the protocol for an ongoing study which aims to assess fertility treatment preferences of both the general population and infertile individuals, and indirectly estimate their WTP for fertility treatment.Methods and analysisTwo separate but related SPDCEs will be conducted for two population samples—the general population and infertile individuals—to elicit preferences for fertility treatment to indirectly estimate WTP. We describe the qualitative work to be undertaken to design the SPDCEs. We will use D-efficient fractional experimental designs informed by prior coefficients from the pilot surveys. The mode of administration for the SPDCE is also discussed. The final results will be analysed using mixed logit or latent class model.Ethics and disseminationThis study is being funded by the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) project grant AP1104543 and has been approved by the University of New South Wales Human Research Ethics Committee (HEC 17255) and a fertility clinic’s ethics committee. Findings of the study will be disseminated in peer-reviewed journals and presented at various conferences. A lay summary of the results will be made publicly available on the University of New South Wales National Perinatal Epidemiology and Statistics Unit website. Our results will contribute to the development of an evidence-based policy framework for the provision of cost-effective and patient-centred fertility treatment in Australia.
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Jakubowska, Zuzanna, Karolina Koza, Wojciech Leder, Aleksandra Owczarczyk, Zuzanna Skorupka, and Tomasz Wróblewski. "The Power of Fertility and Its Importance for the Concept of Sustainable Development." Studia Ecologiae et Bioethicae 19, no. 3 (October 4, 2021): 25–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/seb.2021.19.3.03.
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Demographic changes are one of the indicators of sustainable development, expressed by the value of the natural increase in the human population, resulting directly from the fertility level, which is the subject of this article. Human fertility is a complex potential conditioned by the environmental, social, and economic factors. The multi-dimensional relations of fertility that may affect its level, constitute an unlimited field of research, study, and analysis. The inter-disciplinary scope of fertility research conducted by the authors has shown that fertility is an issue that, in its historical, social, political, and medical aspects, has the potential of contributing to societal development and raising the standard of living. The aim of this article is to answer the question: whether and how the fertility of an individual has an impact on the idea of sustainable development. To achieve this, the available literature was analysed and synthesised, as well as supplemented with information provided by experts in the field. The article incorporates presentations of selected fertility determining factors, methods of measuring fertility potential, and diverse contexts, such as the impact of fertility on history and its relationship with the freedom of the human individual. Moreover, the authors present the relationship between the fertility of an individual, and the assumptions and postulates of the idea of sustainable development.
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Blekesaune, Morten. "The Fertility of Female Immigrants to Europe from Christian and Muslim Countries." Journal of Religion and Demography 7, no. 2 (October 6, 2020): 222–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2589742x-12347109.
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Abstract This article investigates the fertility of female immigrants to Europe in relation to the characteristics of individual women (n=1,667), their countries of origin in Africa, Asia and Latin-America (n=68) and the European country where they reside (n=22), using the European Social Survey (ESS) collected between 2010 and 2017 (rounds 5 to 8). Many immigrants have fertility outcomes that converge towards the native fertility of their country of residence in Europe, a surprisingly strong factor. Immigrants from Muslim countries have higher fertility, though, and they compress their fertility over fewer years than immigrants from Christian countries. Multivariate estimates indicate that the effects of fertility rates and religious composition of countries of origin and individual religiousness are of similar magnitude for post-migration fertility rates. The highest fertility outcomes are found among highly religious immigrants from Muslim countries migrating to relatively high fertility countries in Europe at an early fertile age.
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de Andrade, André F. "175 Analysis of Cryopreserved Semen Quality: With the Tools Available, What Is Possible to Be Interpreted." Journal of Animal Science 99, Supplement_1 (May 1, 2021): 112–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skab054.185.
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Abstract Identifying doses of post-thawed semen with high and low fertility potential is the main objective pursued by professionals and companies involved in commercializing frozen semen. In post-thaw semen, we can evaluate the motility characteristics and the integrity of the spermatozoa membranes and their DNA so that we can identify the number of cells that have the minimum characteristics to be considered with the potential to fertilize the oocyte. However, even with these analyzes using fluorescent probes, flow cytometry, and a computerized semen analysis system, it is impossible to predict the dose’s fertilizing potential accurately. The spermatozoa and seminal plasma originate from an individual (e.g., boar, bull, stallion), and even the spermatozoa and seminal plasma from this individual are different between different ejaculates. Factors such as genetics, age, ambiance, nutrition, and semen manipulation can alter the cryotolerance capacity of a given ejaculate, thus affecting its fertility potential. However, recent studies with assessments of proteomics, lipidomics, metabolomics, and miRNAs have associated cryotolerance and semen fertility with markers that can be evaluated before the ejaculate cryopreservation process—in this way, creating the possibility of selecting high fertility doses before the freezing process. Suppose these biological markers will conclusively make it possible to inform whether post-thawed semen dose has high or low fertility potential. In that case, only future research work verifying fertility will allow us to know. In the meantime, it is highly recommended to evaluate the post-thaw semen by assessing characteristics of motility, the integrity of the plasma and acrosomal membranes, and the integrity of DNA. Thus, ensuring that inseminations are carried out with the minimum number of sperm able to provide a high potential for fertility. These minimum numbers are related to the species and type of cryopreserved semen: conventional or sexed.
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Colleran, Heidi, Grazyna Jasienska, Ilona Nenko, Andrzej Galbarczyk, and Ruth Mace. "Community-level education accelerates the cultural evolution of fertility decline." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281, no. 1779 (March 22, 2014): 20132732. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.2732.
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Explaining why fertility declines as populations modernize is a profound theoretical challenge. It remains unclear whether the fundamental drivers are economic or cultural in nature. Cultural evolutionary theory suggests that community-level characteristics, for example average education, can alter how low-fertility preferences are transmitted and adopted. These assumptions have not been empirically tested. Here, we show that community-level education accelerates fertility decline in a way that is neither predicted by individual characteristics, nor by the level of economic modernization in a population. In 22 high-fertility communities in Poland, fertility converged on a smaller family size as average education in the community increased—indeed community-level education had a larger impact on fertility decline than did individual education. This convergence was not driven by educational levels being more homogeneous, but by less educated women having fewer children than expected, and more highly educated social networks, when living among more highly educated neighbours. The average level of education in a community may influence the social partners women interact with, both within and beyond their immediate social environments, altering the reproductive norms they are exposed to. Given a critical mass of highly educated women, less educated neighbours may adopt their reproductive behaviour, accelerating the pace of demographic transition. Individual characteristics alone cannot capture these dynamics and studies relying solely on them may systematically underestimate the importance of cultural transmission in driving fertility declines. Our results are inconsistent with a purely individualistic, rational-actor model of fertility decline and suggest that optimization of reproduction is partly driven by cultural dynamics beyond the individual.
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Abiç, Arzu, and Duygu Vefikuluçay Yılmaz. "Infertility Risk Factors and Nurse’s Role." International Journal of Emerging Trends in Health Sciences 3, no. 1 (June 1, 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/ijeths.v3i1.4073.
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There are many known and unknown risk factors affecting fertility. Nowadays although infertility risk factors have been revealed with the researches carried out today, studies are still going on for many factors brought about by modern life. Nurses should be aware of risk factors that negatively affect fertility in order to prevent deterioration of fertility abilities of individuals. Infertility nurses should assess life-style behaviors in detail while taking anamnesis from couples who have fertility problems or apply for long-term and financially expensive treatment methods such as assisted reproductive techniques. In addition, nurses should do counseling to couples on lifestyles that have an impact on the fertility of individuals and follow the current literature on the subject. Especially risky lifestyle behaviors should be improved if there is no time problem for the couple. Otherwise, treatment strategies should be developed to change these behaviors and individual care plans should be provided to individuals about healthy lifestyle behaviors. In addition, nurses should train couples for risk factors. In this context, the risk factors causing the infertility and nursing roles will be discussed in our review.
Key words: Ä°nfertilty, Risk Factors, Nursing, Role
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Mijatovic, Bosko. "On microeconomic theory of fertility." Stanovnistvo 38, no. 1-4 (2000): 59–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/stnv0004059m.
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A review of the microeconomic theory of fertility according to the tradition of Gary Becker is given in the text. The static model is presented in the first part, the dynamic in the second, and the third part deals with decision making within the family on the basis of the theory of games. The microeconomic theory of fertility offers a contribution to the understanding of fertility in two ways: the first is the theoretical-methodological standpoint that birth is the outcome of decision making on the level of the individual, along with their maximizational behavior; the second is the involvement of economic variables among the factors which explain births. Economists deeply believe that individualistic, rational and maximizational behavior of the individual is an imperative basis for considering human reactions and that it is a methodological approach which is superior to the alternative. This approach to social phenomena, without reducing complex motives of the individual (and family) to exclusively economic ones, finds a wide response in other social sciences, among them and in demography. Not only is the technical, formal elegancy and refined approach in question, but also strong insights into the real behavior of people. On the other hand, the strength of the influences of economic factors on birth is always susceptible to discussions, just as any other empirical question. This influence certainly exists, and economists are, perhaps inclined to impute greater significance to it than what is realistic.
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Córdoba, Juan Carlos, and Xiying Liu. "Malthusian stagnation is efficient." Theoretical Economics 17, no. 1 (2022): 415–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3982/te3542.
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This article studies socially optimal allocations, from the point of view of a benevolent social planner, in environments characterized by fixed resources, endogenous fertility, and full information. Individuals in our environment are fully rational and altruistic toward their descendants. Our model allows for rich heterogeneity of abilities, preferences for children, and costs of raising children. We show that the planner's optimal allocations are efficient in the sense of Golosov et al. (2007). We also show that efficient allocation in the endogenous fertility case differs significantly from its exogenous fertility counterpart. In particular, optimal steady state population is proportional to the amount of fixed resources and the level of technology, while steady state individual consumption is independent of these variables, a sort of “Malthusian stagnation” result. Furthermore, optimal allocations exhibit inequality, differential fertility, random consumption, and a higher population density of poorer individuals even when the planner is fully equalitarian and faces no aggregate risk or frictions.
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Hopcroft, Rosemary L. "IS FERTILITY AFTER THE DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION MALADAPTIVE?" Journal of Biosocial Science 51, no. 2 (March 5, 2018): 157–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932018000032.
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SummaryFitness is always relative to the fitness of others in the group or breeding population. Even in very low-fertility societies, individual fitness as measured by the share of genes in subsequent generations may still be maximized. Further, sexual selection theory from evolutionary biology suggests that the relationship between status and fertility will differ for males and females. For this reason it is important to examine the relationship between status and fertility separately for males and females–something few demographic studies of fertility do. When male fertility is measured separately, high-status men (as measured by their wealth and personal income) have higher fertility than low-status men, even in very low-fertility societies, so individual males appear to be maximizing their fitness within the constraints posed by a modern society. Thus male fertility cannot be considered maladaptive. When female fertility is measured separately, in both very high- and very low-fertility societies, there is not much variance across women of different statuses in completed fertility. Only in societies currently changing rapidly (with falling fertility rates) is somewhat high variance across women of different statuses in completed fertility found. What is seen across all phases of the demographic transition appears to be a continuation of two somewhat different evolved human reproductive strategies–one male, one female–in changing social and material contexts. Whether contemporary female fertility is maladaptive remains an open question.
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Kristensen, Axel Peter, and Trude Lappegård. "Unemployment and fertility: The relationship between individual and aggregated unemployment and fertility during 1994–2014 in Norway." Demographic Research 46 (June 8, 2022): 1037–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4054/demres.2022.46.35.
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Junkka, Johan. "Membership in and Presence of Voluntary Organisations during the Swedish Fertility Transition, 1880-1949." Historical Life Course Studies 5 (September 28, 2018): 3–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.51964/hlcs9335.
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This article investigates the association between, participation in, and exposure to voluntary organisations and marital fertility during the European fertility transition from 1880 to 1949. This is achieved using individual-level longitudinal demographic data from northern Sweden linked with individual-level information on voluntary organisation membership and contextual level information on organisation activity. How living near an organisation influenced fertility is measured using mixed effect Cox regressions. The association to participation for both men and women is tested by matching members to a control group through propensity score matching before estimating differences in risks of another birth using Cox regressions. The results show that being exposed to an organisation was related to lower fertility. Joining a union or a temperance organisation showed even stronger negative associations, but only for male members, while female members showed no significant difference in fertility. The results suggest that reproductive decisions were not simple responses by the individual couple to structural changes but were also shaped within the social networks of which they were a part.
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Martin, Lauren Jade. "Knowing and Not Knowing about Fertility: Childless Women and Age-Related Fertility Decline." Anthropology & Aging 42, no. 1 (May 11, 2021): 30–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/aa.2021.259.
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Knowledge claims may play an essential role in reproductive decision-making, as individuals seek out, assess, reject, and use information about health and fertility gathered from numerous sources. This paper focuses specifically on childless women’s self-perceptions of knowledge about infertility and age-related fertility decline. How knowledgeable do childless women perceive themselves to be about fertility and infertility in general, and from where they do they obtain this knowledge? Furthermore, how knowledgeable do childless women perceive themselves to be about their own fertility and ability to conceive, and to what do they attribute this knowledge? Data for this project was gathered through semi-structured interviews with 72 childless American women; the interviews were inductively and thematically coded using qualitative-analysis software. Childless women assessed their general knowledge of fertility as confident, self-doubting, or novices, and they claimed multiple sources as the basis of this knowledge, including formal education and training, media and popular culture, and family members and peers. When assessing knowledge about their own fecundity, the women tended to rely on two additional sources: biomedical diagnostics and embodied knowledge. Childless women’s awareness of average statistics of age-related fertility decline did not necessarily translate to individual self-knowledge about their own bodies and fecundity. Because knowledge claims were based on multiple information sources given unequal weight, this raises questions about authoritative knowledge—that is, the knowledge that “counts” for women as they make decisions regarding their future childbearing.
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Fortson, Jane G. "HIV/AIDS and Fertility." American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 1, no. 3 (June 1, 2009): 170–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/app.1.3.170.
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This paper studies the response of fertility to the HIV/AIDS epidemic in sub-Saharan Africa. I use repeated cross sections of the Demographic and Health Surveys for 12 countries in sub-Saharan Africa to examine this question empirically. Using individual birth histories from these data, I construct estimates of the regional total fertility rate over time. In a difference-in-differences approach, I compare regional HIV prevalence to changes in total fertility rates from the 1980s to the present. My results suggest that HIV/AIDS had very little impact on fertility, both overall and in a sample of HIV-negative women. (JEL I12, J13, O12)
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Skirbekk, Vegard, and Morten Blekesaune. "Personality Traits Increasingly Important for Male Fertility: Evidence from Norway." European Journal of Personality 28, no. 6 (November 2014): 521–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.1936.
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We study the relationship between personality traits and fertility using a survey of Norwegian men and women born from 1927 to 1968 (N = 7017 individuals). We found that personality relates to men's and women's fertility differently; conscientiousness decreases female fertility, openness decreases male fertility and extraversion raises the fertility of both sexes. Neuroticism depresses fertility for men, but only for those born after 1956. The lower male fertility in younger cohorts high in neuroticism cannot be explained by partnership status, income or education. The proportion of childless men (at age 40 years) has increased rapidly for Norwegian male cohorts from 1940 to 1970 (from about 15 to 25 per cent). For women, it has only increased marginally (from 10 to 13 per cent). Our findings suggest that this could be partly explained by the increasing importance of personality characteristics for men's probability of becoming fathers. Men that have certain personality traits may increasingly be avoiding the long–term commitment of having children, or their female partners are shunning entering this type of commitment with them. Childbearing in contemporary richer countries may be less likely to be influenced by economic necessities and more by individual partner characteristics, such as personality. Copyright © 2013 European Association of Personality Psychology
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Ruckdeschel, Kerstin. "Der Kinderwunsch von Kinderlosen." Journal of Family Research 19, no. 2 (September 1, 2007): 210–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.20377/jfr-304.
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Using data of the German Population Policy Acceptance Study (PPAS) 2003, we analyse fertility intentions of childless individuals and their motives against having a first child. We find individual value orientations as a main cause for differences between childless individuals with fertility intentions and those without. Additionally there are fundamental differences between the new and the old German Länder in what concerns the dimension and the structure of fertility intentions as well as motives against having own children.
Zusammenfassung
Mit den Daten der deutschen Population Policy Acceptance Study (PPAS) von 2003 wird der Kinderwunsch von Kinderlosen, sowie mögliche Gründe gegen eigene Kinder untersucht. Dabei stellen vor allem individuelle Werthaltungen ein entscheidendes Differenzierungskriterium zwischen Kinderlosen mit und ohne Kinderwunsch dar. Zudem bestehen zwischen den alten und den neuen Bundesländern grundsätzliche Unterschiede, sowohl was das Ausmaß und die Struktur des Kinderwunsches betrifft, als auch die Gründe gegen eine eigene Elternschaft.
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Odimegwu, Clifford, and Sunday A. Adedini. "THE ROLE OF COMMUNITY STRUCTURE IN SHAPING AFRICAN FERTILITY PATTERN: EVIDENCE FROM DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS." Journal of Biosocial Science 49, S1 (November 2017): S46—S61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932017000311.
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SummaryAnthropological explanations of demographic outcomes have emphasized the need to understand how community structures contribute to those outcomes. However, studies on fertility dynamics in Africa have largely focused on micro-level factors, thus ignoring the influence of community contexts. Using the most recent Demographic and Health Survey data from Egypt (Northern Africa), Cameroon (Middle Africa), Kenya (Eastern Africa), Nigeria (Western Africa) and Zimbabwe (Southern Africa), the study employed multilevel Poisson regression models to examine the influence of community factors on African fertility levels and patterns. The number of sampled women (aged 15–44) ranged from 7774 in Kenya (2008–09) to 30,480 in Nigeria (2008). The findings demonstrate some significant community effects on African fertility patterns, even after controlling for a number of individual-level factors. For instance, residence in socioeconomically disadvantaged regions, rural settings, poor neighbourhood and communities with high family size norm were found to be associated with higher fertility levels in the selected countries. The emerging African fertility patterns require the need to go beyond addressing individual-level characteristics in the efforts to reduce fertility levels in Africa.
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Hvidman, H. W., K. B. Petersen, E. C. Larsen, K. T. Macklon, A. Pinborg, and A. Nyboe Andersen. "Individual fertility assessment and pro-fertility counselling; should this be offered to women and men of reproductive age?" Human Reproduction 30, no. 1 (November 17, 2014): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/humrep/deu305.
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Yu, Wei-hsin, and Shengwei Sun. "Fertility responses to individual and contextual unemployment: Differences by socioeconomic background." Demographic Research 39 (October 25, 2018): 927–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4054/demres.2018.39.35.
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Kravdal, Øystein. "The impact of individual and aggregate unemployment on fertility in Norway." Demographic Research 6 (April 5, 2002): 263–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4054/demres.2002.6.10.
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Kravdal, Oystein. "Education and Fertility in Sub-Saharan Africa: Individual and Community Effects." Demography 39, no. 2 (May 2002): 233. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3088337.
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Rodriguez-Wallberg, Kenny, and Kutluk Oktay. "Fertility preservation in young breast cancer patients: addressing individual patient needs." Breast Cancer Management 2, no. 2 (March 2013): 135–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/bmt.12.68.
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Kodzi, Ivy A., John B. Casterline, and Peter Aglobitse. "The Time Dynamics of Individual Fertility Preferences Among Rural Ghanaian Women." Studies in Family Planning 41, no. 1 (March 2010): 45–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1728-4465.2010.00223.x.
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Babu, B. V., and J. M. Naidu. "Individual fertility rate among minor tribal populations from Andhra Pradesh, India." Biodemography and Social Biology 41, no. 3-4 (September 1994): 274–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19485565.1994.9988879.
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Amiri, Fatemeh, and Rasoul Najafi. "Investigating of Factors Affecting the Fertility Pattern of Arak City in 2018 With the Structural Equation Modeling." Journal of Arak University of Medical Sciences 23, no. 3 (August 1, 2020): 360–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/jams.23.3.5531.3.
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Background and Aim: Fertility pattern is one of the most important determinants of population fluctuations. Various individual and social factors affect this pattern. This study aimed to determine the factors affecting the fertility pattern using the structural equation model. Methods & Materials: In this cross-sectional study, 384 women were randomly selected from married women of childbearing age who referred to Taleghani, Valiasr, and Amir Al-Momenin hospitals in Arak as patients. After obtaining verbal consent to participate in the study, a researcher-made and valid questionnaire was completed for them. Structural equation modeling was used to measure the effect of important individual and social variables on fertility patterns. Data analysis and analysis were performed with AMOUS software version 11 and SPSS V. 22. Ethical Considerations: This study was registered with the ethics code IR.ARAKMU.REC.1396.4 by the Research Ethics Committee of Arak University of Medical Sciences. Results: The Mean±SD age of the participants in the study was 40.03±11.19. The variables affecting the fertility pattern using the structural equation model included, respectively, the type of individual exercise, the method of contraception, the type of infertility treatment, and the duration of use of the contraceptive method. Conclusion: The results showed that physical activity, contraceptive method, and duration of use of this method and the type of infertility treatment were related to fertility pattern. By recognizing the factors affecting the fertility pattern and increasing the awareness of young couples, it is possible to help improve the fertility pattern.
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Zhuikova, Tatyana Valerievna, Anna Andreevna Kovalenko, and Anna Vladimirovna Mezina. "Variability of male gametophyte traits in morphological forms of Taraxacum officinale Wigg. s.l. under conditions of technogenic soil transformation." Samara Journal of Science 10, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 31–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/snv2021102104.
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The paper studies endogenous, individual and group variability of the traits pollen grain fertility and size of fertile pollen grains among two morphological forms of Taraxacum officinale Wigg. s.l., growing in coenopopulations in the gradient of technogenic soil transformation. The study area is the Pritagil zone of the Middle Urals (Nizhny Tagil city, Sverdlovsk Region, N 58, E 60). It was found that the studied morphological forms of dandelion in most cases are characterized by average endogenous, individual and group variability of the trait pollen grain fertility and low endogenous and individual variability of the trait pollen grain size. The group variability for this trait is medium and low. The endogenous variability of pollen grain fertility and size among f. dahlstedtii on agrozems is slightly higher than on technozems. Among f. pectinatiforme the endogenous variability of pollen grain fertility is higher on agrozems only. An increase in the level of soil contamination on agrozems leads to a decrease in the endogenous variability of pollen grain fertility among both forms of dandelion. On technozems a similar reaction is expressed only among f. pectinatiforme . The analysis of the studied trait in the entire gradient of technogenic soil transformation indicates a significant influence of this factor only on the endogenous variability of pollen grain fertility among f. dahlstedtii . Despite the absence of statistically significant differences in the individual variability of the pollen grain fertility trait between dandelion forms, on average, the coefficients of its variation on agrozems are lower among f. dahlstedtii , and on technozems - among f. pectinatiforme . The same conclusion applies to the individual variability of the trait size of fertile pollen grains. In general, among f. dahlstedtii the coefficients of variation of the studied signs of the male gametophyte are lower in agrozems than in technozems, among f. pectinatiforme the picture is reversed. On average, the proportion of plants with low ( C ᵥ 11%) individual variability in pollen grain fertility among f. dahlstedtii out of all the studied coenopopulations is 43,3% versus 61,7% among f. pectinatiforme . The influence of technogenic transformation of the environment is manifested in an increase in the proportion of f. pectinatiforme plants with a low level of variability of the studied traits in the coenopopulations of the buffer and impact zones. Among f. dahlstedtii the reverse pattern is characteristic only for pollen fertility. The group variability of pollen grain fertility in both agrozems and technozems is higher among f. dahlstedtii . With an increase in pollution on agro-soils, this indicator increases among both forms of dandelion, and decreases in technozems. There is a tendency to increase the group variability of pollen grain fertility among plants of both forms of T . officinale on technozems. An increase in the level of soil contamination on agrozems leads to an increase in the group variability of the trait size of fertile pollen grains among f. dahlstedtii and a decrease among f. pectinateforme . On technozems the opposite effect is noted. In general, the group variability of the studied trait among plants of both morphological forms of dandelion on agrozems is higher than on technozems.
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Emery, Tom, and Judith C. Koops. "The impact of COVID-19 on fertility behaviour and intentions in a middle income country." PLOS ONE 17, no. 1 (January 6, 2022): e0261509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0261509.
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The COVID Pandemic may affect fertility behaviour and intentions in many ways. Restrictions on service provision reduce access to family planning services and increase fertility in the short term. By contrast, the economic uncertainty brought about by the pandemic and its impact on mental health and well-being may reduce fertility. These various pathways have been explored in the context of high income countries such as the United States and Western Europe, but little is known about middle income countries. In this paper we asses the impact of the COVID pandemic on fertility intentions and behaviour in the Republic of Moldova, a middle income country in Eastern Europe, using the Generations and Gender Survey. This survey was conducted partially before and partially after the onset of the pandemic in 2020, allowing for detailed comparisons of individual circumstances. The results indicate that the pandemic reduced the used of intrauterine devices, and increased the use of male condoms, but with no overall decrease in contraceptive use. Conversely individuals interviewed after the onset of the pandemic were 34.5% less likely to be trying to conceive, although medium term fertility intentions were unchanged. Indicators therefore suggest that in the medium term fertility intentions may not be affected by the pandemic but restricted access to contraception requiring medical consultation and a decrease in short-term fertility intentions could disrupt short term family planning.
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Fan, Elliott, and Pushkar Maitra. "Women Rule: Preferences and Fertility in Australian Households." B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy 13, no. 1 (April 24, 2013): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bejeap-2012-0021.
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Abstract Using a unique dataset from Australia, we investigate how individual fertility preferences translate into fertility realizations. We find consistent evidence that the wife’s preference is more important than the husband’s preference in predicting subsequent births, no matter whether her initial fertility desire is higher or lower than that of her partner. We also explore the effects of the introduction of the non-means-tested Baby Bonus introduced in 2004 by testing whether the hypothesis that the cash transfers from the scheme increase the bargaining power of the partner with higher fertility desire, thus leading to an increase in fertility for couples with disagreement on fertility plans. Our findings do not support this hypothesis. They also do not suggest any significant fertility-enhancing effect of the scheme.
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Silvaggi, Cinzia, Ilaria Brandolese, and Ivana Vecchioni. "Aspetti relazionali e psicosessuologici della PMA nella coppia." RIVISTA DI SESSUOLOGIA CLINICA, no. 1 (July 2009): 79–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/rsc2009-001004.
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- For psychological's detail, fertility disorder represents an attachment whether to individual or couple identity. Indeed the infertility condition draws a stressful event for couple, often contributes to alienate the couple from the relational expressive aspects of sexuality. Infact, sexuality frequently became a mechanical experience finalized only to reproduction, this facilitate the worsening of sexual dysfunctions already present in the couple before the diagnosis of infertility, and also, this facilities the emerge of new symptoms, during and after, the ART course. Psychosexual intervention, such as counselling, could be useful for the single patient, or even better the couple, to overcome the condition of being infertile and to satisfy the need to be better informed about their condition, whether it contributes to being able to accept that condition or to face up to their condition.Key words: fertility disorders, infertility, sexual disorders, counselling.Parole chiave: disturbi della fertilitŕ, infertilitŕ, disturbi sessuali, counselling.
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Silva, Lidiane C., Liliane M. O. Meireles, Flávia O. Junqueira, and Elisabeth C. A. Bessa. "Development and reproduction in Bulimulus tenuissimus (Mollusca: Bulimulidae) in laboratory." Revista Brasileira de Zoologia 25, no. 2 (June 2008): 220–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0101-81752008000200009.
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Bulimulus tenuissimus (d'Orbigny, 1835) is a land snail of parasitological importance with a poorly understood biology. The goal of this laboratory study was to determine development and reproductive patterns in B. tenuissimus. Recently hatched individuals in seven groups of 10 were maintained in the laboratory for two years. To test for self-fertilization, 73 additional individuals were isolated. After 180 days the isolated snails showed no signs of reproduction. Subsequently, 30 of these snails were paired to test fertility. We noted the date and time of egg-laying, the number of eggs produced, the number of egg-layings per individual, the incubation period and hatch success. This species shows indeterminate growth. Individuals that were maintained with others, as compared to isolated individuals, laid eggs sooner, laid more eggs and had a greater hatching success. This species can self-fertilize, however, with lower reproductive success. Bulimulus tenuissimus has a well-defined reproductive period that is apparently characteristic for this species.
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Valeri, Mirela P., Iara M. Tomazella, and José M. B. Duarte. "Intrapopulation Chromosomal Polymorphism in Mazama gouazoubira (Cetartiodactyla; Cervidae): The Emergence of a New Species?" Cytogenetic and Genome Research 154, no. 3 (2018): 147–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000488377.
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Mazama gouazoubira is a small deer species widely distributed in South America. Previous studies have shown that this species presents intraspecific chromosomal polymorphisms, which could affect fertility due to the effects of chromosomal rearrangements on gamete formation. Important aspects regarding the karyotype evolution of this species and the genus remain undefined due to the lack of information concerning the causes of this chromosomal variation. Nineteen individuals belonging to the Mazama gouazoubira population located in the Pantanal were cytogenetically evaluated. Among the individuals analyzed, 9 had B chromosomes and 5 carried a heterozygous centric fusion (2n = 69 and FN = 70). In 3 individuals, the fusion occurred between chromosomes X and 16, in 1 individual between chromosomes 7 and 21, and in another individual between chromosomes 4 and 16. These striking polymorphisms could be explained by several hypotheses. One is that the chromosome rearrangements in this species are recent and not fixed in the population yet, and another hypothesis is that they represent a balanced polymorphism and that heterozygotes have an adaptive advantage. On the other hand, these polymorphisms may negatively influence fertility and raise questions about sustainability or reproductive isolation of the population.
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Smart, C. D., H. Mayton, E. S. G. Mizubuti, M. R. Willmann, and W. E. Fry. "Environmental and Genetic Factors Influencing Self-Fertility in Phytophthora infestans." Phytopathology® 90, no. 9 (September 2000): 987–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.2000.90.9.987.
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Phytophthora infestans is generally regarded as heterothallic-requiring physical proximity of two individuals of different mating type (A1 and A2) for oosporogenesis. Recent reports of limited selfing in young cultures of this oomycete stimulated us to investigate factors contributing to the phenomenon. The ability to produce oospores rapidly (within 2 weeks) in pure, single individual cultures (self-fertility) was tested in 116 individual isolates. The 116 isolates were from geographically diverse locations (16 countries) and were genetically diverse. Mating type and growth medium were the most prominent factors in determining if an isolate would be self-fertile. The majority of A2 isolates (45 of 47 tested) produced oospores when grown on a 50:50 mixture of V8 and rye B medium. In contrast, the majority of A1 isolates (65 of 69 tested) did not produce oospores on this medium. None of the 116 isolates produced oospores when grown on rye B medium (with no V8 juice). Further tests on representative A1 and A2 isolates revealed that oatmeal agar, tomato juice agar, and V8-juice agar all induced the A2 mating type isolate to produce oospores but did not induce the A1 mating type isolate to produce oospores. Calcium carbonate and pH did not alter the self-fertile oospore production in either A1 or A2 mating type isolates. For in vivo tests, the application of fungicide to potato or tomato leaf tissue either before or after inoculation did not stimulate any individual isolate (one A2 and one A1 isolate) to produce oospores in infected tissue. However, in all of the controls for all experiments (in vivo and in vitro), many oospores were produced rapidly if both strains grew in physical proximity.
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Prasad, P. V. Vara, and Maduraimuthu Djanaguiraman. "Response of floret fertility and individual grain weight of wheat to high temperature stress: sensitive stages and thresholds for temperature and duration." Functional Plant Biology 41, no. 12 (2014): 1261. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp14061.
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Short episodes of high temperature (HT) stress during reproductive stages of crop development cause significant yield losses in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Wheat plants of cultivar Chinese Spring were grown at various temperature regimes at several stages of reproductive development for different durations. The objectives of this research were to (i) identify the stage(s) most sensitive to HT stress during reproductive development, and (ii) determine threshold temperature and duration of HT stress that decrease floret fertility and individual grain weight. Two periods (first at 8–6 days before anthesis and second at 2–0 days before anthesis) during reproductive development were most sensitive to short episodes (2 or 5 days) of HT stress, causing maximum decreases in floret fertility. Short episodes (5 days) of mean daily temperatures >24°C imposed at start of heading quadratically decreased floret fertility, with the values reaching close to 0% around mean daily temperature of 35°C; and floret fertility and individual grain weight decreased linearly with increasing duration (in the range from 2 to 30 days) of HT stress when imposed at start of heading or start of grain filling respectively. HT stress caused morphological abnormalities in pollen, stigma and style. The combination of lower floret fertility (leading to decreased grain numbers) and decreased individual grain weights can cause significant decreases in grain yield. Further research to search for genetic variability for these traits and use them in breeding programs to develop tolerant genotypes that can provide yield stability under current and future climates is warranted.
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Linkeviciute, Alma, Giovanni Boniolo, and Fedro A. Peccatori. "Setting Up an Ethical Oncofertility Practice in Developing Countries." Bangladesh Journal of Bioethics 5, no. 3 (January 12, 2015): 6–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bioethics.v5i3.21532.
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Fertility preservation for cancer patients is a relatively new field in medicine which requires interdisciplinary approach. Improving therapies and rising survival rates require to consider patients quality of life after cancer is cured which is relevant personal issue regardless of the individual income and the level of development of the country of origin. Fertility preservation offers possible solution but also raises ethical questions. We provide a summary of ethical principles embodied in professional guidelines together with options and restrictions to access fertility preservation in developing countries. We also make a suggestion that oncofertility counselling could be a pillar to address fertility preservation issues in cancer patients. Our proposed decisional support model is patient centred and focuses on patient values, personal philosophy and view of life emphasizing sensitivity to individual patients needs and wishes. Some fertility preservation concerns in oncology might be addressed mirroring already available expertise while some others will call for innovative and region specific solutions. Therefore, in addition to our proposal we also provide a list of organisations working in oncofertility field. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bioethics.v5i3.21532 Bangladesh Journal of Bioethics 2014 Vol.5 (3): 6-17.
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Lawson, David W., and Ruth Mace. "Parental investment and the optimization of human family size." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 366, no. 1563 (February 12, 2011): 333–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2010.0297.
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Human reproductive behaviour is marked by exceptional variation at the population and individual level. Human behavioural ecologists propose adaptive hypotheses to explain this variation as shifting phenotypic optima in relation to local socioecological niches. Here we review evidence that variation in fertility (offspring number), in both traditional and modern industrialized populations, represents optimization of the life-history trade-off between reproductive rate and parental investment. While a reliance on correlational methods suggests the true costs of sibling resource competition are often poorly estimated, a range of anthropological and demographic studies confirm that parents balance family size against offspring success. Evidence of optimization is less forthcoming. Declines in fertility associated with modernization are particularly difficult to reconcile with adaptive models, because fertility limitation fails to enhance offspring reproductive success. Yet, considering alternative measures, we show that modern low fertility confers many advantages on offspring, which are probably transmitted to future generations. Evidence from populations that have undergone or initiated demographic transition indicate that these rewards to fertility limitation fall selectively on relatively wealthy individuals. The adaptive significance of modern reproductive behaviour remains difficult to evaluate, but may be best understood in response to rising investment costs of rearing socially and economically competitive offspring.
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Balk, Deborah. "Individual and Community Aspects of Women's Status and Fertility in Rural Bangladesh." Population Studies 48, no. 1 (March 1994): 21–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0032472031000147456.
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Kazembe, Lawrence N. "Modelling individual fertility levels in Malawian women: a spatial semiparametric regression model." Statistical Methods and Applications 18, no. 2 (November 28, 2007): 237–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10260-007-0076-2.
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Maher, Jane Maree. "The Fertile Fields of Policy? Examining Fertility Decision-Making and Policy Settings." Social Policy and Society 7, no. 2 (April 2008): 159–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474746407004113.
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OECD data suggest a significant gap between desired fertility rates and the total fertility rate achieved in developed industrial nations. In a qualitative study conducted in Australia in 2002 and 2003, people were asked how family policies influenced their decisions to have children. Participants did not clearly associate their fertility choices and prevailing policy settings. But their decision-making was grounded in commonplace accounts of incompatibility in balancing work and family. This article considers how individual choices may be shaped by such social and policy discourses and what implications this has for our understanding of the relationship between fertility choices and policy settings.
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Labbok, Miriam H. "Contraception during lactation: considerations in advising the individual and in formulating programme guidelines." Journal of Biosocial Science 17, S9 (1985): 55–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932000025128.
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SummaryLactating women are at reduced risk of conception, but the individual woman may not wish to accept even a reduced level of risk. The risk increases when infant feeding supplementation begins and an alternative form of contraception is then required for the lactating mother. The relationship between lactation and fertility, trends in prolonged lactation, factors affecting these trends, and contraceptive use during lactation are reviewed. Suggestions for advising individuals and formulating programme guidelines are discussed.
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Savas, Diane, and Stephen Treece. "Fertility Clinics: One Code of Practice?" Medical Law International 3, no. 2-3 (March 1998): 243–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096853329800300311.
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Since the enactment of the Human Fertility and Embryology Act 1990, Fertility Clinics have been obliged to work within the HFEA guidelines to comply with the requirements of their licences. However the recent media focus on certain aspects of assisted conception calls into question the degree of subjective interpretation that is applied by individual clinics with regard to the guidelines. This paper is the result of an empirical study examining how clinics interpret the guidelines, and will examine the question of whether the existing guidelines should be tightened to remove some of the inherent ambiguities.