Relevant bibliographies by topics / Individual fertility

Academic literature on the topic 'Individual fertility'

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Published: 9 March 2023
Last updated: 10 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Individual fertility"

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Hern, Warren M. "Individual fertility rate: A new individual fertility measure for small populations." Biodemography and Social Biology 37, no. 1-2 (March 1990): 102–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19485565.1990.9988750.

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Al-Inany, Hesham G., GerardA J. Dunselman, JohnC M. Dumoulin, JacquesW M. Maas, and JohannesL H. Evers. "Fertility Potential of Individual Sperm Donors." Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation 47, no. 3 (1999): 147–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000010082.

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Sundaram, Viji, and Evelyn Mok-Lin. "Fertility Preservation for the Transgender Individual." Current Obstetrics and Gynecology Reports 9, no. 3 (June 25, 2020): 129–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13669-020-00291-z.

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Kamalakannan, R., M. Varghese, J. M. Park, S. H. Kwon, J. H. Song, and Kyu-Suk Kang. "Fertility Variation and its Impact on Effective Population Size in Seed Stands of Tamarindus indica and Azadirachta indica." Silvae Genetica 64, no. 1-6 (December 1, 2015): 91–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sg-2015-0008.

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Abstract Growth and reproductive traits were assessed in seed stands of two native Indian tree species Tamarindus indica and Azadirachta indica. Positive correlation between growth (height and GBH) and reproductive traits (male and female contribution) were found in both species. Fertility was estimated from the flower and fruit production of individuals. Based on the fertility variation among individuals, parental balance, femaleness index and status number (Ns) were determined. The option of equal seed collection among individuals was also considered for estimating Ns. The percentage of fertile trees was higher in the high flowering year in both species. The best male contributing individuals also showed high female contribution (fruit production). The parental contribution in seed stands showed high deviation from expectation; 20% individuals contributed about 70% of male and female gametes in both species. Femaleness index showed that female and male contribution of individual tree was more balanced in the good flowering year, compared to the poor year. Coefficient of variation in male and female fertility was higher in the low flowering year resulting in high fertility variation among individuals and low status number. In T. indica, the female contribution was less variable compared to that of male fertility whereas in A. indica the female fertility variation was higher than that of male fertility. The relative status number (Nr = Ns/N) of the stands was lower for male and female fertility compared to the combined (male and female) fertility of individual trees.
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Hawkes, Kristen, and Eric L. Charnov. "On Human Fertility: Individual or Group Benefit?" Current Anthropology 29, no. 3 (June 1988): 469–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/203657.

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Schnabel, Landon. "Secularism and Fertility Worldwide." Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World 7 (January 2021): 237802312110313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23780231211031320.

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This study proposes and explores a new fertility determinant: societal secularism. Using country-level data from multiple sources ( n = 181) and multilevel data from 58 countries in the World Values Survey ( n = 83,301), the author documents a strong negative relationship between societal secularism and both country-level fertility rates and individual-level fertility behavior. Secularism, even in small amounts, is associated with population stagnation or even decline absent substantial immigration, whereas highly religious countries have higher fertility rates that promote population growth. This country-level pattern is driven by more than aggregate lower fertility of secular individuals. In fact, societal secularism is a better predictor of highly religious individuals’ fertility behavior than that of secular individuals, and this pattern is largely a function of cultural values related to gender, reproduction, and autonomy in secular societies. Beyond their importance for the religious composition of the world population, the patterns presented in this study are relevant to key fertility theories and could help account for below-replacement fertility.
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Karavadra, B., A. Stockl, A. H. Balen, and E. P. Morris. "COVID-19 and fertility services in the United Kingdom: a biphasic qualitative study." Reproduction and Fertility 2, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/raf-20-0055.

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Recently, fertility services have started resuming since COVID-19 was declared a pandemic, but there remains significant uncertainty in the way this care will be delivered in the United Kingdom. The objective of our study was to explore the impact of COVID-19 on individuals using fertility services in the United Kingdom. The study was conducted in two phases between May 2020 and July 2020: an online questionnaire involving 1212 participants and subsequent individual semi-structured telephone interviews with 15 participants. Through thematic analysis, we learned from the questionnaire findings that 74% of individuals identified as White British, 21% as Black and Minority Ethnic (BAME) and 2.6% as male. Ninety-six per cent of individuals from the questionnaire explained that COVID-19 had a ‘negative impact’ on their fertility treatment, namely ‘delay in care’. Eighty-two per cent of participants discussed concerns about the ‘uncertainty’ they felt about fertility services; these included the ‘unknown impact of COVID-19 on pregnancy outcomes’, the ‘unknown impact on general gynaecology services’ and the ‘unknown impact of COVID-19 on fertility success’. Through semi-structured telephone interviews with 15 participants, we learned about the ‘cultural pressures’ individuals from BAME backgrounds faced in relation to care. Participants were mindful about the ‘pressures on the service’ when reopening, and therefore ‘advancing maternal age’, ‘socio-economic background’ and ‘previous unsuccessful fertility treatment’ were the main factors individuals considered important when ‘prioritising’ fertility care. Our findings can be used by fertility service providers to appreciate the patient perspective when considering the reopening of fertility services nationally and internationally. Lay summary The impact of COVID-19 on patients seeking or undergoing fertility treatment is not entirely known. Many patients have had their treatment postponed during the pandemic. As fertility services begin to recommence, it is important to understand how the pandemic has affected this group of patients. In addition, it is vital to appreciate and understand the patient’s voice in order to ensure services take into account the patients’ concerns as they begin to offer certain fertility treatments. Our study was conducted in two phases and involved an online questionnaire and individual interviews with people. We found that people were worried about services restarting and how care would be prioritised. People also discussed some of the perceived barriers to seeking fertility healthcare. Our findings highlight the importance of understanding the patient’s voice when recommencing fertility services.
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Chen, Feng, and Xiuwu Zhang. "A Predictive Model for Fertility Behavior of Women of Childbearing Age: Based on the Apriori Algorithm and Smooth Cut-Point Calculation." Journal of Advanced Computational Intelligence and Intelligent Informatics 24, no. 3 (May 20, 2020): 260–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jaciii.2020.p0260.

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We combine the Apriori data mining algorithm and smooth cut-point calculation to build a model that uses microscopic individual data to predict fertility behavior. The data of China’s migrant population from 2013 to 2015 are used to predict the reproductive behavior of migrant women. The accuracy of the prediction results is over 84%. The model also quantifies the extent to which the existing characteristics of individuals influence their reproductive behavior. The government can regulate individual fertility behavior based on the quantified scores.
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Hruschka, Daniel J., and Oskar Burger. "How does variance in fertility change over the demographic transition?" Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 371, no. 1692 (April 19, 2016): 20150155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2015.0155.

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Most work on the human fertility transition has focused on declines in mean fertility. However, understanding changes in the variance of reproductive outcomes can be equally important for evolutionary questions about the heritability of fertility, individual determinants of fertility and changing patterns of reproductive skew. Here, we document how variance in completed fertility among women (45–49 years) differs across 200 surveys in 72 low- to middle-income countries where fertility transitions are currently in progress at various stages. Nearly all (91%) of samples exhibit variance consistent with a Poisson process of fertility, which places systematic, and often severe, theoretical upper bounds on the proportion of variance that can be attributed to individual differences. In contrast to the pattern of total variance, these upper bounds increase from high- to mid-fertility samples, then decline again as samples move from mid to low fertility. Notably, the lowest fertility samples often deviate from a Poisson process. This suggests that as populations move to low fertility their reproduction shifts from a rate-based process to a focus on an ideal number of children. We discuss the implications of these findings for predicting completed fertility from individual-level variables.
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Piriu, Andreea Alexandra. "Globalization and Gender‐Specific Patterns in Individual Fertility Decisions." Population and Development Review 48, no. 1 (December 2021): 129–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/padr.12453.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Individual fertility"

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Oliviero, Mattia. "Fertility Decisions in Context - Individual and Couple Dynamics." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trento, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11572/243214.

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This thesis contributes to enhance our knowledge on fertility decisions by addressing two major issues. First, it contributes to the understanding of the factors behind the differences in fertility levels among European countries by adopting a holistic perspective. Second, it adds to the fertility topic by examining the whole fertility decision-making process using a dyadic and a life-course perspective to address the ‘fertility gap’ that exists between desired family size and the actual number of children. In order to provide these contributions, this thesis is structured as follows. After a detailed review of the literature, major attention is dedicated to the analysis of the differences in terms of fertility levels between the European countries (Chapter 2). Chapter 3 investigates the fertility decision-making process exploiting the unique information of HILDA, which allows for a dyadic as well as longitudinal analysis of the overall process. The last chapter examines in-depth the transition to parenthood among couples of diverse ethnic origins in Australia.
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Läll, Markus. "Fertility Transition in 19th-20th century Estonia: An Individual Level Perspective." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Sociologiska institutionen, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-113615.

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Background Fertility transition has yet to accumulate a large set of studies withindividual level data to allow to make wide generalizations. Recently theavailability of data has become better. The current thesis is one step in thedirection of looking into the fertility transition as a whole with individuallevel data and by using event-history methods on the case of Estonia. Objective The study takes the cohort perspective to find out which birth cohorts at whichparities started the fertility transition, what were the different paths takenby urban and rural populations and how did birth spacing change over time. Methods We use register data collected by the First Estonian Republic, which has thefertility histories of birth cohorts of Estonian women born between 1845 and 1919,and fertility processes lasting until the year 1949. We analyse these withpiece-wise constant survival models separately for each parity; having birth cohort,urban-rural residency and piece-wise constant durations since previous birth asthe main variables. Results We find that that probability to next birth starts to decline earlier for thehigher parities and moves to lower parities for later cohorts. For parities 3-7women born in 1873-1880 are first with significantly lower hazard to next birth.For parity 2 the 1880-1887 birth cohort starts the transition. All paritiescontribute to the fertility decline. For the urban population the fertilitydecline is greater in proportion and also lasts less in birth cohorts, while forthe rural population the decline is more gradual and lasts longer. In the birthspacing dimension we find that the average interval between births becameshorter over time across all parities, and for both the urban and the ruralpopulation.
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Mathews, Paul Samuel. "Plasticity, life history and inclusive fitness : an evolutionary demography perspective on individual variation in fertility and fertility preferences in contemporary Britain." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2012. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/438/.

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This thesis consists of three papers that explore variation in individual fertility and fertility preference. The setting for all three papers is the contemporary UK, though the conclusions have utility for a general understanding of human fertility. All three papers are motivated by theories arising from evolutionary biology, principally inclusive fitness theory and life history theory. The first two papers investigate actualised fertility and whether patterns of fertility in contemporary Britain are consistent with inclusive fitness theory. Both papers conduct secondary data analysis of the British Household Panel Study. Inclusive fitness theory predicts that because relatives share genes an individual may obtain fitness benefits by increasing the reproduction of a relative. Results support this hypothesis showing that for contemporary British women kin having more opportunities to influence reproductive decision-making is associated with pro-fitness fertility outcomes. In the first paper I find kin accelerate the transition to first birth, and the second paper shows kin also accelerate the transition to second birth. The final paper tests a different hypothesis derived from evolutionary theory. Life history theory predicts that reproductive strategy should have ‘plasticity’ and be liable to alter as perceived environmental risk changes. This paper uses primary data collected from University students using an internet experiment and finds that priming respondents using preceding questions on mortality does alter reported fertility preferences, though the effects depend upon the priming, fertility preference measure and the sex of the respondent. The paper also has methodological relevance as it demonstrates the potential for ‘context effects’ from preceding questions to influence the reporting of fertility preferences. All three papers present evidence that the incorporation of theories from evolutionary biology have utility in the understanding of contemporary fertility patterns and processes.
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Cummins, Neil. "Why did fertility decline? : an analysis of the individual level economics correlates of the nineteenth century fertility transition in England and France." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2009. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/39/.

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The fertility transition in nineteenth century Europe is one of economic history’s greatest puzzles. There is no consensus in the literature on the causes of this ‘fertility revolution’. Following a critical review of the empirical and theoretical literature, this thesis re-examines the economic correlates of the fertility decline through the analysis of two new datasets from England and France. For the first time, the relationship between wealth and fertility can be studied over the period of the fertility transition. Clear patterns are discovered, namely a strong positive relationship pre-transition which switches to a strongly negative relationship during the onset of the transition. Family limitation is initiated by the richest segments of society. I then introduce a simple model which links fertility and social mobility to levels of economic inequality. I argue that parents are motivated by relative status concerns and the fertility transition is a response to changes in the environment for social mobility, where increased mobility becomes obtainable through fertility limitation. This hypothesis is tested with the new micro data in England and France. Fertility decline is strongly associated with decreased levels of inequality and increased levels of social mobility. The analysis finds strong support for the role of changes in inequality and the environment for social mobility as central factors in our understandings of Europe’s fertility transition.
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Testa, Maria Rita. "On the positive correlation between education and fertility intentions in Europe: Individual- and country-level evidence." Elsevier, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.alcr.2014.01.005.

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Increasing shares of European women are making large investments in their human capital. Whether and to what extent these investments are in conflict with reproductive behaviour are issues that have repercussions for fertility levels. Using two Eurobarometer survey data (2006 and 2011) on individuals clustered in the 27 EU countries, I investigate the relationship between women's education and lifetime fertility intentions. Results suggest that a positive association between women's level of education and lifetime fertility intentions exists at both the individual and country levels, as well as in a micro-macro integrated framework. The main explanation for these findings - which remains to be proven by future research - is that, in institutional contexts allowing highly educated women to have large families, women of reproductive ages are more prone to make investments in both human capital and family size, because these choices are not seen as incompatible alternatives. (author's abstract)
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Reynolds, Tamara. "Transgenerational effects of maternal age on fertility of offspring." The Ohio State University, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1492115742061456.

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Adair, Lora E. "Fertility decision making: to what extent do adaptations, social pressures, and individual differences influence plans to have a child?" Thesis, Kansas State University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/15700.

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Master of Science
Department of Psychological Sciences
Gary Brase
An evolutionary perspective suggests that changes in resource availability produce changes in fertility decisions and desires, and that these adaptive mechanisms are sensitive to sociocultural factors that act more proximally to the decision-maker. The current work systematically investigates several factors as potential predictors of fertility decisions at the level of the individual decision-maker in a three-study design, adding to an existing literature of fertility decision-making that has focused on demographic-level shifts. In study 1 (N=228, 69.3% female, average age=25.6), study 2 (N=232, 72.4% female, average age=24.7), and study 3 (N=333, 67% female, average age=25.1) data was collected from a general Internet sample and a student sample. Findings suggest that high resource variability produces insecure romantic attachment, which is associated with increased fertility plans and desires. Further, this work indicates that fertility decision making mechanisms are sensitive to sociocultural factors, particularly gender roles and identities, cultural pressures to become a parent, mothering expectations, and relationship status. These findings suggest that demographic-level changes in fertility can be understood, with strong predictive models, at the individual-level of analysis.
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Yoak, Andrew James. "Disease Control through Fertility Control: Explorations in Two Urban Systems." The Ohio State University, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1430989186.

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Shin, Ja Eun. "Three essays in labor and health economics: individual decisions on occupation, labor supply, and demand for heatlh." Diss., Texas A&M University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/2220.

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In this dissertation, I examine individual decisions in occupational choice, labor supply, and health care utilization. Occupational choice decisions of female college graduates on whether to teach or not are analyzed to understand the role of fertility and relative wages using a panel estimation method. I also compare the behavioral changes in the labor force participation among teachers and non-teachers conditional on the presence of a new-born baby. Using the human capital model where a worker decides her hours of work responding to wages, and her human capital is accumulated proportional to her hours of work, I predict that the positive relationship between entry wages and post wages. Empirical evidence suggests that the shock in entry wages may be attributed to post wage differentials. I examine individuals?? choice of health insurance plan and utilization of health care services. Empirical evidence shows that there is favorable self-selection into health maintenance organizations (HMOs) plans and that HMO members use more of office-based and hospital outpatient services. It suggests ineffectiveness of HMO plans in reducing utilization.
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Rodriguez-Buritica, Susana. "Effects of the spatial heterogeneity formed by Ambrosia dumosa on individual and population growth of the invasive grass Schismus barbatus." The Ohio State University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1233264311.

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Books on the topic "Individual fertility"

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Mynarska, Monika. Individual fertility choices in Poland. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Kardynała Stefana Wyszyńskiego, 2009.

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Assaf, Razin, Sadka Efraim, and International Food Policy Research Institute., eds. Population policy and individual choice: A theoretical investigation. Washington, D.C: International Food Policy Research Institute, 1987.

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Nerlove, Marc. Population policy and individual choice: A theoretical investigation. Washington, D.C., U.S.A: International Food Policy Research Institute, 1987.

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Gans, Susan Emily. LH and lordosis: Sources of individual differences. 1993.

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Cao, Xingshan. Village effects on fertility interdependence: The influences of the market transition on individual fertility in rural China. 2006.

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Christine Ehling*, U. Baulain, S. Weigend, Martina Henning, and D. Rath. Effect of cryopreservation of individual ejaculates on fertility in genetic resource chicken lines. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1399/eps.2017.185.

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Australian Soil Fertility Manual. CSIRO Publishing, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643100725.

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The Australian Soil Fertility Manual is a trusted guide to the safe use and handling of fertilizers. It describes the types of agricultural soils, how they are classified and the interaction of soil, water and nutrients. It also provides an insight into how plants utilise nutrients and the role that individual nutrients play in the process of plant growth. This edition has been revised to reflect an increased emphasis on the environmental fate of nutrients and appropriate management strategies. It also has additional information on soil physical, chemical, and biological properties and discussions on the use of lime, dolomite and gypsum. New content covers liming effectiveness, nitrogen water use efficiency, regulations for handling and using fertilizers, storage and transport of security sensitive ammonium nitrate, budgeting for profitable nitrogen use and best management practice for nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers. The chapters on potassium; calcium, magnesium and sulfur; plant nutrients and the environment; and heavy metal in fertilizers and agriculture have all been extensively revised and rewritten. This important work will be an essential text for fertilizer dealers, extension workers, consultants, teachers, farmers, horticulturists, graziers and others concerned with the profitable and environmentally safe use of plant nutrients.
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Ciambelli, Mary Margaret. ADAPTATION IN MARITAL PARTNERS WITH FERTILITY PROBLEMS: TESTING A MIDRANGE THEORY DERIVED FROM ROY'S ADAPTATION MODEL. 1996.

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Wijsen, C. Timing Children at a Later Age: Motivational, Behavioural, and Socio-Structural Differentials in the Individual Decision Making Process of Older Mothe (Population Studies). Rozenberg Publishers, 2002.

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Togman, Richard. Nationalizing Sex. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190871840.001.0001.

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Over the past three hundred years there have been countless attempts by governments of all types to control fertility and reproduction. Currently, more than 170 countries representing over 85 percent of humanity are actively trying to engineer how many children a person will have. Democratic, authoritarian, religious, secular, Western, Eastern, and African states have all tried with little success to control individual fertility decisions. This presents a series of interesting puzzles. Why do governments want to control childbearing decisions? What are they trying to achieve? Moreover, almost all attempts to control fertility have failed. Policies rarely, if ever, achieve government objectives. Accordingly, why do policies so routinely fail? Why do governments of all shapes and sizes continue to create policies that have a robust record of failure? What accounts for such unusual cross-national trends in government attempts to instill a sexual duty to the state? This book fills the gap by analyzing the origins, growth, and development of fertility as a national and international political issue; the rise and fall of the discourses used to ascribe meaning to natality; and the global proliferation of isomorphic policies adopted by widely dissimilar states. It proposes an explanation for the widespread failure of hundreds of years of policy.
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Book chapters on the topic "Individual fertility"

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Bongaarts, John, and Dennis Hodgson. "Transitions in Individual Reproductive Behavior and Preferences." In Fertility Transition in the Developing World, 29–49. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-11840-1_3.

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AbstractPopulation-level fertility transitions are brought about by the actions of millions of individual women to limit and space childbearing. This chapter begins with an overview of levels and trends in contraception and abortion and their impact on fertility. Over the course of the fertility transition from near seven to two children per woman the proportion of women using contraception rises from near zero to about 75%. Despite this large increase in contraceptive prevalence, it falls short of the demand for contraception throughout the transition in all populations. The gap between use and demand implies that some women who want to avoid pregnancy are not using contraception. These women are considered to have an “unmet need” for contraception. This unmet need is caused by a number of obstacles women face in trying to implement their reproductive intentions. As a result, a large proportion of pregnancies end in unplanned births and abortions, especially in the later phases of the transition.
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Hubert, Sandra. "The National Frame and Individual Characteristics: Further Determinants of Fertility Behavior." In The Impact of Religiosity on Fertility, 97–127. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-07008-3_5.

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Bongaarts, John, and Dennis Hodgson. "Controversies Surrounding Fertility Policies." In Fertility Transition in the Developing World, 63–83. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-11840-1_5.

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AbstractDuring the pre-transition phase from 1950 to 1970, the rapid population growth caused by high and stable fertility throughout the less developed world generated considerable concern and some controversy. Existing demographic theory could offer little evidence-based advice on fertility policy. When US based experts and advocates started a global population control movement, controversy developed over its origin, priorities and feasibility. During the transition’s rapid decline phase, from 1970 to 2000, several new controversies developed even as the pace of fertility decline increased: how effective are voluntary family programs; how much pressure should states exert over individual family size decisions; who should control the international policy agenda; and how should demographers interpret new economic and demographic trends.
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Bongaarts, John, and Dennis Hodgson. "Country Fertility Transition Patterns." In Fertility Transition in the Developing World, 15–27. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-11840-1_2.

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AbstractThis chapter focuses on the fertility transitions of individual countries. Countries are the entities that make policy decisions and implement family planning programs. Each country has a special set of economic, political, social and cultural conditions that influence fertility trends and related policies. We describe levels and trends in fertility in 97 developing countries between 1950 and 2020. Measures related to successive phases of the transitions are provided, including pre-transitional fertility, the timing of the onset, the pace of fertility decline, the timing of the transition’s end and post-transitional fertility. A special section discusses countries that have experienced a “stall” in their fertility transition. Transition patterns varied widely among developing countries over the past seven decades. Countries such as Singapore, Mauritius, Korea, Taiwan, and China experienced early, rapid, and complete transitions. In contrast, transitions in all but one country (South Africa) in sub-Saharan Africa have been late and slow, and fertility today remains well above replacement. Among the 97 countries examined, only 42 have reached the end of the transition, which is defined as having reached a TFR below 2.5 in 2020. The majority of countries are still in transition, and some have barely started a fertility decline.
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Belsky, Jay. "Conditional and Alternative Reproductive Strategies: Individual Differences in Susceptibility to Rearing Experiences." In Genetic Influences on Human Fertility and Sexuality, 127–46. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4467-8_9.

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De Paola, Maria, Roberto Nisticò, and Vincenzo Scoppa. "Academic Careers and Fertility Decisions." In Teaching, Research and Academic Careers, 135–61. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-07438-7_6.

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AbstractWe investigate how academic promotions affect the propensity of women to have a child. We use administrative data on the universe of female assistant professors employed in Italian universities from 2001 to 2018. We estimate a model with individual fixed effects and find that promotion to associate professor increases the probability of having a child by 0.6 percentage points, which translates into an increase by 12.5% of the mean. This result is robust to employing a Regression Discontinuity Design in which we exploit the eligibility requirements in terms of research productivity introduced since 2012 by the Italian National Scientific Qualification (NSQ) as an instrument for qualification (and therefore promotion) to associate professor. Our finding provides important policy implications in that reducing uncertainty on career prospects may lead to an increase in fertility.
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Bongaarts, John, and Dennis Hodgson. "Socio-Economic Determinants of Fertility." In Fertility Transition in the Developing World, 51–62. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-11840-1_4.

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AbstractThe fertility levels of developing countries correlate with many socio-economic variables including girls’ or women’s education, infant and child mortality, GDP/capita, and percent urban. To determine whether these correlations are causal or simply due to collinearity we rely on multivariate fixed effect regression analyses. The results identify women’s education as the most important determinant of fertility, which is consistent with past studies. Next, we examine the relationship between education and fertility over the course of transitions from 1960 and 2015 in individual developing countries. Instead of finding continuous relationships during the transitions, several puzzling anomalies appear. In the pre-transition phase, fertility is unresponsive to rising education resulting in delays in the onset of transition. Once a few countries in a region enter the transition, other countries follow sooner than expected and over time the onset of the transition occurs at ever lower levels of education. Moreover, once a transition is underway, fertility in many countries declines more rapidly than can plausibly be expected from rising education levels alone. To explain these anomalies, we rely on several concepts that have been neglected in conventional demographic theories: diffusion processes, social norms, and family planning programs.
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Kashyap, Ridhi, and Emilio Zagheni. "Leveraging Digital and Computational Demography for Policy Insights." In Handbook of Computational Social Science for Policy, 327–44. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16624-2_17.

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AbstractSituated at the intersection of the computational and demographic sciences, digital and computational demography explores how new digital data streams and computational methods advance the understanding of population dynamics, along with the impacts of digital technologies on population outcomes, e.g. linked to health, fertility and migration. Encompassing the data, methodological and social impacts of digital technologies, we outline key opportunities provided by digital and computational demography for generating policy insights. Within methodological opportunities, individual-level simulation approaches, such as microsimulation and agent-based modelling, infused with different data, provide tools to create empirically informed synthetic populations that can serve as virtual laboratories to test the impact of different social policies (e.g. fertility policies, support for the elderly or bereaved people). Individual-level simulation approaches allow also to assess policy-relevant questions about the impacts of demographic changes linked to ageing, climate change and migration. Within data opportunities, digital trace data provide a system for early warning with detailed spatial and temporal granularity, which are useful to monitor demographic quantities in real time or for understanding societal responses to demographic change. The demographic perspective highlights the importance of understanding population heterogeneity in the use and impacts of different types of digital technologies, which is crucial towards building more inclusive digital spaces.
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Marois, Guillaume, and Samir KC. "Adding New Dimensions." In SpringerBriefs in Population Studies, 51–70. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-79111-7_4.

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AbstractThis chapter shows how implementing new dimensions into the microsimulation model. As examples, we add two dimensions that can hardly be implemented in a classical projection model: the labour force participation and the sector of activity (formal/informal). Those modules are implemented through statistical modeling using regression parameters. They use as predictors individual characteristics, such as age, sex, region, education, and for women, a binary variable indicating if she gave birth to a child within the last five years. Those two new variables are thus dynamically implemented, as assumptions on fertility have a direct impact on their outcomes.
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Stark, Brett, Viji Sundaram, and Evelyn Mok-Lin. "Fertility and Fertility Preservation in Transmasculine Individuals." In Reproduction in Transgender and Nonbinary Individuals, 49–58. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-14933-7_4.

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Conference papers on the topic "Individual fertility"

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Okros, Adalbert, Valeria Ciolac, Casiana Mihut, Daniela Scedei, and Carmen Claudia Durau. "EVALUATION OF AGRICULTURAL LAND OUTSIDE THE TOWN OF PERIAM TIMIS COUNTY." In 22nd SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2022. STEF92 Technology, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2022/3.1/s13.29.

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The importance of land assessment activity consists in the fact that the data provided by these studies constitute the basic documentation for establishing the most appropriate practical measures for protection, improvement and rational use of soils for biomass production in an optimized and rigorous dynamics. correlated with the growing demands of environmental protection. The evolution and fertility of soils is conditioned by a large number of their individual properties and by many specific processes that take place on the surface or inside them. Of greater importance in this case is the ability to transform and accumulate the soil, its ability to store the substances necessary for the growth and fruiting of plants, characteristics of the soil or from outside. Some of these characteristics that determine soil fertility are relatively stable, difficult to change, but most can be more or less modified by slow but continuous intervention of natural factors or by degrading or improving anthropogenic interventions. According to these precepts, the soil is an indicator of the state of quality and evolution of the environment and can be used in this position to evaluate the efficiency of the works of arrangement, improvement and correct use of the exploitation.
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Zhirov, N. "Demographic Processes in the Transition Zone from Industrial to Agricultural Provinces in the Central Russia at the Beginning of the 20th Century (On the Example of Oryol and Kaluga Provinces)." In XIII Ural Demographic Forum. Global challenges to demographic development. Institute of Economics of the Ural Branch of RAS, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.17059/udf-2022-1-8.

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The article analyses the main demographic processes, namely, fertility, mortality, natural population growth and marriage on the example of Oryol and Kaluga provinces of the Central Russia. It is hypothesised that the provinces were in the transition zone from an industrial zone to a typically agricultural one; as a result, they could combine different variants of demographic behaviour of the population. The paper aims to study the peculiarities of demographic processes at the micro- (individual Orthodox parishes and settlements) and meso-levels (counties and provinces as a whole). Methods of mathematical statistics, as well as traditional methods of humanitarian research were used. Primary parish statistics (metric books), as well as surveys of provinces and other demographic studies were taken as the main source. It was concluded that the population of the studied provinces at the beginning of the 20th century has entered the zone of demographic transition from the traditional model of population re-production to the modern one. This process was considered in detail at the «grassroots level» based on the microdemographic analysis of individual Orthodox parishes.
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Golubev, A. P. "LATE BRONZE AGE COLLAPSE - UNKNOWN GLOBAL АNTROPOGENIC ECOLOGICAL CRISIS XIII - XII CENTURIES BC." In SAKHAROV READINGS 2021: ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS OF THE XXI CENTURY. International Sakharov Environmental Institute, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46646/sakh-2021-1-7-11.

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The Late Bronze Age Collapse, or the Crisis of Producers, is the definition for the process of the gradual decline of agricultural production in the states of the Fertile Crescent and Indus Valley regions, which culminated at the end of XIII-XII centuries BC. It was caused not by individual private mistakes, but by fundamental and irreparable defects in the then dominant system of agriculture in region mentioned. First of all, they were the widespread deforestation, overgrazing and salinization of arable lands as a result of excessive irrigation. This led to a catastrophic decline in their fertility and food shortages. The crisis of producers became the main reason for the death of largest states of those epoch (the First Babylonian Kingdom, Ancient Egypt, Harappa, etc.), which were at the forefront of the world civilizational progress, which delayed the technological and cultural development of the peoples of the Eastern Mediterranean, the Middle East and South Asia, by at least for a millennium.
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LINKEVIČIUS, Edgaras, Heinz RÖHLE, and Jens SCHRÖDER. "BIOMASS MODELS FOR SHORT ROTATION WILLOW PLANTATIONS IN LITHUANIA." In RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2017.028.

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Despite of increasing areas of short rotation willow plantations in Lithuania, only few studies have been done so far regarding the biomass production in these plantations. To fill this gap, the aim of this study was to develop biomass equations for fresh and for oven drywillow biomass and to estimate the yield of short rotation plantations as expressed in fresh and oven dry biomass. The data required by this study was gathered in the western part of Lithuania, in the Šilutė and Tauragė regions. For this purpose, sample plots were established in 21 short rotation willow plantations managed by “Klasmann-Deilmann Bioenergy“. All of them were first rotation plantations grown for 3 to 4 years. It was found that mean annual oven dry biomass increment varied in these plantations from 0.2 to 7.6 tons per hectare per year. Surprisingly, the productivity was not related to soil fertility. Additionally, the relations between stand level values were evaluated and a stand biomass yield model based on the mean height was developed. Relations on the shoot level were analysed as well. As a result we developed biomass models based on the individual shoot diameter for shoot height as well as for fresh and for oven dry biomass.
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Yoshimura, Adriana Akemi, André Mattar, Bruna S. Mota, Carlos Elias Fristachi, Eduardo Carvalho Pessoa, Felipe Eduardo Andrade, Giuliano Tosello, et al. "A MULTICENTRIC STUDY ON BREAST CANCER IN ULTRA YOUNG WOMEN: III – THERAPEUTIC ASPECTS AND ONCOLOGICAL OUTCOMES." In Scientifc papers of XXIII Brazilian Breast Congress - 2021. Mastology, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.29289/259453942021v31s1091.

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Introduction: We have originally introduced the concept of ultra young women (UYW), defined as age ≤30 years old. It is generally accepted that UYW patients with breast cancer (BC) share some unfavorable outcomes and the patients are faced with family and professional problems, and unique quality of life issues, including loss of fertility, contraception, pregnancy, sexuality, cancer during pregnancy, body image and emotional distress, that complicate treatment decisions making. Objectives: Study the type of surgical and systemic treatment and oncologic outcomes in UYW with BC. Methods: We conducted a multicentric, observational, retrospective study of consecutive BC UYW patients. Only patients with infiltrating BC were included. Nine Mastology Centers located in the State of São Paulo participated. The following data were recorded: type of surgery, chemotherapy, endocrinetherapy, and radiotherapy. Individual oncologic evolution was analyzed and the patients were classified as alive without disease (AWD), alive with local recurrence (ALR), alive with systemic recurrence (ASR), died from BC (DBC) or died from another cause (DOC). The research protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of all Collaborative Centers. Results: Sixteen percent of UYW with BC underwent mastectomies, 10% nipple-sparing mastectomies and 16% breast conservative surgeries. About 50% had immediated breast reconstruction. Sentinel node biopsy was performed in 24%. 18% had more than four compromised LNs, 8% with extracapsular leak. 37% received adjuvant or palliative chemotherapy. 61% were submitted to irradiation. 54% had adjuvant hormonetherapy. The mean time of follow-up was 41.5 months (1.5-207). It was observed that 59% were AWD, 1% ALR, 7% ASR and 23% DBC, unfortunately standing out the elevated contingent of BC-related deaths. Conclusions: BC therapy in UYW were tailored according to individual characteristics, but the oncological outcomes in this age range at the moment could be considered unfavorable.
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Sitnic, Veaceslav. "Embryonic fertility and mortality of the Microtus arvalis species (Rodentia, Cricetidae) in the anthropic landscape." In International symposium ”Functional ecology of animals” dedicated to the 70th anniversary from the birth of academician Ion Toderas. Institute of Zoology, Republic of Moldova, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.53937/9789975315975.23.

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Embryonic fertility and mortality of the Microtus arvalis species (Rodentia, Cricetidae) in the anthropic landscape. The purpose of the paper was to study the embryonic fertility and mortality of Microtus arvalis individuals in the anthropic landscape. These parameters were analyzed based on a sample of 930 individuals. It has been determined that fertility increases from the first to the second gestation and there is an insignificant difference in the size of the offsprings of the generations of Microtus arvalis species that have wintered and in the number of the offsprings of the first spring generation.
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ABRAMOVA, Marina, Mariya BARYShEVA, and Mihail KOSTYLEV. "Efficiency of breeding by fertility of Romanov sheep." In Multifunctional adaptive feed production 27 (75). ru: Federal Williams Research Center of Forage Production and Agroecology, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.33814/mak-2022-27-75-140-145.

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The article presents the results of the evaluation of the breeding value of Romanov sheep of the Yaroslavl region population by fertility, type of birth and live weight at the first lambing. It was found that the indicators of phenotypic variability by type of birth and fertility by the first lambing were at the level of average values, which indicates the possibility of selecting individuals with desirable phenotypes. When evaluating animals using breeding value indices according to the proposed models, the genetic improvement in live weight will be 0.7–1.7 kg, in fertility — 0.03–0.06 heads. The economic effect of using genotype estimation models by live weight will be 150–340 rubles, by fertility — 480–882 rubles per head per year.
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Sîtnic, Veaceslav. "Fertilitatea și mortalitatea claselor de varstă ale speciei Microtus arvalis (Rodentia, Cricetidae)." In International symposium ”Actual problems of zoology and parasitology: achievements and prospects” dedicated to the 100th anniversary from the birth of academician Alexei Spassky. Institute of Zoology, Republic of Moldova, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.53937/9789975665902.99.

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The present paper analyses fertility and mortality of age classes of two species of microtine. The dominant number of the female population and the increase of the period of reproduction represents a strategic peculiarity of reproduction. It has been explained the importance of different age groups in regulating the number of population. The year adverse conditions prevail, the number of individuals of the current year increases to maintain the number of population, while the year optimal conditions prevail, the number of individuals that wintered increases. A primary adaptive importance is the instability of the reproductive cycle which contributes to the survival of the potential producers in a short period of time and leads to their increase in number under favourable conditions. The maximal offspring is recorded only in physiologically mature individuals for whom the growth ended. Reproduction, which is mainly charactersitc of younger individuals, represents an adaptation in adverse conditions.
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Carbonari, Luca, Andrea Botta, Paride Cavallone, Luigi Tagliavini, and Giuseppe Quaglia. "Dynamics Characterization of Paquitop: A Novel Platform for Robotized Domestic Applications." In ASME 2020 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2020-23480.

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Abstract In the last decades, an unprecedented decrease in fertility and mortality rates in industrialized countries yielded a general ageing of the population. Such phenomenon affected the everyday life of individuals as well as organizations, either government or private, to the point that they are nowadays seeking the solution to the increasing demand of health care, housing, care-giving, and social security. In this scenario, this piece of research aims to fulfil a design task, specifically oriented towards the field of assistance machines. The functionalities which should be guaranteed are mainly two: to follow and monitor reduced mobility subjects, to maintain a constant view contact with its targets, and to accomplish such duties in a non-structured and possibly peopled environment. In particular, the paper analyses the dynamics of Paquitop, a novel over-actuated mobile platform, aiming for a proper design strategy for its suspensions system. The main peculiarity of the robot is that of owning an innovative architecture expressly conceived to enhance the performance offered by the present-day solutions for omni-directional planar motions. Given its purpose, the robot architecture was thought for guaranteeing an effective fulfilment of its primary tasks. This arises a set of uncharted challenges, under both mechanical and control points of view.
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"CANNABIS USE AND ANXIETY DISORDERS DURING PREGNANCY - DUAL DISORDER TO DUAL PATIENTS." In 23° Congreso de la Sociedad Española de Patología Dual (SEPD) 2021. SEPD, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.17579/sepd2021p144s.

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Objectives From clinical cases of patients observed in Perinatal Psychiatry - Setúbal Hospital Center (Portugal), we conducted a review of the impact of both cannabis use and anxiety disorders during pregnancy. Methods and material Case reports and literature review of PubMed for cannabis use, anxiety disorders and pregnancy. Results and conclusions In Outpatient Perinatal Psychiatry we observed women with anxiety disorders who reported using cannabis during pregnancy. Indeed, pregnancy is a highly vulnerable period to the onset or worsening of previous anxiety symptoms. Anxiety disorders may adversely impact not only the mother, but also fetal maturation and child development. In fact, preterm labor and low birth weight are consistently linked with anxiety during pregnancy. Recent studies reveal a general increase in the use of cannabis during pregnancy, representing the most commonly used illicit drug during the perinatal period. The endocannabinoid system appears to be involved in the regulation of human fertility and pregnancy. Although still conflicting, there is data demonstrating that cannabis use during pregnancy is associated with stillbirth, preterm birth, small for gestational age, low birth weight, smaller head circumferences and increased admission to neonatal intensive care units. The use of cannabis during pregnancy is frequently a way to improve symptoms of anxiety disorders. All patients should be screened to substance use comorbid to other frequent psychiatric disorders during pregnancy, such as anxiety disorders, in order to improve the health and well-being not only of the mother, but also of the developing baby, as a dual disorder has a negative effect in both individuals.
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Reports on the topic "Individual fertility"

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Grace, Kathryn, and David Carr. The impact of the individual, the household and the community on fertility behavior in Petén, Guatemala. Rostock: Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, November 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.4054/mpidr-wp-2009-037.

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Hank, Karsten. Regional social contexts and individual fertility decisions: a multilevel analysis of first and second births in Western Germany. Rostock: Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, June 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.4054/mpidr-wp-2001-015.

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Klüsener, Sebastian. An alternative framework for studying the effects of family policies on fertility in the absence of individual-level data: a spatial analysis with small-scale macro data on Germany. Rostock: Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, October 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.4054/mpidr-wp-2009-027.

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Miller, Gad, and Jeffrey F. Harper. Pollen fertility and the role of ROS and Ca signaling in heat stress tolerance. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7598150.bard.

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The long-term goal of this research is to understand how pollen cope with stress, and identify genes that can be manipulated in crop plants to improve reproductive success during heat stress. The specific aims were to: 1) Compare heat stress dependent changes in gene expression between wild type pollen, and mutants in which pollen are heat sensitive (cngc16) or heat tolerant (apx2-1). 2) Compare cngc16 and apx2 mutants for differences in heat-stress triggered changes in ROS, cNMP, and Ca²⁺ transients. 3) Expand a mutant screen for pollen with increased or decreased thermo-tolerance. These aims were designed to provide novel and fundamental advances to our understanding of stress tolerance in pollen reproductive development, and enable research aimed at improving crop plants to be more productive under conditions of heat stress. Background: Each year crop yields are severely impacted by a variety of stress conditions, including heat, cold, drought, hypoxia, and salt. Reproductive development in flowering plants is highly sensitive to hot or cold temperatures, with even a single hot day or cold night sometimes being fatal to reproductive success. In many plants, pollen tube development and fertilization is often the weakest link. Current speculation about global climate change is that most agricultural regions will experience more extreme environmental fluctuations. With the human food supply largely dependent on seeds, it is critical that we consider ways to improve stress tolerance during fertilization. The heat stress response (HSR) has been intensively studied in vegetative tissues, but is poorly understood during reproductive development. A general paradigm is that HS is accompanied by increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and induction of ROS-scavenging enzymes to protect cells from excess oxidative damage. The activation of the HSR has been linked to cytosolic Ca²⁺ signals, and transcriptional and translational responses, including the increased expression of heat shock proteins (HSPs) and antioxidative pathways. The focus of the proposed research was on two mutations, which have been discovered in a collaboration between the Harper and Miller labs, that either increase or decrease reproductive stress tolerance in a model plant, Arabidopsis thaliana (i.e., cngc16--cyclic nucleotide gated channel 16, apx2-1--ascorbate peroxidase 2,). Major conclusions, solutions, achievements. Using RNA-seq technology, the expression profiles of cngc16 and apx2 pollen grains were independently compared to wild type under favourable conditions and following HS. In comparison to a wild type HSR, there were 2,776 differences in the transcriptome response in cngc16 pollen, consistent with a model in which this heat-sensitive mutant fails to enact or maintain a normal wild-type HSR. In a comparison with apx2 pollen, there were 900 differences in the HSR. Some portion of these 900 differences might contribute to an improved HSR in apx2 pollen. Twenty-seven and 42 transcription factor changes, in cngc16 and apx2-1, respectively, were identified that could provide unique contributions to a pollen HSR. While we found that the functional HS-dependent reprogramming of the pollen transcriptome requires specific activity of CNGC16, we identified in apx2 specific activation of flavonol-biosynthesis pathway and auxin signalling that support a role in pollen thermotolerance. Results from this study have identified metabolic pathways and candidate genes of potential use in improving HS tolerance in pollen. Additionally, we developed new FACS-based methodology that can quantify the stress response for individual pollen in a high-throughput fashion. This technology is being adapted for biological screening of crop plant’s pollen to identify novel thermotolerance traits. Implications, both scientific and agricultural. This study has provided a reference data on the pollen HSR from a model plant, and supports a model that the HSR in pollen has many differences compared to vegetative cells. This provides an important foundation for understanding and improving the pollen HSR, and therefor contributes to the long-term goal of improving productivity in crop plants subjected to temperature stress conditions. A specific hypothesis that has emerged from this study is that pollen thermotolerance can be improved by increasing flavonol accumulation before or during a stress response. Efforts to test this hypothesis have been initiated, and if successful have the potential for application with major seed crops such as maize and rice.
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Leroux, Marie-Louise, Pierre Pestieau, and Gregory Ponthiere. The optimal design of assisted reproductive technologies policies. CIRANO, June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54932/ezmm9028.

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This paper studies the optimal design of assisted reproductive technologies (ART) policies in an economy where individuals differ in their reproductive capacity (or fecundity) and in their wage. We find that the optimal ART policy varies with the postulated social welfare criterion. Utilitarianism redistributes only between individuals with unequal fecundity and wages but not between parents and childless individuals. To the opposite, ex post egalitarianism (which gives absolute priority to the worst-off in realized terms) redistributes from individuals with children toward those without children, and from individuals with high fecundity toward those with low fecundity, so as to compensate for both the monetary cost of ART and for the disutility from involuntary childlessness resulting from unsuccessful ART investments. Under asymmetric information and in order to solve for the incentive problem, utilitarianism recommends also to either tax or subsidize ART investments of low-fecundity-low productivity individuals depending on the degree of complementarity between fecundity and ART in the fertility technology. On the opposite, ex post egalitarianism always recommends marginal taxation.
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Lindberg, Laura D., Jennifer Mueller, Marielle Kirstein, and Alicia VandeVusse. The Continuing Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic in the United States: Findings from the 2021 Guttmacher Survey of Reproductive Health Experiences. Guttmacher Institute, December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1363/2021.33301.

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In this report, we analyze the 2021 data, focusing on how respondents feel the COVID-19 pandemic has influenced their sexual and reproductive health in two core areas: fertility preferences and access to care, including use of telehealth. We note disparities according to individuals’ race and ethnicity, sexual orientation, gender identity, income level and economic well-being. To assess the ongoing scope and magnitude of the impacts of the pandemic, we also examine findings on comparable measures from the 2020 and 2021 GSRHE studies. These data provide four key findings: The pandemic has continued to shift fertility preferences and impede access to sexual and reproductive health care, including contraceptive services. The impacts reported in the summer of 2021 are smaller than those reported earlier in the pandemic but remain pervasive. The pandemic continues to have disproportionate effects on the sexual and reproductive health of those already experiencing systemic social and health inequities. Telehealth services are bridging gaps in sexual and reproductive health care resulting from pandemic-related upheaval, particularly for those who already experience barriers to accessing health care.
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Workshop on youth across Asia. Population Council, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/rh1998.1013.

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The issues facing youth across Asia are as diverse as the cultures they represent. Issues involving schooling, employment, sexuality, and marriage take on increased significance for young people aged 10–24 in every country. Decisions made by youth and their families will dramatically affect their individual welfare. Few programs outside of public education systems exist at a sufficiently large scale to assist youth. Decisions to stay in school, opportunities to learn skills and manage resources, the exercise of sexual responsibility, and the process of family formation all impact both personal welfare and community development. Gender-equality issues compound many of the problems. Due to population momentum, growth will be largest among those countries where fertility has been highest in the past 20 years. Momentum is attenuated by increasing the age of marriage, delaying first birth, and spacing subsequent births. This report states that the objectives of the September 1997 “Workshop on Youth Across Asia,” held in Kathmandu, Nepal, were to better understand implications of population momentum and the challenges facing youth in achieving reproductive health in Asia, and to facilitate effective policies and services to address these issues.
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District level baseline survey of family planning program in Uttar Pradesh: Ghaziabad. Population Council, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/rh1995.1003.

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Uttar Pradesh is the most populous state in India with 139 million individuals, per the 1991 census. The Sample Registration System in 1992 indicated a high population growth rate of 2.3 percent and a very high birth rate of 36.2 per 1,000. Several measures have been taken to contain the growth and bring a rapid decline in the fertility rate. The Government of India and USAID began the Innovations in Family Planning Services Project under the management of the State Innovations in Family Planning Services Agency. The goal was to reduce the fertility rate in Uttar Pradesh by expanding and improving family planning (FP) services. Since there has been differential impact of FP services over the years in the state’s different districts, it was considered desirable to take up the district as a unit and develop an adequate data base for generating suitable intervention programs. Baseline surveys were conducted in 14 districts in different regions of the state. The Centre for Development Research and Training, Madras, conducted the surveys in Ghaziabad and Tehri Garhwal. This preliminary report contains the details of the survey conducted in Ghaziabad district.
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