Relevant bibliographies by topics / Individual Differences Approach

Academic literature on the topic 'Individual Differences Approach'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 29 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Individual Differences Approach"

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Teovanovic, P. "Anchoring effect: Individual differences approach." Personality and Individual Differences 60 (April 2014): S77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2013.07.461.

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Stamenković, Dušan, Nicholas Ichien, and Keith J. Holyoak. "Metaphor comprehension: An individual-differences approach." Journal of Memory and Language 105 (April 2019): 108–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2018.12.003.

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Kaye, Miranda P., David E. Conroy, and Angela M. Fifer. "Individual Differences in Incompetence Avoidance." Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 30, no. 1 (February 2008): 110–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsep.30.1.110.

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This study compared the fear of failure and perfectionism constructs by analyzing their latent structure as well as their motivational antecedents and consequences. College students (N = 372) enrolled in physical activity classes completed a battery of questionnaires assessing fear of failure, perfectionism, approach and avoidance motivational temperaments, and 2 × 2 achievement goals. Structural equation modeling revealed that responses were best summarized by two correlated factors representing perfectionistic strivings and concerns. Avoidance temperament was positively associated with both forms of incompetence avoidance; however, approach temperament was positively related only to perfectionist strivings. Perfectionistic concerns were positively related to the adoption of mastery-avoidance and performance-avoidance goals and negatively related to the adoption of mastery-approach goals. Perfectionistic strivings were positively associated with both approach goals. These results indicate that strivings to avoid incompetence can be distinguished with respect to their latent structure, temperamental antecedents, and motivational consequences.
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Hoyos, Carlos Arturo, and César Augusto Serna. "Rewards and faculty turnover: An individual differences approach." Cogent Education 8, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 1863170. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/2331186x.2020.1863170.

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Kurtz, Daniel B., Paul R. Sheehe, Paul F. Kent, Theresa L. White, David E. Hornung, and Herbert N. Wright. "Odorant quality perception: A metric individual differences approach." Perception & Psychophysics 62, no. 5 (July 2000): 1121–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/bf03212093.

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Hoyos, Carlos Arturo, and César Augusto Serna. "Rewards and faculty turnover: An individual differences approach." Cogent Education 8, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 1863170. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/2331186x.2020.1863170.

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Flagel, S., T. Simmons, T. Robinson, and H. Akil. "P26 INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN PAVLOVIAN CONDITIONED APPROACH BEHAVIOR." Behavioural Pharmacology 15, no. 5 (September 2004): A15—A16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00008877-200409000-00066.

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McDermott, Kathleen B., and Christopher L. Zerr. "Individual Differences in Learning Efficiency." Current Directions in Psychological Science 28, no. 6 (October 3, 2019): 607–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0963721419869005.

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Most research on long-term memory uses an experimental approach whereby participants are assigned to different conditions, and condition means are the measures of interest. This approach has demonstrated repeatedly that conditions that slow the rate of learning tend to improve later retention. A neglected question is whether aggregate findings at the level of the group (i.e., slower learning tends to improve retention) translate to the level of individual people. We identify a discrepancy whereby—across people—slower learning tends to coincide with poorer memory. The positive relation between learning rate (speed of learning) and retention (amount remembered after a delay) across people is referred to as learning efficiency. A more efficient learner can acquire information faster and remember more of it over time. We discuss potential characteristics of efficient learners and consider future directions for research.
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Septiara, Sabgi Wulan, Vhaliesca Daffah, and Ina Magdalena. "SOURCES OF INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN EDUCATION." PROGRES PENDIDIKAN 2, no. 3 (September 24, 2021): 139–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/prospek.v2i3.156.

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Individual differences that need to be considered in the implementation of classroom teaching are factors related to the readiness of children to receive teaching because these differences will determine the education system as a whole. These differences with other individual approach as well, but it is still realized that education is not solely aimed at developing individuals as individuals, but also in relation to the varied patterns of community life. The factors that influence individual differences are self-concept, the anxiety experienced by students, learning motivation.
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Satow, Aiko. "An Ecological Approach to Mechanisms Determining Individual Differences in Perception." Perceptual and Motor Skills 62, no. 3 (June 1986): 983–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1986.62.3.983.

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In 1982 Satow proposed four hypothetical properties determining mechanisms of individual differences in perceptions; these were supported by results of a factor analysis of responses to a 58-item check list. Present work confirmed the four properties (intense sensitivity, temporal sensitivity, sensory-motor reactivity, and possible range of total stimuli), and obtained a property, preference for intense and prolonged stimuli, from a principal component analysis of data from a 60-item list given to 316 subjects. The 60-item list is a revised version of the 58-item list which asked subjects about their subjective sensitiveness and preferences for environmental sensory stimuli (visual, auditory, olfactory, and tactile). Within subjects relationships among these properties are interindependent, since for individuals correlations of factor-score estimates between pairs of these properties were near zero. This interindependence supported a model of four hypothetical types of individuals, explaining the individual differences on the grounds of the relations among the properties.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Individual Differences Approach"

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Payne, John. "Anglican clerics in Wales : an individual differences approach." Thesis, Bangor University, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.573103.

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The study of individual differences is well established in psychology, but has not been extensively applied to clergy. This dissertation identifies seven areas of individual differences relevant to the field of ministry studies and examines each of these areas through two perspectives. The first perspective draws together insight from the wider psychological literature. The second perspective examines new data from a survey conducted among 370 clergy currently serving in the Church in Wales. The study begins by examining the psychological type profile of clergy, drawing on Jung's model of psychological type and using the Francis Psychological Type Scales. Second, the study examines the work-related psychological health of clergy, drawing on the balanced affect model of wellbeing and using the Satisfaction in Ministry Scale and the Scale of Emotional Exhaustion in Ministry. Third, the study examines the preferred ministry styles exercised by clergy using the Payne Index of Ministry Styles. Fourth, the study examines the Emotional Intelligence of clergy using the Schutte Emotional Intelligence Scale. Fifth, the study examines the diurnal rhythms displayed by clergy using the Francis Owl Lark Index. Sixth, the study assesses the personality of clergy using the three dimensional model of personality developed by Eysenck. Finally, the study examines the ministry lifestyle modelled by clergy, using a new instrument developed for this survey.
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Armenis, Damien C. "Risky financial decision-making : an individual differences approach /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2002. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe16836.pdf.

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Shulman, Tirza Elana. "Individual differences in cognitive performance : an affect regulatory approach /." Search for this dissertation online, 2006. http://www.lib.umi.com/cr/ksu/main.

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Capon, Alison Jayne. "Working memory and human reasoning : an individual differences approach." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/348.

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Experiments 1-3 investigated the relationship between working memory and syllogistic and five-ten-n series spatial inference. A secondary aim was to replicate the findings of Shah and Miyake (1996) who suggested the use of separate central resources of working memory for spatial and verbal ability. The correlational analysis showed that the complex verbal and spatial working memory span tasks were associated together and consistently predicted reasoning performance in both verbal and visual modalities. The confirmatory factor analysis showed that three factors best accounted for the data -a verbal, a spatial, and a general resource. All the span tasks and most of the reasoning tasks significantly and consistently loaded the general factor. Experiments 4-6 investigated the relationship between working memory and a range of reasoning tasks - identified as either propositional. spatial, or quantifiable tasks. These experiments were based on the work of Stanovich and West (1998) who found that a range of reasoning tasks were predicted by cognitive ability and a reasoner's thinking style. The correlational anaylsis showed that the complex verbal and spatial working memory span tasks were associated together and consistently predicted reasoning perforinance. Two clusters of reasoning task emerged from the correlational analysis - one cluster related to the propositional and simple spatial reasoning tasks, whilst the other related to the quantifiable and complex spatial reasoning tasks. The confin-natory factor analysis showed that four factors best accounted for the data -a verbal, a spatial, a general, and a thinking style resource. All the span tasks and the reasoning tasks loaded the general factor, and most of the reasoning tasks further loaded the thinking disposition factor. These results are discussed in light of models of workino memory, theories of reasoning, and how to best characterise factor 3 (executive function) and factor 4 (thinking style) from tile factor analysis.
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Monaghan, Padraic. "Representation and strategy in reasoning : an individual differences approach." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/15418.

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Individual differences in reasoning have been observed in a wide variety of tasks. Descriptions of the variation in response have been framed in terms of use of different strategies that invoke different representations. This thesis argues that in order to convert descriptions into explanations of performance it is necessary to compare and combine psychometric accounts with computational accounts of the processes underlying representation selection and use. Descriptions of strategies, representations and algorithms and their inter-relationships are necessary for a full account of reasoning behaviour. Two large-scale studies of deductive reasoning are presented to illustrate this approach in action, and the inadequacy of accounts that do not provide accounts at all these levels. The first compares two theoretically motivated methods for solving categorical syllogisms, the second study assesses learning from and learning within a multimodal logic course called Hyperproof. These studies are compared to measures of spatial ability, field-independence/dependence, and serial/holist learning style. The interaction of students' styles of learning with different presentations of information generalises across the domains. This generality is best expressed when psychometric and computational accounts of reasoning are consolidated.
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Williams, Emyr. "The social capital of cathedral congregations : an individual differences approach." Thesis, Bangor University, 2008. https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/the-social-capital-of-cathedral-congregations--an-individual-differences-approach(1f24c82b-eebb-43e2-a8b0-65034777951e).html.

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Saville, Christopher W. N. "Individual differences in reaction time variability : A combined psychometric and electroencephalographic approach." Thesis, Bangor University, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.529751.

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Dum, Mariam. "A Longitudinal Approach to Understanding Individual Differences Affecting the Drinking Behavior Change Process." Diss., NSUWorks, 2009. https://nsuworks.nova.edu/cps_stuetd/27.

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Most studies examining predictors of treatment outcomes among problem drinkers have used a traditional statistical approach that examines group outcomes (e.g. analysis of variance, multiple regression analysis). Contrary to traditional methods, a person-centered approach identifies commonalities among clusters of individuals and provides the opportunity to examine the relationship between multiple individual differences and outcomes in a longitudinal manner. Specifically, the person-centered approach makes it possible to cluster individuals into subgroups based on their change patterns, and to examine the relationship between those subgroups and other variables of interest (e.g., drinking problem severity). This approach allows the inclusion of a relatively large number of variables to test complex hypotheses. The present study is a secondary data analysis of early (first three-month) Timeline Followback (TLFB) post-treatment drinking data from 200 problem drinkers who completed a short outpatient intervention. Using a growth mixture modeling (GMM) analysis, the goal was to identify different outcome drinking trajectories and examine the relationship between problem severity levels, treatment modality (i.e. individual versus group format), and goal choice (i.e. low-risk drinking versus abstinence) to those trajectories. Results demonstrated the existence of different outcome subgroups among problem drinkers. In addition, problem severity level was associated with outcomes and class membership. Observed significant differences in the relationships between predictor variables and specific outcome subgroups, and evidence of different drinking fluctuation patterns in the outcomes suggest that using a person-centered approach adds value beyond traditional statistical outcome analyses. The person-centered approach can facilitate the identification of relevant variables for patient-treatment matching hypotheses for problem drinkers.
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Gershenoff, Amy Beth. "Individual Differences and Leader Emergence in a Transformational Context: An Examination of Person and Process." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/27559.

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The primary purpose of this research was to extend current knowledge of the individual differences that are traditionally associated with leadership emergence and to determine whether the individuals characterized by individual differences attributed to transformational leaders were also likely to emerge as a leader in a leaderless group. Leadership behaviors and followersâ perceptions of emergent leadership of individuals with Ross and Offermannâ s (1997) enabling and forceful personality patterns were examined in an emergence setting that facilitates transformational leadership. A secondary purpose of this research was to further our knowledge of the process of leadership. The leadership process defined by Lord and his associates (Lord, Fot & Phillips, 1982; Lord, Foti & DeVader., 1984) was expanded to include relevant elements of Mischelâ s theory of personality (Mischel, 1999). The contextual influence of the task situation and feedback from others were examined. Individuals did not differ on transformational leadership behavior, but forceful individuals did exhibit a greater proportion of initiating structure behaviors than other individuals and were rated highest on leadership. In addition, there was no evidence of changes in the leadership process due to feedback based on the perceptions of others. Limitations and implications for future research are discussed.
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Martin, Jessie D. "Cognitive control and prospective memory performance: A mediation approach." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/54324.

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The majority of memory research, and research on its cognitive underpinnings has thus far focused on retrospective memory, or memory for things learned or rehearsed in the past. More recently, however, prospective memory, or the memory for future intentions, has become a major area of research. It is theorized that prospective and retrospective memory may both rely on similar constituent parts such as working memory and selective attention; the relationship between these constructs and prospective memory is, however, significantly less clear than for retrospective memory. In this study we sought to further clarify the role that cognitive process play in prospective memory performance using an SEM approach that included monitoring as a mediating variable in addition to focal, non-focal, and time-based prospective memory task condition. Results suggest a monitoring component is important in both focal and non-focal conditions, and that the type of monitoring observed in this study is related primarily to proactive interference, and reflects participants’ ability to disengage from no longer relevant stimuli¬¬¬.
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Books on the topic "Individual Differences Approach"

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Personality: A cognitive approach. London: Routledge, 1998.

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Warren, David H. Blindness and children: An individual differences approach. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994.

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W, Eysenck Michael, ed. Personality and individual differences: A natural science approach. New York: Plenum Press, 1985.

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Jan, Strelau, ed. People under extreme stress: An individual differences approach. Hauppauge, NY: Nova Science Publishers, 2006.

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1937-, Ramirez Manuel, ed. Multicultural psychotherapy: An approach to individual and cultural differences. 2nd ed. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1999.

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Ramirez, Manuel. Psychotherapy and counselingwith minorities: A cognitive approach to individual and cultural differences. New York: Pergamon, 1991.

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Ramirez, Manuel. Psychotherapy and counseling with minorities: A cognitive approach to individual and cultural differences. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1994.

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Psychotherapy and counseling with minorities: A cognitive approach to individual and cultural differences. New York: Pergamon Press, 1991.

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Ramirez, Manuel. Psychotherapy and counseling with minorities: A cognitive approach to individual and cultural differences. New York: Pergamon Press, 1990.

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Cushner, Kenneth. Human diversity in education: An integrative approach. 4th ed. Boston: McGraw-Hill, 2003.

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Book chapters on the topic "Individual Differences Approach"

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Kotynski, Anne, and Heath Demaree. "Approach: Approach Competition." In Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences, 240–42. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24612-3_728.

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Kotynski, Anne, and Heath Demaree. "Approach: Approach Competition." In Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences, 1–3. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28099-8_728-1.

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Saucier, Gerard. "Lexical Approach." In Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences, 2623–25. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24612-3_1321.

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Saucier, Gerard. "Lexical Approach." In Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences, 1–3. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28099-8_1321-1.

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Moriizumi, Satoshi. "Emic/Etic Approach." In Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences, 1279–80. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24612-3_658.

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Dunlop, William L., and Janina L. Bühler. "Life Course Approach." In Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences, 2631–35. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24612-3_701.

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Ehrlich, Christian, and Ulrike Fasbender. "Approach-Avoidance Conflict." In Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences, 242–45. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24612-3_729.

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Moriizumi, Satoshi. "Emic/Etic Approach." In Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences, 1–2. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28099-8_658-1.

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Dunlop, William L., and Janina L. Bühler. "Life Course Approach." In Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences, 1–4. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28099-8_701-1.

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Ehrlich, Christian, and Ulrike Fasbender. "Approach-Avoidance Conflict." In Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences, 1–3. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28099-8_729-1.

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Conference papers on the topic "Individual Differences Approach"

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Chicchi Giglioli, Irene Alice, Carla de-Juan-Ripoll, José Llanes Jurado, Javier Marín-Morales, and Mariano Alcañiz Raya. "INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN RISK TAKING ASSESSMENT: A VIRTUAL REALITY APPROACH." In 13th International Conference on Education and New Learning Technologies. IATED, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21125/edulearn.2021.1341.

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Matsuka, Toshihiko, and Hidehito Honda. "Effects of Individual Differences on Knowledge and Wisdom of Society: A Social Modeling Approach." In International Conference on the Simulation and Synthesis of Living Systems. MIT Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/978-0-262-31050-5-ch053.

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V. Raghavan, Vijay. "An Exploration of Individual Differences in Synthesizing Entity-Relationship Data Models." In 2003 Informing Science + IT Education Conference. Informing Science Institute, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/2616.

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Entity Relationship (ER) modeling (1976) is a popular approach to formulate a conceptual data model for designing properly structured databases. In spite of some criticisms of the model leading to numerous extensions added to the original ER model, it is generally believed to be a method of choice for designing common databases. Not surprisingly, ER Modeling is inextricably a part of all database-design classes. Teachers of this modeling construct often encounter students experiencing problems in synthesizing ER models from verbal or written descriptions. This study explores whether individual differences contribute to such difficulties. Gender, length of Information Technology (IT) experience, length of database experience, length of business experience, national origin and learning styles are hypothesized as the individual diffe r-ences that might contribute to a student’s ability to synthesize a conceptual ER model. Ability to synthesize ER models was evaluated using a textbook type ER modeling problem.
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Patel, Apurva, and Joshua D. Summers. "Exploring the Effects of Individual Differences in Function Structure Modeling Behaviors." In ASME 2021 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2021-71827.

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Abstract This paper presents an exploratory study conducted to understand the role of individual differences between designers in the function modeling process and with respect to final models. An input-process-output framework of function modeling is proposed to systematically approach this theory building and discovery research study. Four measures of individual differences are identified of interest. These include the systemizing quotient, goal orientation, risk propensity, and concept design thinking style. Each metric is composed of multiple items that can be assessed through survey instruments. A previously developed protocol study is used to capture function modeling behaviors and a final function structure model. Data collected from the survey instruments and protocol study is processed to generate input, process, and output measures. A regression-based analysis is used to identify correlations in three groups: input-process, input-output, and process-output. Potential correlations of interest are identified within each group. Implications of these correlations are discussed from a function structure modeling perspective and hypotheses for future research are identified based on the patterns observed in this study. Three testable hypotheses are proposed for future investigation: (1) Goal orientation has no effect on activity distribution in the function modeling process, (2) Thinking style has no effect on the function modeling process, and (3) Risk propensity has no effect on element distribution in the function modeling process. Finally, an anticipated experiment is outlined to investigate one of the potential relationships discovered in this study.
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Gilbert, Stephen B., Angelica Jasper, Nathan C. Sepich, Taylor A. Doty, Jonathan W. Kelly, and Michael C. Dorneich. "Individual Differences & Task Attention in Cybersickness: A Call for a Standardized Approach to Data Sharing." In 2021 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces Abstracts and Workshops (VRW). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/vrw52623.2021.00037.

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Mustafa, Hassan M. H., Ayoub Al-Hamadi, Saeed A. Al-Ghamdi, Mohamed M. Hassan, and Adel A. Khedr. "On assessment of students' academic achievement considering categorized individual differences at engineering education (Neural Networks Approach)." In 2013 12th International Conference on Information Technology Based Higher Education and Training (ITHET). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ithet.2013.6671003.

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See, Tung-King, and Kemper Lewis. "A Formal Approach to Handling Conflicts in Multiattribute Group Decision Making." In ASME 2004 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2004-57342.

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The Hypothetical Equivalents and Inequivalents Method (HEIM) has been developed to support decision making in multiattribute problems where one decision maker is making the decision. In this paper HEIM is modified to support group decision making in multiattribute problems, resulting in the Group Hypothetical Equivalents and Inequivalents Method (G-HEIM). Instead of aggregating attribute weights or overall alternative values from each individual as is common in other group decision methods, G-HEIM operates by aggregating individual preferences. It is recognized that in group decision making, common preferences among group members can rarely be guaranteed, unless individual freedom is greatly limited. G-HEIM instead allows individuals to freely express preferences over a number of hypothetical alternatives and then explores the level of conflict or differences from the aggregated group preferences. The relationship between the level of conflicting preferences and the usability of the resulting decision is also directly studied using the G-HEIM. An automotive selection example is used to illustrate the approach.
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Kent, T. A., and G. R. Hillman. "A fuzzy rule based approach to identify brain structures using MRI, in the presence of individual anatomical differences." In IEEE Annual Meeting of the Fuzzy Information, 2004. Processing NAFIPS '04. IEEE, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/nafips.2004.1337443.

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Barakat, Nael, and Hesham Enshasy. "A Statistical Approach to Improve Wafer Fabrication Yield." In ASME 2002 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2002-39275.

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In spite of the recent advancements in wafer fabrication techniques, devices are still being individually checked and modified. This is due to the fact that the general manufacturing processes involved in wafer production have their inherent inconsistencies. As a consequence, individual devices show differences in characteristics that would render a big group of them operating out of the range of the pre-set spec limits. Therefore they would require types of modifications specific to the individual device. Knowing that the resources spent on checking and eliminating out-of-spec devices before they reach the customer are very significant, the manufacturing operation becomes hardly profitable. These wafers normally carry devices in the range of a thousand or so, making a statistical approach very attractive. In this paper, an actual industrial problem in wafer fabrication to the desired specifications is presented. The problem shows in passive filters built using Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) theory. A solution considering a statistical process control approach to the population of devices on the wafer is proposed. The results of applying this solution are realized in significant product yield increase, huge cost cutting, and automation promotion and application.
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Fritz, Kaitlyn, Line Deschenes, and Vijitashwa Pandey. "Effective Design Team Composition Using Individual and Group Cognitive Attributes." In ASME 2018 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2018-86888.

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Engineering design is typically a team effort. Design teams frequently need to push technical boundaries to solve the most relevant challenges faced by our society. A significant area of research across multiple fields of investigation, including engineering, is the understanding and use of an individual’s cognitive attributes in the process of assembling productive teams. This research proposes an approach to assembling an engineering design team by first defining the desirable cognitive attributes in the team members. Subsequently, based on individual cognitive profile assessments along these attributes, an exhaustive list of possible design teams is investigated based on their cumulative attribute level. We compare the performance of two teams predicted to perform at different levels, and our results verify the differences between the observations of team interactions and the quality of designs produced. In addition to self-assessments, we also investigate the brain activity of the respondents using electroencephalography (EEG) to evaluate performance in an individual and a team setting. This analysis intends to highlight the characteristics of an individuals’ brain activity under different circumstances to reveal if these characteristics contribute to the success of a design team. EEG data revealed observations such as correlation between raw amplitude and level of team contribution, a higher variation in the channel power spectral density during individual versus team tasks, and a degradation of alpha activity moving from individual to group work. The results of this research can guide organizations to form teams with the necessary cognitive attributes to achieve the optimum design solution.
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Reports on the topic "Individual Differences Approach"

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Engle, Randall W. Working Memory Capacity: An Individual Differences Approach. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, February 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada207127.

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Engle, Randall W. Working Memory Capacity: An Individual Differences Approach. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, February 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada192359.

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3

Staschen, C. M., M. J. Munazza, P. B. Massell, L. D. Homer, and S. T. Ahlers. A New Nonlinear Regression Approach That Allows Detection of Inter-Individual Differences in Single-Point Radioligand Binding Studies. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, August 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada455975.

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4

Fine, Bernard J. Field-Dependence, Judgment of Weights by Females and an Appeal for a More Complex Approach to the Study of Individual Differences. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, July 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada199200.

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5

Wideman, Jr., Robert F., Nicholas B. Anthony, Avigdor Cahaner, Alan Shlosberg, Michel Bellaiche, and William B. Roush. Integrated Approach to Evaluating Inherited Predictors of Resistance to Pulmonary Hypertension Syndrome (Ascites) in Fast Growing Broiler Chickens. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7575287.bard.

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Background PHS (pulmonary hypertension syndrome, ascites syndrome) is a serious cause of loss in the broiler industry, and is a prime example of an undesirable side effect of successful genetic development that may be deleteriously manifested by factors in the environment of growing broilers. Basically, continuous and pinpointed selection for rapid growth in broilers has led to higher oxygen demand and consequently to more frequent manifestation of an inherent potential cardiopulmonary incapability to sufficiently oxygenate the arterial blood. The multifaceted causes and modifiers of PHS make research into finding solutions to the syndrome a complex and multi threaded challenge. This research used several directions to better understand the development of PHS and to probe possible means of achieving a goal of monitoring and increasing resistance to the syndrome. Research Objectives (1) To evaluate the growth dynamics of individuals within breeding stocks and their correlation with individual susceptibility or resistance to PHS; (2) To compile data on diagnostic indices found in this work to be predictive for PHS, during exposure to experimental protocols known to trigger PHS; (3) To conduct detailed physiological evaluations of cardiopulmonary function in broilers; (4) To compile data on growth dynamics and other diagnostic indices in existing lines selected for susceptibility or resistance to PHS; (5) To integrate growth dynamics and other diagnostic data within appropriate statistical procedures to provide geneticists with predictive indices that characterize resistance or susceptibility to PHS. Revisions In the first year, the US team acquired the costly Peckode weigh platform / individual bird I.D. system that was to provide the continuous (several times each day), automated weighing of birds, for a comprehensive monitoring of growth dynamics. However, data generated were found to be inaccurate and irreproducible, so making its use implausible. Henceforth, weighing was manual, this highly labor intensive work precluding some of the original objectives of using such a strategy of growth dynamics in selection procedures involving thousands of birds. Major conclusions, solutions, achievements 1. Healthy broilers were found to have greater oscillations in growth velocity and acceleration than PHS susceptible birds. This proved the scientific validity of our original hypothesis that such differences occur. 2. Growth rate in the first week is higher in PHS-susceptible than in PHS-resistant chicks. Artificial neural network accurately distinguished differences between the two groups based on growth patterns in this period. 3. In the US, the unilateral pulmonary occlusion technique was used in collaboration with a major broiler breeding company to create a commercial broiler line that is highly resistant to PHS induced by fast growth and low ambient temperatures. 4. In Israel, lines were obtained by genetic selection on PHS mortality after cold exposure in a dam-line population comprising of 85 sire families. The wide range of PHS incidence per family (0-50%), high heritability (about 0.6), and the results in cold challenged progeny, suggested a highly effective and relatively easy means for selection for PHS resistance 5. The best minimally-invasive diagnostic indices for prediction of PHS resistance were found to be oximetry, hematocrit values, heart rate and electrocardiographic (ECG) lead II waves. Some differences in results were found between the US and Israeli teams, probably reflecting genetic differences in the broiler strains used in the two countries. For instance the US team found the S wave amplitude to predict PHS susceptibility well, whereas the Israeli team found the P wave amplitude to be a better valid predictor. 6. Comprehensive physiological studies further increased knowledge on the development of PHS cardiopulmonary characteristics of pre-ascitic birds, pulmonary arterial wedge pressures, hypotension/kidney response, pulmonary hemodynamic responses to vasoactive mediators were all examined in depth. Implications, scientific and agricultural Substantial progress has been made in understanding the genetic and environmental factors involved in PHS, and their interaction. The two teams each successfully developed different selection programs, by surgical means and by divergent selection under cold challenge. Monitoring of the progress and success of the programs was done be using the in-depth estimations that this research engendered on the reliability and value of non-invasive predictive parameters. These findings helped corroborate the validity of practical means to improve PHT resistance by research-based programs of selection.
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Altier, Mary Beth. Violent Extremist Disengagement and Reintegration: Lessons from Over 30 Years of DDR. RESOLVE Network, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37805/vedr2021.1.

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Recent questions surrounding the repatriation, rehabilitation, and reintegration of those who traveled to join the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS), the reintegration of violent extremists in conflict zones including Somalia, Nigeria, Libya, and Mali, and the impending release of scores of homegrown violent extremists from prisons in the United States and Europe have heightened policymaker and practitioner interest in violent extremist disengagement and reintegration (VEDR). Although a number of programs to reintegrate violent extremists have emerged both within and outside of conflict zones, significant questions remain regarding their design, implementation, and effectiveness. To advance our understanding of VEDR, this report draws insights from a review of the literature on ex-combatant disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration (DDR). The literature on DDR typically adopts a “whole of society” approach, which helps us to understand how systemic factors may influence VEDR at the individual level and outcomes at the societal level. Despite the important differences that will be reviewed, the international community’s thirty-year experience with DDR—which includes working with violent extremists—offers important insights for our understanding of VEDR.
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Wozniakowska, P., D. W. Eaton, C. Deblonde, A. Mort, and O. H. Ardakani. Identification of regional structural corridors in the Montney play using trend surface analysis combined with geophysical imaging, British Columbia and Alberta. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/328850.

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The Western Canada Sedimentary Basin (WCSB) is a mature oil and gas basin with an extraordinary endowment of publicly accessible data. It contains structural elements of varying age, expressed as folding, faulting, and fracturing, which provide a record of tectonic activity during basin evolution. Knowledge of the structural architecture of the basin is crucial to understand its tectonic evolution; it also provides essential input for a range of geoscientific studies, including hydrogeology, geomechanics, and seismic risk analysis. This study focuses on an area defined by the subsurface extent of the Triassic Montney Formation, a region of the WCSB straddling the border between Alberta and British Columbia, and covering an area of approximately 130,000 km2. In terms of regional structural elements, this area is roughly bisected by the east-west trending Dawson Creek Graben Complex (DCGC), which initially formed in the Late Carboniferous, and is bordered to the southwest by the Late Cretaceous - Paleocene Rocky Mountain thrust and fold belt (TFB). The structural geology of this region has been extensively studied, but structural elements compiled from previous studies exhibit inconsistencies arising from distinct subregions of investigation in previous studies, differences in the interpreted locations of faults, and inconsistent terminology. Moreover, in cases where faults are mapped based on unpublished proprietary data, many existing interpretations suffer from a lack of reproducibility. In this study, publicly accessible data - formation tops derived from well logs, LITHOPROBE seismic profiles and regional potential-field grids, are used to delineate regional structural elements. Where seismic profiles cross key structural features, these features are generally expressed as multi-stranded or en echelon faults and structurally-linked folds, rather than discrete faults. Furthermore, even in areas of relatively tight well control, individual fault structures cannot be discerned in a robust manner, because the spatial sampling is insufficient to resolve fault strands. We have therefore adopted a structural-corridor approach, where structural corridors are defined as laterally continuous trends, identified using geological trend surface analysis supported by geophysical data, that contain co-genetic faults and folds. Such structural trends have been documented in laboratory models of basement-involved faults and some types of structural corridors have been described as flower structures. The distinction between discrete faults and structural corridors is particularly important for induced seismicity risk analysis, as the hazard posed by a single large structure differs from the hazard presented by a corridor of smaller pre-existing faults. We have implemented a workflow that uses trend surface analysis based on formation tops, with extensive quality control, combined with validation using available geophysical data. Seven formations are considered, from the Late Cretaceous Basal Fish Scale Zone (BFSZ) to the Wabamun Group. This approach helped to resolve the problem of limited spatial extent of available seismic data and provided a broader spatial coverage, enabling the investigation of structural trends throughout the entirety of the Montney play. In total, we identified 34 major structural corridors and number of smaller-scale structures, for which a GIS shapefile is included as a digital supplement to facilitate use of these features in other studies. Our study also outlines two buried regional foreland lobes of the Rocky Mountain TFB, both north and south of the DCGC.
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Lurie, Susan, John Labavitch, Ruth Ben-Arie, and Ken Shackel. Woolliness in Peaches and Nectarines. United States Department of Agriculture, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7570557.bard.

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The overall goal of the research was to understand the processes involved in the development of woolliness in peaches and nectarines. Four specific hypotheses were proposed and in the course of the research evidence was gathered t support two of them and to not support two others. The hypotheses and a summary of the evidence are outlined below. 1. That woolliness arises from an imbalance between the activities of the cell wall pectin degrading enzymes. Using 'Flavortop' nectarines and 'Hermoza' peaches as model systems, storage regimes were manipulated to induce or prevent woolliness. The expression (mRNA abundance), protein content (Western blotting), and activity of polygalacturonase (PG) and pectin esterase (PE) were followed. Expression of the enzymes was not different, but activity and the ratio between PG and PE activities were quite different in fruits developing woolliness or ripening normally. This was also examined by looking at the substrate, the pectin moiety of the cell wall, and i woolly fruit there were more high molecular weight pectins with regions of non-methylated galacturonic acid residues. Taking an in vitro approach it was found a) that PE activity was stable at 0oC while PG activity decreased; b) incubating the calcium pectate fraction of the cell wall with PE extracted from peaches caused the polymers to form a gel characteristic of the visual woolly symptoms in peaches. 2. That continued cell wall synthesis occurs during storage and contributes to structural changes i cell walls and improper dissolution and softening after storage. We tried to adapt our technique of adding 13C-glucose to fruit discs, which was used successfully to follow cell wall synthesis during tomato ripening. However, the difference in sugar content between the two fruits (4% in tomato and 12% in peach) meant that the 13C-glucose was much more diluted within the general metabolite pool. We were unable to see any cell wall synthesis which meant that either the dilution factor was too great, or that synthesis was not occurring. 3. That controlled atmosphere (CA) prevents woolliness by lowering all enzyme activities. CA was found to greatly reduce mRNA abundance of the cell wall enzymes compared to regular air storage. However, their synthesis and activity recovered during ripening after CA storage and did not after regular air storage. Therefore, CA prevented the inhibition of enzyme activation found in regular air storage. 4. That changes in cell wall turgor and membrane function are important events in the development of woolliness. Using a micro pressure probe, turgor was measured in cells of individual 'O'Henry' and 'CalRed' peaches which were woolly or healthy. The relationship between firmness and turgor was the same in both fruit conditions. These data indicate that the development and expression of woolliness are not associated with differences in membrane function, at least with regard to the factors that determine cell turgor pressure. In addition, during the period of the grant additional areas were explored. Encoglucanase, and enzyme metabolizing hemicellulose, was found to be highly expressed air stored, but not in unstored or CA stored fruit. Activity gels showed higher activity in air stored fruit as well. This is the first indication that other components of the cell wall may be involved in woolliness. The role of ethylene in woolliness development was also investigated at it was found a) that woolly fruits had decreased ability to produce ethylene, b) storing fruits in the presence of ethylene delayed the appearance of woolliness. This latter finding has implication for an inexpensive strategy for storing peaches and nectarines.
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Wang, Chih-Hao, and Na Chen. Investigating the Resilience of Accessibility to Emergency and Lifesaving Facilities under Natural Hazards. Mineta Transportation Institute, May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2022.2126.

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Studying accessibility, including the resilience of city transportation networks, is critical to understand how these networks influence individuals’ mobility and lives. This study developed an analytical research framework to examine the resilience of accessibility to emergency and lifesaving facilities under the threats of natural hazards such as earthquakes and wildfires. With a cumulative-opportunity approach, the authors measured accessibility by counting emergency and lifesaving facilities (including parks, schools, hospitals, roads, and fire stations) that can be reached by driving at the census tract level in San Fernando Valley, CA. With the calculated accessibility, the authors run simulations to collect data showing what would happen if an area were affected by a selected disaster. They then used statistical analysis to identify those areas where accessibility is significantly reduced compared to the original status. A normalized difference accessibility index (NDAI) was further created to suggest plans and strategies to help those vulnerable areas through adding facilities/services or improving transportation infrastructure.
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Allouche, Jeremy, Harriet Hoffler, and Jeremy Lind. Humanitarianism and Religious Inequalities: Addressing a Blind Spot. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), October 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/creid.2020.002.

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Religious identity is critically important to consider in assessing patterns of displacement and the dynamics of conflict and peace-building, as well as programmatic and policy responses to humanitarian crises. Conflicts are frequently driven by discrimination and generate massive numbers of refugees and internally displaced persons (IDPs) as they flee from persecution and violence, whilst individuals or groups may be targeted for their identity or face insecurity during community activities. As a result, the relationship between diversity, inclusivity, and interdependence is key to developing approaches that address intersecting forms of insecurity experienced by religious minorities. This paper reviews current thinking and policy directions in understanding religious inequalities in humanitarian contexts and asks the following questions: 1) What are the implications of programming that is blind to religious inequalities? 2) How can humanitarian actors incorporate sensitivity to religious difference and persecution in their programming, and what are the challenges of doing so?
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