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Journal articles on the topic 'Individual Development Plans'
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Margerison, Charles. "Individual Development Plans." Librarian Career Development 2, no. 1 (March 1994): 04–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eum0000000003909.
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Gitlin, J. "Establishing career platforms for postdocs through individual development plans." Disease Models and Mechanisms 1, no. 1 (July 1, 2008): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dmm.000786.
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Thompson, Hilaire J., Sheila Judge Santacroce, Rita H. Pickler, Jerilyn K. Allen, Jane M. Armer, Suzanne Bakken, Kathryn H. Bowles, et al. "Use of individual development plans for nurse scientist training." Nursing Outlook 68, no. 3 (May 2020): 284–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.outlook.2020.01.001.
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Flood, Amar H., Sara E. Skrabalak, and Yan Yu. "Individual development plans — experiences made in graduate student training." Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 413, no. 23 (August 14, 2021): 5681–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00216-021-03540-z.
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Dunne, T. P., H. Lynggaard, M. D. Finnigan, and F. Henderson. "INDIVIDUAL PROGRAMME PLANS: EVALUATION AND DEVELOPMENT IN A HOSPITAL SETTING." British Journal of Development Disabilities 41, no. 81 (July 1995): 105–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/bjdd.1995.014.
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Bayar, Yilmaz. "Individual Pension Funds and Capital Market Development in Turkey." Review of Economic and Business Studies 9, no. 2 (December 1, 2016): 95–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rebs-2016-0036.
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AbstractBeginning with the 1980s, when the sustainability of the public pension systems became endangedered, many countries have developed their individual pension plans and/or occupational pension plans in order to supersede or support their public pension systems,. This study examines the impact of individual pension funds on the development of both debt securities market and stock market in Turkey during the period October 2006-May 2015, using Hatemi (2008) cointegration test and Toda and Yamamoto (1995) causality test with monthly data. We found that, in the long run, the private pension funds had positive impact on both development of debt securities market and stock market. Furthermore, causality appears to exist between the market for private pension funds, the debt securities market and the stock market.
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Eason, Deborah, Barbara Bruno, and Daniela Böttjer-Wilson. "Individual Development Plans (IDPs): An Underutilized Advising Tool in the Geosciences." GSA Today 30, no. 7 (July 2020): 34–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/gsatg3gw.1.
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Parding, Karolina, and Andreas Liljegren. "Individual Development Plans as Governance Tools – Changed Governance of Teachers’ Work." Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research 61, no. 6 (May 31, 2016): 689–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00313831.2016.1188144.
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Iavecchia, Helene P., and Regina M. Harris. "The Crewstation Assessment of Reach Model: Status and Future Development Plans." Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting 30, no. 7 (September 1986): 647–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193128603000708.
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The Crewstation Assessment of Reach (CAR) is a design tool for determining if a candidate population of operators or individuals can achieve vision and reach accommodation within a user-defined workspace. CAR has undergone four major updates since its creation in 1976. The latest version of the CAR model, CAfi-IV, can predict female as well as male population accommodation. Numerous experimental studies have validated individual components of CAR as well as validating CAR's ability to predict population accommodation. Plans are underway to further refine CAR submodels and also to integrate CAR with a CAD graphics package to assist users in constructing and evaluating crewstation designs.
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Kilgour, John G. "The Role and Importance of Individual Retirement Accounts." Compensation & Benefits Review 52, no. 1 (January 2020): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886368720903842.
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What are now called “traditional IRAs” (Individual Retirement Accounts) were created by the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974. Roth IRAs were added in 1997. Employer-sponsored Simplified Employee Pensions–IRAs were added in 1978 and Savings Investment Match Plans for Employees–IRAs (and 401(k)s) in 1996. Together IRAs hold $8.8 trillion in assets, one third of the total $27.1 trillion in all retirement plans. This article examines the role and importance of IRAs in the U.S. retirement system and the development of the different types of IRAs and their interaction with each other.
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Kotciuba, Igor, Evgenii Ermakov, and Alexey Shikov. "Decision support system for individual athlete’s diet based on optimization modeling’ development." E3S Web of Conferences 215 (2020): 01008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202021501008.
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The article discusses the main areas of information technology tools application in the training of athletes, analyzes the types of expert systems that can be applied for this subject area, indicating the features of their use, including the tasks of supporting the plans preparation for individual diets of athletes. The formulated mathematical model is considered as a decision-making model in an optimization formulation for seeking the optimal ratio of food components from the space of admissible decisions of the various food products ratio. The recommendations regarding the daily needs of athletes in the necessary vital components for various sports activity categories, considering the norms of daily calorie intake in accordance with the Mifflin-San Geor formula, indicating the maximum norms of proteins, fats, carbohydrates, are analyzed. A mathematical model is presented in an optimization formulation from the class of discrete programming, on which the developed intelligent decision support system is based. The implementation components of the software system in the pseudocode format and examples of the implementation of the model for the formation of individual diet plans in the optimization setting are presented. The developed software package can be used for automatic generation of basic recommendations for the proposal of individual diets as an auxiliary means of supporting the activities of a dietitian to find the optimal plan in terms of maximizing individual preferences for food in the area of permissible values for the restrictions on the type of sports activities and the maximum norms of food components.
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Greenan, Peter. "Personal development plans: insights from a case based approach." Journal of Workplace Learning 28, no. 5 (July 11, 2016): 322–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jwl-09-2015-0068.
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Purpose In light of contemporary shifts away from annual appraisals, this study aims to explore the implications of using a personal development plan (PDP) as a means of focussing on continuous feedback and development to improve individual performance and ultimately organisational performance. Design/methodology/approach Data were collected through an employee survey in one private sector organisation in the UK finance sector using a case study approach. Secondary data in the form of completed PDPs were used to compare and contrast responses to the survey. Findings Results indicate that the diagnostic stage is generally effective, but support for the PDP and development activity post diagnosis is less visible. Implications of this are that time spent in the diagnostic stage is unproductive and could impact on motivation and self-efficacy of employees. Furthermore, for the organisation to adopt a continuous focus on development via PDPs would necessitate a systematic training programme to effect a change in culture. Research limitations/implications This study was limited to one organisation in one sector which reduces the generalisability of results. Research methods were limited to anonymous survey, and a richer picture would be painted following qualitative interviews. There was also a subconscious bias towards believing that a PDP containing documented goals would lead to improved individual and organisation performance; However, the discussion has identified the concept of subconscious priming which implies that verbal goals may be equally valid, and further comparative research between verbal and written goals is recommended. Practical implications The results indicate the potential value that using PDPs could bring to an organisation as an alternative to annual appraisal, subject to a supportive organisational culture. Originality/value PricewaterhouseCoopers, in a recent article for CIPD (2015), reported that two-thirds of large companies are planning to rethink their annual appraisal system. One of the key drivers for this was the desire for more regular feedback. Given the recent shift in thinking, little research has been conducted into what would replace the annual appraisal. This paper therefore focusses on the extent to which PDPs can contribute to supporting this more regular contact and feedback.
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Oweimer, Waleed Abdel Hadi. "The Absence of Individual Freedom in the Arab States affecting Human Development." Journal of Politics and Law 11, no. 3 (August 30, 2018): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jpl.v11n3p123.
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The study aimed at pinpointing the effects of the absence of individual freedom in the Arab States on human development, especially in the countries where people could work ondethroning the ruling regimes, in the absence of projects and plans of development. Also, the study discussed the Turkish modelof releasing individual freedoms and their positive effect on the different aspects of human development. The study’s hypothesis is:whererules and laws protect individual freedom, there would be a positive impact on the human development in the community. The study recommendsenhancing the level of human development and individual freedoms in the Arab states, to benefit all people of those states.
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Grimbergen, T., M. Figel, A. McWhan, A. M. Romero, and H. Stadtmann. "EURADOS PROGRAMME OF INTERCOMPARISONS FOR INDIVIDUAL MONITORING SERVICES: SEVEN YEARS OF DEVELOPMENT AND FUTURE PLANS." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 170, no. 1-4 (January 12, 2016): 90–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rpd/ncv523.
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Procter, Nicholas G. "The Mental Health Implications of Britain's Conservative Party Immigration Plan." Migration Letters 2, no. 1 (April 1, 2005): 12–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ml.v2i1.17.
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This paper examines mental health issues surrounding Tory Party plans to radically change Britains' immigration laws making the processes attendant upon seeking asylum tougher for those who try. By looking beyond taken-forgranted assumptions associated with refugees and asylum seeking, a number of questions emerge from the Tory Party Plans. The mental health implications of the Tory Party plan for mandatory detention and processing according to quota rather than need are that individual suffering of asylum seekers is likely to be detrimental to individual mental health and well-being.
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Piotr, Dubicki, and Kułyk Piotr. "The importance of landscape spatial plans for the shaping of urban green areas." New Trends and Issues Proceedings on Humanities and Social Sciences 6, no. 3 (September 18, 2019): 18–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/prosoc.v6i3.4332.
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Urban greenery is an indispensable component of urban composition and can be an effective tool for solving problems related to shaping and organising urban spaces. For the proper functioning of green areas, however, it is necessary to combine them into a functional system, which must be reflected in spatial planning documents. The most effective protection of urban green areas can be ensured by appropriate provisions in local spatial development plans. The aim of the paper is to assess the significance of local spatial development plans for Poland in shaping green areas. The number of local spatial development plans in individual voivodships in the years 2009–2017 will be analysed.
Keywords: Green areas, landscape spatial plans, sustainable development.
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Kalinowski, Marcin, Rafał Koba, and Patryk Lipka. "Development plans for Baltic short sea shipping promotion centers." Biuletyn Instytutu Morskiego 33, no. 1 (December 12, 2018): 111–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.8003.
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Short sea shipping is the movement of cargo and passengers by sea between ports located in Europe or between these ports and ports located in non-European countries that have a coastline in closed seas bordering Europe. Short sea shipping includes domestic and international sea transport. It includes feeder services along the coast, to and from islands, rivers and lakes. The aim of this study was to create a functional and feasible development plan for Short Sea Shipping Promotion Centers (SPCs). There were 5 surveys made for SPCs located in Baltic Sea region (from Germany, Sweden, Finland, Lithuania and Poland) to obtain information on the scope and type of SPC's activities. There is a great potential for the development of SPC in Europe. Although, there are some barriers to overcome like formalities, customs documentation etc. The diverse legal forms of the SPC in individual countries also make it difficult to undertake integrated activities. The topic raised in the article is in line with current plans for the development of inland waterway transport in Poland and coincides with the Assumptions for development of inland waterways in Poland for 2016–2020 with 2030 perspective. The aim of the article was to consolidate the structures and tasks of all SPCs studied and to create a joint 6 point development plan for these centers in order to fully use their potential.
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Chirwa, Andrew S. "Telecommunication as an Aid for Concept Development among Student Teachers." Journal of Educational Technology Systems 27, no. 1 (September 1998): 43–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/nmj0-ja8b-ajbf-6j7d.
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This study was motivated by the need to understand how student teachers build concepts in telecommunication environments. The study aimed at determining how student teachers develop concrete concepts and defined concepts. The purpose was to develop a repertoire of what constitutes classes of lesson plans in technology-based learning environments and determine their significance to instructional design. The goal was to expose student teachers to AskEric Database. The objectives were to demonstrate the role of intellectual skills in developing conceptualizations, compare and contrast elements of a lesson plan, and define the role of telecommunication in learning. An elaborate scheme of activities was developed for student teachers to process materials in the AskEric database. These activities included students examining the various lesson plans in the content areas featuring mathematics, science, language arts, social studies, art, geography, and history. Lesson plans were characterized as concepts, and individual elements. The telecommunication was perceived as an integrated whole, and was evaluated on the criteria embedded in the student's interaction with the lesson plans as a context. Data shows that student teachers generated their own examples of how to identify concepts and characterize them as “concrete concepts.” They classified the instructional events to develop “defined concepts” and characterizations of the given materials. The individual elements of lesson plans were identified and listed in the following order of hierarchy: grade level, topic sentences, goals, objectives, activities, evaluation procedures, resources, and level on the Bloom's Taxonomy of Educational Objectives. Two roles found to support the teaching and process learning were enhancement of learning, and instructional depth. “Enhancement of learning” is defined as a learner's competency to recruit cognitive strategies for the purpose of determining whether lesson plans are structurally meaningful to promote the teaching and learning among children. “Instructional depth” is defined as the capability of the technology to facilitate the dissemination of information in a sequential manner for the purpose of promoting the effective organization of information among learners. Cognitive strategies, competency, constructing a knowledge base, and growth were five factors found to initiate concept development among student teachers. These data have implication to instructional design, program improvement, and evaluation of instruction in computer-based learning environments.
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Laudel, Grit, and Jana Bielick. "The Emergence of Individual Research Programs in the Early Career Phase of Academics." Science, Technology, & Human Values 43, no. 6 (March 19, 2018): 972–1010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0162243918763100.
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Scientific communities expect early career researchers (ECRs) to become intellectually independent and to develop longer-term research plans (individual research programs [IRPs]). How such programs emerge during the early career phase is still poorly understood. Drawing on semistructured interviews with German ECRs in plant biology, experimental physics, and early modern history, we show that the development of such a plan is a research process in itself. The processes leading to IRPs are conditioned by the fields’ epistemic practices for producing new knowledge. By linking the conditions under which ECRs work to the epistemic properties of their IRPs, we identify mechanisms that produce these programs and conditions facilitating or hindering the operation of these mechanisms.
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Nam, Daisik, and Jaewoo Cho. "Deep Neural Network Design for Modeling Individual-Level Travel Mode Choice Behavior." Sustainability 12, no. 18 (September 11, 2020): 7481. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12187481.
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Individual-level modeling is an essential requirement for effective deployment of smart urban mobility applications. Mode choice behavior is also a core feature in transportation planning models, which are used for analyzing future policies and sustainable plans such as greenhouse gas emissions reduction plans. Specifically, an agent-based model requires an individual level choice behavior, mode choice being one such example. However, traditional utility-based discrete choice models, such as logit models, are limited to aggregated behavior analysis. This paper develops a model employing a deep neural network structure that is applicable to the travel mode choice problem. This paper uses deep learning algorithms to highlight an individual-level mode choice behavior model, which leads us to take into account the inherent characteristics of choice models that all individuals have different choice options, an aspect not considered in the neural network models of the past that have led to poorer performance. Comparative analysis with existing behavior models indicates that the proposed model outperforms traditional discrete choice models in terms of prediction accuracy for both individual and aggregated behavior.
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Oppenheim, Charles. "Are National Information Plans Useful?" Alexandria: The Journal of National and International Library and Information Issues 6, no. 2 (August 1994): 133–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095574909400600205.
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A national information policy can be defined as a series of decisions taken by a national government which are designed to encourage a better information infrastructure. Information policy issues can be grouped into four broad areas: legislative issues, information and the economy, information and organizations, and information and social issues. Some countries (e.g. Germany, France and Japan) have explicit information policies; others, including the USA and the UK, do not. Often (as in the UK) the policy is to have no formal policy, but to leave it to the marketplace. The CEC has provided a highway (Euronet) for individual countries to offer their databases, but has not succeeded in producing a policy of Europe-wide database development, with the result that Europe still suffers from a highly fragmented information industry with many competing databases. Interestingly, several countries without clearly stated information policies – UK, Netherlands, USA – have strong information industries. This raises the question whether such a policy is needed. China is interested in developing one; since it is in the early stages of its economic development, it may be able to learn from the West's mistakes. Once its information infrastructure is in place, China must be careful to avoid over-zealous and continued intervention in sectors where it is no longer necessary.
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Labokas, Juozas, and Birutė Karpavičienė. "Development of a Methodology for Maintenance of Medicinal Plant Genetic Reserve Sites: A Case Study for Lithuania." Plants 10, no. 4 (March 30, 2021): 658. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10040658.
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In the context of climate change, in situ conservation of plant genetic resources is becoming increasingly important as it supports natural (ecological and evolutionary) adaptations of plants to the changing environment. The aim of this study was to synthesize a comprehensive general methodology for the maintenance of genetic reserve sites of medicinal plants based on the analysis of relevant legal documents, literature sources, databases, and authors’ own experience. A methodology was developed for the application of various maintenance measures for target species populations in genetic reserve sites to ensure their long-term sustainability. It uses a systematic approach to the intervention measures by grouping them into habitat-specific and factor-specific ones, and follows the specific principles of biodiversity conservation, such as the concept of ecosystem, priority of in situ conservation, caution and validity of decision-making, and regional approach. An extensive discussion on major intervention measures is provided. The methodology is intended to be used as a tool for the preparation and implementation of management plans of individual medicinal plant genetic reserve sites by the responsible agencies and protected area managers and is directly linked to the implementation of the EU (European Union) Biodiversity Strategy to 2030 at the national level.
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Ekaterine, Gulua, and Kharadze Natalia. "Impact of Time Management on Personal Development of Master’s Degree Students." European Journal of Social Sciences Education and Research 11, no. 2 (June 10, 2017): 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejser.v11i2.p110-118.
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In juvenile age time management has significant impact on the personal development abilities not only in current period, but throughout the life. Goal of the work is to establish the reasonability of Master’s degree students’ development and correctness of distribution of their time proceeding from scheduled goals on the basis of Master’s degree students’ time budget analysis. According to individual priorities the personal development depends on reasonably formed balance between physical, spiritual, vocational, social, mental, emotional development and in no circumstances on absolute disregard of one or another factor. At consequent life stages an even development of the individual has an impact on his (her) physical, mental health and working capacity. 523 Master’s degree students of Georgian State University in the capital and regions were subjects of research. Study of 48% of time budget of active students of biggest Georgian university actually gives us detailed picture of state-of-the-art. To what extent do students perceive this stage of their personal development? Time management characteristics directly or indirectly show us, to what extent student are able to control their own development and balance the life. Do they comprehend short-term, long-term goals and plans, or not? How do they distribute their time at work, during study, when resting, doing sports, sleeping, when satisfying their cultural and spiritual requirements or accomplishing short-term or long-term plans? How much time do they lose senselessly during a day, what is their nutrition regime and sleeping schedule? Conclusions and future forecasts obtained on the basis of research contain important and relevant information and recommendations not only for individuals of specific groups, but also in general, on functioning of systems regulating various spheres, especially education and labor.
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Patel, Toral C., Jodie V. Malhotra, and Joseph J. Saseen. "Advancing Pharm. D. Training in Egypt through a Structured Preceptor Development Program." Pharmacy 8, no. 3 (August 1, 2020): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy8030135.
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The Children’s Cancer Hospital of Egypt (CCHE) and the University of Colorado Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences (SSPPS) collaborate to offer a Doctor of Pharmacy (Pharm.D.) degree to international pharmacists holding a bachelor’s degree in pharmacy. The experiential training is provided by CCHE’s clinical pharmacist preceptors at CCHE. Clinical pharmacists at CCHE had prior experience precepting baccalaureate pharmacy students, but not Pharm.D. students when this program commenced. Therefore, the SSPPS faculty provided a live preceptor development program for select CCHE clinical pharmacists in 2017. Primary deliverables of the program included the preparation of individual preceptor development plans and experiential syllabi for program participants. Preceptor development plans and experiential syllabi were evaluated by the SSPPS faculty. Program participants were also evaluated on their assessment of learner case scenarios using introductory pharmacy practice experience (IPPE) and advanced pharmacy practice experience (APPE) assessment tools created for the CCHE program. Participant performance on submitted preceptor development plans and experiential syllabi, and performance on the learner cases were all utilized for participant selection as Pharm.D. preceptors in the CCHE Pharm.D. program. This paper describes this preceptor development program, the process utilized to determine selection of Pharm.D. preceptors, and plans for providing continuing preceptor development for preceptors at CCHE.
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Norton, Nadine, Raegan M. Weil, and Pooja P. Advani. "Inter-Individual Variation and Cardioprotection in Anthracycline-Induced Heart Failure." Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 18 (September 9, 2021): 4079. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10184079.
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Anthracyclines are one of the most widely used and effective chemotherapies in oncology, but their most important side effect is the cumulative, dose-related cardiotoxicity leading to congestive heart failure in ~5% of individuals. Methodology and pharmacogenetic studies for predicting which individuals are at high risk and subsequently the development of targeted and individualized cardioprotective plans are beginning to make progress. Here, we review current putative risk genes and variants, the strength of evidence for each genetic association and the interaction between risk genes, in the context of known clinical risk factors and potential novel cardioprotective strategies.
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Czermański, Ernest. "Baltic Shipping Development in Maritime Spatial Planning Aspect." Studia i Materiały Instytutu Transportu i Handlu Morskiego, no. 14 (December 31, 2017): 48–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.26881/sim.2017.4.03.
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The main purpose of the paper is to select, characterize and analyze the most important trends and areas of functioning and development of the Baltic Shipping market, which have a signi cant impact on the process of shaping maritime spatial planning in the Baltic Sea, as evidenced by the several years of the “MSP Directive” No. 2014/89 / EU (Maritime Spatial Planning). These areas are divided into two main groups: external (independent of marine navigation itself) and internal (that is, those that act as an element of navigation, have a signicant impact on its further development). Therefore, for the scienti c purpose of the paper has been stated the main hypothesis of developing Baltic shipping market by increasing the traffic and level of complexity of correlations and internal dependencies. This hypothesis has been evaluated positively by data analysis, logical deduction and induction and inference of analysed processes.
This article is intended to be an element of preparations for the implementation of Maritime Spatial Plans in the Baltic Sea for both, the Polish Maritime Administration, and the international cooperation process in the design of such plans for individual Baltic Sea Region states. The trends and areas presented in this article are of key importance for forecasting the future development of the Baltic Shipping, and accordingly the proper preparation of assumptions for the spatial plans in question.
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Brown, Peter J., Kevin R. Wormington, and Philip Brown. "Identifying essential ecological factors underpinning the development of a conservation plan for the Endangered Australian tree Alectryon ramiflorus." Oryx 49, no. 3 (February 25, 2015): 453–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605314001124.
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AbstractReintroduction of rare and threatened species often fails to yield quantifiable conservation benefits because insufficient attention is focused on the species’ habitat requirements and biology. We demonstrate the value of such data in informing a recovery plan for Alectryon ramiflorus S.Reyn. (Sapindaceae), a tree species endemic to a region on the southern coast of Queensland, Australia. When the species was categorized as Endangered on the IUCN Red List in 1997 the total known population consisted of only 26 adult plants, in five disjunct populations in remnant patches of native vegetation. Analysis of vegetation type, soil chemistry and composition data comparing remnant patches with and without A. ramiflorus revealed that the species is not restricted to a specific soil type but prefers sites with relatively fertile soil and a more complex vegetation structure. The species is cryptically dioecious, displays asynchronous flowering between individuals, and requires insect-vectored pollination. The low rate of seedling production recorded within individual patches was attributed to the scarcity of trees of both genders, asynchronous flowering of individual trees and, in smaller patches, a sparse population of pollinating insect species. Successful reintroduction of A. ramiflorus will require consideration of these aspects of demographic success. The findings highlight the importance to species recovery plans of the knowledge of habitat requirements, interspecific relationships and critical dependencies, as well as species reproductive biology.
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Wark, Stuart, Catherine MacPhail, Kathy McKay, and Arne Müeller. "Informed consent in a vulnerable population group: supporting individuals aging with intellectual disability to participate in developing their own health and support programs." Australian Health Review 41, no. 4 (2017): 436. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah15235.
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Objective The aim of the present study was to explore the use of complementary consent methodologies to support a potentially vulnerable group of people, namely those aging with intellectual disability, to provide personal input. It was premised on the view that processes to determine capacity for consent, appropriately modified to account for individual capabilities and current circumstances, could facilitate meaningful participation in the development of personal health care plans of people previously excluded from contributing. Methods The present descriptive case study research was undertaken in New South Wales, Australia. A seven-step process for determining capacity for consent was developed, and 10 participants aged between 54 and 73 years with lifelong intellectual disability and health comorbidities were involved. A variety of assistive communication tools was used to support individuals to demonstrate their capacity for giving informed consent. Results After being provided with tailored support mechanisms, seven participants were considered to meet all seven components for determining capacity for consent. Three participants were deemed not to have capacity to give consent regardless of the type of support provided. Conclusions Three critical factors for facilitating personal involvement in decision making for individuals with an intellectual disability were identified: (1) defining consent specifically for the target outcome; (2) outlining the criteria needed for consent to be obtained; and (3) using appropriately modified alternative communication mechanisms as necessary. What is known about the topic? Self-determination is one of the fundamental principles of human rights legislation around the world and, as such, it is considered desirable to have personal input by individuals into the development of their own health care plans. However, this is not always considered feasible if the person comes from a group in the community perceived to be vulnerable to exploitation and viewed as lacking capacity to give informed consent. This results in the use of proxy respondents, who may not accurately represent the desires and life aspirations of the individual. What does this paper add? This paper examines the development and implementation of a targeted program to support individuals aging with lifelong intellectual disability to demonstrate their capacity to provide informed consent. Specifically, it outlines how alternative communications methods, tailored to personal needs and capacity, can assist an individual to both understand and then confirm their understanding of consent in order to participate in developing health care plans. What are the implications for practitioners? People with intellectual disability are now living longer and are increasingly at risk of serious health conditions. The development of long-term health management plans has traditionally not included individuals with more complex needs and moderate intellectual disability, but the present study shows that members of this cohort can successfully understand and consent to participate in health care decision making. By proactively supporting this process, community and healthcare settings may be able to directly facilitate contribution from more individuals, therefore better meeting the goal of person-centred support.
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Barrientos, Armando. "The Changing Face of Pensions in Latin America: Design and Prospects of Individual Capitalization Pension Plans." Social Policy & Administration 31, no. 4 (December 1997): 336–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9515.00063.
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Conley, Sharon, and Allan Odden. "Linking Teacher Compensation to Teacher Career Development." Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis 17, no. 2 (June 1995): 219–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/01623737017002219.
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Pay can be primarily based on individual or organizational performance, job tasks, or skills and knowledge ( Lawler, 1990 ). This article suggests that teacher skill- and knowledge-based pay plans in education may be related to major demarcation points in teachers' career development. To illustrate the potential features of this approach, career ladder programs in three U.S. districts, as well as the Advanced Skills Teacher (AST) system in Australia, are described. Each plan includes three or four career stages that would qualify a teacher for a significant pay increment. Policy analysts should strategically consider how such systems might affect school culture, norms, and micropolitical processes.
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Wang, Peiqi, Bin Zhang, and He Huang. "Research on the Influence Mechanism of Career Insecurity on Individual Career Dynamics." SHS Web of Conferences 96 (2021): 02001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20219602001.
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Career insecurity is widespread in individual career development. Career insecurity has both positive and negative effects on individual career dynamics. It has practical value to explore the influence mechanism between career insecurity and individual career dynamics for both individual career development and organizational performance. Through sorting out the relevant literature, this paper proposes two hypotheses on the influence of career insecurity on individual career dynamics. The negative impact of career insecurity on individual career motivation is mainly reflected in the reduction of organizational commitment, organizational trust, job satisfaction, employee performance, work input, innovative behavior, etc.; the positive impact of job insecurity on individual career motivation is mainly reflected in a low level of career insecurity can lead to social inertia such as absenteeism and increased escapism. this research plans the research methods and steps, laying a foundation for the next empirical study.
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Vallberg Roth, Ann-Christine, and Annika Månsson. "Individual development plans from a critical didactic perspective: Focusing on Montessori- and Reggio Emilia-profiled preschools in Sweden." Journal of Early Childhood Research 9, no. 3 (May 12, 2011): 247–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1476718x10389148.
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Brown, P. Margaret, and Linda J. Byrnes. "The Development and Use of Individual Learning Plans for Deaf and Hard of Hearing Students in Victoria, Australia." Deafness & Education International 16, no. 4 (January 3, 2014): 204–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1557069x13y.0000000034.
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Tredway, Lane P., Maria Tomaso-Peterson, Hunter Perry, and Nathan R. Walker. "Spring Dead Spot of Bermudagrass: A Challenge for Researchers and Turfgrass Managers." Plant Health Progress 10, no. 1 (January 2009): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/php-2009-0710-01-rv.
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Spring dead spot is a destructive disease of bermudagrass turf in climates where the host is exposed to freezing temperatures during winter dormancy. The disease is the result of a complex interaction between a dormant host plant, fungal pathogens in the genus Ophiosphaerella, and environmental conditions. Although progress has been made in our understanding of the individual factors that determine spring dead spot development, we must begin to understand how factors interact to influence the disease. This knowledge will facilitate the development of effective and integrated management plans for spring dead spot in bermudagrass turf. Accepted for publication 8 May 2009. Published 10 July 2009.
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Andersen, Ken H., and Jake C. Rice. "Direct and indirect community effects of rebuilding plans." ICES Journal of Marine Science 67, no. 9 (May 7, 2010): 1980–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsq035.
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Abstract Andersen, K. H., and Rice, J. C. 2010. Direct and indirect community effects of rebuilding plans. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 67: 1980–1988. Many fish communities are heavily exploited and rebuilding plans need to be implemented for depleted species. Within an ecosystem approach to management, development of rebuilding plans should include consideration of the expected consequences of the rebuilding of the target species on the rest of the marine community. Using size- and trait-based single-species and community models, a general assessment is made of the direct and indirect ecological consequences of a rebuilding plan based on a reduction in fishing mortality. If fishing mortality is sufficiently reduced, the time-scale of rebuilding is in the order of the time to reach maturation of an individual, and the expected trajectory can be reliably predicted by a single-species model. Indirect effects of increased abundance are a decrease in individuals in the trophic levels above and below the target species. The decrease in biomass of the neighbouring trophic levels is expected to be much smaller than the increase in the target species and to be largest in species on the trophic level above. We discuss which effects could be responsible when a rebuilding plan does not result in the expected increase and how our results could be applied in a practical management situation.
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Chapoo, Suriya, Kongsak Thathong, and Lilia Halim. "The development of teachers’ pedagogical content knowledge in teaching biology." New Trends and Issues Proceedings on Humanities and Social Sciences 5, no. 1 (May 8, 2018): 133–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/prosoc.v5i1.3395.
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This paper examines the development of biology teachers’ pedagogical content knowledge (PCK). All participants were provided with PCK training activities to improve their understanding of PCK and ability in creating lesson plans according to content representation (CoRe). Research instruments used in this study were open-ended questionnaire, semi-structure interview, lesson plans, CoRe and pedagogical and professional-experience repertoire. The results of the PCK training programme indicated that before participation in the training workshop, three biology teachers lacked content knowledge in some specific topics of biology so that their teaching methods were not congruent with five components of PCK. After the PCK training programme, the three biology teachers understood more about biology contents and the five components of PCK. They realised the importance of the students’ prior knowledge and individual differences of learning styles as well as different biology conceptions. They focused on the inquiry-based learning in accord with the National Science Curriculum Standards.
Keywords: Pedagogical content knowledge (PCK), content representations (CoRes), biology teachers, experience teachers.
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Hannah, Leslie. "Why Employer-based Pension Plans? The Case of Britain." Journal of Economic History 45, no. 2 (June 1985): 347–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700034033.
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Private savings–often through employer-based pension plans–account for a larger proportion of retirement incomes in Britain than elsewhere. The strength of employer–based pension plans in Britain can be traced to a variety of factors; their early development and security are emphasized. The pattern of spread, with heavy concentration initially in bureaucratic firms, suggests that old-age saving entered the employment relationship around 1900 because large-scale bureaucracies needed conditional, lifetime payment systems. By the 1930s, the other main intermediaries for old-age saving, specializing in private provision on an individual basis, had moved into the market for collective, employer-based pension plans.
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Rakovcová, Dana. "Migration plans of the international PhD students." Geografie 122, no. 1 (2017): 45–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.37040/geografie2017122010045.
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Within the concept of transnationalism and global development, migration decisions of international students play a vital role. This article draws on 21 in-depth interviews with PhD students coming from 16 different countries across the world, who are studying at the Wageningen University in the Netherlands. The study explores the diverse factors influencing migration decisions and potential intentions of return. The results suggest that there is a specific influence of the life-cycle phase and the family considerations on the predictability and direction of respondents’ future migration steps. Migration decisions of the interviewed PhD students with children tend to be strongly driven by responsibility towards their families and institutions, while a permanent return is very likely. The single and childless PhD students expressed individual freedom and professional opportunities as essential driving forces in their temporal migration decisions with their future migration destination being less predictable.
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Chen, Xiaohua, and Zaigui Yang. "Stochastically Assessing the Financial Sustainability of Individual Accounts in the Urban Enterprise Employees’ Pension Plan in China." Sustainability 11, no. 13 (June 28, 2019): 3568. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11133568.
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Various countries are paying increasing attention to the long-term financial sustainability of pension plans, and the self-balancing ability of such plans is an important index to measure their long-term financial sustainability. This paper explores the financial self-balancing ability of the individual accounts of China’s urban enterprise employees’ pension plan (UEEPPI). In the particularly serious scenario that the individual accounts’ previous accumulated funds are zero, the bookkeeping rate and the investment return rate are considered as stochastic variables in the in-depth analysis of the self-balancing ability of individual accounts, and the effects of two different bookkeeping behaviors are compared. The results indicate that if the government adopts the fixed bookkeeping rate, the individual accounts have an excellent self-balancing ability. If the government adopts a stochastic bookkeeping rate, it can further improve the self-balancing ability of individual accounts. Sensitivity analysis finds that the increase in the wage growth rate can improve the self-balancing ability of individual accounts, but the impact of contribution rate of individual accounts and the contribution wages of recruits create uncertainty. Based on the conclusions, some policy implications are proposed.
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Hodges, Caroline, Ashley Roseno, Melani W. Duffrin, and Virginia C. Stage. "Middle school nutrition knowledge tool development and evaluation in North Carolina." Nutrition & Food Science 47, no. 3 (May 8, 2017): 332–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/nfs-06-2016-0079.
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Purpose This study aims to develop and empirically assess an instrument for measuring nutrition knowledge aligned to the North Carolina (NC) Healthful Living Essential Standards for teaching nutrition. The instrument was critically evaluated and used to assess nutrition knowledge in Eastern NC students. Design/methodology/approach Researchers evaluated 250 students in 16, eighth-grade classrooms using a 22-question researcher-developed nutrition knowledge questionnaire. Assessment questions were aligned with NC Healthful Living Essential Standards, which suggest students should be able to: apply tools to plan healthy nutrition, create strategies to improve dietary intake, create plans for lifelong health, and evaluate health information and products. Survey reliability and validity (face) were evaluated prior to study implementation. Descriptive statistics for individual items, total and individual standard scores were analyzed. Instrument efficacy was evaluated using item-difficulty and discrimination indexes. Findings The survey displayed appropriate levels of item difficulty with three exceptions: two questions were identified as too difficult, and one as too easy. The majority of items also displayed acceptable (>0.20) or excellent (>0.40) discrimination (17 out of 20). Average total nutrition knowledge score was 11.82-3.26 (53.7 per cent). Within aligned standards, students scored highest in creating plans for lifelong health (79 per cent) and lowest in evaluating health information (37.6 per cent). Originality/value Study findings suggest eighth-grade students may only possess half the nutrition knowledge standards expected in the eighth grade. More instrument development is needed to supply researchers with standard means of assessing nutrition knowledge.
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Lima, Antonio, Rade Stanojevic, Dina Papagiannaki, Pablo Rodriguez, and Marta C. González. "Understanding individual routing behaviour." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 13, no. 116 (March 2016): 20160021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2016.0021.
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Knowing how individuals move between places is fundamental to advance our understanding of human mobility (González et al . 2008 Nature 453, 779–782. ( doi:10.1038/nature06958 )), improve our urban infrastructure (Prato 2009 J. Choice Model. 2, 65–100. ( doi:10.1016/S1755-5345(13)70005-8 )) and drive the development of transportation systems. Current route-choice models that are used in transportation planning are based on the widely accepted assumption that people follow the minimum cost path (Wardrop 1952 Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng. 1, 325–362. ( doi:10.1680/ipeds.1952.11362 )), despite little empirical support. Fine-grained location traces collected by smart devices give us today an unprecedented opportunity to learn how citizens organize their travel plans into a set of routes, and how similar behaviour patterns emerge among distinct individual choices. Here we study 92 419 anonymized GPS trajectories describing the movement of personal cars over an 18-month period. We group user trips by origin–destination and we find that most drivers use a small number of routes for their routine journeys, and tend to have a preferred route for frequent trips. In contrast to the cost minimization assumption, we also find that a significant fraction of drivers' routes are not optimal. We present a spatial probability distribution that bounds the route selection space within an ellipse, having the origin and the destination as focal points, characterized by high eccentricity independent of the scale. While individual routing choices are not captured by path optimization, their spatial bounds are similar, even for trips performed by distinct individuals and at various scales. These basic discoveries can inform realistic route-choice models that are not based on optimization, having an impact on several applications, such as infrastructure planning, routing recommendation systems and new mobility solutions.
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Steinová, Šárka, Jiří Drozda, Filip Paulus, and Ondřej Böhm. "Publication of maps and plans of Jewish settlement from the first half of the 18th century." Proceedings of the ICA 2 (July 10, 2019): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ica-proc-2-120-2019.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> A unique set of maps and plans, showing in detail the Jewish settlement in the Czech Republic originating from the first half of the 18. century, was compiled and expertly handled by researchers of the Czech National Archives. The set consist of 98 plans and sketches produced on the basis of the Imperial Translocation Rescripts (1726). All maps and sketches have been produced within one year 1727 and depicted small towns and villages in some cases already extinct. During research large data base file was created with the aim of spatial identification of individual maps and plans, and objects that appear on them. In cooperation with the VÚGTK application has been developed to publish this unique map set through the Web application. The application allows viewing individual maps including the preserved archive materials, their overlap with other major cartographic sources, mainly with the Index Sketches of the Stable Cadastre dating from the first half of the 19th century. (The Index Sketches of the Stable Cadastre was one of the main sources used in the professional processing and spatial identification of individual maps.) The application also allows comparing with the current cartographic materials (aerial imagery, nowadays maps, GIS data etc.) The benefit of application is not only for research of Jewish settlement development in the Czech Republic but also for other research like urban planning and development of the countryside and its settlements.</p>
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Yin, Ling, Jie Chen, Hao Zhang, Zhile Yang, Qiao Wan, Li Ning, Jinxing Hu, and Qi Yu. "Improving emergency evacuation planning with mobile phone location data." Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science 47, no. 6 (September 16, 2019): 964–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2399808319874805.
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Timely responses to emergencies are critical for urban disaster and emergency management, particularly in densely populated mega-cities. Researchers and personnel involved in urban emergency management nowadays rely on computers to carry out complex evacuation planning. Agent-based modeling, which supports the representation of interactions among individuals and between individuals and their environments, has become a major approach to simulating evacuations wherein spatial–temporal dynamics and individual conditions need attention, such as congestion in urban areas. However, the development of optimal evacuation plans based upon agent-based evacuation simulations can be very time-consuming. In this study, to shorten the computation time to provide a timely response in an efficient way, we develop a knowledge database to store evacuation plans for typical population distributions generated by mobile phone location data. Subsequently, we use the prepared knowledge database (offline) to accelerate real-time (online) processes in searching for near-optimal evacuation plans. Our experimental result demonstrates that the evacuation plans generated with a knowledge database always outperform those that are generated without a knowledge database. Specifically, the knowledge database can reduce the computation time by an average of 96.76%, with an average fitness value improvement of 21.86%. This result confirms the effectiveness of our proposed approach in improving agent-based evacuation planning. With the rapid development of human sensor data collection and analysis, the estimation of a more accurate population distribution will become easier in future. Thus, we believe that the proposed approach of developing a knowledge database based on population distribution patterns will provide a more feasible alternative solution for evacuation planning in the practice of urban emergency management.
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Ramanujam, Nandini, Nicholas Caivano, and Alexander Agnello. "Distributive Justice and the Sustainable Development Goals: Delivering Agenda 2030 in India." Law and Development Review 12, no. 2 (May 27, 2019): 495–536. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ldr-2019-0020.
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Abstract The sustainable development goals (SDGs) present a real opportunity to direct India towards a path of equality and equity. This article posits that India’s plans to achieve the millennium development goals by the end of their term in 2015 faltered because reforms designed to alleviate poverty and achieve equitable growth did not adequately address weaknesses in institutions of accountability, which undermined the reform agenda. These institutions, which include Parliament and the judiciary, exist in part to ensure that actions taken by public officials are subject to oversight so that government initiatives meet their stated objectives. As India shifts its attention to Agenda 2030, its renewed commitment to institutional reforms represents an occasion for the state to address the inequalities in income and the resulting human development concerns. For the government to achieve the SDGs, this article suggests that India must integrate what we refer to as a baseline conception of distributive justice within its plans, which can account for structural barriers to its development arising from ineffective institutions of accountability and provide the poor with a route towards individual empowerment.
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Chang, Chi-Ning, Clinton A. Patterson, Nathan L. Vanderford, and Teresa M. Evans. "Modeling individual development plans, mentoring support, and career preparedness relationships among Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) trainees in the life sciences." F1000Research 10 (July 21, 2021): 626. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.53705.1.
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Background: As greater career development support for doctoral students and postdoctoral researchers has been emphasized, the individual development plan (IDP) has become a recommended mentoring tool. However, little is known about the effect of IDPs on mentoring and career development. This study proposed two conceptual models to examine the interrelationships among the use of IDPs, mentoring support, and career preparedness with a diverse sample of doctoral students and postdoctoral researchers in the life sciences. Methods: The data leveraged for this study was collected over a three-month period, March 2016 to June 2016, as part of a cross-sectional, online survey. The survey was distributed through social media and direct email to participants enrolled in life/biological/medical or physical/applied doctoral programs at U.S. institutions. To test the proposed conceptual models, this study employed the design-based multilevel structural equation modeling. Results: The analytic sample comprised 660 doctoral students and postdoctoral researchers in the life sciences from 91 institutions. The results suggested that 1) using the IDP could enhance mentoring support and career preparedness of doctoral students and postdoctoral researchers; 2) greater mentoring support and career preparedness would motivate mentees to continue utilizing the IDP with their principal investigator (PI) or advisor; and 3) females, postdoctoral researchers, and international scholars might need more support throughout the mentoring and career development process. Conclusions: This research demonstrated the empirical evidence an IDP has within mentorship and career preparedness, and that an IDP is an important career development tool that enhances trainees’ overall career preparation.
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Marcinkiewicz, Edyta. "Factors Affecting the Development of Voluntary Pension Schemes in CEE Countries: A Panel Data Analysis." Central European Economic Journal 3, no. 50 (December 18, 2018): 26–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ceej-2017-0015.
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Abstract The study provides some quantitative information on voluntary pension plans in 10 CEE countries obtained from various local sources. The comparative analysis shows that there is a considerable variation in this group in terms of participation and contributions to the voluntary pension plans. In addition, this study empirically examines several factors that can possibly affect the development of voluntary pensions: income per capita and poverty rate, income inequality, replacement rate from the pension system, education attainment, interest rate and demographic burden. It uses a panel regression framework for the period of 2006–2014. The results reveal that, in the case of participation in voluntary pension plans, only income level per capita is associated with a greater number of pension plan members. As far as contributions are concerned, education seems to be the most important determinant of additional pension savings. Other factors do not seem to explain well both of the studied variables reflecting the development of voluntary pension schemes. However, as individual fixed effects are proven to be significant in the estimated models, one could conclude that country-specific characteristics play a significant role in explaining the development of voluntary pension schemes. They can be referred to the design and parametric settings of the non-mandatory pension system.
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Cheung, Tobias. "From protoplasm to Umwelt: Plans and the technique of nature in Jakob von Uexküll’s theory of organismic order." Sign Systems Studies 32, no. 1/2 (December 31, 2004): 139–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/sss.2004.32.1-2.06.
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For Uexküll, biology is the science of the organization of living beings. In the context of Entwicklungsmechanik, he refers to Driesch’s and Spemann’s experiments on the development of embryonic germ cells to prove that self-differentiating processes constitute organisms as natural objects. Uexküll focuses on the theory of such self-differentiating processes or organizations. The notion of organization implies for him a “technique of nature” that is capable of structuring organic and inorganic material according to plans and rules. These plans and rules are part of the overall order of the world. As preformed sign systems or codes, they determine and regulate the development and existence of individual animal subjects in their specific Umwelten.
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Grimm, Brandon, Christine Arcari, Athena Ramos, Tricia LeVan, Kathleen Brandert, Keyonna King, Mohammad Siahpush, et al. "Creating Customized Workforce Development Plans for Medium-to-Large Public Health Departments." Public Health Reports 134, no. 4 (June 3, 2019): 395–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0033354919853255.
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Objectives: The objectives of our study were to (1) illustrate a public health workforce assessment process in a medium-sized city or county health department and (2) demonstrate the insights gained by moving from the use of aggregate department-level and competency domain-level training needs results to more granular division-level and skills-level results when creating a workforce development plan. Methods: We used a 130-question needs assessment to guide the creation of a workforce development plan for the Lincoln Lancaster County Health Department (LLCHD) in Nebraska and its 7 divisions. Using SurveyMonkey, we administered the survey to 128 (of the 129) LLCHD public health staff members in June 2015. Using a Likert scale, respondents indicated (1) the importance of the skill to their work and (2) their capacity to carry out 57 skills in 8 domains of the core competencies for public health professionals. We identified training needs as those for which the percentage of respondents who perceived moderate-to-high importance was at least 15 percentage points higher than the percentage of respondents who perceived moderate-to-high capacity. Results: LLCHD as a department had training needs in only 2 competency domains: financial planning and management (importance-capacity difference, 15 percentage points) and policy development and program planning (importance-capacity difference, 19 percentage points). The Health Promotion and Outreach division had training needs in all 8 domains (importance-capacity difference range, 15-45 percentage points). Of the 57 skills, 41 were identified by at least 1 of the LLCHD divisions as having training needs. In 24 instances, a division did not qualify as having training needs in the overall domain yet did have training needs for specific skills within a domain. Conclusions: When performing public health workforce assessments, medium-to-large public health departments can obtain detailed workforce training needs results that pertain to individual skills and that are tailored to each of their divisions. These results may help customize and improve workforce development plans, ensuring that the workforce has the necessary skills to do its job.
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Korp, Helena, Lena Sjöberg, and Cecilia Thorsen. "Individual Development Plans in the Swedish Comprehensive School: Supporting High Quality Learning and Equity, or Rote Learning and Social Reproduction?" Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research 63, no. 2 (June 21, 2017): 229–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00313831.2017.1336478.
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Boyd, Nancy G., and George S. Vozikis. "The Influence of Self-Efficacy on the Development of Entrepreneurial Intentions and Actions." Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 18, no. 4 (July 1994): 63–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104225879401800404.
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The contextual factors of entrepreneurship consist of social, political, and economic variables such as displacement, changes in markets, and government deregulation (Bird, 1988). Entrepreneurial intentions are further structured by both rational/analytic thinking (goal-directed behavior) and intuitive/holistic thinking (vision). These thought processes underlie the creation of formal business plans, opportunity analysis, and other goal-directed behavior. This paper further develops Bird's model of entrepreneurial intentionality by suggesting that individual self-efficacy, which has been defined as a person's belief in his or her capability to perform a task, influences the development of both entrepreneurial intentions and actions or behaviors.