Academic literature on the topic 'Individual adoption decisions'
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Journal articles on the topic "Individual adoption decisions"
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Encaoua, Michel, and Moreaux. "Network Compatibility: Joint Adoption versus Individual Decisions." Annales d'Économie et de Statistique, no. 25/26 (1992): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20075856.
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Fu, Jiawei Sophia, Michelle Shumate, and Noshir Contractor. "Organizational and Individual Innovation Decisions in an Interorganizational System: Social Influence and Decision-Making Authority." Journal of Communication 70, no. 4 (April 9, 2020): 497–521. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/joc/jqaa018.
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Abstract This study examines the processes of complex innovation adoption in an interorganizational system. It distinguishes the innovation adoption mechanisms of organizational-decision-makers (ODMs), who make authority adoption decisions on behalf of an organization, from individual-decision-makers (IDMs), who make optional innovation decisions in their own work practice. Drawing on the Theory of Reasoned Action and Social Information Processing Theory, we propose and test a theoretical model of interorganizational social influence. We surveyed government health-care workers, whose advice networks mostly span organizational boundaries, across 1,849 state health agencies in Bihar, India. The collective attitudes of coworkers and advice network members influence health-care workers’ attitudes and perceptions of social norms toward four types of innovations. However, individuals’ decision-making authority moderates these relationships; advisors’ attitudes have a greater influence on ODMs, while perceptions of social norms only influence IDMs. Notably, heterogeneity of advisors’ and coworkers’ attitudes negatively influence IDMs’ evaluations of innovations but not ODMs’.
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Hayes, Kathryn J., Kathy Eljiz, Ann Dadich, Janna-Anneke Fitzgerald, and Terry Sloan. "Trialability, observability and risk reduction accelerating individual innovation adoption decisions." Journal of Health Organization and Management 29, no. 2 (April 13, 2015): 271–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jhom-08-2013-0171.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide a retrospective analysis of computer simulation’s role in accelerating individual innovation adoption decisions. The process innovation examined is Lean Systems Thinking, and the organizational context is the imaging department of an Australian public hospital. Design/methodology/approach – Intrinsic case study methods including observation, interviews with radiology and emergency personnel about scheduling procedures, mapping patient appointment processes and document analysis were used over three years and then complemented with retrospective interviews with key hospital staff. The multiple data sources and methods were combined in a pragmatic and reflexive manner to explore an extreme case that provides potential to act as an instructive template for effective change. Findings – Computer simulation of process change ideas offered by staff to improve patient-flow accelerated the adoption of the process changes, largely because animated computer simulation permitted experimentation (trialability), provided observable predictions of change results (observability) and minimized perceived risk. Research limitations/implications – The difficulty of making accurate comparisons between time periods in a health care setting is acknowledged. Practical implications – This work has implications for policy, practice and theory, particularly for inducing the rapid diffusion of process innovations to address challenges facing health service organizations and national health systems. Originality/value – The research demonstrates the value of animated computer simulation in presenting the need for change, identifying options, and predicting change outcomes and is the first work to indicate the importance of trialability, observability and risk reduction in individual adoption decisions in health services.
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Toft, Monica Duffy, and David P. McIntyre. "Adoption as an issue of local justice." European Journal of Sociology 33, no. 1 (June 1992): 83–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003975600006378.
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The focus of this paper is adoption, specifically adoption as an issue of local justice. Local justice, as conceived by Jon Elster, is a way of thinking about how scarce goods and burdens are allocated by local, low-level institutions; and encompasses such issues as military service, college admission, organs for transplantation, donation of sperm, child custody, and adoption. There are three principle elements to local justice: scarce goods, institutions that allocate them, and the individuals who step forward as allocative candidates. Over time, the individual will bring his or her needs before a succession of institutional providers, while the institutions will find before them a succession of individuals who need, want, or merit the scarce good being allocated. In many instances, such as the allocation of organs for transplantation, allocation may be a matter of life or death; while in other instances, the consequences of not receiving the good may not be life threatening, but nonetheless affect an individual's future life plans (e.g. admittance into Harvard). Thus allocative decisions can be evaluated according to their importance along two different axes. The first contains decisions which are ‘important’ because they involve life and death outcomes, such as the allocation of kidneys, while other decisions are ‘important’ not because they carry with them life-and-death outcomes, but because they influence the lives of a vast number of individuals. Selection choices for college admission are among this latter type of important decision.
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Peddi, Dayakar, and Kavi Kumar KS. "Adoption of Soil Conservation Measures." Ecology, Economy and Society–the INSEE Journal 4, no. 2 (July 31, 2021): 95–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.37773/ees.v4i2.273.
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Land degradation resulting from soil erosion is a major problem in rain-fed agricultural areas in India. This study analyses the key determinants of farmers’ decisions to adopt on-farm soil and water conservation (SWC) measures in the rain-fed watershed areas of Siddipet district in Telangana. Here, SWC measures have been undertaken by the government and NGOs at the sub-watershed/community level and by individual farmers at the farm level. The study is based on a primary survey of over 400 farmers conducted in January–March 2018. In addition to estimating the influence of biophysical and market access variables on farmers’ decisions to undertake SWC practices, the study includes a logistic model that found a complementarity between community and individual plot-level interventions to improve soil health. The findings also highlight the influence of conservation measures practised in the neighbourhood on farmers’ decisions to implement SWC measures.
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Wang, Jinxia, Henning Bjornlund, K. K. Klein, Lijuan Zhang, and Wencui Zhang. "Factors that Influence the Rate and Intensity of Adoption of Improved Irrigation Technologies in Alberta, Canada." Water Economics and Policy 02, no. 03 (September 2016): 1650026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2382624x16500260.
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Despite the importance of adopting improved irrigation technologies to increase on-farm irrigation efficiency, our understanding of what determines farmers’ adoption decisions in southern Alberta remains relatively poor. The overall goals of this study are to examine the extent of adoption (proportion of all irrigators that have started the adoption process), how far along they are in the adoption process, and the intensity of adoption (percentage of irrigated land on which the technology is adopted) of improved irrigation technologies in southern Alberta, and to assess the major factors that influenced farmers’ adoption decisions. The data were collected in a farm-household survey conducted in the 12 largest irrigation districts (IDs) as well as among private irrigators in southern Alberta. Results show that adoption of improved irrigation technologies is widespread at various levels of intensity. By 2011, 81.3% of farmers had started the adoption process, are now using some kind of improved technology to apply water to their crops, and used it on 76.8% of all irrigated land. The most commonly used irrigation technology is a low pressure center pivot system. Receiving support services following the adoption decision played an important role in increasing the intensity of adoption. Obtaining information on irrigation technologies from individual farmers or farmers’ associations, and extension agencies significantly influenced farmers’ decisions to adopt. Farmers who increased their social capital through attending meetings related to agricultural production practices were more likely to adopt while farmers who participated in recreational or social organizations were less likely to adopt. Finally, the extent and intensity of adoption are higher for those with corporate farm structure, larger families, more generations of ownership and higher education.
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Samuelson, Olle, and Bo-Christer Björk. "ADOPTION PROCESSES FOR EDM, EDI AND BIM TECHNOLOGIES IN THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY." Journal of Civil Engineering and Management 19, Supplement_1 (January 9, 2014): S172—S187. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/13923730.2013.801888.
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Three strategically important uses of IT in the construction industry are management of project documents on webservers (EDM), electronic handling of orders and invoices between companies (EDI) and use of 3D models including non-geometrical attributes for integrated design and construction (BIM). The purpose of this work is to study factors that affect the decisions to implement these techniques as well as the actual adoption process. In a longitudinal survey study in the Swedish Construction Industry, the extent of use of these techniques was measured in 1998, 2000 and 2007. This paper presents a follow-up to the quantitative studies, where semi-structured interviews have been used, in a qualitative approach. The theoretical basis for the studies was informed by frameworks from IT-adoption theory. The results showed that decisions to implement these technologies are made on three different levels: individual level, company organizational level, and project organizational level. Different patterns in adoption can be explained by where decisions are mainly taken. EDM is driven from the project level, EDI mainly from the company level, and BIM is driven by individuals. The study points out that decision for implementing BIM should be taken on a higher strategic level in order to deliver intended benefits.
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Chen, Xiaogang, Shu Li, Libo Su, and Ting Huang. "Why do micro and small merchants use mobile payment systems? A grounded theory study in China." Nankai Business Review International 12, no. 2 (August 20, 2021): 157–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/nbri-11-2020-0061.
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Purpose This study aims to reveal the decision-making process that micro and small merchants (MSMs) may go through when deciding on the mobile payment system (MPS) adoption and usage and explore how relevant factors may impact this process. Design/methodology/approach This paper uses the grounded theory approach. Specifically, this paper conducts individual, semi-structured interviews with MSMs in China. Each interview was focused on an MSM’s decisions on initial adoption and continued use of MPSs. The paper then coded the interviews to derive conceptual categories and integrated the categories to form a cohesive framework to explain how MSMs make decisions on MPS adoption and usage. Findings MSMs make decisions on MPS adoption and usage in three phases: first, due to variations in social and economic surroundings, some merchants develop intentions to adopt MPSs, whereas others do not. Second, merchants developing adoption intentions in phase one have to select which MPS brands to adopt and then begin using them. The brand value affects their selection. Finally, the use of MPSs of their initial choice has consequences for business operations. Merchants with different levels of personal innovativeness evaluate the consequences differently. Satisfied merchants continue using the initial MPSs, while dissatisfied merchants switch to other brands. Originality/value The findings first give a more complete depiction of how MSMs make MPS adoption and usage decisions; second show that MSMs’ MPS adoption intention is solely influenced by pro-mobile-payment surroundings and explain what constitutes pro-mobile-payment surroundings and through what mechanisms the surroundings influence adoption intentions; third reveals that selecting which MPS brand to adopt is an important decision phase; fourth explain both why merchants may continue using MPSs and why they may switch from one MPS brand to another.
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Talukder, Majharul. "Causal paths to acceptance of technological innovations by individual employees." Business Process Management Journal 25, no. 4 (July 3, 2019): 582–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bpmj-06-2016-0123.
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Purpose Despite much research on organizations’ adoption of innovation, little is currently known about individual employees have gone about it. The purpose of this paper is to empirically investigate the determinants that address individual employees’ decisions concerning innovation in the workplace. Design/methodology/approach Data were collected from 272 employees from a tertiary education institution in Australia using a structured instrument. Findings Results from the structural equation modeling analysis indicate that enjoyment and motivation impact significantly on attitudes to an innovation, which, in turn, affects how employees behave toward it. Practical implications Furthermore, organizational patronage, innovativeness and self-image have been found to influence the innovation adoption process. These findings have implications for the effective management and implementation of an innovation at the individual level. Originality/value Although innovation adoption has been studied extensively, drivers of adoption and research on individual innovation acceptance remain limited. Designing an effective approach for increasing end-user acceptance and subsequent use of innovation continues to be a fundamental challenge. The current literature indicates that we know relatively little about the ways in which individuals adopt and the factors that influence individual adoption of innovation. This study is designed to fill that gap. The identification of the factors is important to create a work environment that is conducive to individual adoption of innovation and thereby gain the expected benefits from the innovation.
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Weekes, Arlene. "The biographic and professional influences on adoption and fostering panel members’ recommendation-making." Adoption & Fostering 45, no. 4 (December 2021): 382–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03085759211058359.
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In the UK, decisions to approve adoptive parents and foster carers and authorise adoptions rest with specialist panels. While their formal role and function are clear, there is concern that their composition and the biographies and background characteristics of members could introduce bias and influence the decisions made. This article examines the validity of these criticisms with findings from a study of eight agencies, 15 panels and 22 members. It was found that the panel system achieves its aims in terms of having a representative constitution and providing considered recommendations in a timely manner to senior managers, but that individual biography affects panel members in carrying out their role to an unexpectedly high degree, possibly leading to flawed decisions. Actions to remedy this problem, at both an individual and group level, are suggested.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Individual adoption decisions"
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Levitt, Steven Robert. "Implementing an organization-wide intelligent telephone system : individual use of an innovation after an authority-based adoption decision /." The Ohio State University, 1988. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487594970650682.
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Anggraini, Dian [Verfasser], and Klaus [Akademischer Betreuer] Wunderlich. "Decision in space : reinforcement learning models predict individual differences in and neural correlates of strategy adoption in spatial navigation / Dian Anggraini ; Betreuer: Klaus Wunderlich." München : Universitätsbibliothek der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 2018. http://d-nb.info/119696825X/34.
Full textBooks on the topic "Individual adoption decisions"
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Lichtman, Robert M. Vietnam War Decisions and Some Observations. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037009.003.0012.
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This chapter discusses the Court’s decisions during the Vietnam War, which represent a high-water mark in the protection of First Amendment freedoms in wartime. The cases showed graphically the changes in the mode of dissent that occurred in the 1960s. In one group of decisions, the Court reviewed the criminal convictions of three individuals who mocked sacrosanct patriotic symbols—the flag, the military uniform—in conveying their antiwar message. However, the icing on the cake for supporters of a robust First Amendment was the adoption in 1969 of a new formula to replace the altered clear-and-present danger standard announced by the Court in Dennis nearly two decades earlier. The chapter also reviews the Court’s McCarthy-era decisions.
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Terblanche, Marius, and Damon C. Scales. Evidence-based practice in critical care. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0023.
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Evidence-based practice (EBP) is the integration of the best available evidence with clinical expertise to make decisions about the care of individual patients. This chapter explains how EBP can benefit patients by introducing new treatments, reducing the harm associated with necessary treatments, and questioning the continued use of ineffective or harmful therapies. To practice EBP, clinicians should become acquainted with techniques, and stay up-to-date with current and new publications, and research findings. When high quality evidence is unavailable to answer specific clinical questions, practitioners of EBP still rely on clinical judgment and expertise to decide upon the best treatment strategies for their patients. However, they should be wary of the potential harms of unproven therapies. The controversy that has accompanied the adoption of EBP is discussed, including debate about potential limitations and unintended consequences. Suggestions on how to implement EBP into your own practice are provided.
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Akinsola, Esther F., and Anne C. Petersen. Adolescent Development and Capacity Building. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190847128.003.0020.
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This chapter describes adolescent development within the context of capacity building, reviews the global adolescent capacity-building initiatives, and provides a link between developmental tasks of adolescence and capacity building. It highlights the importance of incorporating assessment of adolescents’ capacity-building needs at individual, community, and organizational levels into global policy and programs and suggests effective approaches to building adolescent development capacity that include adopting the “stage–environment–fit,” in which stage represents the developmental stages (early, middle, late stages) of adolescents and emphasizes developmental tasks of adolescence, while environment represents the social and cultural contexts in which the adolescents live. That adolescents need to be engaged as planners, decision-makers, and participants in programs that build their capacity and translation of global policies into policies of governments is emphasized.
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Borges, Marcelo J., Sonia Cancian, and Linda Reeder, eds. Emotional Landscapes. University of Illinois Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5622/illinois/9780252043499.001.0001.
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Emotional Landscapes: Love, Gender, and Migration explores how emotions in general, and love in particular, shape individual and collective experiences of migration, and the formation of mobile and transnational communities. The essays examine how varieties of love, including sentimental, sexual, and political, redefined meanings of family, community, and national belonging, altering ideas of gender and social formation. Framed by the works of scholars of emotion, gender, and migration, these articles illustrate the complicated ways that love shapes the intimate decisions to migrate, familial expectations surrounding separations, wider cultural and political perceptions of mobility, reconfiguring the meaning of love itself. The contributors investigate the changing meanings of intimacy in a world marked by urban, transnational migrations and expanding circulations of capital and goods, and the ways in which these new meanings altered gender norms. The book’s historical framework makes visible how the sentimental and material landscapes of mobility changed over the course of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Adopting an interdisciplinary approach, the volume offers new evidence culled from archives, interviews, letters, and surveys for the study of emotion and mobility in Europe, the Americas, and Australia, and opens up new avenues for future research.
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Building Health Throughout the Life Course. Concepts, Implications, and Application in Public Health. Pan American Health Organization, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37774/9789275123027.
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Building Health Throughout the Life Course elucidates how health develops and changes throughout the life course, and how the use of the life course approach among public health practitioners can ensure that health as a human right is achieved for all individuals. It describes the life course vision of health that focuses not only on diseases and their consequences, but rather on achieving long, healthy, active, and productive lives. The book consists of three stand-alone parts. Part 1, “Concepts”, aims to illuminate the complexity of health through the understanding of the life course approach. It can be used to familiarize oneself with the evolution and meaning of the life course, which serves as a basis for effective public health practice. Part 2, “Implications”, identifies the implications for the operationalization of the life course approach in public health. It translates the technical language of the life course literature to understand how the application of the life course approach requires changes in health systems, policies, research, and practice. Part 3, “Application in Public Health”, identifies key opportunities to strengthen the adoption of the life course approach in public health practice. It describes concrete, evidence-based actions to improve health and well-being through the promotion and generation of skills throughout the life course. This book aims to help decision-makers and public health professionals to understand the life course meaning and concepts, which is essential to comprehend how health develops and changes throughout the life course. The book also describes how the life course model allows us to address health disparities by generating mechanisms to improve health and well-being by promoting the vision of health as the product of a series of experiences that contribute to or detract from health in the near and long term.
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Kumar M., Dileep. 50 short case studies in business management. UUM Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32890/9789670474243.
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The Higher Education Institutions that run business management programs in Malaysia is under severe criticism from industry that the passing out management graduates do not have adequate practical exposure to the industry and lack of practical skills to deal industrial issues proactively as the catalyst of change.This indicates that the traditional management education curriculum, as presently constituted, may not be adequately preparing individuals for the challenges they experience as professional managers.To deal with this issue, many management institutes are adopting case study as a pedagogy, a hypothetical or actual business situation to formulate a recommended policy or decision based on the facts and figures provided, to induce practical exposure to the students by simulating case situations, which improve students analytical skills and decision-making skills.A case study in business management course is a rigorous analysis of an incident, situation, person, crisis or any such phenomenon or concept, in relation to industry, business or people in the organisations.It is well related to the management, process or methodology adopted by the organisation stressing analysis of chain of events for better change management in relation to business operation context. The case studies included in this book provides better perspective of various issues and situations in the business field.The cases are written from the field of Organisational Behaviour, Human Resource Management, Marketing, Business Ethics, International Business, Strategic Management, Business Laws and General Management. These case studies are to be thoroughly analyzed by the faculty members before applying that into the classroom. It is expected that the faculty members should refer to the similar case scenarios at local and international levels to stimulate students to have better discussion on the multifaceted issues or situation. Instead of a direct entry into theoretical concepts, the author suggests that the faculty members distribute these cases well in advance and invite students to come for creative discussions and practical solutions.By preparing solutions to case studies, the students will be exposed to a variety of business operations, business process, management roles, and business situations.Thus the case studies can adequately integrate theoretical concepts effortlessly in realistic situations with better referential skills.The 50 cases included in this book can extremely be valuable in preparing students a career in industry by giving better chance to develop analytical and decision-making skills in the classroom that meet up the challenges of industry.
Book chapters on the topic "Individual adoption decisions"
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Bohdanowicz, Zbigniew, Jarosław Kowalski, and Paweł Kobyliński. "Engaging Electricity Users in Italy, Denmark, Spain, and France in Demand-Side Management Solutions." In Digital Interaction and Machine Intelligence, 171–78. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-11432-8_17.
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AbstractThis paper presents the process of uncovering the motivations and barriers for adopting innovative solutions to increase the flexibility of electricity demand among individual consumers. Currently, efforts are being made to decarbonize electricity production with distributed solar and wind renewable energy installations. Such a shift in energy production also requires significant changes on the consumption side, in particular making demand more flexible to match the current situation in the power grid. The challenge in designing demand-side solutions is to accurately identify the needs of individual users so that they are motivated to take advantage of new solutions. Using data from a quantitative survey of electricity consumers in four countries (Italy, Denmark, Spain, France) on energy literacy, values and attitudes towards energy saving and technology, a cluster analysis was carried out which identified five types of electricity users. The segments defined in this way were the basis for conducting qualitative creative workshops with experts dealing with modern solutions in the field of energy and with individual electricity users. Subsequently, this information was supplemented with theoretical knowledge from the field of economic psychology regarding decision making, cognitive processes and motivation. This method allowed, already at the early stage of innovation design, to identify motivations and barriers specific to individual groups of users. The designers of innovative solutions received valuable clues as to how new technologies should be designed in order to ensure that they are well aligned with the habits, needs and rhythm of daily routines of the users.
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Jordan, Cathy, and Louise Chawla. "A Coordinated Research Agenda for Nature-Based Learning." In High-Quality Outdoor Learning, 29–46. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-04108-2_2.
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AbstractEvidence is mounting that nature-based learning (NBL) enhances children’s educational and developmental outcomes, making this an opportune time to identify promising questions to carry research and practice in this field forward. We present the outcomes of a process to set a research agenda for NBL, undertaken by the Science of Nature-Based Learning Collaborative Research Network, with funding from the National Science Foundation. A literature review and several approaches to gathering input from researchers, practitioners and funders resulted in recommendations for research questions and methodological improvements to increase the relevance and rigor of research in this field. Some questions seek to understand how learning in nature affects what children learn, how they learn, and how it varies based on age, gender, socioeconomic status, ethnic background, special needs and individual differences. Outcomes of interest cover academic performance, practical skills, personal development, and environmental stewardship. Other questions seek to find causal explanations for observed outcomes. To create optimal conditions for NBL, the research agenda includes practical questions about how to prepare teachers to work successfully in nature and how to support their adoption of this approach. Not least, the research agenda asks whether learning in nature can address major societal issues by moderating the effect of socioeconomic disadvantage on children’s academic achievement, personal development and wellbeing, and how these benefits might be attained at reasonable costs. A deeper understanding of how, why and for whom different forms of nature contact enhance learning and development is needed to guide practice and policy decision-making.
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Li, Yuan, and Kuo-Chung Chang. "Antecedents to Individual Adoption of Cloud Computing." In Web-Based Services, 1088–110. IGI Global, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-9466-8.ch048.
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This chapter examines factors that influence individual adoption of cloud computing measured by the intentions to use cloud computing for personal needs. Drawing upon the cloud computing and online service literature, it recognizes eleven antecedents to individual intentions to use cloud computing. An empirical test on undergraduate and graduate students shows that of these antecedents a person's attitude toward cloud computing, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control, and perceived usefulness have direct impacts on intentions, while other antecedents, including perceived ease of use, transferability of computer skills, vendor reputation, perceived risks, privacy concerns, security concerns, and concerns about vendor lock-in, have indirect impacts. The study expands the view on cloud computing adoption among individual users with a multiplicity of factors and an integrative framework, and it also highlights the tradeoffs between benefits and risks in adoption decisions.
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Li, Yuan, and Kuo-Chung Chang. "Antecedents to Individual Adoption of Cloud Computing." In Advances in Business Information Systems and Analytics, 30–53. IGI Global, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-6623-8.ch002.
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This chapter examines factors that influence individual adoption of cloud computing measured by the intentions to use cloud computing for personal needs. Drawing upon the cloud computing and online service literature, it recognizes eleven antecedents to individual intentions to use cloud computing. An empirical test on undergraduate and graduate students shows that of these antecedents a person's attitude toward cloud computing, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control, and perceived usefulness have direct impacts on intentions, while other antecedents, including perceived ease of use, transferability of computer skills, vendor reputation, perceived risks, privacy concerns, security concerns, and concerns about vendor lock-in, have indirect impacts. The study expands the view on cloud computing adoption among individual users with a multiplicity of factors and an integrative framework, and it also highlights the tradeoffs between benefits and risks in adoption decisions.
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McManus, Patricia, Susan Standing, Craig Standing, and Heikki Karjaluoto. "The Drivers for the Adoption and Use of M-Services." In Virtual Team Leadership and Collaborative Engineering Advancements, 28–39. IGI Global, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60566-110-0.ch003.
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Mobile services (m-services) have become an important part of the e-commerce landscape. Although research has been conducted on which services people use and the benefits they attach to those services, the values associated with the adoption and use of m-services at the individual level is still unclear. This paper addresses the question of why and how individuals adopt and appropriate m-services with a particular focus on m-communication? In the information systems field various technology adoption models have been proposed and validated in relation to technology adoption within an organisational setting but personal adoption and use of technology is less researched. We propose the use of means-end chains and laddering techniques to determine the basic primitive values that are fulfilled for the individual by using various m-services. The examples presented show that mobile services often fulfil such basic needs as self-esteem, achievement, individuality, belonging and well-being. Exploring the realization of values as a theoretical framework offers researchers a way forward in environments characterised by individual technology decisions.
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Lam, Paul, Josephine Csete, and Carmel McNaught. "Costs of E-Learning Support." In E-Adoption and Socio-Economic Impacts, 344–60. IGI Global, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60960-597-1.ch018.
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Understanding e-learning costs informs decision making on support for the development and implementation of teaching and learning technologies in higher education. This chapter describes costs and processes in a central e-learning support service that is especially applicable to face-to-face universities that use e-learning in a blended or supplemental mode. We differentiate three types of costs: infrastructure costs that are less sensitive to variation in the complexity of e-learning strategies, and e-development and e-delivery costs that are directly related to the nature of the strategies used. Using actual data from a three-year e-learning support project (e3Learning) with 139 sub-projects, the chapter illustrates how the calculations promoted an understanding of e-learning in the following four aspects: 1) total cost of running an e-learning support service, 2) individual costs attributable to each of the sub-projects, 3) ‘price-tags’ of e-learning strategies, and 4) initial exploration of the cost-effectiveness issue. Institutional decisions made as a consequence of this study are described.
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Manning, Karen, Lily Wong, and Arthur Tatnall. "Aspects of e-Learning in a University." In Social Influences on Information and Communication Technology Innovations, 219–29. IGI Global, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-1559-5.ch016.
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Most universities make use of e-learning facilities to manage and deliver on-line learning. Many universities have adopted an approach to teaching and the delivery of course content that combines traditional face-to-face delivery with online teaching resources: a blended learning approach. Many factors act to determine how online learning is adopted, accepted, and the balance between online and face-to-face delivery is formed. In this paper, the authors suggest that educational technology adoption decisions are made at three levels: strategic decisions are made by the university to implement a particular package, and then individual academics made adoption decisions regarding those aspects of the package they will use in their teaching and how they will use them. They also make a decision on the balance they will have between on-line and face-to-face teaching. This article questions how decisions are made to adopt one e-learning package rather than another. The authors then examine how individual academics relate to this technology once it is adopted and make use of it to deliver some or all of their teaching and determine the appropriate blend.
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Standing, Craig, Patricia McManus, Susan Standing, and Heikki Karjaluoto. "Searching for Value in Researching the Adoption and Use of M-Services." In Selected Readings on Electronic Commerce Technologies, 47–58. IGI Global, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60566-096-7.ch003.
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Mobile services (m-services) have become an important part of the e-commerce landscape. Although research has been conducted on which services people use and the benefits they attach to those services, the values associated with the adoption and use of m-services at the individual level is still unclear. This article addresses the question of why and how individuals adopt and appropriate m-services with a particular focus on m-communication? In the information systems field, various technology adoption models have been proposed and validated in relation to technology adoption within an organisational setting, but personal adoption and use of technology is less researched. We propose the use of means-end chains and laddering techniques to determine the basic primitive values that are fulfilled for the individual by using various m-services. The examples presented show that mobile services often fulfill such basic needs as self-esteem, achievement, individuality, belonging, and well-being. Exploring the realization of values as a theoretical framework offers researchers a way forward in environments characterised by individual technology decisions.
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Kapoor, Kawal, Yogesh K. Dwivedi, Michael D. Williams, Mohini Singh, and Mark J. Hughes. "What Drives a Successful Technology Implementation?" In E-Government Services Design, Adoption, and Evaluation, 340–57. IGI Global, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-2458-0.ch020.
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Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is revolutionizing item identification and tracking. The technology demonstrates complexities in terms of (a) huge initial capital investment, (b) validating the need for RFID followed by its implementation decisions, (c) risks associated with consumer acceptance and consequences of incorrect implementation, and (d) capability to support enhancements and upgrades in cordial agreement with the individual implementer organizations. This paper explores the extent of RFID implementation at the Swansea University Library, examining the Social, Technological, Economic, and Managerial (STEM) aspects directly associated with implementation. A focused interview approach was resorted to, for data collection purposes. The core implementation team for RFID at Swansea University was interviewed to gain insights into the study’s areas of interest. It was found that self service is the most sought after benefit. It simplifies stock management and enhances security at the libraries. Although the cost of the system remains a concern, varying on the basis of the scale of implementation, vandalism also continues to exist but to a reduced degree. University libraries are public sector organizations, consequently leading these findings to have an insinuation for RFID implementations in other public sector organizations as well.
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Deering, Patricia, Arthur Tatnall, and Stephen Burgess. "Adoption of ICT in Rural Medical General Practices in Australia." In Social Influences on Information and Communication Technology Innovations, 40–51. IGI Global, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-1559-5.ch003.
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ICT has been used in medical General Practice throughout Australia now for some years, but although most General Practices make use of ICT for administrative purposes such as billing, prescribing and medical records, many individual General Practitioners themselves do not make full use of these ICT systems for clinical purposes. The decisions taken in the adoption of ICT in general practice are very complex, and involve many actors, both human and non-human. This means that actor-network theory offers a most suitable framework for its analysis. This article investigates how GPs in a rural Division of General Practice not far from Melbourne considered the adoption and use of ICT. The study reported in the article shows that, rather than characteristics of the technology itself, it is often seemingly unimportant human issues that determine if and how ICT is used in General Practice.
Conference papers on the topic "Individual adoption decisions"
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He, Lin, and Wei Chen. "Incorporating Social Impact on New Product Adoption in Choice Modeling: A Case Study in Green Vehicles." In ASME 2012 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2012-71123.
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While discrete choice analysis is prevalent in capturing consumers’ preferences and describing their choice behaviors in product design, the traditional choice modeling approach assumes that each individual makes independent decisions, without considering the social impact. However, empirical studies show that choice is social — influenced by many factors beyond engineering performance of a product and consumer attributes. To alleviate this limitation, we propose a new choice modeling framework to capture the dynamic influence from social network on consumer adoption of new products. By introducing the social influence attributes into the choice utility function, the social network simulation is integrated with the traditional discrete choice analysis in a three-stage process. Our study shows the need for considering social impact in forecasting new product adoption. Using hybrid electric vehicle as an example, our work illustrates the procedure of social network construction, social influence evaluation, and choice model estimation based on data from National Household Travel Survey. Our study also demonstrates several interesting findings on the dynamic nature of new technology adoption and how social network may influence consumers’ “green attitude” in hybrid electric vehicle adoption.
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Shakirov, Eldar, Kaitlyn Gee, Haden Quinlan, A. John Hart, Clement Fortin, and Ighor Uzhinsky. "Simulating the AM Production Facility: A Configurable Software Tool for Strategic Facility-Level Planning." In ASME 2020 15th International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2020-8308.
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Abstract Additive Manufacturing (AM) — one of several core digital technologies in “Industry 4.0” — is increasingly being deployed in industrial-scale contexts. The successful serial production of end-use polymer and metal components has demonstrated the possibility of AM as a primary production process in several applications. However, one of the principal challenges to greater adoption is a lack of organizational mastery over AM’s implementation in production contexts, and, more specifically, the absence of clear decision-making tools to facilitate exploration of implementation scenarios. To this end, this work proposes the use of a discrete-event simulation-based software modelling tool to investigate the influences of different facility-level planning decisions on techno-economic characteristics of serial production by AM. By changing key parameters, this tool enables users to observe variation in part cost, identify the contributions of individual system elements to part cost, and assess overall system throughput. The tool enables users to identify locally optimal solutions and make corresponding planning decisions, and to explore limiting cases of cost and lead time. In conclusion, we identify the limitations in the current modeling approach, and propose additional directions for future study.
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Huang, Jida, Behzad Esmaeilian, and Sara Behdad. "Design for Ease-of-Repair: Insights From Consumers’ Repair Experiences." In ASME 2016 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2016-59685.
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With the increasing attention on the role of consumer behavior in sustainable development, consideration of consumer’s product repair and reuse behavior is becoming more and more important in the product design domain. In order to investigate the product ease-of-repair and its effect on future product purchase and recommendation decisions made by consumers, this paper studies the main reasons that consumers were not able to repair a product based on a survey data collected by a wiki-based website that offers repair manuals for consumer electronics. Two main questions have been asked in the survey: what is the last thing you personally fixed? And why did you not succeed in fixing it. The information of these questions and the available response options have been used to compared eleven types of electronics in terms of their ease-of-repair. A list of design features (e.g. openability, accessibility, standardization, and modularity) that may increase the repair adoption by individual consumers has been discussed. In addition, a Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) method was introduced to compare different categories of products in terms of reparability efficiency. The findings on how repair experiences or efficiency of repair for different categories of devices influence consumers’ future purchase and recommendation decisions have been presented.
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Gandotra, Rahil, and Levi Perigo. "GPF: A Green Power Forwarding Technique for Energy-Efficient Network Operations." In 2nd International Conference on Machine Learning Techniques and Data Science (MLDS 2021). Academy and Industry Research Collaboration Center (AIRCC), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5121/csit.2021.111808.
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The energy consumption of network infrastructures is increasing; therefore, research efforts designed to diminish this growing carbon footprint are necessary. Building on prior work, which determined a difference in the energy consumption of network hardware based on their forwarding configurations and developed a real-time network energy monitoring tool, this research proposes a novel technique to incorporate individual device energy efficiency into network routing decisions. A new routing metric and algorithm are presented to select the lowest-power, least-congested paths between destinations, known as Green Power Forwarding (GPF). In addition, a network dial is developed to enhance GPF by allowing network administrators to tune the network to optimally operate between energy savings and network performance. To ensure the scope of this research for industry adoption, implementation details for different generations of networking infrastructure (past, present, and future) are also discussed. The experiment results indicate that significant energy and, in turn, cost savings can be achieved by employing the proposed GPF technique without a reduction in network performance. The future directions for this research include developing dynamically-tuning network dial modes and extending the principles to inter-domain routing.
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Prabhu, Rohan, Mohammed Alsager Alzayed, and Elizabeth Starkey. "Feeling the Heat! Exploring the Relationship Between Students’ Empathy, Attitudes Towards Sustainability, and Their Identification of Problem Requirements." In ASME 2021 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2021-71993.
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Abstract As global resources deplete, there has emerged a need for designers to emphasize sustainability in engineering design. Towards this end, several researchers have presented design tools to support sustainable design; however, designers must be encouraged to adopt a sustainable design mindset and actively utilize these design tools and techniques in the design process. Prior research has identified the need for interpersonal skills such as empathy among individuals to encourage an active sustainable mindset among them. While several researchers have demonstrated the relationship between designers’ empathy and their identification of problem requirements in engineering design, little research has explored this relationship in the context of sustainable design. This direction of research is particularly important as environment-focused decisions in engineering design do not always benefit the primary user of a solution, but often affect secondary and tertiary stakeholders. Our aim in this paper is to explore this research gap through an experimental study with undergraduate engineering students. Specifically, we compared the relationship between participants’ trait empathy and their attitudes towards sustainability, in the context of environmental sustainability. We then investigated the relationship between their trait empathy, attitudes towards sustainability, and their identification of problem requirements in a design task. From the results, we see that students’ intentions towards sustainable actions positively correlated with their identification of environment-focused requirements. On the other hand, students’ perspective-taking — a component of their trait empathy — positively correlated with their identification of user-focused requirements. These findings provide an important first step towards understanding the relationship between designers’ individual differences and their adoption of sustainability in engineering design.
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Pakravan, Mohammad H., and Nordica MacCarty. "An Agent-Based Modeling Approach for Clean Technologies Adoption Using Theory of Planned Behavior Based Decision-Making." In ASME 2019 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2019-97670.
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Abstract Technology adoption in low-income regions is among the key challenges facing international development projects. Nearly 40% of the world’s population relies on open fires and rudimentary cooking devices exacerbating health outcomes, deforestation, and climatic impacts of inefficient biomass burning. Clean technology alternatives such as clean cookstoves are among the most challenging technologies to approach their target goals through sustainable adoption due to lack of systematic market-driven design for adoption. Thus, a method is needed to provide insight regarding how target customers evaluate and perceive causes for adopting a clean technology. The holistic approach of this study captures the three main aspects of technology adoption through lenses of social networks, individual and society scale beliefs, and rational decision-making behavior. Based on data collected in the Apac region in Northern Uganda, an Agent-Based Model is developed to simulate emerging adoption behavior in a community. Then, four different scenarios investigate how adoption patterns change due to potential changes in technology or intervention strategy. These scenarios include influence of stove malfunctions, price elasticity, information campaigns, and strength of social network. Results suggest that higher adoption rates are achievable if designed technologies are more durable, information campaigns provide realistic expectations for users, policy makers and education programs work toward women’s empowerment, and communal social ties are recognized for influence maximization. Application of this study provides insight for technology designers, project implementers, and policy makers to update their practices for achieving sustainable and to the scale clean technology adoption rates.
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Vutt, Andres, and Margit Vutt. "Adoption of Shareholder Resolutions in Post-COVID Era. Example of Estonian Law." In The 8th International Scientific Conference of the Faculty of Law of the University of Latvia. University of Latvia Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.22364/iscflul.8.2.31.
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In 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic forced the world to find the right balance between protecting health, minimizing economic and social disruption and retaining the rights of individuals. States imposed a number of restrictions in order to prevent the spread of the pandemic, including restrictions on the movement of persons and restrictions on gathering. Traditionally, shareholders' meetings of companies have been taken place in the form of physical meetings. Company law also been based on the assumption that meetings are held physically. In the new situation, it was no longer possible to hold meetings in this way, at least for some time. This forced companies to use digital solutions. The legislator was also faced with the question of how to resolve this situation. Different countries reacted differently in order to find company law solutions. In Estonia, new rules were adopted in May 2020 that allowed legal persons to adopt decisions using digital solutions, among other things, it is allowed to make decisions in a full virtual meeting. The central question in the way companies make decisions is whether the use of virtual solutions is possible, but whether the law provides companies with sufficiently flexible options, which would enable decisions to be taken in the light of the specificities and needs of each company and whether such practices ensure the exercise of shareholders' rights. This article analyses whether and how these objectives have been achieved in Estonian law. There are three ways to adopt company’s resolutions in Estonia: a meeting, a written resolution or a vote by letter. Meetings can take place physically, virtually or in a hybrid form. It is not possible to infringe the rights of the shareholder in making a written resolution, since if such a method is used, the resolution decision is adopted only if all shareholders agree. In the case of voting by letter, the law does not take into account the fact that in a shareholder of a public limited company has the right to receive information from directors only at the general meeting. Therefore, the future case-law must lay down the principles of communication between the shareholder and the public limited company in the situation when the resolution has been adopted by using such option. The law stipulates that if digital means are used to hold a meeting, shareholders must be guaranteed all the same rights as they have in the event of a physical meeting. Since these rules have been in force only for a short period of time, there are no court cases based on them. Although the legal literature has been expressed some views on the use of digital solutions, it is not yet known how the courts will resolve these issues if disputes arise.
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Chee, Matthew, and Cameron J. Turner. "Localized Decision-Making for Materials Transportation Systems Subject to Stochastic Uncertainty." In ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2014-38274.
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Programming and installation of Materials Transportation Systems (MTS) in a manufacturing setting represent a significant portion of the investment in these systems. The costs are often so high that this alone presents a barrier to adoption amongst midsize manufacturers. Furthermore, the resulting systems are just as costly to reconfigure, limiting the flexibility of the resulting manufacturing facility to product changes. This research examines a localized decision-making scheme, in which individual manufacturing components are enhanced with an amount of intelligence and autonomy to enable the system to automatically self-program. Through an example, we study this paradigm versus fixed programming alternatives as the stochastic variability of the manufacturing setting increases. Localized Decision-Making enables a plug-n-play autonomy that can readily adapt to changes and deal with uncertainties in manufacturing.
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Perälä, Piia, Tiina Koskelainen, and Mikko Siponen. "Understanding Individuals' Insecure Behavior: Factors Affecting the Decision to Refuse the Adoption, Use, or Expanded Use of Protective Information Technology." In International Conference on Transformations and Innovations in Management (ictim-17). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/ictim-17.2017.52.
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MacDonald, Erin, and Jinjuan She. "Seven Cognitive Concepts for Successful Sustainable Design." In ASME 2012 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2012-70676.
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For the past forty years, social science researchers have studied how to encourage pro-environmental behaviors such as the adoption of recycling programs, water conservation strategies, and purchase of sustainable products. This article presents a synthesis of these research findings as they relate to the design of sustainable products and technologies. Research from environmental psychology, consumer studies, economics, decision sciences, public policy, and behavioral psychology are organized into cognitive concepts that are crucial to the successful purchase and use of sustainable products. The cognitive concepts reviewed are: responsibility, complex decision-making skills, decision heuristics, the altruism-sacrifice link, trust, cognitive dissonance/guilt, and motivation. Product examples are provided to highlight the role of these cognitive concepts in sustainable design. Design recommendations and relevant design methods are discussed. The recommendations require dynamic and on-going coordination between designers, manufacturers, marketers, and government policy-makers to achieve positive changes in individuals’ behaviors. The success of sustainable products depends on the success of this coordination.
Reports on the topic "Individual adoption decisions"
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Marshall, Amber, Krystle Turner, Carol Richards, Marcus Foth, Michael Dezuanni, and Tim Neale. A case study of human factors of digital AgTech adoption: Condamine Plains, Darling Downs. Queensland University of Technology, December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/rep.eprints.227177.
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As global agricultural production methods and supply chains have become more digitised, farmers around the world are adopting digital AgTech such as drones, Internet of Things (IoT), remote sensors, blockchain, and satellite imagery to inform their on-farm decision-making. While early adopters and technology advocates globally are spruiking and realising the benefits of digital AgTech, many Australian farmers are reluctant or unable to participate fully in the digital economy. This is an important issue, as the Australian Government has said that digital farming is essential to meeting its target of agriculture being a $100billion industry by 2030. Most studies of AgTech adoption focus on individual-level barriers, yielding well-documented issues such as access to digital connectivity, availability of AgTech suppliers, non-use of ICTs, and cost-benefit for farmers. In contrast, our project took an ‘ecosystems’ approach to study cotton farmers in the Darling Downs region in Queensland, Australia who are installing water sensors, satellite imagery, and IoT plant probes to generate data to be aggregated on a dashboard to inform decision-making. We asked our farmers to map their local ecosystem, and then set up interviewing different stakeholders (such technology providers, agronomists, and suppliers) to understand how community-level orientations to digital agriculture enabled and constrained on-farm adoption. We identified human factors of digital AgTech adoption at the macro, regional and farm levels, with a pronounced ‘data divide’ between farm and community level stakeholders within the ecosystem. This ‘data divide’ is characterised by a capability gap between the provision of the devices and software that generate data by technology companies, and the ability of farmers to manage, implement, use, and maintain them effectively and independently. In the Condamine Plains project, farmers were willing and determined to learn new, advanced digital and data literacy skills. Other farmers in different circumstances may not see value in such an undertaking or have the necessary support to take full advantage of the technologies once they are implemented. Moreover, there did not seem to be a willingness or capacity in the rest of the ecosystem to fill this gap. The work raises questions about the type and level of new, digital expertise farmers need to attain in the transition to digital farming, and what interventions are necessary to address the significant barriers to adoption and effective use that remain in rural communities. By holistically considering how macro- and micro-level factors may be combined with community-level influences, this study provides a more complete and holistic account of the contextualised factors that drive or undermine digital AgTech adoption on farms in rural communities. This report provides insights and evidence to inform strategies for rural ecosystems to transition farms to meet the requirements and opportunities of Agriculture 4.0 in Australia and abroad.
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Lewis, Dustin, and Naz Modirzadeh. Taking into Account the Potential Effects of Counterterrorism Measures on Humanitarian and Medical Activities: Elements of an Analytical Framework for States Grounded in Respect for International Law. Harvard Law School Program on International Law and Armed Conflict, May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.54813/qbot8406.
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For at least a decade, States, humanitarian bodies, and civil-society actors have raised concerns about how certain counterterrorism measures can prevent or impede humanitarian and medical activities in armed conflicts. In 2019, the issue drew the attention of the world’s preeminent body charged with maintaining or restoring international peace and security: the United Nations Security Council. In two resolutions — Resolution 2462 (2019) and Resolution 2482 (2019) — adopted that year, the Security Council urged States to take into account the potential effects of certain counterterrorism measures on exclusively humanitarian activities, including medical activities, that are carried out by impartial humanitarian actors in a manner consistent with international humanitarian law (IHL). By implicitly recognizing that measures adopted to achieve one policy objective (countering terrorism) can impair or prevent another policy objective (safeguarding humanitarian and medical activities), the Security Council elevated taking into account the potential effects of certain counterterrorism measures on exclusively humanitarian activities to an issue implicating international peace and security. In this legal briefing, we aim to support the development of an analytical framework through which a State may seek to devise and administer a system to take into account the potential effects of counterterrorism measures on humanitarian and medical activities. Our primary intended audience includes the people involved in creating or administering a “take into account” system and in developing relevant laws and policies. Our analysis zooms in on Resolution 2462 (2019) and Resolution 2482 (2019) and focuses on grounding the framework in respect for international law, notably the U.N. Charter and IHL. In section 1, we introduce the impetus, objectives, and structure of the briefing. In our view, a thorough legal analysis of the relevant resolutions in their wider context is a crucial element to laying the conditions conducive to the development and administration of an effective “take into account” system. Further, the stakes and timeliness of the issue, the Security Council’s implicit recognition of a potential tension between measures adopted to achieve different policy objectives, and the relatively scant salient direct practice and scholarship on elements pertinent to “take into account” systems also compelled us to engage in original legal analysis, with a focus on public international law and IHL. In section 2, as a primer for readers unfamiliar with the core issues, we briefly outline humanitarian and medical activities and counterterrorism measures. Then we highlight a range of possible effects of the latter on the former. Concerning armed conflict, humanitarian activities aim primarily to provide relief to and protection for people affected by the conflict whose needs are unmet, whereas medical activities aim primarily to provide care for wounded and sick persons, including the enemy. Meanwhile, for at least several decades, States have sought to prevent and suppress acts of terrorism and punish those who commit, attempt to commit, or otherwise support acts of terrorism. Under the rubric of countering terrorism, States have taken an increasingly broad and diverse array of actions at the global, regional, and national levels. A growing body of qualitative and quantitative evidence documents how certain measures designed and applied to counter terrorism can impede or prevent humanitarian and medical activities in armed conflicts. In a nutshell, counterterrorism measures may lead to diminished or complete lack of access by humanitarian and medical actors to the persons affected by an armed conflict that is also characterized as a counterterrorism context, or those measures may adversely affect the scope, amount, or quality of humanitarian and medical services provided to such persons. The diverse array of detrimental effects of certain counterterrorism measures on humanitarian and medical activities may be grouped into several cross-cutting categories, including operational, financial, security, legal, and reputational effects. In section 3, we explain some of the key legal aspects of humanitarian and medical activities and counterterrorism measures. States have developed IHL as the primary body of international law applicable to acts and omissions connected with an armed conflict. IHL lays down several rights and obligations relating to a broad spectrum of humanitarian and medical activities pertaining to armed conflicts. A violation of an applicable IHL provision related to humanitarian or medical activities may engage the international legal responsibility of a State or an individual. Meanwhile, at the international level, there is no single, comprehensive body of counterterrorism laws. However, States have developed a collection of treaties to pursue specific anti-terrorism objectives. Further, for its part, the Security Council has assumed an increasingly prominent role in countering terrorism, including by adopting decisions that U.N. Member States must accept and carry out under the U.N. Charter. Some counterterrorism measures are designed and applied in a manner that implicitly or expressly “carves out” particular safeguards — typically in the form of limited exceptions or exemptions — for certain humanitarian or medical activities or actors. Yet most counterterrorism measures do not include such safeguards. In section 4, which constitutes the bulk of our original legal analysis, we closely evaluate the two resolutions in which the Security Council urged States to take into account the effects of (certain) counterterrorism measures on humanitarian and medical activities. We set the stage by summarizing some aspects of the legal relations between Security Council acts and IHL provisions pertaining to humanitarian and medical activities. We then analyze the status, consequences, and content of several substantive elements of the resolutions and what they may entail for States seeking to counter terrorism and safeguard humanitarian and medical activities. Among the elements that we evaluate are: the Security Council’s new notion of a prohibited financial “benefit” for terrorists as it may relate to humanitarian and medical activities; the Council’s demand that States comply with IHL obligations while countering terrorism; and the constituent parts of the Council’s notion of a “take into account” system. In section 5, we set out some potential elements of an analytical framework through which a State may seek to develop and administer its “take into account” system in line with Resolution 2462 (2019) and Resolution 2482 (2019). In terms of its object and purpose, a “take into account” system may aim to secure respect for international law, notably the U.N. Charter and IHL pertaining to humanitarian and medical activities. In addition, the system may seek to safeguard humanitarian and medical activities in armed conflicts that also qualify as counterterrorism contexts. We also identify two sets of preconditions arguably necessary for a State to anticipate and address relevant potential effects through the development and execution of its “take into account” system. Finally, we suggest three sets of attributes that a “take into account” system may need to embody to achieve its aims: utilizing a State-wide approach, focusing on potential effects, and including default principles and rules to help guide implementation. In section 6, we briefly conclude. In our view, jointly pursuing the policy objectives of countering terrorism and safeguarding humanitarian and medical activities presents several opportunities, challenges, and complexities. International law does not necessarily provide ready-made answers to all of the difficult questions in this area. Yet devising and executing a “take into account” system provides a State significant opportunities to safeguard humanitarian and medical activities and counter terrorism while securing greater respect for international law.
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Strategies to increase health insurance enrollment. J-PAL, May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31485/pi.3550.2021.
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A variety of interventions to either reduce costs or increase awareness of benefits can increase health insurance adoption. The value of health insurance can be difficult to evaluate before purchasing, so giving individuals an opportunity to experience insurance coverage is important for influencing future enrollment decisions. Individuals’ decisions are also influenced by the trustworthiness or credibility of involved institutions.