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Kurvers, R. H. J. M., S. M. Herzog, R. Hertwig, J. Krause, M. Moussaid, G. Argenziano, I. Zalaudek, P. A. Carney, and M. Wolf. "How to detect high-performing individuals and groups: Decision similarity predicts accuracy." Science Advances 5, no. 11 (November 2019): eaaw9011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aaw9011.
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Distinguishing between high- and low-performing individuals and groups is of prime importance in a wide range of high-stakes contexts. While this is straightforward when accurate records of past performance exist, these records are unavailable in most real-world contexts. Focusing on the class of binary decision problems, we use a combined theoretical and empirical approach to develop and test a approach to this important problem. First, we use a general mathematical argument and numerical simulations to show that the similarity of an individual’s decisions to others is a powerful predictor of that individual’s decision accuracy. Second, testing this prediction with several large datasets on breast and skin cancer diagnostics, geopolitical forecasting, and a general knowledge task, we find that decision similarity robustly permits the identification of high-performing individuals and groups. Our findings offer a simple, yet broadly applicable, heuristic for improving real-world decision-making systems.
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Ruth Eikhof, Doris. "Analysing decisions on diversity and opportunity in the cultural and creative industries: A new framework." Organization 24, no. 3 (May 2017): 289–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1350508416687768.
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This article proposes a new conceptual framework for analysing diversity and opportunity in the cultural and creative industries as outcomes of specific decisions. It suggests the following three analytical foci: (1) the points at which decisions influence an individual’s opportunities for workforce participation and advancement; (2) individual workers as objects of decisions, in particular with respect to (a) an individual’s likelihood of being considered in a particular decision process in the first place and (b) what individuals present for decision makers to decide upon; and (3) the decision makers and the context of their decision making. Using this conceptual framework, this article reviews and synthesises existing evidence from academic and industry research to ascertain what is currently understood about the factors that influence decisions about workforce participation, promotion and admission into higher education, and which research gaps remain. By focusing on decisions, this article transcends current analysis of diversity and opportunity in the cultural and creative industries, which is largely concerned with how social and economic capital intersects with work and employment practices to shape workers’ opportunities. The article argues that a decision-making focus enables an important shift of perspective for understanding diversity and opportunity in the cultural and creative industries and how they might be improved.
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Sin, Yeonju, HeeYoung Seon, Yun Kyoung Shin, Oh-Sang Kwon, and Dongil Chung. "Subjective optimality in finite sequential decision-making." PLOS Computational Biology 17, no. 12 (December 16, 2021): e1009633. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009633.
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Many decisions in life are sequential and constrained by a time window. Although mathematically derived optimal solutions exist, it has been reported that humans often deviate from making optimal choices. Here, we used a secretary problem, a classic example of finite sequential decision-making, and investigated the mechanisms underlying individuals’ suboptimal choices. Across three independent experiments, we found that a dynamic programming model comprising subjective value function explains individuals’ deviations from optimality and predicts the choice behaviors under fewer and more opportunities. We further identified that pupil dilation reflected the levels of decision difficulty and subsequent choices to accept or reject the stimulus at each opportunity. The value sensitivity, a model-based estimate that characterizes each individual’s subjective valuation, correlated with the extent to which individuals’ physiological responses tracked stimuli information. Our results provide model-based and physiological evidence for subjective valuation in finite sequential decision-making, rediscovering human suboptimality in subjectively optimal decision-making processes.
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Zafar, Muhammad Zeeshan. "Individual’s Own Consent and External Support Shape Consumer Decision towards Healthy Packaged Food Intention." Revista Gestão Inovação e Tecnologias 11, no. 4 (July 10, 2021): 1980–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.47059/revistageintec.v11i4.2248.
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Steiger, David M. "Decision Support as Knowledge Creation." International Journal of Business Intelligence Research 1, no. 1 (January 2010): 29–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jbir.2010071703.
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The primary purpose of decision support systems (DSS) is to improve the quality of decisions. Since decisions are based on an individual’s mental model, improving decision quality is a function of discovering the decision maker’s mental model, and updating and/or enhancing it with new knowledge; that is, the purpose of decision support is knowledge creation. This article suggests that BI techniques can be applied to knowledge creation as an enabling technology. Specifically, the authors propose a business intelligence design theory for DSS as knowledge creation, a prescriptive theory based on Nonaka’s knowledge spiral that indicates how BI can be focused internally on the decision maker to discover and enhance his/her mental model and improve the quality of decisions.
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Lestari, Irna Puji, Wenang Ginanjar, and Ari Warokka. "MULTIDIMENSIONAL RISK AND RELIGIOSITY TOWARDS INDONESIAN MUSLIMS’ SHARIA INVESTMENT DECISION." Journal of Islamic Monetary Economics and Finance 7, no. 2 (April 21, 2021): 369–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.21098/jimf.v7i2.1321.
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The decision-making process for Sharia investment needs to consider the individual’s risk tolerance since every type of investment is closely attached to the risk-return trade-off. This study examines whether multidimensional risk tolerance and religiosity influence Sharia investment decisions. The study used 300 potential Muslim investors in Indonesia as the primary data source through an online survey with a convenience sampling method and analysed the data using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM). The results show that three multidimensional risks (risk propensity, risk attitude and risk capacity) have a significant effect on the Sharia investment decision. The research also tested the moderating effect of religiosity levels by performing Multi-Group Analysis (MGA) and found significant differences between risk propensity and sharia investment decisions among moderate and devout religious individuals.
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Cristina, Alejandra Daniela. "What Sways the Decision to Migrate? An Empirical Analysis of the Argentinean Case." Revista de Economía y Estadística 46, no. 1 (June 1, 2008): 7–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.55444/2451.7321.2008.v46.n1.3844.
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Labour mobility among different regions within a country is known as one of the mechanisms that can contribute to the adjustment of regional labour markets. This will only occur on the condition that the individual’s responses to labour earnings differentials are sensitive enough. This paper provides with empirical evidence for Argentina concerning the analysis of the individual’s decision to migrate, and in particular, the response of the individuals to regional wage differentials, based on individual data. A random effects logit for panel data models the migration decision. The real expected income was found to signigficantly influence the probability of migrating.
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Nardin, Luis G., Craig R. Miller, Benjamin J. Ridenhour, Stephen M. Krone, Paul Joyce, and Bert O. Baumgaertner. "Planning horizon affects prophylactic decision-making and epidemic dynamics." PeerJ 4 (November 8, 2016): e2678. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2678.
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The spread of infectious diseases can be impacted by human behavior, and behavioral decisions often depend implicitly on a planning horizon—the time in the future over which options are weighed. We investigate the effects of planning horizons on epidemic dynamics. We developed an epidemiological agent-based model (along with an ODE analog) to explore the decision-making of self-interested individuals on adopting prophylactic behavior. The decision-making process incorporates prophylaxis efficacy and disease prevalence with the individuals’ payoffs and planning horizon. Our results show that for short and long planning horizons individuals do not consider engaging in prophylactic behavior. In contrast, individuals adopt prophylactic behavior when considering intermediate planning horizons. Such adoption, however, is not always monotonically associated with the prevalence of the disease, depending on the perceived protection efficacy and the disease parameters. Adoption of prophylactic behavior reduces the epidemic peak size while prolonging the epidemic and potentially generates secondary waves of infection. These effects can be made stronger by increasing the behavioral decision frequency or distorting an individual’s perceived risk of infection.
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Walsh, Matthew M., Andrew M. Parker, Raffaele Vardavas, Sarah A. Nowak, David P. Kennedy, and Courtney A. Gidengil. "The Stability of Influenza Vaccination Behavior Over Time: A Longitudinal Analysis of Individuals Across 8 Years." Annals of Behavioral Medicine 54, no. 10 (May 2, 2020): 783–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/abm/kaaa017.
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Abstract Background Seasonal influenza vaccination is an important behavior with significant individual and public health consequences, yet fewer than half of individuals in the USA are vaccinated annually. To promote vaccination adherence, it is important to understand the factors that affect vaccination behavior. Purpose In this research, we focused on one such factor, an individual’s vaccination history. We gathered longitudinal data to track and understand the relationship between an individual’s vaccination history and their current behaviors. Methods U.S. adults completed multiple surveys over an 8 year period, which asked about whether they had received the influenza vaccination during the previous flu season. We analyzed the data to determine the strength of the relationship between vaccination decisions across single-year and multiyear intervals. Additionally, we fitted two mathematical models to the data to determine whether individuals were better characterized as having a stable propensity to vaccinate or a stable propensity to repeat their previous decisions. Results Individuals exhibited highly consistent behavior across adjacent years, yet, across the complete extent of the longitudinal study, they were far more likely to repeat the earlier decision to vaccinate. Surprisingly, the results of the mathematical model suggest that individuals are better characterized as having a stable propensity to repeat their previous decisions rather than a stable propensity to vaccinate per se. Although most individuals had an extremely strong tendency to repeat the previous decision, some had a far weaker propensity to do so. Conclusions This suggests that interventions intended to increase vaccination uptake might be most impactful for those individuals with only a weak tendency to vaccinate or not to vaccinate.
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Zalafi, Zahratika, Bertina Sjabadhyni, and Helmi Suyanto. "Increasing ethical decision making through flexible work arrangement." Psikohumaniora: Jurnal Penelitian Psikologi 4, no. 2 (October 21, 2019): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.21580/pjpp.v4i2.3043.
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When faced with a particular ethical dilemma, individuals are expected to make ethical decisions through an ethical decision-making process (EDM). Today’s employees provide added value to organizations that implement flexible arrangements to support employee’s well being and work-life balance. This research was conducted through an online survey on 236 active employees with a minimum age of 22 years old in Indonesia. Likert scales were used to examine the effect of flexible work arrangements (FWA) mediated by work-life balance (WLB) on the level of EDM of individuals in organizations. The mediation results showed that FWA mediated by WLB significantly predicted an increase in individual’s EDM level (b = .359, SE = .116, 95% CI = .152 - .607). Positive implementation of FWA leads to balanced WLB which in turn increased the level of individual EDM.
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Byrne, Kaileigh, and Yizhou Liu. "The Effect of Acute Stress on Privacy Decision-Making." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 66, no. 1 (September 2022): 2177–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1071181322661352.
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Internet users’ digital privacy decisions are closely connected with their level of trust of information security, privacy concern, and perceived risks and benefits of internet use. One psychological factor that may potentially alter such privacy-related behaviors is acute stress, as it has shown to influence individual’s general decision-making. The goal of this between-subject designed research is to explore whether acute stress can affect decision-making in the digital privacy domain. Additionally, other privacy-related factors that may moderate this relationship, including trust and privacy fatigue, will be examined. We expect that participants who are exposed to acute stress will have poorer privacy decision-making outcomes, which will be represented by more frequent acceptance of online cookies and default privacy settings. Moreover, this relationship is expected to be magnified among individuals with low levels of Internet trust and those with high levels of privacy fatigue.
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Zulfiqar, Sehar, and A. Islam. "Exploring the Role of Emotions and Moods in Decision Making: Study on the Use of Structured Decision Approach and Intuition." International Journal of Engineering and Management Sciences 2, no. 3 (September 10, 2017): 140–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.21791/ijems.2017.3.14.
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Emotions and moods can play a significant role in the decision making. The present paper contest this point by providing evidence on the two important approaches used in decision making that is structured decision approach and intuition. For this purpose data was gathered from 150 respondents in two different groups. Chi square test, independent sample t-test and logistic regression analysis were used to test the hypothesis. The results of the study reveal that individuals with positive and negative mood state vary significantly in their use of structured decision approach and intuition. The individuals with negative mood state are more likely to use all steps of structured decision approach as compared to the individuals in the positive mood state. The results of the study further reveal that the individual’s emotional state significantly predicted the use of structured approach and intuition in decision making.
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Sannikov, O., and S. Sribna. "Motivation and will in the regulation of individual’s decision-making." "Bulletin of Postgraduate Education" (Series «Social and behavioural sciences»), no. 44 (2021): 108–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.32405/2522-9931-2021-15(44)-108-125.
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Patil, Mallikarjun, Bandhan Bandhu Majumdar, Prasanta Kumar Sahu, and Long T. Truong. "Evaluation of Prospective Users’ Choice Decision toward Electric Two-Wheelers Using a Stated Preference Survey: An Indian Perspective." Sustainability 13, no. 6 (March 10, 2021): 3035. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13063035.
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Electric two-wheelers (E2W) can help de-carbonize transport in Indian cities. To promote E2W as an attractive alternative compared to the conventional two-wheelers, an investigation on prospective users’ choice decisions is necessary. This paper proposed a comprehensive methodology to evaluate the prospective users’ choice decision toward electric two-wheelers and related attributes in the Indian context. In this paper, attributes such as Operating Cost (OC) savings, top speed, range, charging duration, acceleration, and purchase cost were considered to design a Stated Preference (SP) survey to collect data from prospective E2W users in Hyderabad, India. Concurrently, multinomial logit (MNL) and random parameter logit (RPL) models are developed, and the willingness-to-pay (WTP) associated with each of the identified attributes was estimated. Additionally, the effect of socio-economic characteristics on prospective users’ choice decision was also assessed. Subsequently, a sensitivity analysis was carried out to estimate the relative influence of the attributes on an individual’s choice decision in terms of the shift in probability to choose alternatives with better attribute levels than the base alternative. The results revealed that top speed was perceived as the most important attribute influencing an individual’s choice decision, followed by acceleration and charging duration. Age, income, and journey time significantly influenced an individual’s perception toward E2W and related attributes in the Indian context.
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Playford, E. Diane. "Beyond standard rehabilitation programmes: Working with people with MS for adequate goal setting and rehabilitation treatment evaluation." Multiple Sclerosis Journal 25, no. 10 (August 30, 2019): 1394–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1352458519864930.
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Shared decision-making occurs when the decision is ‘preference sensitive’. It consists of identifying the different treatment options (choice talk), considering the advantages and disadvantages of each option (option talk), and then supporting making the decision in the light of an individual’s experiences and values (decision talk). It is most effective when working with an ‘activated patient’, that is, one who is prepared for the shared decision-making role. In rehabilitation, many decisions are preference sensitive. These decisions may be framed as ‘goal setting’. Skilled clinicians can support patients to learn goal setting skills until the person has the skills to maintain health supporting behaviours most of the time, only seeing a clinical team at times of change or crisis. The steps in goal setting can be summarised as building empathy, creating a contract, identifying priorities, summarising the conversation, articulating the goal, defining actions, building coping plans, and then reviewing progress. Working with people with MS can extend beyond working with individuals to a consideration of what people with MS want from services. This can result in the co-production and co-design of services, as well as the identification of research priorities as exemplified by the James Lind Alliance.
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Leck, E., S. Christie, and E. Marshall. "P.143 Exploring end-of-life decision making and perspectives on Medical Assistance in Dying through the eyes of individuals living with cervical spinal cord injuries in Nova Scotia." Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques 50, s2 (June 2023): S95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cjn.2023.231.
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Background: Individuals with spinal cord injuries (SCI) are invariably faced with decisions around management of their injury; from life prolonging to palliating interventions. End-of-life (EOL) decision-making has recently come to include conversations around Medical Assistance in Dying (MAID), as legislation changes have expanded access. The intersection between SCI and MAID, and other EOL decision-making has yet to be explored. We sought to discuss awareness and perspectives on MAID and EOL decision-making. Methods: We conducted hour-long semi-structured interviews with 15 individuals living with cervical SCI. Interviews took place over the telephone or virtually, and transcripts were analyzed using an iterative coding process and thematic analysis. Results: There was a global lack of awareness of options, that changed with time as participants assumed more independent roles in decision making. Participants possessed general awareness of MAID, but variable understanding of who legislation applies to. The way individuals with SCI could interact with MAID legislation brought forth interesting discussions around bodily autonomy and self-determination. Some voiced their own desire initially for MAID, while others vacillated or were more strongly opposed. Conclusions: This study emphasizes the importance of engaging with difficult conversations, and striking the balance of respecting autonomy and self-determination, within the constraints of each individual’s situation.
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Et. al., Fiona Sheenu Francis,. "IMPACT OF LOCUS OF CONTROL ON INVESTMENT BEHAVIOUR: A SEGMENTATION APPROACH." INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN INDUSTRY 9, no. 2 (April 13, 2021): 1144–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/itii.v9i2.466.
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Investment plays a vital role in a developing country such as India, as it provides the necessary funds for undertaking productive activities to be circulated in the economy. Savings are our country's largest source of investment. Investments are subject to the individual’s attitudes, beliefs and perceptions. As a result, the attitudes and expectations of investors have a major impact on their investment behaviour. Locus of Control is one of the most important factors that affect individual’s decision-making behaviour. Locus of Control is people's assumptions about what causes their lives to have good and bad outcomes (Rotter, 1966). It is said that there is internal and external LOC. Individuals with internal LOC assume they control their own destiny, whereas individuals with external LOC relate their experiences to destiny, luck or chance. Consequently, LOC has a great influence on an individual's investment decision-making behaviour. As a result, this study attempts to assess the LOC of an individual investors, segment them based on their level of internal and external LOC, and also to understand the impact of locus of control on the savings and investment behaviour of individual investors. The study revealed that most of the investors in Kerala were moderates and the locus of control of an individual investor affected their savings and investment behaviour
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MISHRA, ASHOK K., and HISHAM S. EL-OSTA. "DETERMINANTS OF DECISIONS TO ENTER THE U.S. FARMING SECTOR." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 48, no. 1 (January 12, 2016): 73–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aae.2015.25.
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AbstractThis study investigates the factors likely to affect an individual’s decision to enter farming after and/or while participating in an off-farm employment activity. Additionally, an ordered multivariate regression procedure was used to analyze the degree of importance of selected motivating reasons that were drivers of individuals’ decision to enter farming. Results indicate that individuals with lower education, children in the household, and older family members were more likely to have entered farming as an occupation. Findings further suggest that federal policies in the form of farm program payments may provide retired nonfarm workers incentives to enter farming in later life.
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Hu, Ying. "Individuals as Gatekeepers Against Data Misuse." Michigan Technology Law Review, no. 28.1 (2021): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.36645/mtlr.28.1.individuals.
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This article makes a case for treating individual data subjects as gatekeepers against misuse of personal data. Imposing gatekeeper responsibility on individuals is most useful where (a) the primary wrongdoers engage in data misuse intentionally or recklessly; (b) misuse of personal data is likely to lead to serious harm; and (c) one or more individuals are able to detect and prevent data misuse at a reasonable cost. As gatekeepers, individuals should have a legal duty to take reasonable measures to prevent data misuse where they are aware of facts indicating that the person seeking personal data from them is highly likely to misuse it or to facilitate its misuse. Recognizing a legal duty to prevent data misuse provides a framework for determining the boundaries of appropriate behavior when dealing with personal data that people have legally acquired. It does not, however, abrogate the need to impose gatekeeping obligations on big technology companies. In addition, individuals should also owe a social duty to protect the personal data in their possession. Whether individuals have sufficient incentive to protect their personal data in a particular situation depends not only on the cost of the relevant security measures, but also on their expectation of the security decisions made by others who also possess that data. Even a privacy conscious individual would have little incentive to invest in privacy protective measures if he believes that his personal data is possessed by a sufficiently large number of persons who do not invest in such measures. On the flip side, an individual’s decision to protect his personal data generates positive externalities—it incentivizes others to invest in security measures. As such, promoting the norm of data security is likely to lead to a self-reinforcing virtuous cycle which helps improve the level of data security in a given community.
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Matthews, Gerald, Lauren Reinerman-Jones, Shawn Burke, Grace Teo, and David Scribner. "Personality, Social Identity, and Individual Differences in Multinational Decision-Making." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 61, no. 1 (September 2017): 848–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541931213601685.
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Contemporary military operations require the US to partner with coalition nations, so that commanders must make effective decisions for multinational teams. The effectiveness of decision-making may depend on various factors. General decision-making competence and personality traits that promote interpersonal functioning may be advantageous in the team context. Sociocultural factors such as a strong nationalistic social identity may be harmful to decision-making in multinational teams. The current study ( N=696) examined correlates of a Situation Judgment Test (SJT) for multicultural decision-making ability in multiple samples. Predictors of better SJT performance included general decision-making ability, low nationalism, and various personality traits. Multivariate analyses discriminated multiple, independent predictors. Findings suggest assessment of the various strengths and weaknesses that shape the individual’s decision-making may inform training for multicultural competence.
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Khatijatusshalihah, Irin Riamanda, Eka Dian Aprilia, and Haiyun Nisa. "Career decision self-efficacy of Indonesian students." INSPIRA: Indonesian Journal of Psychological Research 3, no. 1 (June 24, 2022): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.32505/inspira.v3i1.4131.
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Early adulthood is one of the crucial moments of an individual’s life since it marks a person’s thinking seriously regarding the future, especially in careers. An individual will firstly make a series of career decisions before choosing a career. Self-efficacy is the best predictor of students’ academic and social integration. This study used a quantitative method with a descriptive analysis approach to describe and identify the status of career decision-making self-efficacy students in preparing for career decisions. Participants of the current study were 196 students from different backgrounds such as genders, choice of majors, domiciles, and types of accommodation. Participants were selected using a simple random sampling technique. The instrument used is Career Decision Self Efficacy. The findings revealed that 70.9 % of the students are in a high level of Career Decision Self Efficacy (M= 98.9), and there were no differences in Career Decision Self Efficacy among students reviewed based on genders, and choice of majors, domiciles, and types of accommodations.
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Shi, Ruili, Chunxiang Guo, and Xin Gu. "Power Indices in the Context of Social Learning Behaviour in Social Networks." Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2019 (June 25, 2019): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/4532042.
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This paper puts forward the concept of integrated power, synthetically measures the voters’ ability to influence the results of decision-making by influencing others through social learning, considering the interactions between decision-makers in social networks, and offers a method for measuring integrated power. Based on the theory and model of social learning, we analyze the influence of social learning on the voting process and power indices from the perspective of individuals’ professional level, position within the social network structure, relationship closeness, and learning efficiency. A measurement model of integrated power is constructed, and the variation in integrated power compared with that of the Banzhaf index is analyzed by numerical simulation. The results show that when the individual’s professional level is higher and closeness with neighboring decision-makers is greater, then the integrated power index is higher. An individual’s integrated power index may decrease when he/she changes from an isolated node to a nonisolated node, and then his/her integrated power will increase with the increases of neighbor nodes. Social learning efficiency can promote the integrated power of individuals with lower social impact and relationship closeness, but it is not beneficial for the core and influential members of the social network.
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Dalina Amonhaemanon and Pornpen Vora-sittha. "PREDICTING INDIVIDUAL INVESTOR’S INTENTION TO INVEST: A COMPARISON BETWEEN ACTUAL AND PERCEIVED FINANCIAL KNOWLEDGE." International Journal of Business and Society 24, no. 2 (August 14, 2023): 559–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.33736/ijbs.5944.2023.
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This paper aimed to empirically check and evaluate statistically significant differences in structural relationships of actual and perceived financial knowledge, risk tolerance, and risky investment intention, via in total of 995 questionnaires sent to a sample group of the informal laborers in southern Thailand. Partial least squares structural equation modelling was used to analyze the results. It is worth noting that even though both actual and perceived financial knowledge affected each individual’s risk tolerance, still perceived knowledge affected more the individual’s risk tolerance. The actual and perceived financial knowledge that the individuals possess would enable them to make sound investments. Our study added the multi-group analyses in order to investigate if gender affected each individual’s decision-making on investment. The results revealed that in the case of men, both actual and perceived financial knowledge positively correlated with risky investment intention, whereas in the case of women only actual financial knowledge did. The key point from our study indicated that confidence or self-perceived knowledge was a significant factor affecting individual decision-making on investments. Hence, the educators and policymakers should provide effective lessons on financial knowledge by creating actual knowledge in order to help avoid overconfidence.
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Johnson, Jessie, Sarah Westgate, and Linda Oliver. "An interprofessional approach to promoting autonomous decision-making for clients who are aphasic." International Journal of Healthcare 5, no. 2 (June 11, 2019): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/ijh.v5n2p44.
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Often times interprofessional health care team members presume individuals with aphasia due to stroke lack the capacity to participate in and contribute to decision-making. This belief may hinder the client’s participation in the decision-making process. Two main impairments resulting from stroke, that impede communication and limit capacity for autonomous participation in decision-making, are aphasia and cognitive deficits. Reduced capacity for communication in the client with stroke, combined with complexity in health team dialogue and process, may further diminish the individual’s ability to engage in autonomous decision-making. Health team members need to use reliable methods and devise new methods which can more accurately measure capacity for autonomous decision-making. This review elucidates the necessity for (1) autonomous decision-making in persons with aphasia, (2) assessing the need for capacity, (3) concrete ways to assess cognitive function, and (4) interprofessional team decision-making.
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Shahab, Yasir, Zhiwei Ye, Yasir Riaz, and Collins G. Ntim. "Individual’s financial investment decision-making in reward-based crowdfunding: evidence from China." Applied Economics Letters 26, no. 4 (April 13, 2018): 261–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13504851.2018.1464643.
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Vasoula, Georgallidou, and Dimitriou Loucia. "Career Decision-Making Profiles of Adolescents in Cyprus." European Journal of Teaching and Education 2, no. 1 (March 29, 2020): 138–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.33422/ejte.v2i1.183.
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The purpose of the present study is to examine the career decision-making profile of the adolescent students of the public high schools of Cyprus by applying the Career Decision-Making Profiles (CDMP) questionnaire of Gati, Landman, Davidovitch, Peretz-Asulin, & Gadassi (2010). The development of the CDMP suggests that an individual’s career decision making process can be better described by a multidimensional profile instead of a single decision-making style or a dominant characteristic. Using the data of 421 students, who were about to make a career choice, the results of the survey revealed eight dimensions for the Greek-Cypriot version of CDMP scale. The findings construct a multidimensional profile characterization of an individual’s career decision making processes: (1) “Information gathering and processing-Effort invested in the process”, (2) “Desire to please others-Dependence on others”, (3) “Speed of making the final decision”, (4) “Consulting with others”, (5) “Aspiration for an ideal occupation”, (6) “Locus of control”, (7) “Willingness to compromise”, (8) “Procrastination”. Using the T-test, we will discuss significant gender differences in the eight dimensions of the CDMP.
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Pomytkina, Liubov, Arthur Gudmanian, Olena Kovtun, and Serhii Yahodzinskyi. "Personal choice: strategic life decision-making and conscience." E3S Web of Conferences 164 (2020): 10021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202016410021.
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The article highlights the problem of subjective choice in making strategic life decisions and its correlation with conscience. The study describes the nature of strategic life decision-making, determines types of strategic life decisions, discloses the essence of human experiences associated with strategic life decision-making, and provides results of empirical research. Decision-making, as viewed in scientific psychological practice, is an intense cognitive process for which a human actor should be prepared to perform, drawing upon a full range of knowledge, abilities, skills, and personal qualities. Decisions, though varied by type and degree of difficulty and complexity, are united by choice – that is the individual’s choice as such. Crucial moments of decision-making may affect people in myriad ways. This article analyses the experiences of such human actors while making strategic life decisions, defined by scientists to mean outstanding, fateful, associated with great responsibility, with their leading role in human living space, and formation of a person’s way of living. Emotions and emotional responses occupy a space of paramount importance in this type of decision-making. As strategic life decisions are cognizantly and predominantly made mainly in late adolescence, the authors present summarized results of the empirical research that was carried out for several years among students enrolled in a variety of higher educational institutions within Ukraine.
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Coffman, Katherine Baldiga. "Evidence on Self-Stereotyping and the Contribution of Ideas *." Quarterly Journal of Economics 129, no. 4 (September 12, 2014): 1625–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/qje/qju023.
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Abstract We use a lab experiment to explore the factors that predict an individual’s decision to contribute her idea to a group. We find that contribution decisions depend on the interaction of gender and the gender stereotype associated with the decision-making domain: conditional on measured ability, individuals are less willing to contribute ideas in areas that are stereotypically outside of their gender’s domain. Importantly, these decisions are largely driven by self-assessments, rather than fear of discrimination. Individuals are less confident in gender-incongruent areas and are thus less willing to contribute their ideas. Because even very knowledgeable group members undercontribute in gender-incongruent categories, group performance suffers and, ex post, groups have difficulty recognizing who their most talented members are. Our results show that even in an environment where other group members show no bias, women in male-typed areas and men in female-typed areas may be less influential. An intervention that provides feedback about a woman’s (man’s) strength in a male-typed (female-typed) area does not significantly increase the probability that she contributes her ideas to the group. A back-of-the-envelope calculation reveals that a “lean in”–style policy that increases contribution by women would significantly improve group performance in male-typed domains.
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Csiszárik-Kocsir, Ágnes. "Socialisation Determining Individual Financial Decisions from the Aspect of Financial Literacy." Pénzügyi Szemle = Public Finance Quarterly 67, no. 4 (2022): 567–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.35551/pfq_2022_4_6.
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Conscious financial decision-making and functioning is a set of learned elements that are not primarily taught in school. Much of financial behaviour is the result of a socialisation process, the primary arena for which is the family and the individual’s immediate environment. The aim of this paper is to examine the specific arenas of financial literacy and financial socialisation, as well as the impact of the latter on subsequent financial decision-making based on the results of a questionnaire survey. The study seeks to answer the question what foundations of trust financial socialisation creates in individuals, or who the primary actors are on whose advice individuals rely when making their own financial decisions. Using a cross-sectional analysis of the partial results of the questionnaire survey involving 3,515 individuals in 2022 presented in this paper, it is demonstrated that reliance on parents’ help is strong when it comes to making financial decisions. While this result varies from generation to generation due to life circumstances, the importance of parental background is clear for younger respondents. There is also evidence that corporate financial socialisation - and hence subsequent counselling - is more important than the school setting, which calls for a stronger emphasis on financial education in schools. It was also found that the survey respondents do not consider the internet as a credible source of advice at all, which reinforces their financial awareness.
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Xu, Fei, and Ross Cressman. "Disease Control through Voluntary Vaccination Decisions Based on the Smoothed Best Response." Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine 2014 (2014): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/825734.
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We investigate game-theory based decisions on vaccination uptake and its effects on the spread of an epidemic with nonlinear incidence rate. It is assumed that each individual’s decision approximates his/her best response (called smoothed best response) in that this person chooses to take the vaccine based on its cost-benefit analysis. The basic reproduction number of the resultant epidemic model is calculated and used to characterize the existence and stability of the disease-free and endemic equilibria of the model. The effects on the spread and control of the epidemic are revealed in terms of the sensitivity of the response to changes in costs and benefits, in the “cost” of the vaccination, and in the proportion of susceptible individuals who are faced with the decision of whether or not to be vaccinated per unit time. The effects of the best response decision rule are also analyzed and compared to those of the smoothed best response. Our study shows that, when there is a perceived cost to take the vaccine, the smoothed best response is more effective in controlling the epidemic. However, when this cost is 0, the best response is the more efficient control.
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Yandra, Fachmi Pachlevi, and Dwi Marlina Wijayanti. "Do Social & Psychological Factors Affect Investment Intention in Islamic Capital Markets?" EkBis: Jurnal Ekonomi dan Bisnis 6, no. 1 (July 2, 2022): 01–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.14421/ekbis.2022.6.1.1484.
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This research aimed to predict social and psychological factors affecting individual investment decision in the Islamic capital market. Furthermore, the Theory of Planned Behavior Model (TPB) was used to explain irrational investor decisions affected by cognitive biases. We attempted to correct the pessimistic view of investors on the Islamic capital market using social & psychological perspectives. This study used a self-administered survey and obtained 82 investors and non-investors as respondents. The main criteria of individuals selected as respondents of the study were those who knew about the stock market and have heard the term Islamic capital market. This paper provided empirical insights on how the TPB model successfully explains the variance of change in investment intention. The results indicated that all predictors had a significant positive effect on individual investment intention. Individuals tend to exhibit a cognitive bias that lead to irrational decisions because individual’s attitude and PBC shape false perception of the usefulness of the Sharia capital market.
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Duran, Sergi Gálvez. "Opening the Black-Box in Private-Law Employment Relationships: A Critical Review of the Newly Implemented Spanish Workers’ Council’s Right to Access Algorithms." Global Privacy Law Review 4, Issue 1 (February 1, 2023): 17–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gplr2023003.
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Article 22 of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) provides individuals with the right not to be subject to automated decisions. In this article, the author questions the extent to which the legal framework for automated decision-making in the GDPR is attuned to the employment context. More specifically, the author argues that an individual’s right may not be the most appropriate approach to contesting artificial intelligence (AI) based decisions in situations involving dependency contracts, such as employment relationships. Furthermore, Article 22 GDPR derogations rarely apply in the employment context, which puts organizations on the wrong track when deploying AI systems to make decisions about hiring, performance, and termination. In this scenario, emerging initiatives are calling for a shift from an individual rights perspective to a collective governance approach over data as a way to leverage collective bargaining power. Taking inspiration from these different initiatives, I propose ‘algorithmic co-governance’ to address the lack of accountability and transparency in AI-based employment decisions. Algorithmic co-governance implies giving third parties (ideally, the workforce’s legal representatives) the power to negotiate, correct, and overturn AI-based employment decision tools. In this context, Spain has implemented a law reform requiring that Workers’ Councils are informed about the ‘parameters, rules, and instructions’ on which algorithmic decision-making is based, becoming the first law in the European Union requiring employers to share information about AI-based decisions with Workers’ Councils. I use this reform to evaluate a potential algorithmic co-governance model in the workplace, highlighting some shortcomings that may deprive its quality and effectiveness. Algorithms, Artificial Intelligence, AI Systems, Automated Decision-Making, Algorithmic Co-governance, Algorithmic Management, Data Protection, Privacy, GDPR, Employment Decisions, Right To Access Algorithms, Workers’ Council
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Hickman, Ronald L., Melissa D. Pinto, Eunsuk Lee, and Barbara J. Daly. "Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Decision Regret Scale in Recipients of Internal Cardioverter Defibrillators." Journal of Nursing Measurement 20, no. 1 (2012): 21–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1061-3749.20.1.21.
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The Decision Regret Scale (DRS) is a five-item instrument that captures an individual’s regret associated with a healthcare decision. Cross-sectional data were collected from 109 cardiac patients who decided to receive an internal cardioverter defibrillator (ICD). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, assessments of the internal reliability consistency (α = .86), and discriminant validity established the DRS as a reliable and valid measure of decision regret in ICD recipients. The DRS, a psychometrically sound instrument, has relevance for clinicians and researchers vested in optimizing the decisional outcomes of ICD recipients. Future research is needed to examine the reliability and validity of the DRS in a larger and more diverse sample of ICD recipients.
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Yavuz, V. Alpagut. "An Analysis of Job Change Decision Using a Hybrid Mcdm Method: A Comparative Analysis." International Journal of Business and Social Research 6, no. 3 (April 15, 2016): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.18533/ijbsr.v6i3.935.
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<p>This paper investigates the decision process relating to job change which mostly depends on individual’s expectations about a job. Failing to fully understand the factors shaping these expectations leads to dissatisfaction and poor work performance; which produces unwanted consequences for both individuals and businesses. Since job change decision is defined as a multiple criteria decision making (MCDM) problem. This study uses a hybrid approach as a methodology combining fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Analysis (AHP) and fuzzy TOPSIS (Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution) for the job change decision of a faculty working in a university. In this approach, while the use of fuzzy AHP method helps determine the weight of the decision criteria; fuzzy TOPSIS enables the evaluation of the alternatives. In order to investigate the methods’ applicability in multiple dimensions of decision problem space, a comparison analysis is conducted with the three methodologies; fuzzy AHP, fuzzy TOPSIS and the proposed hybrid approach (named fuzzy AHP-TOPSIS) in the same decision making context. Four factors are considered for the comparison: adequacy to changes of criteria or alternatives; agility in the decision process; computational complexity; and the number of criteria and alternatives. Analysis shows that three methods achieve the same results. This verifies their robustness and indicates that MCDM methods are viable in job change decisions. However; comparison analysis shows that based on the four factors; the proposed hybrid fuzzy AHP-TOPSIS method provide more consistent results than fuzzy AHP and fuzzy TOPSIS methods. Thus the proposed hybrid fuzzy AHP-TOPSIS method is more appropriate to use on a wide range of job change decision problems.</p>
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Jemison, Vincent. "How Perception-Based Decisions can Negatively Shape your Leadership Performance (Decision-Making and Behavior)." International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences 90 (April 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilshs.90.1.
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In the present day, one of the most subtle means political leaders use to influence their base of supporters is through verbal communication. With this in mind, research shows that over the past two years, some political leaders have increasingly relied on “transferring their perception onto their base of followers, which often negatively stimulates, arouses and shapes an individual’s performance” (decision-making and behavior). In addition, to the detriment of our society, when political leaders transfer their perception onto their base of followers, they often misjudge the sensitive consequences of their prospective outcomes. Here for the first time, research now shows that a displaced thought process is attributed to the underlying stimulation used to arouse the transfer of one’s perception onto others. Therefore, because the “Dangerous behavior” following the transfer of one’s perception has become so prevalent in our society, such performance warrants immediate exploration.
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Sax, Joanna K. "COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy and (Mis)perception of Risk." American Journal of Law & Medicine 48, no. 1 (March 2022): 54–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/amj.2022.13.
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This Article tackles the critical problem of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and provides a normative framework for legal policies to address such hesitancy in the ongoing pandemic. The foundation of this Article rests in decision-making theories that allow policymakers to understand individual misperception of risk as compared to evidence-based assessment of risk. Vaccine-hesitant individuals assign a high risk to the COVID-19 vaccine and a low risk to the disease—a perception that is disconnected from the science. The backbone of this Article is the timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic and the underlying science of the disease and vaccines. The timeline provides a factual background to demonstrate how vaccine hesitancy to the COVID-19 vaccine emerged. The instant pandemic also demonstrates changes in how individuals see themselves in society, receive information, and are persuaded by economic forces. This Article combines the individual’s decision-making process with modern day variables to suggest interventions that can undo anti-vaccine damage. While the novelty of the normative framework provided herein is instructive for current COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy issues, this framework can be applied to other areas in which individual’s perceptions of risk are disconnected from evidence-based assessment of risk.
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Furley, Philip A., and Daniel Memmert. "Working Memory Capacity as Controlled Attention in Tactical Decision Making." Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 34, no. 3 (June 2012): 322–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsep.34.3.322.
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The controlled attention theory of working memory capacity (WMC, Engle 2002) suggests that WMC represents a domain free limitation in the ability to control attention and is predictive of an individual’s capability of staying focused, avoiding distraction and impulsive errors. In the present paper we test the predictive power of WMC in computer-based sport decision-making tasks. Experiment 1 demonstrated that high-WMC athletes were better able at focusing their attention on tactical decision making while blocking out irrelevant auditory distraction. Experiment 2 showed that high-WMC athletes were more successful at adapting their tactical decision making according to the situation instead of relying on prepotent inappropriate decisions. The present results provide additional but also unique support for the controlled attention theory of WMC by demonstrating that WMC is predictive of controlling attention in complex settings among different modalities and highlight the importance of working memory in tactical decision making.
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Kannadhasan, M., S. Aramvalarthan, and B. Pavan Kumar. "Relationship among cognitive biases, risk perceptions and individual’s decision to start a venture." DECISION 41, no. 1 (March 2014): 87–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40622-014-0029-1.
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Tavor, Tchai, and Sharon Garyn-Tal. "Risk tolerance and rationality in the case of retirement savings." Studies in Economics and Finance 33, no. 4 (October 3, 2016): 688–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sef-10-2015-0240.
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Purpose This research aims to examine the decision-making process involved in saving for retirement and compare it with decision-making processes regarding other financial products (such as loans and savings plans) as well as real products (such as a car or a home). Design/methodology/approach This research is based on the distribution of 107 questionnaires. The questionnaire is composed of two parts: questions examining and focusing on the individual’s decision-making process and questions regarding socioeconomic factors. The average level of risk tolerance is calculated for each respondent with respect to the first four chapters. (These chapters include buying a car or a home, opening a savings plan and taking a loan). Afterward, the consistency (rationality) of the respondents is examined with regard to their decision-making concerning retirement savings plans. Then, an econometric model is used to further test the consistency of the respondents. Findings The results suggest that the level of risk tolerance associated with a retirement savings plan is consistent with that associated with the other financial products, but not with the real products. Majority of the respondents demonstrate high risk tolerance with respect to retirement savings, and their decision-making process is similar to a random thinking process. The level of deliberation and information-gathering regarding retirement savings is the lowest when compared with the other financial and real products examined in this paper. Majority of the respondents are less risk-tolerant toward the other financial and real products. Originality/value In this research, the authors examine how different individuals with different characteristics get different decisions about their personal retirement savings. The authors also examine these decisions’ deviation from the rational model, and compare it with decision-making processes regarding other financial products as well as real products.
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Dr. Pooja Gupta and Dr. Ketki Kulkarni. "A Study on Graduate Students' Decision-Making in Selecting Career Avenues." Management Journal for Advanced Research 2, no. 4 (August 31, 2022): 42–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.54741/mjar.2.4.7.
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Decision making is one of the most crucial aspects of any circumstances encountered by human beings. Moving from one phase of life to the other, leads to dramatic changes in the various internal and external environment, especially when it relates to making a career choice. Such crucial matter, demands rationality and commitment for the decision taken to successfully counter the dynamics of the changed circumstances/environment. Decisions are based on an individual’s ability to take risk and rationale applied to opt for an alternative, amongst the various available. This paper develops a multi-criteria decision-making method (MCDM) to evaluate the graduate student’s attitude towards selecting career options. Simple Additive Weighting (SAW) and Technique for Order Preference by similarity to an ideal solution (TOPSIS) is used for ranking the different career options available to students after graduation.
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Al Adwan, Ahmad. "The impact of motivation factors and intention to adopt Jordan as a destination for medical tourism in the Middle East." Innovative Marketing 16, no. 2 (July 1, 2020): 146–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/im.16(2).2020.11.
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The study aimed to investigate the impact of motivation factors on an individual’s decision to choose Jordan as their primary tourism destination in the Middle East. The decision to choose Jordan as a medical destination will be analyzed based on factors, including government support; push engagement, and image perception. To this end, the study will gather data from 300 online individuals who have traveled to the Middle East for medical purposes. A qualitative approach will be adopted to provide insight into an individual’s preference for Jordan as the primary medical destination. A Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling method was adopted, which allows for the creation of relations with different variables. The study’s findings indicate that people from rural areas in the Middle East preferred Jordan as a medical destination. Also, more women than men traveled to Jordan for medical purposes. Finally, more single people than married persons choose medical assistance in Jordan. Future studies are needed to ascertain how factors such as quality and cost influenced medical tourism into Jordan. AcknowledgmentsI would like to thank the Business School at Al Ahliyya Amman University, Jordan. Specifically, many thanks go to the departments of marketing.
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Miles, Adam Lee, and Matteo Cavaliere. "Cooperation dynamics in dynamical networks with history-based decisions." PLOS ONE 17, no. 11 (November 15, 2022): e0275909. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0275909.
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In many aspects of life on earth, individuals may engage in cooperation with others to contribute towards a goal they may share, which can also ensure self-preservation. In evolutionary game theory, the act of cooperation can be considered as an altruistic act of an individual producing some form of benefit or commodity that can be utilised by others they are associated with, which comes at some personal cost. Under certain conditions, individuals make use of information that they are able to perceive within a group in order to aid with their choices for who they should associate themselves within these cooperative scenarios. However, cooperative individuals can be taken advantage of by opportunistic defectors, which can cause significant disruption to the population. We study a model where the decision to establish interactions with potential partners is based on the opportune integration of the individual’s private ability to perceive the intentions of others (private information) and the observation of the population, information that is available to every individual (public information). When public information is restricted to a potential partners current connection count, the population becomes highly cooperative but rather unstable with frequent invasions of cheaters and recoveries of cooperation. However, when public information considers the previous decisions of the individuals (accepted / rejected connections) the population is slightly less cooperative but more stable. Generally, we find that allowing the observation of previous decisions, as part of the available public information, can often lead to more stable but fragmented and less prosperous networks. Our results highlight that the ability to observe previous individual decisions, balanced by individuals personal information, represents an important aspect of the interplay between individual decision-making and the resilience of cooperation in structured populations.
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Govindaraju, Shanthilaxmi, Sakinah Azmi, Muhammad Zulhilmi Muhammad Zain, Siti Munawwarah Kamal, Hans Van Rostenberghe, Mohamed Ikram Ilias, Norsarwany Mohamad, et al. "“AOR” Discharge in Paediatrics: An Ethical Conundrum." Education in Medicine Journal 15, no. 1 (March 31, 2023): 123–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.21315/eimj2023.15.1.10.
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At own risk (AOR) discharge in the paediatric setting is a complex phenomenon due to the triad of patient, caregiver, and clinician’s involvement. It would cross disciplines from legal (child protection), moral (professional conducts and legal decisions), and ethical (age, condition, and nationality) perspectives in managing these situations. There are certain ethically acceptable practices that can be approached in the decision-making process such as respecting autonomy, individual’s competence, the truth, patient’s confidentiality and avoidance of paternalism, and all conflicts of interest. We should aim for a collaborative effort in decision-making to prevent AOR. Here, we illustrate a case where parent have opted for an AOR discharge to seek for alternative medical treatment. The article discusses the ethical dilemma when dealing with potentially life-saving conditions.
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Constantiou, Ioanna D. "Consumer behaviour in the mobile telecommunications’ market: The individual’s adoption decision of innovative services." Telematics and Informatics 26, no. 3 (August 2009): 270–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2008.11.005.
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Dunn, K., J. Zhang, C. E. Hsu, J. H. Holmes, and R. M. Maffei. "Understanding Behavioral Intent to Participate in Shared Decision-making in Medically Uncertain Situations." Methods of Information in Medicine 51, no. 04 (2012): 301–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3414/me11-01-0077.
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SummaryObjective: This article describes the process undertaken to identify and validate behavioral and normative beliefs and behavioral intent based on the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) and applied to men between the ages of 45 and 70 in the context of their participation in shared decision-making (SDM) in medically uncertain situations. This article also discusses the preliminary results of the aforementioned processes and explores potential future uses of this information that may facilitate greater understanding, efficiency and effectiveness of clinician-patient consultations.Materials and Methods: Twenty-five male subjects from the Philadelphia community participated in this study. Individual semi-structure patient interviews were conducted until data saturation was reached. Based on their review of the patient interview transcripts, researchers conducted a qualitative content analysis to identify prevalent themes and, subsequently, create a category framework. Qualitative indicators were used to evaluate respondents’ experiences, beliefs, and behavioral intent relative to participation in shared decision-making during medical uncertainty.Results: Based on the themes uncovered through the content analysis, a category framework was developed to facilitate understanding and increase the accuracy of predictions related to an individual’s behavioral intent to participate in shared decision-making in medical uncertainty. The emerged themes included past experience with medical uncertainty, individual personality, and the relationship between the patient and his physician. The resulting three main framework categories include 1) an individual’s Foundation for the concept of medical uncertainty, 2) how the individual Copes with medical uncertainty, and 3) the individual’s Behavioral Intent to seek information and participate in shared decision-making during times of medically uncertain situations.Discussion: The theme of Coping (with uncertainty) emerged as a particularly critical behavior/characteristic amongst the subjects. By understanding a subject’s disposition with regard to coping, researchers were better able to make connections between a subject’s prior experiences, their knowledge seeking activities, and their intent to participate in SDM. Despite having information and social support, the subjects still had to cope with the idea of uncertainty before determining how to proceed with regard to shared decision-making. In addition, the coping category reinforced the importance of information seeking behaviors and preferences for shared decision-making.Conclusions: This study applies and extends the field of behavioral and health informatics to assist medical practice and decision-making in situations of medical uncertainty. More specifically, this study led to the development of a category framework that facilitates the identification of an individual’s needs and motivational factors with regard to their intent to participate in shared decision-making in situations of medical uncertainty.
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Campbell, Rebecca J., and Peter Lichtenberg. "THE LFDSS DETECTS HIGH-RISK FINANCIAL DECISION-MAKING IN COGNITIVELY VULNERABLE OLDER ADULTS." Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (November 2019): S125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.457.
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Abstract The Lichtenberg Financial Decision-Making Screening Scale (LFDSS) is a brief screening tool that quantifies an individual’s informed decision making and risk for exploitation in a real-world financial transaction. Previous literature found that the ideal cut-off score for those at higher risk of financial exploitation was five and above. The purpose of the present study was to examine the utility of the LFDSS as a screening tool for financial decision-making ability in a high-risk sample of people with cognitive impairment. The sample was obtained from the Michigan Alzheimer’s Disease Center and was comprised of both cognitively healthy individuals (n=73) and those with cognitive impairment (n=45). All participants completed the LFDSS as part of a larger test battery. A Pearson chi-square analysis was used to examine group differences in financial decision-making risk between cognitively healthy individuals and those with cognitive impairment. A Pearson chi-square analysis found that those who had cognitive impairment were significantly more likely to score above the cut-off for high-risk financial decision-making compared to those who were cognitively healthy (χ2(1)=4.61, p=.032). The base rate of high-risk financial decision-making was 3.2x greater for those with cognitive impairment compared (17.7%) to those who were cognitively healthy (5.5%). These results demonstrate the utility of the LFDSS to detect high-risk decision-making in individuals with cognitive impairment. This tool serves a need in many professional settings (e.g. doctor’s offices and Adult Protective Services) for a brief, standardized assessment measure of financial decision-making and exploitation risk for a real-world, significant financial transaction.
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Rismayanti, Rebekka. "CORPORATE DECISION MAKING DALAM KOMUNIKASI ORGANISASI." INFORMASI 46, no. 1 (June 14, 2016): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.21831/informasi.v46i1.9648.
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In an organization, decision making is anessential factor to achieve its goals. The decision-making process is a process of selecting the best alternative from many alternatives that systematically chosen as a way to resolve the problem. The decision is seen as a “choice between the alternatives” as well as a form of communication that fulfills the social expectations of the organization’s members. So the goal setting, onflow of information as well as individual’s values within the group affect the decisions made by the group itself. Then, the leadership-participation style in decision-making is the most important factor for creating the mutual understanding between both parties related to the decision.Dalam sebuah organisasi, pengambilan keputusan merupakan faktor penting untuk mencapai tujuannya. Proses pengambilan keputusan adalah proses pemilihan alternatif terbaik dari berbagai alternatif yang secara sistematis dipilih sebagai cara untuk menyelesaikan masalah. Keputusan ini dipandang sebagai “pilihan antara alternatif” serta bentuk komunikasi yang memenuhi harapan sosial dari anggota organisasi. Jadi penetapan tujuan, aliran informasi serta nilai-nilai individu dalam kelompok mempengaruhi keputusan yang dibuat oleh kelompok itu sendiri. Kemudiangaya kepemimpinan-partisipasi dalam pengambilan keputusan adalah faktor yang paling penting untuk menciptakan saling pengertian antara kedua belah pihak yang terkait dengan keputusan tersebut.
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Pang, Yudan, Xuefeng Wang, Hang Wu, and Fanfan Zhang. "In-Organization Ethics Power-Allocation Mechanisms and Members’ Decision-Making Behavior." Behavioral Sciences 12, no. 1 (December 28, 2021): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bs12010006.
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This study examines experimental evidence showing how ethics power allocation mechanisms affect an individual’s in-organization resource division and ethical behavior. We used two two-stage lab experiments to explore power seeking and usage; the experiments contained two stages of power contending and power usage. Stage one used two different power-seeking mechanisms in the honesty game. Stage two was based on the dictator game and the ultimatum game to measure an individual’s power usage. The results show that the decisions taken by power-holders could influence the optimization of collective resources, and power-holders who gain power with unethical methods could result in collective resource allocation inequities. With more balanced in-organization power, members tend to be more honest. Subjects also adjust their unethical behavior to adapt to the environment, which could cause the diffusion of unethical behavior. This paper re-designed the dictator game and the ultimatum game by adding an ethically vulnerable power acquisition mechanism. For organizations to prevent the disproportionate dispersion of resources and achieve more public benefits, it is meaningful for managers to create a proper in-organization ethical power allocation mechanism.
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Butkovich, Lazarina, Nina Butkovich, Saba Devdariani, Charles R. Plott, and Han Seo. "Fake News, Information Herds, Cascades, and Economic Knowledge." Public Finance Review 48, no. 6 (October 14, 2020): 806–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1091142120960488.
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This article focuses on principles of information aggregation in the presence of false, public reports (fake news). The analysis explores news has been having a public goods feature characterized by models of information and economic efficiency. The analysis is not tied to any particular theory about how or why unreliable news emerges. The reports could be purposeful deception, intentions to mislead or profit motivated responses to decision biases of readers. A well-known and widely studied “cascade” experiment is used to illustrate principles that provide links to standard economic models. News is modeled as an aggregation of a simple, fixed chain of decentralized observations and reports about an underlying, unknown state of nature. The personal value of an individual’s decision depends on both the decision and the underlying state of nature. The information about the state used in the decision can reflect private observations or the “news” about the decisions of others. The experiments demonstrate that aggregated information is dependent on accumulated trust in news sources and has value as a special form of public goods.
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Godos-Díez, José-Luis, Roberto Fernández-Gago, and Laura Cabeza-García. "How Does Reciprocity Affect Undergraduate Student Orientation towards Stakeholders?" Sustainability 11, no. 21 (October 28, 2019): 5987. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11215987.
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Nowadays, students are more aware of the impact of companies on their stakeholders and the need for properly handling their expectations to operationalize corporate social responsibility. Nevertheless, little is known about how certain individual traits may relate to their stance on the issue. This exploratory research contributes to stakeholder theory by analysing the effect of the individual’s decision-making process, including the consideration of their social preferences, on their orientation toward stakeholder management. Here, we draw upon a theoretical model for resource-allocation decision-making consisting of reciprocal and non-reciprocal components. Our data, from undergraduate students enrolled in different degrees, were collected through a questionnaire and two social within-subject experiments (ultimatum and dictator games). Thus, our results show that the presence of a reciprocal component when decisions are made is positively linked to an instrumental orientation toward stakeholders. In addition, a greater non-reciprocal component in the decision-making process corresponds to a more normative orientation.